8 Knowledge is Power page 109

8.11 state of affairs (expr) /stɪət əv əˈfeəz/

a situation ● The government can no longer
turn a blind eye to the shocking state of affairs
8.1 slate (n) /sleɪt/

a small sheet of dark grey stone that was used snobbery (n) /ˈsnɒbəri/
to write on in schools in the past ● What a long the attitude of people who act as though they
way school notebooks have come in a century are superior to others ● Although he was offered
– from slates to tablets! ➣ slate (v) a place at Cambridge, Terry opted fora local
university to avoid the risk of facing class

Reading pages 110-111

snobbery. ➣ snob (n), snobbish (adj),
snobbishly (adv)
8.2 Mickey Mouse (adj) /ˈmɪkiː maʊs/ 8.12 pale in comparison (expr) /peɪl
fake; of poor quality ● Tom took some ɪnkəmˈpærɪsn/
surprising good photos, considering he only seem less significant ● This light shower pales
has a cheap Mickey Mouse camera. in comparison to the hurricanes coming in
across the Atlantic.
8.3 snob (n) /snɒb/
sb who acts as if they are better than others 8.13 bastion (n) /ˈbæstiən/
because they know more or have different an institute or group that holds onto a certain
tastes ● Carol is too much of a snob to join way of life that it represents ● Ancient Athenswas
her friends at the backstreet café; she prefers one of the first bastions of democracy.
a more high class venue. ➣ snobbery (n), 8.14 superiority (n) /suːˌpɪəriˈɒrəti/
snobbish (adj), snobbishly (adv) the state of being better or in a stronger
8.4 land a job (expr) /lænd ə dʒɒb/ position than others ● Although she had only just
obtain a job ● How did he manage to land a passed her degree with a minimum of study,
prime job at the embassy? the fact that it was from St Andrews
University gave her an air of superiority.
8.5 hands-on (adj) /hændz ɒn/ ➣ superior (n), superior (adj)
being practically involved in doing sth
● The final year of the course involves work 8.15 hail from (phr v) /heɪl frɒm/
placements for students to gain hands-on originally come from or have been born in
experience. ● Marios hails from Crete, but he’s been living in
Patra for years.
8.6 sick (and tired) of sth/sb (expr) /sɪk (ənd
ˈtaɪəd) əvˈsʌmθɪŋ/ˈsʌmbədi/ 8.16 hallowed (adj) /ˈhæləʊd/
fed up with sth/sb ● I’m sick and tired of being respected ● Open-air theatrical performances
bombarded with marketing phone calls. are one of Greece’s hallowed traditions.
8.7 subject sb to sth (phr v) /səbˈdʒekt 8.17 red-brick university (n) /red
ˈsʌmbədi təˈsʌmθɪŋ/ brɪkˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti/
make sb endure sth unpleasant ● Maria a university built in the late 19th to early 20th
was subjected to ridicule by her classmates century as opposed to older established ones
when she expressed her wish to study at (e.g. Oxford, Cambridge) ● The original red-
Oxfordbridge University. ➣ subject (n), brick universities specialised in science and
subject (adj) engineering, but have now branched out into
other fields of study.
8.8 undertaking (n) /ˌʌndəˈteɪkɪŋ/
an important task ● The new university is a 8.18 in sync with (expr) /ɪn sɪnk wɪθ/
joint undertaking between the old technical in line with; in agreement with ● Coming from
college and a private investor. ➣ undertake (v) a totally different cultural background, Ivan’s
ideas were not quite in sync with those of his
8.9 critical thinking (n) /ˈkrɪtɪkl ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ British colleagues.
the process of considering information
carefully to judge it objectively ● Students 8.19 classics (n) /ˈklæsɪks/
are encouraged to develop the skill of critical the study of ancient Greek and Latin language
thinking to process information analytically. and literature ● Anyone who has studied
classics will be familiar with the works of
8.10 vocational (adj) /vəʊˈkeɪʃənl/
relating to the skills and knowledge required
for a particular job ● In order to become
an electrician, Ken attended a one-year
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 8.20 take offence (expr) /teɪk i əˈfens/
feel insulted or hurt by a remark ● Most people
Vocabulary pages 112-113-114
would take offence at being called an upper- 8.31 acknowledgement (n) /əkˈnɒlɪdʒmənt/
