and other contagious diseases engulfed the

LESSON 1 Philippines.

PLUMBING PLUMBING TRADE

- Defined as the art and science of installing pipes, - Sometime in 1902 - was duly recognized by
fixtures and other apparatus to convey and supply the government.
water in buildings and to dispose and discharge CITY OF MANILA
waste water and liquids, gases and other substances
out of the buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy and - Was the model Community
sanitary way to ensure the health and sanitation of JOHN F. HASS
life and property.
- The word derives from the Latin for lead, - Master Plumber
PLUMBUM, as the first effective pipes used in - first Chief of the Division of Plumbing
the Roman era were lead pipes. Construction and Inspection

The major categories of plumbing systems or NAMPAP

subsystems are: - National Master Plumbers Association of the
• potable cold and hot tap water supply Philippines
• plumbing drainage venting - It was organized in 1935 and have it registered
• sewage systems and septic systems with or with the Securities and Exchange Commission
without hot water heat recycling and graywater by Filipino Master Plumbers
recovery and treatment systems FILIPINO MASTER PLUMBERS WHO
• Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water ORGANIZED NAMPAP
drainage
• fuel gas piping - Francisco Geronimo
- Mariano de Ocampo
• hydronics, i.e. heating and cooling systems
- Igmidio Suarez
using water to transport thermal energy, as in
- Eusebio Mina
district heating systems, like for example the
- Jose Rivera
New York City steam system.
- Raymundo Reyes, Sr.
HISTORY OF PLUMBING PRACTICE - Roberto Feliciano
- Gregorio Lazaro
17TH CENTURY - Raymundo Gumapac
- The birth of the plumbing profession in the - John Jones
Philippines - Trinitario Ortiz
- Valentin Casupanan
INTRAMUROS - Catalino Casupanan
- Crispin Francisco
- Walled City
- Established by Spaniards as a model - Teodoro Pastor Cornelio Odvina
community - Jesus Tanghal Dera

ILUSTRADOS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICES IN CITY

OF MANILA
- constituted the Filipino educated class
- Initiated by NAMPAP, the Department of
during the Spanish colonial period in the
late 19th century. Public Services of the City of Manila was
created by an Act of Congress.
- They were late Spanish-colonial-era middle
to upper class Filipinos, many of whom CITY ORDINANCE 2411
were educated in Spain and exposed to
Spanish liberal and European nationalist - otherwise known as "the Plumbing Code for
ideals. the City of Manila" was enacted in consultation
with NAMPAP
PLUMBING AT THE TURN OF 20TH - The practice of plumbing was eventually
CENTURY placed under the Department of Public
Services, Manila.
- PLUMBING took a great leap at the turn of
the 20th century with the-arrival of the
American soldiers, engineers, Thomasite
teachers, doctors and evangelists. Health and
hygiene became priority when epidemics
including cholera, leprosy. schistosomiasis
HOUSE BILL NO. 962 e) Has at least five years of experience in
actual plumbing work under the
- In 1954, the Third Congress of the Republic of
supervision of a registered master plumber.
the Philippines in its Second Session, approved
after the third reading House Bill No. 962. DEGREES ALLOWED TO TAKE
EXAMINATION WITHOUT PLUMBING WORK
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1378
EXPERIENCE
- PLUMBING LAW OF THE PHILIPPINES
- Sanitary engineering
- signed by President Ramon Magsaysay on June
- Civil engineering
18, 1955
- Mechanical engineering
NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE - Chemical engineering
PHILIPPINES - Mining engineering
- Architecture
- prepared by the NAMPAP was promulgated
and approved by Malacañang on January 28, The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)
1959 permits non-degree holders to take the Master Plumber
Licensure Exam. Provided, that such candidate would
NAWASA need to present evidence of five years’ experience
- National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (notarized) in actual plumbing work under the
supervision of a registered master plumber, alongside a
CURRICULUM FOR PLUMBING high school diploma or transcript of records.
ENGINEERING
SYLLABI OF SUBJECTS IN THE MASTER
- In 1966-1969, the Board of Examiners for PLUMBING
Master Plumbers and the NAMPAP prepared a
Curriculum for Plumbing Engineering that was 1. Plumbing Arithmetic
approved by the Department of Education and 2. Sanitation, Plumbing Design and Installation
was first introduced at the Feati University. 3. Plumbing Code
4. Practical problems and Experiences
FIRST AMENDMENT TO THE NATIONAL
PLUMBING CODE MASTER PLUMBER CODE OF ETHICS

