PHILOSOPHY (REVIEWER)

- Metaphysics is a philosophical
approach that focuses on
CORE BRANCHES understanding the purpose of
phenomena.
o EPISTEMOLOGY
o METAPHYSICS
o AXIOLOGY AXIOLOGY
o VALUE THEORY - Axiology comes from the Greek
o LOGIC words “axios”, which means
worthy, and logos, which means
EPISTEMOLOGY study of.

- Epistemology is a field of study - Axiology is also called the Theory

that combines the Greek words of Value.
"episteme" meaning knowledge
and "logos" meaning study of. - Axiology is the philosophical
study of the broadest sense of
- Epistemology is a field that goodness or value.
investigates the nature, origin,
and scope of knowledge, as well
as the rationality of beliefs. TWO TYPES OF VALUE IN AXIOLOGY

INTRINSIC VALUE
HOW DO WE ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE? • Things that have value in and of
- Epistemology posits that itself.
knowledge is acquired through • Examples of these are truth,
various methods. beauty, goodness, courage.

EXTRINSIC VALUE
• Perception - experiences we
learned through our five senses. • Things which is a means to some
• Memory - based on previous other value.
experiences or facts. • Examples of these are wealth,
• Testimony - intentional transfer of fame, fitness.
knowledge.
VALUE THEORY
METAPHYSICS
- In Philosophy, Value Theory is
- Metaphysics is derived from the often linked to the concept of
Greek word “meta ta physika” or Ethics.
after the things of nature.
- Value Theory is the discipline
- Metaphysics is the study of the concerned with what is morally
human mind, existence, and the good and bad and morally right
nature of space and time. and wrong.
 - Logic helps us in formulating
- Value Theory focuses on arguments and inferences - both
determining the justification for important in the study of Logic.
one's moral beliefs.

FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY
WHAT IS MORALLY RIGHT FROM WRONG?
FILIPINO PHILOSOPHIES CORE
MORALLY WRONG
o Utang na Loob
• Activities that are morally
o Bayanihan
prohibited, morally impermissible,
o Filipino Time
acts ought not to do, and acts
o Kababaang-Loob
one has a duty to refrain from
o Hospitality
doing.
• Examples of morally wrong acts
are murder, theft, rape, etc. WHAT IS FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY?
MORALLY RIGHT • It is an aspect of Filipino thoughts.
• It is the way of thinking of Filipinos.
• Morally Neutral - activities that
• The Filipino attitude, worldview,
are allowed but not required;
and notion towards life, religion,
one is not obligated nor
communication, survival,
prohibited to do it.
interrelationship, and self-
• Morally Obligatory - activities that
relationship are shaped by the
you are morally obligated to do
natural citizens' perceptions and
and are morally prohibited from
not doing. experiences.
• Morally supererogatory - refers to
actions that are not morally UTANG NA LOOB
obligated but are considered
praiseworthy and sometimes • The philosophy of debt of
heroic if performed. gratitude encourages individuals
to repay their deep debt in a
different way to express gratitude
LOGIC and show appreciation.
- Logic, in philosophy, investigates • Bigay kaya is a Filipino philosophy
the philosophical problems raised where parents or guardians
by logic. demand money from the man
- Logic is the study of correct they marry their daughter to
reasoning recoup their efforts in raising her.
o Logic can help with • What is the negative impact of
decision making. this Filipino philosophy?
o Logic aids in distinguishing
between truth and opinion.
BAYANIHAN their guests, deeply ingrained in
their culture.
• Bayanihan, derived from the
• The Pinoys' way of life is a
Filipino word "bayan," signifies
reflection of their warmth and
communal unity, work, and
kindness.
cooperation, aiming to achieve
a specific goal. METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
• Former Supreme Court Associate
THREE WAYS FOR US TO EXPRESS
Justice Isagani Cruz warns that
OURSELVES IN A PHILOSOPHICAL
Bayanihan philosophy in the
MANNER.
Philippines is destined for
extinction. o Logic
o Existentialism
FILIPINO TIME
o Phenomenology
• Filipino bad habit is a human
LOGIC
mentality causing irresponsible
time use, leading to people • This method focuses on
being minutes or hours late to determining truth through
specified arrival times. reasoning and critical thinking.
• The concept of Filipino Time • We look at our ability to sense
originates from the phrase half-truths, deceptions, and other
"Bahala Na," which means to rely lies.
on our irresponsibility to the • The study of logic examines our
supreme being. belief in truths and lies.
• But is the idea of Filipino Time
really this? EXISTENTIALISM