class twit, but Graham took it as a joke. acceptance that sth is right ● Harry
received a bonus from his employer as an
8.21 mockingly (adv) /ˈmɒkɪŋli/
in a way that ridicules sb/sth ● Tina mockingly acknowledgement of his contribution to the
referred to her teacher’s accent as ‘Grenglish’. company’s success. ➣ acknowledge (v)
➣ mock (v), mocking (n), mocking (adj) 8.32 appendix (n) /əˈpendɪks/
an additional section giving supplementary
8.22 rigorous (adj) /ˈrɪɡərəs/
that has to be done according to strict rules/ information at the end of a book, etc.
standards ● The exam was supervised with ● You can check out the rules in the
rigorous security standards. ➣ rigour (n), grammar appendix of your student’s book.
➣ append (v),
rigorously (adv)
✎ Plural: appendices
8.23 placement (n) /ˈpleɪsmənt/
a temporary period spent gaining practical 8.33 bibliography (n) /ˌbɪbliˈɒɡrəfi/
experience in a workplace ● To complete her a list of books, articles, etc. that you have
social work qualification, Helen had to spend referred to in a piece of writing ● Don’t forgetto
parts of her course on placement in both state include your bibliography quoting your
sources at the end of your thesis.
and voluntary organisations. ➣ place (v)
➣ bibliographer (n), bibliographical (adj)
8.24 have the last laugh (expr) /həv ðə læst lɑːf/
8.34 criteria (n) /kraɪˈtɪəriə/
be more successful than others expected;
the standards by which sth is assessed or
prove others to be wrong ● Anthony had the
categorised ● Do you think exams are the best
last laugh when his better qualified friends,
criteria to assess a student’s progress?
who were unemployed, came to him for their
car repairs. ✎ Singular: criterion
8.35 fundamental (adj) /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/
8.25 tuition (n) /tjuˈɪʃn/
basic; most important ● Thorough research
teaching fees ● University education is
providing statistics is fundamental to back up
definitely not accessible for everyone as tuition
your report. ➣ fundamentally (adv)
fees are on the increase.
8.26 applied (adj) /əˈplaɪd/ 8.36 hypothesis (n) /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/
that can be used practically rather than only in an idea that you believe to be correct based
on a guess or assumption ● Her argument
theory ● William is studying applied linguisticsat
Cambridge with a view to becoming a teacher. is pure hypothesis, so she needs to expand
with a few hard facts to make it hold water.
➣ apply (v)
➣ hypothesise (v), hypothetical (adj),
8.27 a means to an end (expr) /ə miːnz tə ɒn hypothetically (adv)
end/ ✎ Plural: hypotheses
sth of little importance in itself which will lead
to sth better ● Liz regarded English language 8.37 indicator (n) /ˈɪndɪkeɪtə(r)/
teaching as a means to an end as it served as a sign that shows how sth is now or likely to
an internationally marketable skill. be ● Exam results are not always an accurate
indicator of a person’s ability. ➣ indicate (v),
8.28 cry out for (expr) /kraɪ aʊt fɜː(r)/ indication (n), indicative (adj)
demand; require very much ● The country is
crying out for workers with practical skills and 8.38 plagiarism (n) /ˈpleɪdʒərɪz(ə)m/
creative talent rather than more philosophers the act of copying sb’s ideas, especially in
and lawyers. written works ● A simple internet search
confirmed the editor’s suspicions of several
8.29 joblessness (n) /ˈdʒɒbləsnəs/ instances of plagiarism within the book.
the number of people out of work; ➣ plagiarise (v), plagiarist (n)
unemployment ● The rate of joblessness has
grown to around 50% among young 8.39 dissertation (n) /ˌdɪsəˈteɪʃn/
people, which is a tragic state of affairs. a piece of academic writing on a certain
subject ● Pauline had to sacrifice her social
➣ jobless (adj)
life to produce her 5,000-word dissertation for
8.30 practicality (n) /ˌpræktɪˈkæləti/ her course assessment.
the quality of being suitable and of realistic
or practical use ● Becoming a design 8.40 adhere to (v) /ədˈhɪə tuː/
engineer involves combining practicality follow a set of rules, etc.● You’d better adhere
with imagination. ➣ practical (adj), to the school rules or you may be expelled.
practically (adv) ➣ adherence (n), adherent (adj)