- Was approved on November 28, 1967 A Registered Master Plumber shall maintain a
professional bearing consistent with an honorable and
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6541 dignified pursuit of his/her profession, adhering to a
- National Building Code of the Philippines set of conduct becoming of his/her calling, and shall
not:
REGISTERED MASTER PLUMBER
1. Act in an unprofessional manner and demand
- In the Philippines, to be called a Master any renumeration other that his/her original
Plumber is to pass the Licensure Examination charges except for additional services not
given by the Board of Master Plumbers covered in the basic contract;
(BOMP) under the Professional Regulation 2. Supplant another Registered Master Plumber
Commission (PRC) held every February and after definite steps have already been taken
July. toward his/her being commissioned to perform
REVISED NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE the contract;
3. Underbid another Registered Master Plumber
- President JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA by reducing his/her professional fees after
approved last December 21, 1999 pursuant to being informed of the fees charged by the other
Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing registered master plumber;
Law. 4. Take the advantage of a salaried government
SEC. 12 OF RA 1378 position to compete unfairly with a practicing
Registered Master Plumber;
- Persons applying for admission to the 5. Allow the use of his/her license as Registered
examination as herein provided, shall, prior to Master Plumber for a fee to an unlicensed
the date of the examination, establish to the master plumber in plumbing works without
satisfaction of the Board of Examiners, that he: his/her personal supervision.
a) Is at least twenty-one years of age; 6. Injure falsely or maliciously, directly or
b) Is a citizen of the Philippines; indirectly, the reputation of another Registered
c) Is of good moral character Master Plumber by reviewing his/her work for
d) Is at least a high school graduate; the same client unless the professional services
of the former have been officially terminated
 and all professional fees have been fully paid
by the client;
LESSON 1.2
7. Advertise in self-laudatory language, act in any 22 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING
manner and engage in any practice which tend
to bring dishonor to the dignity of the The basic principles of the 1999 national plumbing
registered master plumber, the National Master code of the philippines is an update of the tenets
Plumbers Association of the Philippines established in the "plumbing law of the philippines"
(NAMPAP) and the plumbing Profession. approved on 18 june 1955 as amended on 28
november 1959.
The basic goal of the 1999 national plumbing code of
the philippines is to ensure the unqualified observance
of the latest provisions of the plumbing and
environmental laws.
PRINCIPLE NO.1 (CLEAN WATER)
- All premises intended for human habitation,
occupancy or use shall be provided with a
supply of pure and wholesome water, neither
connected with unsafe water supplies nor
subject to hazards of backflow or back-
siphonage
PRINCIPLE NO.2 (VOLUME & PRESSURE)
- Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances
shall be supplied with water in sufficient
volume and at pressure adequate to enable
them to function satisfactorily and without
undue noise under all normal conditions of use
PRINCIPLE NO.3 (EFFICIENCY)
- Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the
minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
perfonnance and cleaning.
PRINCIPLE NO.4 (EXPLOSION)
- Devices for heating and storing water shall be so
designed and installed as to prevent dangers from
explosion through overheating.
PRINCIPLE NO.5 (SEWER)
- Every building having plumbing fixtures installed
and intended for human habitation, occupancy or
usc on premises abutting on a street, alley or
easement where there is a public sewer, shall be
connected to the sewer system.
PRINCIPLE NO.6 PLUMBING (UNIT)
- Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on
a sewer or with a private sewage-disposal system
shall have at least one water closet and one
kitchentype sink. Further, a lavatory and bathtub or
shower shall be installed to meet the basic
requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
PRINCIPLE NO.7 (VENTILATION)
- Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-
absorbent material, Free from concealed fouling
surfaces and shall be located in ventilated
enclosures.
PRINCIPLE NO.8 (CLEANOUT) by some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.
- The drainage system shall be designed, constructed
and maintained to safeguard against fouling, PRINCIPLE NO.18 (SEWAGE BACKFLOW)
deposit of solids, clogging and with adequate
- Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject
cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily
tb backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be
cleaned.
made to prevent its overflow in the building
PRINCIPLE NO.9 (NAMPAP)
PRINCIPLE NO.19 (RMP)
- All pipings of plumbing systems shall be of
- Plumbing systems shall be maintained in
durable nampap approved materials, free form
serviceable condition by registered master
defective workmanship, designed and constructed
plumbers.
by registered master plumbers to ensure
satisfactory service. PRINCIPLE NO. 20 (ACCESSIBLE)
PRINCIPLE NO.10 (TRAP) - All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly
spaced, to be accessible for their intended use.
- Each fixture directly connected to the drainage
system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap. PRINCIPLE NO.21 (STRUCTURAL STABILITIY)
PRINCIPLE NO.11 (AIR CIRCULATION) - Plumbing shall be installed by registered master
plumbers with due regard to the preservation of the
- The drainage piping system shall be designed to
strength of structural members and the prevention
provide adequate circulation of air free from
of damage to walls and other surfaces through
siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under
fixture usage.
ordinary use.
PRINCIPLE NO.22 (SEWAGE TREATMENT)
PRINCIPLE NO.12 (VENT TERMINALS)
- Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system
- Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and
which may be delete- rious to surface or sub-
installed to preempt clogging and the return of foul
sutface waters shall not be discharged into the
air to the building.
ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered
PRINCIPLE NO. 13 (TEST) innocuous through subjection to some acceptable
form of treatment.
- Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests
to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the
workmanship.
PRINCIPLE NO.14 (SEWAGE HARM)
- No substance which will clog the pipes, produce
explosive mixture destroy the pipes or their joints
or interfere unduly with the sewage- disposal
process shall be allowed to enter the building
drainage system.
PRINCIPLE NO.15 (CONTAMINATION)
- Proper protection shall be provided to prevent
contamination of food, water, sterile goods and
similar materials by backflow of sewage. When
necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be
connected indirectly with the building drainage
system.
PRINCIPLE NO. 16 (WC LIGHT)
- No water closet shall be located in a room or
compartment which is not properly lighted and
ventilated.
PRINCIPLE NO. 17 (SEPTIC TANK)
- If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are
installed in buildings where there is no sewer
within a reasonable distance, suitable provision
shall be made for disposing of the building sewage
 103.1.2 APPROVAL OF REQUIREMENTS
LESSON 2
103.1.3 PARTIAL PERMIT
ADMINISTRATION Section 103.2 RETENTION OF PLANS
Section 100. PERMIT REQUIRED
- To ensure compliance of the provisions of this
Code, the professional services of a Registered
and Licensed Master Plumber shall be enlisted
in accordance with Republic Act No. 1378, the
"Plumbing Law".
Section 101. TO WHOM PERMIT MAY BE
Section 103.3 VALIDITY OF PERMIT
ISSUED
- The issuance of a permit or approval of plans
- Registered and Licensed Master Plumber
and specifications shall not be construed as a
Section 102. APPLICATION FOR PERMIT permit to violate any provision of this
Plumbing Code or of any other applicable
• 102.1 Application
ordinances. The issuance of a permit based on
• 102.2 Plans and Specifications submitted plans, specifications or other
• 102.3 Information on Plans and Specifications documents shall not prevent the Administrative
Section 102.1 APPLICATION Authority from thereafter requiring the
correction of errors on said plans,
- A Registered and Licensed Master Plumber specifications, and other documents and from
shall file an application at the Office of the stopping an on-going plumbing installation
Building Official in behalf of the building violative of this Code or of other pertinent
Owner for whom such work shall be done and ordinances of this Jurisdiction.
shall till out the forms provided for that
purpose. Every application shall: Section 103.4
102.1.1 SCOPE OF PLUMBING WORK EXPIRATION
102.1.2 PROPERTY DETAILS
102.1.3 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY - Not commenced within ONE (1) YEAR from
102.1.4 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS the date of Issuance of Permit
102.1.5 DATA AND INFORMATION - Suspended or abandoned after having
102.1.6 OWNER commenced for 120 DAYS
102.1.7 RMP
RENEWAL OF PERMIT
Section 102.2 PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS - One-half of the amount of the original fee
REQUIREMENTS
Section 103.5 SUSPENSION OR REVOCATION
- Plumbing Plans - The Administrative Authority may, in writing,
- Drawings
suspend or revoke a permit issued under the
- Diagrams
provisions of this Code whenever issued in
- Design Analyses/Computations as required
error or on the basis of incorrect information
- Technical Specifications
supplied or in violation of pertinent ordinances,
- Bills of Materials
rules and regulations.
6 SETS
Section 104 APPLICATION OF EXISTING
- With each application for a permit PLUMBING SYSTEM

Section 102.3 INFORMATION ON PLANS AND 104.1 ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS OR REPAIRS

SPECIFICATIONS
104.2 CHANGES IN BUILDING OCCUPANCY
- Drawn to Scale
104.3 MAINTENANCE
- Location
- Nature and Extent of Work 104.4 MOVED BUILDINGS
Section 103. PERMIT ISSUANCE Section 105 INSPECTIONS
103.1 PERMIT 105.1 GENERAL
103.1.1 REVIEW APPLICATION 105.2 OPERATION OF PLUMBING EQUIPMENT
REQUIREMENTS
105.3 TESTING OF SYSTEMS
105.4 INSPECTION REQUESTS 105.6.5 PENDING PAYMENT OF FEES
105.5 OTHER INSPECTIONS Section 106 CONNECTION APPROVAL
105.6 REINSPECTIONS 106.1 PERMANENT CONNECTION
Section 105.1 GENERAL - No person shall install connections to any
water supply line, sewer or storm drain systems
- All plumbing systems for which permits are
as required by this Code and for which other
required by this Code shall be inspected by the
applications and permits are also required from
Administrative Authority.
other Agencies before approval by the
- All Administrative Plumbing Personnel,
Administrative Authority.
Plumbing Inspector shall be a Registered and
Licensed Master Plumber in accordance with 106.2 TEMPORARY CONNECTION
the provision of Republic Act 1378, otherwise,
- Administrative Authority will endorse to other
known as "Plumbing Law".
authorities or government agencies the
Section 105.2 OPERATION OF PLUMBING issuance of temporary connections of the
EQUIPMENT plumbing equipment to the water supply main
sewer main, power line and gas main for the
- The requirements of this Section do not
purpose of testing the equipment.
prohibit the operation or use of any plumbing
accessory installed to replace existing Section 107 SPECIAL PROVISIONS
equipment or fixtures serving an occupied
107.1 All Licensed Master Plumbers registered in
portion of the building when a request for
accordance with the provisions of Republic Act No. 1378
inspection of such equipment or fixtures has
shall secure for themselves a SEAL of the standard size
been filed with the Administrative Authority
and type as required.
not more than 72 hours after such replacement
work is completed and before any portion of
such plumbing system is concealed by any
permanent portion of the building. Section 107 SPECIAL PROVISIONS

