ResearchGate Fabrication and Characterization of CNT-Based Hybrid Composite hapten august 2019 authors inte ‘some ofthe authors ofthis pubtition ae also working on hesereated projets: Complete pyar tase composites View poet conten fig page was uploaded by Ssh Get en 29 February 2000,Chapter 41 ® Fabrication and Characterization os of CNT-Based Hybrid Composite G. Satish, K. Ashok Kumar and N. Srinivasa Rao Abstract A hybrid laminate of carbon nanotubes effects on mechanical properties (ensile, Hexural, and hardness) by changing the fiber orientation. In the present paper, fabrication of glass fiber reinforeed of 1% CNT-based laminated composite with varying the orientation of reinforced fiber were prepared by hand layup technique on percentage of volume. Three different samples were fabricated by varying the orientation of woven-roving glass mat in parallel to fiber orientation, with angle 45° and with angle 135° to fiber direction. The study used to compare the effect of mechanical properties among the different orientations of fiber in order to improve the strength and toughness, fabrication is done by using E glass fiber of woven roving. The results of tensile strength, percentage of elongation, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and hardness of the composite were compared by sta- tistical results and found to be in good agreement. However, the highest values, respectively, suggesting fiber orientation for effective and maximum stress transfer in laminated composite. Keywords Woven-roving fiber « Laminated composite » Carbon nanotubes + Hybrid composite 41.1 Introduction CNTs are the key components of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices, and the system through which is control of matter ‘on the nanoscale and the effects on the properties of composite materials, G. Satish (©) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pragati Engineering College, Suramplem, India ‘e-mail: goorisatish@ gmail.com K. Ashok Kumar »N, Srinivasa Rao Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shi Vishnu Enginccring College for Women, [Bhimavaram, India © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Lu. 2019 509 S, Phat etal. (eds), Recent Advances in Material Sciences, Lecture Notes on Multidseiplinary Industrial Engineering, ‘psd orp/10.1007978-981-13-7643.6 41310 G. Satish eta. In 1991, Iijima discovered carbon nanotubes and have been investigated [1] Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been considered as an ideal filler agent for high-strength polymer-laminated composite, due to theit excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, and magnetic properties [2-4]. CNTs are applicable in most of the methods like nanoelectronic and photovoltaic devices (5, 6} superconductor [7], electromagnetic actuator {8}, and nanocomposite materials [9, 10}. By adding CNT as filler agent, the difficulty isthe uniform dispersion of CNT in a polymer-based matrix due to its strong Van der Waals interactions and weak interfacial interaction between CNT and polymer. In the practical, when nano-sized filler is considered to replace micron-sized filers for high-performance polymers [9, I, 12]. There are some strategies like energetic agitations, magnetic stirring, sheer ‘mixing, and reflux for the mingling of CNT/polymer composites. In common, there are different characteristics for the fabrication of CNT/polymer composites. Almost all fabrication process are of varies methods on a general as solution combining, ‘melt blending, In situ polymerization, latex technology and layer-by-layer depo- sition (11, 13} ‘One of the prominent methods for the fabrication of CNT/polymer-laminated composites is solution mixing, and it is adopted in small sample size. ‘There are throe stages in the process of blending of solution. The uniform dispersion of CNTs within epoxy resin without agglomeration is necessary. Polymer resins. will be ‘melted and the dispersed CNTS are mixed with polymer matrix at normal climate. ‘Another unbelievable method to construct CNT/Polymer nanocomposites. In this process, polypropylene [17], polystyrene [18], poly (ethylene 2, 6-naphthalate) [19] belonging to thermoplastic polymers can be onrush as matrix materials [13]. ‘An incredible type is in situ polymerization to realize common dissolving of NTS in unique thermo-setting polymers, The main benefit of this technique is that between functionalized CNTS and polymer matrix @ covalent bonding can be formed and finally through powerful interfacial bonds much developed mechanical properties of composite can be [13]. Another major approach to gather CNT/ polymer nanocomposite with the very prolific CNTs. Layer-by-layer technique of pre-immersion of CNT in solid was necessary and pursued by curing. Nowadays, nanocomposite material is an upcoming field and more and more investigations have been done to design new processing methods which can promote nanoma- terials with incomparable modeling and characteristics that are needed for the different strategies [20, 21]441 Fabrication and Characterization of CNT-Based Hybrid Composite sit 41.2. Materials and Experimentation 41.2.1 Materials ‘The woven-roving mat was chosen, with the density of 310 gsm and for fabricating composites, these three orientations for the fibers are placed (0°/90°, 0°/45° and 0°/135°). The mixture of epoxy resin LY 556 and hardener HY 951 in proportion of 100:12 by weight ratio is done. By using mechanical magnetic stirrer as shown in Fig. 41.1, the proposed quantity of 1% carbon nanotubes is mixed in epoxy resin and then hardener is mixed. 