KABABAANG-LOOB This method focuses on two aspects of

ourselves: existence and existence.
• The philosophy that shows that
people are naturally good, o Existence is our purpose in life.
humility of the inner self is within o Essence is the result of our
each and everyone of us. decisions.
• “The more you lower yourself, the The idea of existentialism is a person will
higher you become.” create their essence over their lifetime
• “We have the right to be and find their existence.
humble” -Copernicus
PHENOMENOLOGY
Hospitality
• Phenomena - reality consisting of
• Filipino hospitality, or “magiliw na objects and events as they are
pagtanggap” is a cultural perceived or understood by our
practice passed down from human consciousness.
generation to generation. • This method investigates the
• The term "welcoming" refers to variations in consciousness based
the warm and welcoming nature on various phenomena we
of the Filipino people towards encounter.
INFORMATION METHODOLOGY interpret events usually at a
distance of time and place.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
In using this method, we
Steps of the Scientific Method
determine six inquiries:
o Asking the Question
- When was the source produced?
o Do Background Research
(Date)
o Construct a Hypothesis
o Test your Hypothesis - Where was it produced?
o Analyze the data and draw (Localization)
conclusion
- By whom was it produced?
o Communicate your result
(Authorship)
- From what pre-existing material
• Scientific Method is a process for
was it produced? (Analysis)
experimentation that is used to
- In what original form was it
explore observations and answer
produced? (Integrity)
questions.
- What is the evidential value of its
contents? (Credibility)
• The method aims to identify
cause and effect relationships by SOCRATIC METHOD
asking questions, gathering
evidence, and combining • Socrates' method involves
available information into a dialogue between teachers
logical answer. and students, involving
continuous probing questions
HISTORICAL METHOD to explore underlying beliefs
• This method is a collection of that shape students' views
and opinions.
techniques and guidelines use to
research and write histories of the • Another term for this is the
past. Method of Questioning.
• The method, commonly
employed in History Philosophy, a • This method is not teaching
sub-field of Epistemology, aids in but a way for people to find
identifying primary and the underlying reasons for
secondary sources of information your beliefs.
and studying material evidence.
• The method requires an open
We need to determine what is a mind to avoid preconceived
Primary and Secondary Source: opinions or biases.

o Primary Source - actual • The premise of this method is

documents and objects about “YOU DO NOT KNOW
created at the time under ANYTHING.”
study.
o Secondary Source - accounts
that retell, analyze, or
LOGICAL FALLACIES ANECDOTAL FALLACY

AD HOMINEM • This type of fallacy occurs when

people use their limited personal
• Ad Hominem means “Attacking experience to make sweeping
the Person” conclusions about a given topic.
• This is the most common fallacy,
• Instead of addressing someone’s and it has been committed by
argument or position, you almost everyone at some point.
irrelevantly attack the person or
some aspect of the person who is Example:
making the argument.

Example:

APPEAL TO AUTHORITY

AD POPULUM • This fallacy occurs when we

accept a claim solely based on
• Ad populum is a fallacy that the assurance of an authority
claims that something is true figure.
simply because that’s what a • The authority figure can be a
large number of people celebrity, a well-known scientist,
believe. or any person whose status and
prestige causes us to respect
• If many people believe them.
something to be true, then it
must be true. Example:

Example:
APPEAL TO EMOTION RED HERRING

• This type of fallacy relies on • This is a logical fallacy in which

emotional reactions rather than irrelevant information is
logical reasoning to persuade presented alongside relevant
the audience. information, distracting attention
• It can take many forms, such as from the relevant information.
appealing to fear, pity, anger, • Most individuals who engage in
guilt, pride, or happiness. this fallacy are unaware of their
actions.
Example:
Example:

APPEAL TO IGNORANCE
NON SEQUITUR
• This type of fallacy occurs when
you argue that your conclusion • This fallacy means “It does not
must be true, because there is no follow.”
evidence against it. • This fallacy is used to describe a
• This fallacy incorrectly transfers fallacy whose conclusion does
the responsibility of proof from not follow the premise.
the claimant. • Responses that do not align with
the previous statement.
Example:
Example:
SLIPPERY SLOPE

• This fallacy suggests that a single

event or action can trigger a
series of subsequent events,
leading to an undesirable or
extreme outcome.
• This fallacy predicts a sequence
of events without providing any
evidence to support its claim.

Example:

LOADED QUESTION

• A fallacy is a question that

assumes an unfounded or
controversial assumption, putting
the person being questioned in a
defensive and unfavorable
position.
• There is a presumption of guilt
and it cannot be answered
without appearing guilty.

Example: