La Carlota City College

La Carlota City, Negros Occidental

The effects of manunggal extract applied in corn PSB Cn 97-92 as

insecticide in the constant application of 5 days interval

A RESEARCH STUDY PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE AGRICULTURAL

DEPARTMENT LA CARLOTA CITY COLLEGE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE MAJOR IN AGRONOMY

DATE
 Submitted By:

Flor, Jean

Abelay, Riza

Pupa, France

Villaran, Kent

Anghel, Jose adriane

Sedon, Fretz Angelo

Submitted To: MR. ANDRO T. BARAQUIA

The effects of Manunggal Extract applied in Corn PSB Cn 97-92 as

insecticide in the constant application of 5 days interval

 1

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Corn is one of the most widely-planted crops in the

world. It is grown in more than 170 regions globally. Corn
production is highly concentrated in certain regions. Corn is one
of the country’s most important crops. Corn (Zea mays) is one of
the major crops grown in the Philippines and considered as the
second most important staple food for the Filipinos. The growth
of the corn industry is associated not only with growing
population but also with that of poultry and livestock sectors.
Corn is also processed into high value products, such as corn
starch, corn oil, gluten, and snack foods. But, more importantly,
it is the source of livelihood to 600, 000 small farming families
(DA,2008). Corn ranks second to rice in terms of area devoted to
its production. It is mainly used as food for human consumption,
feed for animals, seeds and as an industry itself and about 20%
of the population consumes corn. It is the main ingredient of
the animal feed industry, constituting about 60-70% of the feed
ingredients and used in food and industrial products (CARRDEC,
2007). With this information on the varied uses of corn and corn
by-products, there is really a need to increase corn production
per unit area. This could be attained by supplying the
appropriate kind and amount of nutrients and insecticides to the
corn plants for optimum growth, development and production. The
farmers, usually provide these nutrients through application of
inorganic fertilizers and insecticides. However, the Philippines
Strategy for Sustainable Development (PSSD) of the Development of
Environmental and Natural Resources DENR (1990) mentioned that
continuous and over application of inorganic fertilizers might
increase soil acidity, which affects nutrients availability while
insecticides might kill not only harmful insects but even the
beneficial insects. Besides, utilization of chemical-based
insecticides may contaminate the soil, air, water and foods which
may endanger human health.
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Maximum corn production could be attained by this

recommended technologies or cultural practices like seed nitrogen
inoculation, sources of nutrients and utilization of an efficient
and economical method of controlling insect pests and diseases.
Utilization of natural farming inputs such as Organic
fertilizers. These are sources of nutrients derived from animal
by-products and excreta, green manure, crop residues, household’s
organic wastes, and etc. Products processed from these materials
could be compost, and organic foliar fertilizer. Use of plant-
based environmentally friendly insecticides and pesticides for
the control of insects and other pests, accompanied with proper
cultural practices in crop production. Insects attack all growth
stages of corn in the field, and can reduce yield by as much as
20 to 80%. Botanical insecticides could be derived or extracted
from plants which possess pesticidal properties Makabuhay
vine/leaves (Tinospora rumpii Boerl), madre de cacao leaves
(Gliciridia sepium), and marigold leaves (Calendula officinalis)
which are always available in the localities and nearby
communities. these plants contain pyrethroid, rotenone, nicotine,
isoflavanoids, saponin, alkaloids and many more that are
essentially active components of insecticides Even though several
organic fertilizers and insecticides have been produced and
introduced, still most farmers utilized inorganic fertilizers and
insecticides in crop production in spite of the rapid increase in
prices. This indicates that farmers are still unaware and/or
unconvinced of the benefits that could be derived from the
utilization of organic farm inputs. Thus, this study was to
emphasize the significance of organic fertilizers and pesticides
not only in increasing profits on agricultural production but
also contribute on the conservation of the environment as well to
save in inputs in farming.