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8.41 dean (n) /diːn/ 8.52 apply yourself (v) /əˈplaɪ jɔːˈself/
sb in charge of a university department ● The work very hard to achieve sth ● If you want to
graduates filed onto the stage one by one to get better grades, you’ll have to start applying
receive their degrees from the dean. yourself to your studies till the final exams are
over.
8.42 faculty (n) /ˈfæklti/
a department of study in a university; all the 8.53 assign (v) /əˈsaɪn/
teachers in a university department give sb a particular task to do or role to carry
● Professor Higgins became dean of the out ● The invigilator was assigned the task of
Faculty of Science in 2010. collecting the papers at the end of the exam.
➣ assignment (n)
8.43 formidable (adj) /ˈfɔːmɪdəbl/
impressively powerful or worthy of respect 8.54 apparatus (n) /ˌæpəˈreɪtəs/
● Renia’s CV with her formidable list of work a set of equipment for a specific task
experience highly impressed the interview ● Oxygen tanks and other diving apparatus
panel. ➣ formidably (adv) lined the walls of the water sports centre.

8.44 intellect (n) /ˈɪntəlekt/ 8.55 paraphernalia (n) /ˌpærəfəˈneɪliə/

the ability to reason and understand advanced a collection of objects used for an activity
concepts ● Marie Curie was considered a ● Ian carries a bag of spare tubes, spanners
woman of outstanding intellect. ➣ intellectual and other paraphernalia whenever he goes
(adj), intellectually (adv) long-distance cycling.

8.45 rationalise (v) /ˈræʃnəlaɪz/ 8.56 rationale (n) /ˌræʃəˈnɑːl/

find a logical reason why sth/sb does sth the main reason behind a particular idea
● Bob’s parents tried to rationalise why their ● I don’t understand the rationale behind the
older son had turned into the school bully in revised school curriculum. ➣ rationalise (v),
his first year at primary school. rational (adj), rationally (adv)
➣ rationalisation (n), rational (adj), rationally 8.57 scope (n) /skəʊp/
(adv) a range of things that sth/sb deals with;
8.46 append (v) /əˈpend/ opportunity to do sth ● There is little scope for
add sth on to the end of a written work expansion in our specialised line of business.
● A list of photo credits were appended at the 8.58 sphere (n) /sfɪə(r)/
back of the book. ➣ appendix (n) an area of interest or focus ● More women
8.47 supplementary (adj) /ˌsʌplɪˈmentri/ are coming to the forefront in the sphere of
given in addition to sth else ● For extra international politics. ➣ spherical (adj)
practice, supplementary exercises were added
to the online version of the course. Education: nouns
➣ supplement (v), supplement (n)
acknowledgement joblessness
8.48 posit (v) /ˈpɒzɪt/ apparatus mentorship
put forward a hypothesis as a basis for appendix placement
argument ● Whoever posited the unscientific bastion plagiarism
theory of mass poisoning through the use of bibliography practicality
chemtrails has a lot to answer for. classics rapport
➣ position (n) compilation rationale
8.49 surmise (v) /səˈmaɪz/ crammer red-brick university
deduce ● We surmised that the tutor had given criteria referral
us the wrong test paper since the questions critical thinking scope
were far too easy. ➣ surmise (n) dean slate
dissertation sphere
8.50 inexplicable (adj) /ˌɪnɪkˈsplɪkəbl/ faculty superiority
unable to be explained ● For some hypothesis tuition
inexplicable reason, Frances dropped out of indicator tutor
the course when she was doing very well.
intellect
➣ inexplicably (adv)
✎ Opp: explicable
8.59 omen (n) /ˈəʊmən/
8.51 intelligible (adj) /ɪnˈtelɪdʒəbl/
a sign that sth might happen ● The prime
that can be understood ● The phone line was
so faint that her voice was barely intelligible. minister lives in hope of finding a positive
omen for the country’s economic future.
➣ intelligibly (adv)
✎ Opp: unintelligible