Section 105.3 TESTING OF SYSTEMS

- All plumbing systems shall be tested and
approved as required by this Code or the
Administrative Authority.
Section 105.4 INSPECTION REQUESTS
- The Administrative Authority requires that
every request for inspection be filed AT
LEAST THREE (3) WORKING DAYS 107.1.2 NAME of Registered and Licensed Master
BEFORE SUCH INSPECTION is intended. Plumber at the upper center.
Section 105.5 OTHER INSPECTIONS 107.1.3 The REGISTRATION NUMBER shall appear
- In addition to the inspections required by this at the center below the name.
Code, the Administrative Authority may 107.1.4 PHILIPPINES, appearing at the lower portion
require other inspections of the plumbing work of the round seal
to comply with the other provisions of this
Code, other pertinent laws and ordinances
enforced by the Administrative Authority. Section 108 PLUMBING FIXTURES REQUIRED
Section 105.6 REINSPECTION - Each building shall be provided with sanitary
105.6.1 PLUMBING WORK FOR INSPECTION facilities in accordance with best practice for
IS CALLED FOR IS NOT COMPLETED mobility of disabled persons as provided in the
National Building Code of the Philippines or by
105.6.2 FIRST TIME A JOB IS REJECTED FOR other government departments having jurisdiction.
FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH THE
REQUIREMENTS
105.6.3 APPROVED PLANS NOT AVAILABLE;
FAILURE TO PROVIDE ACCESS
105.6.4 APPLICANT FILE AN APPLICATION
 - long-lasting
LESSON 3
PORCELAIN ENAMELED STEEL
PLUMBING FIXTURES - Vitreous or glossy inorganic coating that is bonded
- A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device to sheet steel by fusion
which can be connected to a plumbing system STAINLESS STEEL
to deliver and drain water.
- Plumbing fixtures are receptacles intended to - The different types include 316, 304, 302, 301,
receive water, liquid, or water carried wastes 202, 201, and 430
and discharges them into the drainage system. NICKEL
- One of the key ingredients in stainless steel
Higher nickel content tends to produce a superior finish
in the stainless steel.
PLASTIC
The various plastic materials used to produce plumbing
fixtures include:
- Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (abs)
- Polyvinyl chloride (pvc)
- Gel-coated, fiberglass-reinforced plastic
- Acrylic
- Cultured marble
Common plumbing fixture materials include the - Cast-filled fiberglass
following: - Polyester
1. Vitreous china - Cast-filled acrylic
2. Nonvitreous china - Gel-coated plastic
3. Glass - Cultured marble acrylic
4. Enameled cast iron SOAPSTONE
5. Porcelain enameled steel
6. Stainless steel - Steatite
7. Plastic - Heavy
8. Soapstone - Very durable

VITREOUS CHINA APPLICABLE STANDARDS

This is a unique material that is specially suited for - Plumbing fixtures are regulated by nationally
plumbing fixtures. developed consensus standards. These standards
specify materials, fixture designs, and testing
- Does not absorb water requirements.
- Glazed
- Extremely strong material
- Nonporous
CATEGORIES OF WATER CLOSET
NONVITREOUS CHINA
- Close-coupled water closet
- porous ceramic
- One-piece water closet
- Requires glazing to prevent any water absorption
- Flushometer water closet
- low shrinkage rate
CLOSE-COUPLED WATER CLOSET
GLASS
- A close-coupled water closet
- commonly used in lavatories ornately designed
is one with a two-piece tank
ENAMELED CAST IRON and bowl fixture.
- hard
- glossy
ONE-PIECE WATER CLOSET
- opaque
- Acid-resistant surface - A one-piece water closet is, as the name suggests,
- heavy one with the tank and bowl as one piece.
- strong
- ductile
FLUSHOMETER WATER CLOSET WALL-HUNG WATER CLOSET
- A flushometer water - supported by a wall hanger
closet is a bowl with a spud and never comes in contact with the
connection that receives the floor.
connection from a flushometer
valve.
- Flushometer water FLOOR-MOUNTED, BACK-OUTLET WATER
closets also are referred to as "top spud" or "back CLOSETS
spud" bowls depending on the location of the
connection for the flushometer valve. - supported by the floor yet
connect to the piping through the
wall.

GRAVITY
- Most Common means of flushing

ROUGH-IN DIMENSION
- ROUGH-IN is the
distance from the back wall
to the center of the outlet
when the water closet is
installed.
FLUSHOMETER TANK - Standard rough-in
bowl outlet 12 INCHES
- Same outside appearance as a - Other sizes available
gravity tank. in the market 10-inch or 14-
- Noisier than gravity tank water inch
closet Advantage: increased velocity
of the waste stream
FLUSHOMETER VALVE WATER CLOSET SIZE

- Also referred as "FLUSH - The size of the bowl also is based on the height of
VALVE" the bowl's rim measured from the floor.
- Flushometer valves have either a • Standard water closet - 14 to 15 inches
manual or an automatic means of • Child's water closet - 10 inches
flushing. • Juvenile's water closet - 13 inches
• Physically challenged water closet - 18 inches
BARIATRIC WATER CLOSETS
MOUNTING AND CONNECTION
- Made to accommodate
- Floor-mounted water closet overweight and obese people
- Wall-hung water closet - Support weights of 500 to
- Floor-mounted, back-outlet water closets 1,000 pounds.
FLOOR-MOUNTED WATER CLOSET - Available in vitreous
china and stainless steel
- supported by the floor and
connected directly to the piping
through the floor.
 - a washbasin used for personal hygiene
PUBLIC - intended to be used for washing one's
hands and face
RESIDENTIAL - intended for hand and face
WATER CLOSET SEAT washing, shaving, applying makeup, cleaning
contact lenses, and similar hygienic activities.
- A water closet seat must be designed for the shape
of the bowl to which it connects.

- was developed as a fixture to expedite the use of a

toilet room.
- designed for the removal of urine and the quick LAVATORY SIZE & SHAPE
exchange of users
- a maximum water use of 1.0 gpf. - Standard outlet = 11/4 INCHES IN DIAMETER
- LOW-FLOW 0.5 GPF - Standard lavatory has three holes on the ledge for
- ULTRA-LOW-FLOW 0.125 GPF the faucet
- WATERLESS URINALS
-

OVERFLOW
- minimum
cross-sectional area
must be 1 1/8 inch
SEMICIRCULAR GROUP WASHUP
- every 20 inches of space along
URINAL INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS a group washup to be equivalent to one
- Minimum spacing required between urinals 30 lavatory
inches center to center LAVATORY INSTALLATION
- Minimum spacing between a urinal and the
sidewall 15 inches - Standard height of a lavatory
- Minimum spacing required in front of the urinal 21 31 inches above the finished floor
inches - Spacing is required in front of the lavatory to
- For URINALS WITH AN INTEGRAL TRAP, Access the fixture
the outlet is located 21 inches above the floor for 21 inches
a standard- height installation.

- used for culinary purposes

CLASSIFICATION OF KITCHEN SINK
• Residential
• Commercial
RESIDENTIAL
- Common residential kitchen sinks are single- or
double-compartment (or bowl) sinks
 NO STANDARD DIMENSION FOR THE SIZE - Commonly used to fill mop buckets and dispose of
OF THE SINK EXISTS; HOWEVER, their waste
- Used for cleaning paint brushes, rollers, and paper-
- Most kitchen sinks are 22 inches measured from
hanging equipment.
the front edge to the rear edge.
- For single-compartment sinks, the most common
width of the sink is 25 inches.
- For double-compartment kitchen sinks, the most
common width is 33 inches.
- The common depth of the compartments is 9 to
10 inches.
- Accessible sinks are 5.5 to 6.5 inches deep.
- Standard installation height for a residential

- A general classification for fixtures that are neither

kitchen sinks nor service sinks
- contains those fixtures typically not required but
installed for the convenience of the building users

kitchen sink is 36 inches above the finished floor

- Located in the laundry room and used in

COMMERCIAL conjunction with washing clothes.
- typically, larger in size and have a deeper bowl - The sink has either one or two compartments.
than residential kitchen sinks - The depth of the bowl is typically 14 inches.
- depth of the bowl ranges from 16 to 20 inches for - There are no standard dimensions for the size of
most commercial kitchen sinks laundry trays; however
- often freestanding sinks with legs to support the - Most single-compartment laundry trays measure
sink 22 inches by 24 inches, and
- Most double-compartment laundry trays measure
22 inches by 45 inches.

- performs the simple operations of opening, closing,

and mixing hot and cold water.
FAUCET CATEGORIES
- Most commercial kitchen sinks are STAINLESS
STEEL • LAVATORY FAUCETS
- Commercial kitchen sinks that could discharge • RESIDENTIAL KITCHEN SINK FAUCETS
grease-laden waste must connect to either a • LAUNDRY FAUCETS
• SINK FAUCETS
• COMMERCIAL FAUCETS
BACKFLOW PROTECTION
- In addition to controlling the flow of water, a
faucet must protect the potable water supply
against backflow.
- The most common form of backflow protection for
GREASE INTERCEPTOR or a GREASE TRAP faucets not having an air gap is the use of a
VACUUM BREAKER.

- General-purpose sink intended to be used for

facilitating the cleaning or decorating of a building
 the top rim of the bathtub. The spout typically is
located 4 inches above the top rim of the bathtub to
the centerline of the pipe connection.
- designed to provide drinking water to users.
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRINKING
FOUNTAINS
1. WATER COOLERS - a fixture designed for cleaning the perineal area.
2. DRINKING FOUNTAINS - are vitreous china fixtures that are mounted on the
floor
- similar to a lavatory, has a 11⁄4-inch drainage
connection.