Significance of the study

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The results of this study may find potential

contribution or practical applications in terms of benefiting the

farmers, the academic and the agricultural sector as a whole

since this will serve as an effective instrument in the

information dissemination regarding the need to study the growth

and yield performance of corn using organic manunggal extract as

pesticides. Thus, helping the nation to attain its goal of food

self-sufficiency and environment-friendly farming inputs for the

conservation and sustainability of the environment

The Objectives of the Study

1. To determine the effectiveness of manunggal solution in

the growth of corn.

2. To evaluate which of the two application methods could

give better yield performance of corn

3. Investigate the effectiveness of manuggal solution/

organic concoction on vegetative and reproductive stages of

corn and to evaluate if what pest are present in the crop.

4. To Determine the impact of without application of any

chemicals/solution on the yield components of corn.

5. Investigate the effectiveness of manunggal solution in 5

days constant interval to prevent pest.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

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The effects of manunggal extract applied in corn PSB Cn 97-92 as

insecticide in the constant application of 5 days interval was
conducted at Brgy. La Granja, La Carlota City, Negros Occidental
from June 2023 up to august 2023.

Definition of Terms

The terms that were used in this Study were defined for the

convenience of the readers

Crop yield - is a measure of crop produced per area of land.

Data- are individual facts, statistics, or items of information,
often numeric. In a more technical sense, data are a set of
values of qualitative or quantitative variables about one or more
persons or objects, while a datum is a single value of a single
variable.
Effects - is a result or consequence of an action than in the
research study.
Fertilizers - is a natural or artificial substance containing
elements that improve growth and productiveness of plants.
Inorganic Fertilizer- consist of mineral-based nutrients
manufactured for immediate application on crops.
Treatments - the act manner or instance of treating something.
Crop - a cultivated plant that is grown as food, especially a
grain, fruit, or vegetable.
Organic fertilizer- Organic fertilizers are fertilizers that are

naturally produced. Fertilizers are materials that can be added

to soil or plants, in order to provide nutrients and sustain

growth.

Concoction - A concoction is something that has been made out of

several things mixed together; Concoction is the process of

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preparing a medicine, food or other substance out of many

ingredients, and also the result of such a process.

(FPJ) fermented plant juice - is a fermented extract of

chlorophyll and young shoots of plants such as axillary buds,

leaves, grasses, young fruits and flowers.

Chapter II
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Growth and yield performance of green corn (Zea mays Linn.)

using different bio-organic fertilizers and pesticides
Beato, L.L.; Organic farming through the current and more
acceptable farming practice globally is not yet employed by the
majority of the farmers, specifically in the Fourth district of
Laguna [Philippines]. Thus, the use of organic inputs, as
fertilizers and pesticides as applied to green corn (Zea Mays)
was investigated in this study since this is a typical crop in
the locality. A 2x4x6 factorial experiment following a split-
split plot design with three replications was used in the study.
Results showed that 571.43 kg Greenland/ha (chicken manure
compost) + 180.96 kg urea/ha was comparable with the 192.86 kg
(14-14-14)/ha + 140 kg Urea/ha (inorganic fertilizer treatment)
and better than 1413.6 kg vermicompost/ha + 140 kg urea/ha in
affecting the growth and yield performance of green corn plants,
specifically with respect to plant height, number of days to 50
percent silking, number of corn ears per plant and length and
diameter of unhusked corn ear. Furthermore, it was found out that
the yield of unhusked corn ears per hectare for the 571.43 kg
Greenland/ha was at 20.82 tons, while the yield of the 192.86 kg
(14-14-14)/ha + 140 kg Urea/ha was only a bit better at 23.18
tons, noting that the Control here only yielded 16.81 tons per
hectare. On the sources of pesticide, it was found that 1041.67
li/ha makabuhay crude extract to be comparable with the 1041.67
tbsp/ha Lannate on insect infestation and population specifically
in insect infestation from whirling to silking.
silking to maturity, number of larvae per plant, number of borers
per stem. The makabuhay vine extract, was found to be even better
than Lannate in controlling insect infestation on: number of
nymphs per corn ear and number of nymphs per plant. The study
recommends utilization of the fertilizer-combinations in other
corn varieties, and further testing of makabuhay vine extract in
different concentrations

Makabuhay extract
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Corn (Zea mays) is one of the major crops grown in the