41.2.2. Preparation of CNT Composite ‘The surface is cleaned thoroughly so that itis free from the dirt and oil before ‘bonding at room temperature. Each specimen is having five layers, i, five E glass ‘mat, Among these five layers, the top and bottom layers are added with proposed quantity of 1% CNT to the matrix material and middle two layers with the 0% CNT to the matrix material, During the fabrication process for five layers, the fibre orientation in 0°/90° specimen the fibres are oriented in direction 90° and 0°. For (°/AS® specimens the altemate layer fibers are directed towards positive 45 side and Fig. 41.1 Magnetic siesk G. Satish eta. Fig, 41.2, Hybrid composite 0°/135° specimen fibers are directed towards the positive 135° side. For the three different oriented specimens with 4 mm thickness is maintained and specimens. ‘were allowed to cure for about 24 h and laminate is shown in Fig. 41.2. 41.2.3 Laminate Characterization Through the Standard Mechanical Tests By using the above standards Table 41.1, the tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness are calculated. The cross-head speed was maintained at 2 mm/min. The error is calculated and comparison is done between the experimental data and the statistical data for each individual composites and graphs are drawn, 41.2.4 Statistical Procedure A nonlinear regression analysis has been used to establish a correlation of tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus with respect to the orientation of the fiber’s direction. Analysis was done using Mini Tab software. Table 41.1 Standards S.No. Texts [Standards 1 Tensile test, ASTM D 638 ‘ASTM D 790441 Fabrication and Characterization of CNT-Based Hybrid Composite 313 41.3. Results and Discussion 41. 1 Maximum Load Withstand by the Specimen By conducting tensile test, the ability to withstand the maximum load in the three specimens is calculated and showed in Table 41.2. The graphs for load-displace- ment are plotted for the specimens as shown in Figs. 41.3, 41.4, and 41.5. The ‘maximum load value is reached for 0°/90° oriented specimen and minimum value is for 0%745° oriented specimen. The average deflection is more in 0°/90° oriented specimen compared (0 the remaining specimens. 41.3.2 Results of Tensile Strength for the Specimens Tensile strength is defined for the material to withstanding tensile stress without causing the material to failure. The tensile stresses occur in the material when subjected to forces that makes material to expand. From the experimental data, the tensile strength is more for 0°90° oriented specimen compared to the remaining and graphs are plotted in Fig. 41.6 and results are shown in Table 41.3 [11, 14-16]. ‘Table 41.2 Results for max “SNo, [Orientation [Max. oad | Avg. defection (mm) loads a r om 5932395 2 was" 523003365 3 mss |s66122 (393 Fig. 41.3. Effet on load and Load Vs Displacement Aisplacement for 0°90" 0 specimen 8 sun 2009 DISPLACEMENT mmsia G. Satish ea. Fig. 41.4 Effet on load and Load Vs Diplacomont lisplacement for 0°43" fe specimen son om Fig. 41.5 Effect on load and 104 Vs Disp displacement for 0°7135° oo specimen DISPLACEMENT mm 0/0 285 01 ep 078s “Tensi serth fr Onentatons Fig. 41.6 Effet of tensile strength on different “Tense Stengh (Ps eeesee 6 &441 Fabrication and Characterization of CNT-Based Hybrid Composite sis ‘Table 41.3 Resulls of tensile strength S.No. [Orientation [Max Toad (N) | Tensile strength at max, load (MPa) 1 O80" S972 13658 2 OAs 5230.02 100.35 3 OSs 5661.22 LIST 41.3.3 Results of Flexural Strength for the Specimens ‘The flexural strength is considered as highest stress-carying ability within the ‘material, just before it starts yielding. The maximum value is obtained for 0°745° oriented specimen and least value is for 0°/90° oriented specimen [11, 14-16]. The saphs are plotted in Fig. 41.7, and results are shown in Table 41.4. 4. 4 Results of Flexural Modulus for the Specimens ‘The flexural modulus is considered as the slope of a stress-strain curve generated by a flexural test. Flexural modules are defined as the tendency for a material to deform, The maximum value is obtained for 0°/90° oriented specimen and mini- ‘mum for 0°/13S° oriented specimen |11, 14-16]. The graphs and results are shown in Fig. 41.8 and Table 41.5. (190 dep 045 deg 0735 de Flurl sen for Overton Fig. 41.7 Effet of flexural strength on different yaa Seng (MP) ez eseRE ER ‘Table 41.4 Results of fexaral strength S.No. Orientation ‘Max. load ‘Max. exural strength (MPa) 1 90" 25303, 144.59 2 was 35292 139.39 zi ona 30179 150.73516 G. Satish ea. Fig. 41.8. Effet of fexural modulus on diferent oaVPPTE? es zl ei seein 2° cot Mads Orenatons Table 4.5 Rests of “So. [Ovintton [ex modus (MR) sa a 1 0790" 8020.27 2 os? #119 3 Orns 6651.16 41.3.5 Results of Hardness Test for the Specimens Hardness is the property of a material to define resistance to indentation in com- posites, The maximum value is obtained for 0°/90° oriented specimen and low Value is obtained for 0°135° orientation of specimen (11, 14-16]. The graphs and results are shown in Fig. 41.9 and Table 41.6. Fig. 41.9 Effet of hardness ‘on diferent orientations andoss efmn2) Sisisigie ig os 979 9 045 ey 0785 Hanes Orion441 Fabrication and Characterization of CNT-Based Hybrid Composite sit ‘Table 41.6 Results of S.No. Orientation Hardness badness 7 0 709 2 Was" 53.1 3 ws 407 41.3.6 Development of Regression Model By using regression analysis, a nonlinear equation is generated from the experi- ‘mental results. An erro can be estimated by placing the experimental values in the regression equation, For tensile stress, flexural stress and flexural modulus values comparison between experimental and statistical values and error can be known, In statistics, regression analysis is the techniques for the generating and simu- lation of numerical data consisting of values of dependent variables (response variables) and more independent variables (predictors). Regression equations were observed to get the correl between dependent variables (¥) and the indepen- dent parameters 41.3.7 Regression Equation for Tensile Stress Where, ¥ = Tensile Stress (Fig. 41.10) X= Load, For 0/90, Y = ~1638-+0.5830 « X — 0.000048 +X? (41.1) For 0/45, ¥ = —3760-+ 1.432 * X — 0.000133 « x? (41.2) For 0/135, ¥ = -2324+0.8501 +X — 0.000074 +X? (41.3) 41.3.8 Regression Equation for Flexural Stress Where, Y= Flexural Stress (Fig. 41.11) X= Load, For 0/ , ¥ = 352.7 — 2.096 » X + 0.005044 = Xx? (41.4) For 0/45, ¥ 478.6-+3.173 «X —0,0038344X? (41.5) For 0/135, ¥ = ~403.5+3.226 +X — 0.004545 «x? (41.6)sis G. Satish ea. sta TENSILE STRENGTH 13500 125.00 ao 115.00 105.00 800 7500) senso GQ77SS—Sue7I3—ttOne=———S74507 —ehearesion DATA 0/90 te Expermentl OATAO/IO fearon ATA 0/85 Experimental OATA 0/5 —Stearesion DATA 0/135. —e- Experiment OATA 0/135 Fig. 41.10 Comparison of experimental and regression values for tensile strength FLEXURALSTRENGTH 180 170 160 150 10 wes) aaae=SCk7e SCOT —+txperimental DATA 0/90 ~M-Regresson DATA 0/90 —e-Eapenmental DATA 0/85 ——Regresion DATA 0/85 —xpenmental DATA 0/135 —8- Regression DATA 0/135 Fig. 41.11 Comparison of experimental and regression values for flexural strength441 Fabrication and Characterization of CNT-Based Hybrid Composite S19 FLEXURAL MODULUS 200 7200 moss 3aese=~S«R7GSC«SSSCTU —tbermentt DATA 0/90 thereon DATA 0/90 —e-biermentt DATA 0/85. ——Repenion DATA 0/85 —bovermentt DATA 0/135 -@-Rerenion DATA 0/135 Fig. 41.12 Comparison of experimental and regression values for lexural modulus 41.3.9 Regression Equation for Flexural Modulus Where, Y= Flexural Modulus (Fig. 41.12) X= Load. For 0/90, Y = 96,922 ~ 748.2 « X + 1.560-«X? 17) For 0/45, ¥ = —S692+54.83 +X — 0.05311 « (418) For 0/135, ¥ = —1124 +3248 + X — 0.0240 X (41.9) From the graphs plotted, the statistical model was found to be in good come- lation with the tested data. Hence, error can be eliminated. 41.4 Conclusion This paper discusses the effect of fiber orientation and by adding percentage of carbon nanotubes on mechanical properties for fiber-reinforced composite. The mechanical properties (harness test, flexural test and tensile tests) were found for laminated composite of different orientations of fiber (0°/90", 0°/45° & 0°/135"). ‘The findings of the present investigation are as follows: ‘The flexural test was conducted for better explanation on the mechanical behavior of the composite520 G. Satish eta. The type of glass mat orientation plays an important role in the finding of the flexural strength, © The laminate with glass mat orientation 0/45° have exhibited more flexural strength than the remaining oriented laminates for the same type of fiber reinforcements The laminate of 0/90" oriented fiber could carry more load than the remaining oriented fibers. * The laminate of 0/90° oriented fiber could have more hardness than the remaining oriented fibers. © The tensile strength is also more in the 0/90° oriented fibers, The visual inspection of hybrid composite is a britle failure. {A relation between tested and stitistica! values was determined to be the best agreement based on the high R* value obtained. Hence a good linear relationship ‘was obtained. The regression model shows a good relation 10 the mechanical behaviour ofthe composites. References 1. Iijima, $ Notre 384(6348), 56-58 (1991) 2. So, HH. Cho, J.W., Sahoo, NG. 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