- designed to allow full-body cleansing

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHOWER - no supply of cold and/or hot water to a floor drain
1. PREFABRICATED SHOWER ENCLOSURE - provided as an emergency fixture in the event of a
2. PREFABRICATED SHOWER BASE leak or overflow of water
3. BUILT-IN-PLACE SHOWER - used to assist in the cleaning of a toilet or
bathroom
TRENCH DRAIN
- considered a type of floor drain
- drains are continuous drains that can extend for a
number of feet in length.
SECTION 410 PLUMBING FIXTURES REQUIRED
- Each building shall be provided with sanitary
SHOWER VALVES
facilities as prescribed by the National Building
- control the flow Code or other authorities having jurisdiction. In the
and temperature of the absence of local requirements, a recommended list
water, as well as any of minimum facilities for various occupancies is
variation in the given on Table 4-1 of this Code (Revised National
temperature of the water. Plumbing Code).
- provide
TABLE 4-1
protection against
scalding as well as - Minimum Plumbing Facilities
sudden changes in water
temperature, which can
cause slips and falls.

- the original fixture used to bathe or cleanse one's

body.
THE STANDARD BATHTUB SIZE: LESSON 3.3
• 5 FEET LONG
• 30 INCHES WIDE
• DEPTH OF 14 TO 16 INCHES
PIPING SYSTEM
BATHTUB FILL VALVE
Selection of piping materials depends on:
- plumbing fixture that deliver
hot and cold water to the bathtub. - pressure
- typically include knobs or a - velocity,
lever (diverters) for adjusting the - temperature
temperature and flow of the water. - corrosiveness of the medium
- The standard location of the - conveyed within, initial cost, installation costs,
bathtub fill valve is 14 inches above operating costs, and good engineering practice.
 INSTALLATION
- Should be neatly arranged CONCRETE PIPE
- Cut accurately to established measurements
- used for sanitary
- Worked into place without springing or forcing
sewers, storm sewers,
- Sufficient headroom should be provided
culverts, detention
- Should not interfere with access to maintain
systems, and low-
equipment
pressure force mains
- Should be clean
- Exposed ends of piping should be covered
- Reinforced concrete pipe is the most durable
TYPES OF PIPES and economical of all piping products.
Recommended for installations where low,
CAST IRON SOIL PIPE
moderate, or severe cover and/or live load
- made of gray cast conditions exist and structural failure might
iron with a compact close endanger life or property
grain.
COPPER PIPE
- primarily is used for
sanitary drain, waste, vent, - is for water supply;
and storm systems drain, waste, and vent
- used for underground - boiler feed lines;
applications refrigeration; and similar
purposes.
Two Types of Cast Iron Pipe
COPPER WATER TUBE – Methods of Joining
1. SV Type - generally used for building
installations • Soldered
2. XV Type - classified as extra duty pipe • Flared
used for underground installations • Brazed
Methods of Joining • Roll grooved or mechanical coupling
• Press-type fitting
- Rubber (neoprene) compression gasket • Push-type fitting
- Molten lead and oakum • T-drill
DUCTILE IRON WATER AND SEWER PIPE COPPER DRAINAGE TUBE
- for DWV
applications is a seamless
copper tube conforming to
the requirements of ASTM
B306.
- required to be identified by a yellow stripe
giving the manufacturer's name or trademark,
the nation of origin, and the letters "DWV."
- pipe primarily is used in water and sewer
systems for underground and industrial MEDICAL GAS TUBE
applications
- high-strength material and is not as brittle as - shipped cleaned and capped and is furnished in
cast iron pipe Type K or L wall thickness in drawn (hard)
temper only.
Cement lining
MEDICAL GAS TUBE Methods of Joining
- required for water distribution systems
- provides a protective barrier between the - Brazing
potable water supply and the ductile iron pipe - Specialized mechanical compression coupling
GLASS PIPE
- Glass pipe is used in
the mechanical industry in
two ways: as pressure and as
drainage
- Glass is installed by cutting the pipe to the
exact fixed length.
 - Joints are made by using compression- type - Joints are made with inserts and clamps and by
couplings consisting of 300 series stainless heat fusion
steel outer bands, electrometric compression
Crossed-linked Polyethylene (PEX)
liners, and sealing members of chemically inert
tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). - has been used
extensively in Europe for
STEEL PIPE
many years for hot and cold
- specified for heating, air- potable water distribution
conditioning, plumbing, gas, and systems.
air lines - specially controlled chemical reaction takes
- produced in three basic place during the manufacturing of the
weight classifications: standard, polyethylene pipe to form PEX. Cross-linked
extra strong, and double extra molecular structuring gives the pipe greater
strong. resistance to rupture over a wider range of
temperatures and pressures than other
The methods of joining are:
polyolefin piping (PB, PE, and PP).
• Welding
Crossed-linked Polyethylene, Aluminum,
• Threading Crossed-linked Polyethylene (PEX-AL-PEX)
• Grooved
- PEX-AL-PEX is a
PLASTIC PIPE composite pipe made of an
- available in compositions designed for various aluminum tube laminated with
applications, including DWV, water supply, gas interior and exterior layers of cross-
service and transmission lines, and laboratory linked polyethylene. The layers are
and other chemical drainage and piping bonded with an adhesive.
systems - The cross-linked molecular structuring
described above and the addition of the
two basic types of plastic pipe: thermoset and aluminum core makes the pipe resistant to
thermoplastic. rupture.
Thermoset- has the property of being Polyethylene/Aluminum/Polyethylene (PE-AL-PE)
permanently rigid. Epoxy and phenolics are
examples of thermosets. - PE-AL-PE is
identical to the PEX-AL-
Thermoplastic - a material having the property PEX composite pipe except
of softening when heated and hardening when for the physical properties of
cooled. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), the polyethylene.
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polybutylene (PB), - Polyethylene does
polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), cross- not display the same
linked polyethylene (PEX), and chlorinated resistance to temperature
polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) are thermoplastics. and pressure as the cross-
Polybutylene (PB) linked polyethylene. Therefore, this type of
pipe is limited to cold water applications or
- a flexible applications with other suitable fluids up to
thermoplastic that was 110°F at 150 psi (43°C at 1,034 kPa) of
manufactured to pipe pressure.
and tubing
specifications. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- an inert polyolefin material, meaning that it is - Polyvinyl chloride is rigid,
chemically resistant. That is why PB pipe pressure- or drainage-type pipe
cannot be solvent cemented like other plastic that resists chemicals and
piping systems. corrosion.
Polyethylene (PE) - PVC water service piping
is a different material than PVC
- an inert drainage pipe.
polyolefin material, - PVC is used for water distribution, irrigation,
meaning that it is storm drainage, sewage, laboratory and
chemically resistant hospital wastes, chemical lines, chilled water
- cannot be solvent cemented like other plastic lines, heat pumps, underground FM-approved
piping systems; cannot be threaded or solvent fire mains, animal rearing facilities, hatcheries,
welded. graywater piping, and ultra- pure water.
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) most chemicals and solvents.
- Teflon piping is well suited for low- pressure-
- CPVC finds application in hot
not to exceed 15 psi- laboratory or process
and cold water distribution and
industry applications. If higher pressure or
chemical process piping.
hotter temperatures are needed, Teflon-lined
- The higher-temperature
steel pipe generally is used. Lined steel pipe is
version of PVC is CPVC pipe.
1 inch to 12 inches (25.4 mm to 304.8 mm) and
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) can handle corrosive chemicals as well as high-
pressure applications.
- ABS is
manufactured in Low-extractable PVC (LXT PVC)
Schedules 40 and 80
- Rather recent to the
and in special
expensive high- purity
dimensions for main
piping market is the less
sewers and utility conduits and in SDR for
expensive low-extractable
compressed air.
PVC material that is used
- It is commonly used for DWV plumbing (in the
in pressure piping loops for the conveyance of
color black), main sanitary and storm sewers,
ultra-pure water.
underground electrical conduits, and
- This piping network provides a very
applications in the chemical and petroleum
economical solution compared to stainless
industries.
steel, PVDF, or PP for the engineering of ultra-
- The joints are solvent welded for Schedule 40
pure water loops for use in healthcare,
and welded or threaded for Schedule 80.
laboratory, micro- electronics, pharmaceutical,
Polypropylene (PP) and various other industrial applications.