Philippines. However, most farmers, particularly those in the
province of Laguna, still use inorganic fertilizers and
insecticides, a practice that could lead to adverse ecological
consequences. Hence, this study sought to find an “earth-
friendly” way of cultivating green corn by using bio-fertilizers
and plant-based insecticides. A 2x4x6 factorial experiment,
following a split-split plot design with three replications, was
conducted. Results showed that a fertilizer mix of 571.43 kg
Greenland/ha (chicken manure compost) + 180.96 kg Urea/ha was
comparable with 192.86 kg (14-14-14)/ha + 140 kg Urea/ha
(inorganic fertilizer treatment) and better than 1413.6 kg
Vermicompost/ha + 140 kg Urea/ha in affecting the growth and
yield performance of green corn, specifically in terms of plant
height, number of days to 50 percent silking, number of corn ears
per plant, and length and diameter of unhusked corn ear.
Moreover, it was found that using 571.43 kg Greenland/ha yielded
20.82 tons of unhusked corn ears per hectare, which is only
slightly lower than the 23.18 tons produced by 192.86 kg (14-14-
14)/ha + 140 kg Urea/ha, noting that the Control only yielded
16.81 tons per hectare. Meanwhile, it was found that using
1041.67 li/ha Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl) vine extract
(organic insecticide) was comparable with 1041.67 tbsp/ha Lannate
(Methomyl) in addressing insect infestation and population from
whorling to silking, silking to maturity, number of larvae per
plant, and number of borers per stem. The Makabuhay vine extract
was also found to be better than Lannate when it comes to
controlling insect infestation, as indicated by the number of
nymphs per corn ear and number of nymphs per plant. The study
recommends further testing of the Makabuhay vine extract in
different concentrations, as well as using fertilizer
combinations in other corn varieties.

Natural alternatives to commercially available molluscicides are

called for, thus, this study investigated the molluscicidal
activity and efficacy of makabuhay (T. rumphii) ethanolic stem
extract against lymnaeid snails. A total of 150 mature snails
from Barangay Guiamalia, Esperanza, Sultan Kudarat was subjected
to immersion bioassay with T. rumphii ethanolic extracts. There
were five treatment groups: Treatment A or negative control (100%
tap water), Treatment B (5 000 ppm), Treatment C (7 500 ppm),
 8

Treatment D (10 000 ppm) and Treatment E or positive control (10

000 ppm Surekill® 70WP). Snail death was measured 24-, 48- and
72- hours post-exposure. The results revealed a 100% treatment-
specific mortality in all T. rumphii extract concentrations, and
in the positive control at 24-hours post-treatment. Treatments B,
C, D and E had an excellent efficacy of 96.67%. These results
show that T. rumphii ethanolic extracts at 5 000 ppm, 7 500 ppm
and 10 000 ppm concentrations are effective natural molluscicides
against lymnaeid snails. The promising results suggest that T.
rumphii stem ethanolic extract may be an excellent natural,
inexpensive alternative to commercially available molluscicides

The grain protectant efficacy of Makabuhay, Tinospora rumphii

stem extract was tested on adult maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais
M. Evaluation of phytochemicals present in the extract was
conducted to identify its bioactive compounds. The ethanolic stem
extract of T. rumphii contains the following phytochemicals:
alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins. These phytochemicals
are known to possess pesticidal activities against insects and
other pests. The grain protectant efficacy of T. rumphii against
corn weevils was manifested by the percentage of mortality of
weevils, number of corn seed holes; weight loss and percentage
corn germination. Results revealed that the corn weevils treated
with the highest concentration (18%) of T. rumphii manifest the
highest percentage of weevils’ mortality and significantly higher
(p =0.000) as compared to the negative control and the other
treatment concentrations. In addition, the mortality of corn
weevils treated with the plant extract is concentration-dependent

