2.
1 History of birth and development of sea transport :
Water transport was born the earliest of the modes carriage. Activities on the
river connecting regions, villages, markets, ... have been experienced a
glorious age in an agricultural economy that lasted for thousands of years
thousand years of mankind.
Since ancient times, mankind has been aware that the ocean occupies a very
large area on the surface of the earth. Therefore, it can be said that the
shipping industry appeared as soon as the form of freight transport was born
in ancient times (About the 5th century BC). However, in the early stages, it
is still mainly coastal transportation, with a small volume of goods. By the
17th and 18th centuries, goods were abundant, but sea transport only paid
attention to items necessary for living needs.
By the 19th century, the freight transport routes increased while serving the
promotion of world trade. Especially in the 40s and 50s of this century, a
series of shipping companies were born. 1869 opened the Sue canal, 1895
Kiel canal promoted the strong development of sea transport.
2.1
By the beginning of the 20th century, industrial goods accounted for two-
thirds of the volume of goods transported by sea. During the first and second
world wars, shipping, although the number of goods transported decreased,
played an important role in transporting weapons, ammunition and troops to
the war zone.
After the Second World War up to now, countries have begun to recover,
trade activities have developed globally, and shipping has been increasingly
developed with modern upgraded infrastructure to serve the needs of the
world. promote world trade.
2.1
In the modern era, sea transport has become an indispensable international
mode of transport in the world. Also the first choice for bulk freight orders. It
is also the basic foundation for stimulating the world economy to develop
more and more. Modern cargo ships with large sizes and huge carrying
capacity are still being used for daily cargo work at sea.
In shipping activities, this form of transportation is absolutely indispensable
in many goods trade activities including trading, exchanging goods,
transferring technology between countries around the world. Although, this
form of transport is very susceptible to risks due to the influence of nature,
but it brings great efficiency compared to current forms of transport.
With a period spanning hundreds of years of history, sea transport has
achieved many memorable achievements, the most obvious of which is the
birth of many cargo ships with huge carrying capacity; major seaports are
upgraded and modernized, increasing the ability to anchor cargo ships; Trade
links between countries are enhanced thanks to the convenience that sea
transportation brings.
2.2 What is water transport ?
Sea transportation is a form of freight transport using means and
infrastructure of the sea to serve the purpose of transportation. Common
means of transport will be ships and means of loading and unloading goods
such as cranes... Infrastructure to serve sea transport includes seaports,
transshipment ports...
Sea transport is suitable for areas with adjacent waters and ports for ships to
dock. Shipping can be done by sea freight domestically or internationally.
Because shipping vessels are often large in size and tonnage, usually the form
of sea transport is widely applied to the import and export industry to carry
large quantities of goods.
2.2
2.3 Characteristics of sea transport:
The method of sea transport is divided into the type of freight and
transportation of people (in our country, it is common to transport goods).
Each item will have its own shipping method. The Frozen items will be
transported by air-conditioned and often fast-moving ships to ensure the
goods reach their hands the recipient as quickly as possible, avoiding damage
to the goods.
Some types of container goods will be transported by container ships
undertake and are often large in size to withstand large loads. What about the
Liquid and chemical goods will be transported by specialized transports
2.3
2.3.1 Advantages of sea transport industry:
+ Large cargo: Seaway has the ability to carry large cargo with very high
volume and container volume. Large cargo ships can carry hundreds of
thousands of tons of cargo in one shipment.
+ Low shipping costs: Sea freight usually has lower shipping costs than other
shipping methods such as air. This is especially true for large goods and
goods that do not require urgent delivery.
+Potential for international freight: Sea is an important means of transporting
goods internationally. It connects ports around the globe and provides an
extensive network for transporting goods between different countries and
continents.
+ Energy saving: Compared with other modes of transportation, sea freight
consumes less energy and causes less emissions, contributing to
environmental protection.
+ Accessibility to areas inaccessible by land: Sea provides the ability to
transport goods to areas inaccessible by road or rail. This is especially
important for islands, remote areas or areas with complex topography.
+ Reducing road traffic: Transporting goods by sea helps to reduce road
traffic, reduce traffic congestion and cause engine pollution.
In general, sea freight plays an important role in international trade and has
many advantages in terms of large cargo, low cost and international potential.
2.3.2 Disadvantages of sea transport industry:
While ocean freight has many advantages, there are also some disadvantages
that should be kept in mind:
+ Long transit time: Compared with other shipping methods such as air or
land, sea freight usually takes longer time. Long shipping routes and waiting
times in ports can increase overall transit times.
+ Weather stability: Seaway is easily affected by bad weather such as storms,
big waves and fog. Unfavorable weather conditions may cause delays or
cancellations of vessel schedules, affecting expected delivery times.
+ Port risks: The transportation of goods through seaports can face problems
such as congestion, delays, complicated customs procedures or even legal
cases. This can cause delays and increase shipping costs.
+ Geographical restrictions: Seaways cannot reach all land points. Inland
areas or complex topography may not be accessible by sea, and therefore
other means of transport are required to move goods from seaports to final
destinations.
+ Security and safety: Sea freight can face security problems such as piracy,
terrorist attack or criminal activity. This requires enhanced security and
protection measures to ensure the safety of cargo and ships.
+ Limited flexibility: Compared to other modes of transport such as land or
air, sea freight has less flexibility. Once the goods have been loaded onto the
vessel, the change of schedule