- PP is Fiberglass and Thermosetting Resin Pipe

manufactured for a wide
- Reinforced
variety of systems. The
systems are using
DWV systems are for
Fiberglass piping
chemical, special waste, or acid waste systems,
manufactured and joined
in both buried and aboveground applications.
epoxy, vinylester, or
- Polypropylene comes in a variety of pressure
polyester resins. These
systems. It can be natural in color for high-
three resins offer a very
purity systems, or it may be black or beige with
distinct price/performance choice varying from
the added color pigment. Polypropylene pipe is
strongest/most expensive to weakest/least
available in both metric and IPS sizes.
expensive.
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)
Random Copolymer Polypropylene (PPR)
- Polyvinylidene
- PPR pipes and
fluoride is a strong, tough,
fittings are used in pipe
abrasion-resistant
systems made of
fluorocarbon material.
polymeric materials. PPR
- It is used widely in high-purity electronic or
is a commonly preferred
medical-grade water or chemical piping
pipe material in water and
systems that need to remain_pure but function
gas systems.
at high temperatures. Other uses include a wide
- PPR pipes are resistant to high temperatures
range of industrial liquids, saltwater disposal,
and pressures, making them a reliable option
and corrosive waste systems, again where high-
for long-term use.
temperature performance is required.
- PPR pipes have low installation costs and
- It also is often used for corrosive waste
require' minimal maintenance.
applications in return air plenum spaces. PVDF
- PPR pipes have a lightweight, structure,
offers excellent flame- and smoke- resistant
making transportation and installation easier
characteristics.
and reliable
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) - PPR pipes are resistant to corrosion, providing
a long-lasting solution.
- Teflon, or
polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE), has
outstanding resistance
to chemical attack by
VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE CAULKED JOINTS
- Vitrified clay pipe is - To make a
used in a building sewer caulked joint, the spigot
starting outside of the end of a pipe or fitting is
building and connecting to placed inside the hub of
the main sewer. It also is used for industrial another pipe or fitting.
waste because of its outstanding corrosion and Oakum is placed around
abrasion resistance. the spigot in the hub
using a yarning, tool, and then the oakum is
DURIRON PIPE
packed to the proper depth using a packing
- Duriron is a 14.5 percent tool. Molten lead is then poured into the joint,
silicon iron that possesses nearly ensuring that the lead is brought up near the top
universal corrosion resistance. For of the hub.
nearly a century, duriron pipe and - After the lead has cooled sufficiently, it is
fittings have provided a durable and caulked with a caulking tool to form a solid
reliable means of transporting lead insert. The result is a lock- tight soil pipe
corrosive waste safely. joint with excellent flexural characteristics.

ALUMINUM AND STAINLESS STEEL SHIELDED HUBLESS COUPLING

- The shielded coupling
for hubless cast iron soil pipe
and fittings is a plumbing
concept that provides a more
compact arrangement without
sacrificing the quality and performance of cast
iron. The hubless coupling system typically
uses a one- piece neoprene gasket, a shield of
stainless steel retaining clamps.
-
Stainless steel and aluminum are the most MECHANICALLY FORMED TEE FITTINGS
common special- purpose piping materials used FOR COPPER TUBE
for a wide range of applications where
performance requirements outweigh costs. - Mechanically
Stainless steel aluminum and require formed tee fittings
specialized skills in design and fabrication. shall be formed in a
continuous operation
consisting of drilling
a pilot hole and
drawing out the tube
MECHANICAL JOINTS surface to form a tee having a height of not less
than three times the thickness of the branch
- Mechanical
tube wall
transition joints include
(flanged), compression,
and threaded joints.
Mechanical joints shall
incorporate a positive mechanical system for
axial restraint in addition to any restraint
provided by friction.
COMPRESSION JOINT