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 8.73 read between the lines (expr) /riːd bɪˈtwiːn
8.60 drift off (phr v) /drɪft ɒf/
ðə laɪnz/
fall asleep ● Arthur had stayed up all night
look for an implicit meaning in sth ● Reading
studying and was so tired he almost drifted off
between the lines, I think he want to leave
during the exam.
his job.
8.61 keep at sth (phr v) /kiːp æt ˈsʌmθɪŋ/
8.74 by the book (expr) /baɪ ðə bʊk/
continue doing sth without stopping ● If you according to the rules ● We were surprised at
keep at it, you’ll finish your dissertation in no
Mandy’s use of plagiarism as she had always
time.
done everything by the book.
8.62 mount up (phr v) /maʊnt ʌp/
8.75 cite (v) /saɪt/
increase over time ● Their debts kept
make reference to sth as an example ● Can
mounting up until they admitted they could no
you cite any examples to support your theory?
longer afford private school fees.
➣ citation (n)
8.63 take sth in (phr v) /teɪk ˈsʌmθɪŋ ɪn/
8.76 referral (n) /rɪˈfɜːrəl/
comprehend sth completely ● The news came
the act of sending sb to a person or place they
as such a shock that it took me a few minutes
need to go to, e.g. for help ● The head teacher
to take it all in.
recommended the child’s referral to a speech
8.64 on the face of it (expr) /ɒn ðə feɪs əv ɪt/ therapist. ➣ refer (v), referee (n), reference (n)
based on a first impression ● On the face of it,
8.77 compilation (n) /ˌkɒmpɪˈleɪʃn/
she seems like the best person for the job, but
a collection of things, e.g. music or written
only time will tell.
works ● His first book was a compilation of
8.65 in a nutshell (expr) /ɪn ɜə ˈnʌtʃel/ short stories. ➣ compile (v)
in a few words; succinctly ● In a nutshell, there
8.78 curricular (adj) /kəˈrɪkjələ(r)/
are not so many job opportunities for forensic
connected with a school curriculum ● The
scientists in our town.
village school’s core curricular subjects were
8.66 on the threshold (expr) /ɒn ðə ˈθreʃhəʊld/ reading, writing and maths. ➣ curriculum (n)
about to enter a new situation ● On the ✎ Opp: extra-curricular
threshold of a major political decision, John
8.79 exemplify (v) /ɪɡˈzemplɪfaɪ/
suddenly resigned from his post and walked
be a clear example of sth ● The statues
out.
exemplified the style of the famous sculptor,
8.67 know the ropes (expr) /nəʊ ðə rəʊps/ Praxiteles. ➣ example (n), exemplary (adj)
be familiar with or experienced in how to do
sth ● Having been in the retail business for 8.80 assimilate (v) /əˈsɪməleɪt/
allow sb to become an integral part of
years, he certainly knows the ropes.
a place, group, etc. ● Since the 1990s,
8.68 be on the same page (expr) /biː ɒn ðə seɪm a whole generation of Balkan immigrants
peɪʤ/ have become assimilated into Greek society.
be in agreement about what to do ● Most ➣ assimilation (n)
adolescents believe that their parents are
never on the same page as them.
8.69 drop the subject (expr) /drɒp ðə ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ Expressions with verbs
stop a discussion on a particular issue be on the same page
● I confess I deserved to fail the exam as I cry out for
didn’t study for it, so let’s just drop the subject. drop the subject
8.70 saved by the bell (expr) /seɪvd baɪ ðə bel/ have the last laugh
relieved of doing sth you don’t want to do hit the books
because of an interruption ● My maths teacher know the ropes
just rang to cancel today’s lesson. Saved by land a job
the bell! learn the hard way
8.71 learn the hard way (expr) /lɜːn ðə hɑːd weɪ/ pale in comparison
read between the lines
find out how to do sth through your own
experience or mistakes ● Maggie had no take offence
support from her parents when she left home;
they made her learn the hard way.
8.72 hit the books (expr) /hɪt ðə bʊks/
study hard ● Summer’s over guys! It’s time to
hit the books again to get through this course
with flying colours.

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Video 8:
Environmental
ThemePark page 122
8.90 mentorship (n) /ˈmentəʃɪp/
a helping process where sb experienced
assists sb with less experience of sth
● The school’s mentorship programme worked
well in its experimental stages. ➣ mentor (v),
mentor (n)
8.91 remedy (v) /ˈremədi/
give a solution to a problem ● To remedy
the problems facing unemployed teenagers,the
centre runs a drop-in counselling serviceas
well as support groups. ➣ remedy (n),
remedial (adj)
8.92 fulfil (v) /fʊlˈfɪl/
satisfy ● In an overcrowded classroom setting
with students of mixed ability, teachers feel
frustrated that they are unable to fulfil their
own potential. ➣ fulfilment (n), fulfilling (adj)

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