- Compression-type gaskets have been used in

pressure pipe joints for years. The compression
joint uses hub- and-spigot pipe and fittings (as
does the lead and oakum joint).
 6. All abandoned wells near the site chosen
LESSON 4 for a new well, should be plugged and
properly sealed, to prevent possible
COLD WATER SUPPLY IN contamination of the ground water
BUILDING formation.
SPRING WATER
WATER
- Spring water is not always free from
- A combination of two chemical elements called
contamination
Hydrogen and Oxygen.
- It appears in its natural state as: Liquid, Solid Different types of Individual Well Spring
(ice), Gas (water vapor or steam)
1. Dug Wells
- Water in its liquid form is 839 times heavier
2. Bored Wells
than air, but in its gaseous state, or in the form
3. Driven Wells
of vapor, it is 133 times lighter than air.
4. Drilled Wells
- Water in its liquid form weighs approximately
3.77 kgs per US gallon, or 1,000 kgs per cubic
meter.
THREE (3) SOURCES OF WATER
1. Rain water PUBLIC WATER DISTRIBUTION
2. Natural Surface water from streams and rivers
3. Underground water PUBLIC WATER DISTRIBUTION is classified
into:
IMPURITIES IN WATER
1. Direct pressure distribution
Common impurities in Water are: 2. Indirect pressure distribution
1. Entrained gases DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
2. Dissolved minerals
3. Suspended and colloidal materials - This type of water distribution, obtain water
4. Radioactive materials supply of water through a large intake pipe,
installed in the lake basin extended down the
water. Water is drawn from the lake, to a
receiving well by force of gravity, passing
through the filtration plant. The water inside
the reservoir is pumped by a centrifugal, or
piston pump into the water main with sufficient
pressure to serve specific needs.
INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY - Is when the water draw from a drilled
- In any source of public water supply, the distribution is done by indirect pressure. For
following conditions shall be strictly observed, this type, a turbine pump is employed mounted
to avoid the possibility of contamination: on top of the standpipe extended down the well
1. Wells that are supplying water for public below the water table.
use should be located at a minimum HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY
distance of 100 meter radius from
residential areas. - Water is a prime necessity in all types of
2. All residents within this zone limit shall be households. It is conveyed from the main to the
strictly required to have sanitary sewage household or buildings by means of pipes
facilities classified as:
3. There should be no concrete sanitary 1. House service
sewers existing within the 15 meters radius 2. Riser
of the well. 3. Branches
4. No outdoor privy, cesspools, septic tank or
drain fields, shall be located within 45 House Service - refers to the pipe connection
meters radius from the well. from the public water main or any source of
5. The area shall be well drained to divert water supply to the building service.
surface water from the well, and to Riser - refers to the vertical supply pipe which
minimize the possibility of flooding. extend upward from one floor to the next.
 Branches - are horizontal pipes that serve the AIR PRESSURED WATER DISTRIBUTION
faucets or fixtures
- A new concept
Water main - refers to the public water connection in water distribution
which are laid underground along the streets where where compressed air
the house service is connected. is used as the delivery
agent.
- This type of
water distribution is
fast superseding the
other types.
Four (4) Mechanical Devices used in air
THREE (3) TYPES OF COLD WATER pressurized water supply system:
DISTRIBUTION 1. A large STORAGE TANK, with all tapping
required
- Cold Water Distribution in Building is 2. A single or duplex CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
classified into three types: 3. An AIR COMPRESSOR
1. By normal water pressure from the public 4. An AUTOMATIC PRESSURE
main CONTROL SWITCH
2. By overhead feed system - The operating principle of an air pressured
3. By air pressure distribution system water distribution system was based on the
theory in physics that
- The normal water pressure form the public - "air is elastic or compressible, and water is
water main is normally inadequate to serve inelastic or non-compressible"
buildings. The alternative solution is either by
the Overhead Feed System or by the Air ADVANTAGES
Pressure Distribution System.
1. It has a compact pumping unit that requires a
OVERHEAD FEED SYSTEM limited space.
2. The water chamber being air-tight makes the
- Supplies water to the plumbing fixtures by system a sanitary one.
means of gravity. 3. The oxygen in the compressed air passing
- The water is pumped to a large tank on top of through the water line, serves as purifying
the building and distributed the water to the agent, making the water more palatable.
different fixtures. 4. It offers economic advantages by installing a
- This type of water distribution is one of the smaller pipe diameter.
oldest types. 5. It has few working parts and therefore, less
ADVANTAGES initial construction and maintenance cost.
6. Air pressurized water distribution system is
1. Because of the water stored inside the tank, well accepted for small, medium and large
water supply distribution is not affected by the buildings.
peak load hour even if the pressure at the water 7. Air pressured water distribution system serves
main becomes considerably low. zones of about 10 storeys or floor intervals in
2. Power interruptions will not in any matter buildings of extreme height.
affects the water supply inside the building.
3. In case the pumping unit breaks down, the time DISADVANTAGES
required to replace parts will not affect the - The only disadvantage of the air pressurized
regular supply of water. water distribution system is the interruption of
DISADVANTAGES water supply. In case of power failure, water
supply is greatly affected by the loss of air
1. The water inside the tank is exposed to the pressure inside the tank. But with the provision
natural elements of weather, subject to of a stand-by generator, power problem is
contamination. overcome.
2. The water distribution unit has many working
parts that require higher maintenance cost. DIRECT UP-FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
3. The pumping unit and the entire installation - An innovation of the air pressurized water
throughout the building occupies valuable distribution. • This type of water distribution is
spaces. used on tall building that could not be served
4. It requires stronger foundation and other adequately by the street main.
structure to sustain the heavy load of the tank
and its water content.
 - Process could deliver water at varying rates 2. The use of turns, offsets, and traps, should
needed from two, three or several faucets up to be minimized if cannot be avoided.
the full demand of the entire building fixtures. 3. Pipes with plain and smooth surface should
- It is a TRIPLEX PUMP installed to operate in be used.
sequence according to the volume demand. 4. The use of fittings, stops, and other devices
- One pump is larger than the other one. The connected to the distribution lines, should
principle of operation is simple. When the be minimized.
water demand is small, the small pump called 5. All fittings and joints must be connected
jockey will operate. As the water consumption properly.
increases to the point that the jockey pump
PRESSURE
could no longer cope with, the second larger
pump starts automatically to replace the - In plumbing, pressure is the force required to
operation of the jockey. move the water inside the pipe. It is the only
- As demand increases further to reach its peak, means necessary to overcome friction.
the third largest pump. With full capacity to - Static pressure - pressure exerted by the water
supply the entire building, will automatically at rest. Example: The pressure exerted by water
operate to replace the second pump. Under this at the base of a service pipe when the water is
principle, only one pump operates at a time, not in motion.
depending upon the volume of water demand. - Normal pressure - pressure range measured
- Each pump is equipped with SENSOR, over a period of 24 hours. Normal pressure for
programmed at a minimum and maximum a residential house ranges from 30 to 40 psi.
operating pressure with automatic on and off Lower than this value may result to insufficient
switch depending upon the volume of demand. flow of water, especially, during simultaneous
Under this concept of direct up-feed pumping use of the fixtures. On the other hand, water
distribution, the water supply pressure is nearly pressure greater than 50 psi may cause pipe
constant, and the third largest pump operate hammering or even bursting of pipe joints.
less frequent, and therefore, less in - An excessive water pressure can be minimized
maintenance cost. by installing a Pressure Reducing Valve.
- Pressure Reducing Valve - will keep the
ADVANTAGES
pressure constant at 40 psi or can be reset to
1. Eliminate the construction of large house water any other pressure desired.
tank. - Water vibration and hammering, can be
2. Avoid cost of heavy structures to carry the checked by installing an air chamber pipe at the
house tank. back of the faucet. The compressed air inside
3. Eliminate periodic cost. the pipe chamber serves as cushion to prevent
- The direct up-feed pumping system is water hammering.
dependent on the supply of electricity. A
Critical pressure - refers to the maximum and
standby power generator will operate in case of
minimum pressure at which proper function of the
power failure.
water supply system can be maintained.
Head loss by friction or Friction head loss - is
the loss in rate of flow, due to friction between the
water and the walls of the pipe.
Pressure loss - refers to the variations in pressure
between the water main and the outlet end of the
water service. Pressure loss is generally caused by
FRICTION friction.
- When alluded to in the plumbing system, refers
Other Causes of Pressure Loss
to the resistance produced by the flowing water
1. Simultaneous draw of use of water
with the fittings and interior surface of the
2. Height or distance to which the water must
pipe.
flow
- In water supply distribution, friction is defined
3. Fluctuation of water pressure in the water main
as the resistance between the molecules of
4. Mineral elements in water that adhere to the
water.
interior of the pipe reducing the diameter.
- Friction in water supply and distribution
5. Inadequate size of the pipe.
system can be minimized under the following
conditions:
1. All water pipes should be installed straight
and direct as possible.
Water supply coming from the public water
main is also affected by water pressure
fluctuations caused by:
1. Peak load
2. Emergency draw
3. Breakdown of lines or pumping unit
4. Insufficient water level at the water system
reservoir

MAXIMUM DEMAND
- refers to the maximum water discharge of
fixtures in terms of fixture units.
- The maximum demand of water is equal to the
Total Fixture Units in the plumbing system,
where one unit* is equivalent to a rate at 28.3
liters per minute (1 cu. ft./minute) or 7.476069
gallons of water discharge per minute interval.
FIXTURE UNIT SIZING OF FLUSHOMETER VALVES
- is an arbitrary quantity in terms of which the - Branches and mains serving water closets or
load producing effects or water requirements similar flushometer valves may be sized from
on the plumbing system of different kinds of Table 6-6 when the values in Table 6-4 are
plumbing fixtures are expressed in some assigned to each flushometer valve beginning
arbitrarily chosen scale. with the most remote valve in each branch.
- One fixture unit is equivalent to a rate of flow - Any system using flushometer valves may be
at 28.3 liters per minute (1 cu. ft./minute). sized also by the procedures set forth in
Appendix A (Recommended rules for sizing the
PRIVATE or PRIVATE USE
water supply system). Piping supply a
- In classification of plumbing fixtures, "private" flushometer valve shall not be less in size than
applies to plumbing fixtures in residences and the valve inlet.
apartments, to private bathrooms in hotels and
hospitals, to rest rooms in commercial
establishments for restricted use, single fixture
or group of single fixtures and to similar
installations where the fixtures are intended for
the use of a family or an individual.
PUBLIC or PUBLIC USE
- In the classification of plumbing fixtures,
MAXIMUM DEMAND
"public" or "public use" shall mean all
buildings or structures that are not defined as Example:
private or private use.
- One lavatory for residential is valued at 1
fixture units (see Table 6-5).
Therefore, 1 x 28.3 L = 28.3 L
aA residential house has 3 flush tank water closets,
3 lavatories, one kitchen sink, 3 shower baths and
one laundry tub. Determine the maximum demand
of water.
SOLUTION:
1. Solve for the total fixture units using Table 6-5
of RNPCP
2. Solve for the maximum demand
 3 Types of Piston Pump
1. Single Action Pump
2. Double Action
Pump
3. Duplex of Twin
Piston Pump
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
- Is associated with
tall building water
distribution system.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF VALVES IN WATER

SUPPLY SYSTEM:
1. Gate Valve
2. Globe Valve
PROBABLE DEMAND 3. Angle Valve
Probable Demand or Peak Load. 4. Check Valve
5. Foot Valve
- This is one factor to be considered in 6. Safety Valve
determining the size of the water service pipe.
- The question of how many fixtures will be used GATE VALVE
simultaneously at one point in time is difficult - a valve in which
to ascertain, but according to statistical survey; the flow of water is cut
- "the fewer the number of fixtures installed, the off by means of a circular
higher the percentage of probability of their disc fitted against
simultaneous use, and the greater the number machine- smoothed faces,
of fixtures installed, the lower the percentage at right angles to the
of probable simultaneous use." direction of flow. The
disk is raised or lowered
by means of a threaded
stern connected to the
handle of the valve. The opening in the valve is
usually as large as the full bore of the pipe.
GLOBE VALVE
- a valve in
which the flow of fluid
is cut off by means of a
TYPES OF PUMP circular disc that fits
over and against the
- There are two types of water pump commonly horizontal valve seat.
used for water distribution in building, they The movement of the
are:
plane of disc is parallel
1. Piston Pump to the normal direction
2. Centrifugal Pump of flow of water through the orifice resulting to
PISTON PUMP a tortuous passage which offers a high-
pressure loss
- Used on small water distribution system for
elevating water in wells or other sources
ANGLE VALVE CURB STOP
- Operates in - Installed between
the same manner as the curb and the sidewalk
the globe valve. It line accessible to cast iron
is similar range of stop box equipped with
disc and seat removable cover.
design. Angle valve is used in making 90 - Serves as control stop of the service between
degrees turn in a line to reduce number of the curb and the building.
joints. - Shut off water supply in case the basement
becomes flooded.
CHECK VALVE
METER STOP
- Controlling stop of the entire
water supply in the building
WATER METER
- A device used to
measure the amount of water
that passes through the water
service.

- a valve that automatically closes to prevent the

flow of liquid or gas in a reverse direction
FOOT VALVE

- Located at the lower end of the pump to

prevent loss of priming the pump. It is LESSON 4.2
sometimes referred as Retention valve.
SAFETY VALVE
HOT WATER SUPPLY IN
- Used in cold water BUILDING
systems, heating systems,
DOMESTIC HOT WATER SUPPLY
compressed air lines, and other
pipelines with excessive - The rudimentary principles behind the hot water
pressure. supply in buildings are:
OTHER WATER SERVICE FITTINGS AND 1. When water is heated, its molecular particles
DEVICES expanded and move in a direction opposite
with each other. As the molecular activity
1. Corporation Stop
intensifies, the volume of water increases.
2. Curb Stop
2. When the water reaches its boiling point under
3. Curb Stop Box
atmospheric pressure, its character changes.
4. Meter Stop
The expanded molecules become lighter,
5. Water Meter
disintegrate, and evaporate as steam on the
CORPORATION STOP surface of water.
3. The movement of hot water in a distribution
- Is inserted into system is the result of expansion and
the water main. contradiction of the water molecules.
- Serves as a
control of the water CHOICE OF MATERIAL FOR HOT WATER
service. INSTALLATION
- Serves as shut off, when the service is
• Copper tube
disconnected.
• Stainless steel pipe
• PVDC plastic pipe
HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
- Consists of a heater with storage tank and pipe
connections to carry the hot water to the
farthest fixture with a continuous piping, to
return the unused hot water back to the heater.
- Constant circulation of hot water should be
maintained at all times, to be drawn at any time
from the fixture.
HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION TYPES
1. Up-Feed and Gravity Return System
2. Overhead Feed and Gravity Return System
OVERHEAD FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN
UP-FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM SYSTEM
- Commonly used in small residential houses - An efficient type of hot water distribution
and other industrial installations with the generally used in building of extreme heights.
following features: The operating principles are:
1. It provides constant circulation of hot water. 1. That, water distribution is dependent on the
2. Hot water is quickly drawn from the fixtures at expansion of hot water and gravity. In a closed
any time desired. pipeline system, water rises up to the highest
3. Provide economical circulating return of point of the installation when heated. The
unused hot water. natural force of gravity, return the water into
4. Eliminate waste of water. the storage tank.
2. That, water will circulate, even if there may be
UP-FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN
defect in the mechanical construction.
SYSTEM-CONSTRUCTION
1. The heating unit and the storage tank are place OVERHEAD FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN
SYSTEM - CONSTRUCTION
below the distribution pipeline.
2. The heating unit should be near and accessible 1. The storage heating unit is placed at the lowest
to serve the pipe system conveniently and point of the distribution pipe.
efficiently. 2. The overhead feed is connected to a tapping
3. The distribution main pipe is suspended from fitting located on top of the storage tank.
the ceiling of the basement. It is inclined 3. As much as possible, the riser should be
upward from the storage unit. The risers extended direct and free from offsets. No
connected to the distribution main. fixtures shall be connected directly to the riser.
4. The distribution main pipe is connected to the 4. The distribution pipe is connected to the top of
tapping on top of the storage tank closer to the the riser. It is sloped away from the riser to
flow from the heater. allow free flow of water to the last drop.
5. The distribution main pipe and the flow risers 5. The horizontal runs of the riser should be short,
are equipped with valve that is, of the Gate direct, and equal in length as possible.
Type only. 6. The horizontal riser branch is connected to the
6. The flow riser is provided with a drip at its main distribution pipe, by 45 degrees fitting
base for draining. sloped to the vertical riser proper.
7. The horizontal riser branch is equipped with a
- The efficient and equal supply of hot water to valve installed closer to the main.
different fixtures of varied heights and 8. The riser is extended downward through
distances depends on how the riser is tapped to different storey of the building where the
the main distribution. lavatories, shower bath, and the like are
connected.
9. A gate valve and a drip are connected at the
base.
 Up-Feed and Gravity Return System
- The larger pipe is installed at the bottom of the
riser and the diminishing pipe sizes passes
through the upper floors of the building
Overhead Feed and Gravity Return System
- The larger pipe is installed at the top of the
riser and the diminishing pipe sizes passes
through the lower floors of the building

- A mechanical device used to circulate hot

water to the plumbing fixtures.
- Recommended for large building where
difficulty of providing natural circulation of hot
water is encountered.
- The centrifugal pump is used, because it is
compactly designed, has few working parts,
easily repaired in case of breakdown, and
occupies limited space.

CIRCULATING PUMP SYSTEM

- The circulating pump system is recommended
on installation that has inefficient circulation of
water due to:
1. Building defects compelling the plumber to
trap runs on the main piping.
2. When specific principles could not be applied
to produce circulation.
Advantages of using Circulating Pump against
the Overhead Feed or Up-feed System
1. Increased efficiency of the system.
2. Economical because the heated water is
returned to.
3. Faster circulation giving the occupants
better supply of hot water.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS LOCATION AND OPERATION OF THE

PUMP
- Up-Feed and Gravity Return System VS.
Overhead Feed and Gravity Return System 1. The pump is installed at the circulating return
main.
2. It should be closer to the heating unit as
possible.
 3. The circulating return is connected to the inlet - When standard metal gauge is used, the
side of the pump. working pressure is limited not to exceed 85
4. The outer side of the pump is connected to the psi. Pressure is greater than 85 psi will require
return and then to the heater. an extra heavy duty tank.
5. Provide gate valve on each side of the pump.
6. The pump must be equipped with a by-pass, by
inserting Tees of the same diameter as the
circulating return ahead of the valves.
7. In case of pump trouble, the control valves are
closed. Hot water will circulate to the pump
into the return pipe of the heater.
8. When the pump is functioning, the valves on
either side of the pump must be open at all
times. When the by-pass is not in use, its valve
must be closed.
HOT WATER TANK
- The purpose of a hot water tank is to serve the
domestic hot water system. The tank should be
strong enough to resist the high pressure of
boiling water stored in it.
Hot water tank is classified into Two Types:
1. Small hot water tank = Range Boiler SIZE OF HOT WATER TANK
2. Large hot water tank = Storage Boiler
- The size of hot water tank depends on the
RANGE BOILER following considerations:
1. The kind of building served.
- Generally 2. The expected number of occupants or users.
made of copper or 3. The heating capacity of the supply device.
stainless steel sheet.
- Built into HOT WATER CONSUMPTION
cylindrical shape
- Consumption depends upon the type of
with concave ends,
building served, and the purpose for which the
welded or riveted to
water is used.
assure strength and
durability.
- Varies in sizes from 30 to 60 centimeters
diameter and a length not more than 180
centimeters long, installed in either vertical or
horizontal position.

WORKING LOAD OF HOT WATER SYSTEM

- The working load of hot water supply system
in building is somewhat difficult to estimate,
but experienced proved that:

STORAGE TANK
- Made of
heavy-duty stainless
steel sheet of diameter
varying from 60 to
130 centimeters and
not more than 5
meters long.
- Installed in either vertical or horizontal
position.
FINDING THE SIZE OF TANK and other similar fixtures. Copper tube absorb
less heat that steel pipe, thus, less insulation is
A 10-unit apartment building with an average occupant
required.
of four would require a storage tank according to the
5. Pipe carrying domestic hot water, should be
rated consumption per person.
insulated to conserve fuel cost, and to assure a
correct water temperature at the point of use. A
12 mm (1/2") thick fiberglass was proven
efficient insulating cover.
6. Hot and cold water line running parallel with
each other should be separated at a minimum
distance of 15 centimeters to prevent heat
exchange.
7. Small storage tank and heater is preferred.
PROTECTION OF THE HOT WATER TANK
Temperature Pressure Relief Valve
- Install a
Temperature Pressure
Relief Valve on the hot
water tank, or hot water
supply line to protect
the system. The pressure
relief valve must be
closer to the tank,
provided with a drip
pipe from the relief valve extending downward
to the basement floor near the floor drain.

- Hot water inside the pipe simply cools off

between the time it was drawn and shut off.
The next time hot water is drawn the cooled
water inside the pipe is the first one to come
out before hot water reaches the faucet.
LESSON 4.3
CONTROL VALVES FOR
WATER SUPPLY
- A valve is a device that regulates, directs or
controls the flow or fluid (gases or liquids) by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing
various passageways. Valves are technically
fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate
WAYS TO MINIMIZE HOT WATER AND
category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a
ENERGY WASTE
direction from higher pressure to lower
1. Hot water pipeline should be short as possible. pressure.
2. The hot water tank should be near and
DIFFERENT TYPES OF VALVES
accessible to where most hot water is needed.
3. Use the smallest size of pipe that will provide a 1. Gate Valve
satisfactory supply. It is less expensive in terms 2. Globe Valve
of heat and water waste. 3. Check Valve
4. A 10 mm (3/8") copper tube if not too long 4. Angle Valve
connection, is the most economical size to 5. Ball Valve/Stop Cock
serve runs for sinks, lavatories, shower bath 6. Faucet / Bibb
GATE VALVE TOOLS FOR WATER SUPPLY THE BASIC
PLUMBING TOOLS FOR WATER SUPPLY
- A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by
WORKS
means of a circular disc fitted against machine
-smoothed faces at right angles to the direction 1. Pipe Vise
of flow. 2. Pipe Cutter
3. Pipe Reamer
4. Pipe stock and die
5. Pipe wrench
6. Monkey Wrench
7. Strap Wrench
8. Chain Wrench / Pipe tong
9. Basin Wrench
10. Open End Wrench
GLOBE VALVE 11. Adjustable Wrench
12. Flaring Tool
- A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by
means of a circular disc fitted against machine PIPE WRENCHES
-smoothed faces at right angles to the direction
1. Straight Pipe Wrench - is used to screw pipes
of flow.
into or out of their fittings.

2. End Pipe Wrench assures a fast and easy grip

for pipe working in restricted spaces or close to
CHECK VALVE a wall.
- A valve that automatically close to prevent the
flow of liquid or gas in a reverse direction.

3. Monkey Wrench or Spud Wrench - is used to

tighten or loosen fitting with parallel sides or
hexagonal ends such as nuts, valves and
ANGLE VALVE unions.
- A device, usually of the globe
type, in which the inlet and outlet are
at right angles.

BALL VALVE 4. Strap Wrench - is used when working with

brass or plated pipes and fittings since it does
- A spherical shaped gate
not damage the surface being tightened. It is
valve providing very tight shut off.
also used in places too small to admit a pipe
wrench.

FAUCET / BIBB 5. Adjustable Wrench - is used the same as that

- A valve on a of a monkey wrench.
water pipe by means
of which water can
be drawn from or
held within the pipe.
The valve is placed at
the end of the pipe.
PLUMBING
 6. Basin Wrench - spring loaded jaws provide PIPE CUTTER
fast one hand ratcheting.
- Is used for cutting G.l. pipe or copper tubing.

7. Chain Wrench - is used for turning pipes

usually with 150mm diameter and larger.

TESTING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

PLUMBING CODE REQUIREMENT
PIPE VISE
- Upon completion of a section or of the entire hot
- is used to hold the pipe to and cold water supply systems, it shall be tested
be cut, threaded or assembled. and proved tight under a water pressure not less
than the working pressure under which it is to be
used plus 50% of not less than 15 minutes.
- "Section 501.2.6 NPCP"
PIPE REAMER AIR TESTING
- Is used to remove the burrs from the inside of - After closing all other inlets & outlets, air is forced
the pipe or to enlarge an opening. A burr is a in the pipe system (through a connection with an
rough or sharp edge left on metal by a cutting air compressor), until there is a uniform gauge
tool. pressure of 34.5 Kpa sufficient to balance a
column of mercury 254mm in height for a period
of at least 15 minutes.
WATER PIPING
- It shall be tested & proved tight under water
pressure not less than the working pressure which
is to be used plus 50% for a period of at least 15
minutes. A 344.5 Kpa air pressure may be
substituted for the water test.
PIPE STOCK AND DIE Or ratchet threader type
FIRE PROTECTION IN BUILDING
- is used to make external threads on G.I. pipes.
FIRE

FLARING TOOL
- Is used to widen the end of a soft metal tubing
usually copper, to make a mechanical seal. - The result of rapid oxidation (Chemical reaction)
and combination of combustible materials (Fuel)
with air (02) in the presence of enough agent
(Heat).
- Records showed that the loss of life and damages
to property is considerably enormous in every
incident of fire.
 TYPES OF FIRES - One of the many responsibilities given to Architect
and Engineers by their License to Practice, is the
Class A - wood, paper, cloth, trash and other
protection of buildings against loss of fire and
ordinary materials.
damage to property from fire.
Class B- gasoline, oils, paint lacquer and tar. • By making their plans and constructions conform
to the Fire Code requirements.
Class C - involving live electrical equipment.
• Should look into all aspects of possible problems
Class D- combustible metals. that may be encountered including fire safety.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
AND SPRINKLER SYSTEM
- Automatic Fire
Suppression System. An
integrated system of
underground or overhead
piping or both connected to a
source of extinguishing agent
or medium and designed in
accordance with fire
protection engineering
standards which, when actuated by its automatic
detecting device, suppresses fires within the area
protected.
- Sprinkler System. An integrated network of
CLASSIFICATION, RATINGS, AND hydraulically designed piping system installed in a
PERFORMANCE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS building, structure or area with outlets arranged in
Class A Extinguishers - will put out fires in ordinary a systematic pattern which automatically
combustibles, such as wood and paper. The numerical discharges water when activated by heat or
rating for this class of fire extinguisher refers to the combustion products from a fire.
amount of water the fire extinguisher holds and the ORIENTATION OF SPRINKLER HEADS
amount of fire it will extinguish.
Upright: Heads rise above the pipes and cast spray
Class B Extinguishers should be used on fires involving over horizontal area. Good above suspended ceilings
flammable liquids, such as grease, gasoline, oil, etc. The and where hot gases may be more dangerous than
numerical rating for this class of fire extinguisher states flames.
the approximate number of square feet of a flammable
liquid fire that a non-expert person can expect to Pendant: Heads hang down from pipes and cast spray
extinguish over horizontal area. Good for quenching flames from
ordinary combustible in large open areas, especially
Class C Extinguishers are suitable for use on electrically ones without suspended ceilings.
energized fires. This class of fire extinguishers does not
have a numerical rating. The presence of the letter "C" Sidewall: Heads aim sideways and spray vertical
indicates that the extinguishing agent is non-conductive areas.

Class D Extinguishers are designed for use on flammable

metals and are often specific for the type of metal in
question. There is no picture designator for Class D
extinguishers. These extinguishers generally have no
rating nor are they given a multi-purpose rating for use on
other types of fires TYPES OF SPRINKLER
SYSTEM
AIMS IN FIRE SAFETY DESIGN
Wet-pipe: Water is present in all piping; thus an
- To prevent fire. opened sprinkler head discharges water
- To safeguard the lives of occupants and fire immediately. The simplest, most economical, most
fighters. dependable, and fastest operating system, it
- To reduce damage on the building, its contents, and requires little maintenance.
on surrounding buildings.
Dry-pipe: Pipes contain a gas which escapes when
heads open, then the water follows.
PLANNING FOR FIRE PROTECTION
 Preaction: A wet-pipe system that is activated by
heat or smoke sensors instead of sprinkler heads.
STANDPIPE SYSTEM
- A vertical pipe into which water is pumped to give
it at a head, classified as:
1. Wet Standpipe - water pressure is maintained at
all times.
2. Automatic Standpipe System - operates
automatically by opening a hose valve.
3. Manually-Operated Standpipe System - remote
control device al each hose station
4. Dry Standpipe - having no permanent water
inside the pipe.