The grain protectant efficacy of Makabuhay, Tinospora rumphii

stem extract was tested on adult maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais
M. Evaluation of phytochemicals present in the extract was
conducted to identify its bioactive compounds. The ethanolic stem
extract of T. rumphii contains the following phytochemicals:
alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins. These phytochemicals
are known to possess pesticidal activities against insects and
other pests. The grain protectant efficacy of T. rumphii against
corn weevils was manifested by the percentage of mortality of
weevils, number of corn seed holes; weight loss and percentage
corn germination. Results revealed that the corn weevils treated
 9

with the highest concentration (18%) of T. rumphii manifest the

highest percentage of weevils’ mortality and significantly higher
(p =0.000) as compared to the negative control and the other
treatment concentrations. In addition, the mortality of corn
weevils treated with the plant extract is concentration-dependent

Chapter III
 10

METHODOLOGY

This chapter features the Materials and Methods used in the

conduct of the study.

Time and Duration of the Study

The effects of Manunggal Extract applied in Corn (SN) as

insecticide was conducted at Brgy. La Granja, La Carlota City,
Negros Occidental from the month of June to august at the period
of three months.
Materials, Tools and Supplies

Corn seeds variety (PSB Cn 97-92)

Inorganic fertilizers -Complete (16-16-16)
Manuggal solution – a concoction to use in the study
organic fertilizers – ffj
Knapsack sprayer – for application of pesticide/concoction.
Weighing Scale - use to measure the corn yield
Meter stick/all pull-push rule/ Tape measure - for measuring the
area and use for taking a data and this was used to measure the
average height of corn plant in cm.
Bolo- use for cutting unnecessary weeds.
Plastic straw/String Marker - use to line the plot (latid)
Shovel - use to cultivate the soil as well as making a
drainage.
Recording materials (Notebook, ballpeen)

Test Crop

PSB Cn 97-92 was used in the study.

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Experimental Design

A systematic experimental Design was used in the study.

Treatment was distributed systematically.

Experimental Lay-Out

I II

x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
Plotx Sizex x x x x x x
x The x plot xA has
x the total sizex measured,
x x by width=262cm
x x
length=1,798.32cm and has a number of 3 plants per hill with
a distance of 2 feet per plant. The plot B has the total
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land area of width=262cm x length=1,579cm and has a number

of 3 plant per hill with the same distance.
Treatments

Treatment 1 – applied of makabuhay and lemon grass solution

Treatment 2 – without application

Land Preparation

A field experiment with an area of (area of the field)

square meters fairly leveled, well drained and suitable for

yellow corn growing were selected for this study. The land was

pulverized using shovel and hoe. It pulverized twice with an

interval of five (5) days to allow the weeds to germinate. The

field was properly cultivated until the desired tilt was

attained. Furrows were made at a distance of the different

treatments. As well serves as drainage/canal to skip

contamination of water.

Seeds Preparation
The seeds were soaked in water all night and wrapped with

black fabric and set aside in low temperature at shaded area.

three seeds per hole were sown in the prepared land and covered

with a thin fine soil and watering follows.

Treatment Preparation
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In preparing a makabuhay extract boil 1kg chopped makabugay

leaves and ½ kg lemon grass in 10 liters of water for an hour.let

it cool and put in a clean empty bottle.

Weeding Management

Weeding can be done through hand pulling as the weeds

appears.

Water management

Corn needs moisture for uniform seed germination; hence,

overhead irrigation was done at planting when moisture is

insufficient for germination. manual irrigation at field capacity

was done when seeds had exhibited 90% emergence. Watering was

done early in the morning and late in the afternoon or whenever

if necessary.

Application of Treatments

Manunggal extract were applied on 14 days after direct

planting with 5 days interval with a dosage of liter at sprayer.

Preparation and Application of Treatments

In a knapsack sprayer put 4-5 liters of makabuhay and lemon

grass solution with 16 liters of water.

Pest and disease management

 14

Insect pest was controlled by spraying with manunggal

exract. Spraying of manunggal exract with the dosage of ml per

(field measurement) It has applied at 14 days from DAP

recommended rate of tablespoons per liters of water.

Harvesting

Harvest the corn when it reaches its maturity of 105 to 110

days after direct planting of 20-25 days after the appearance of

the first silk strands or when the cobs, husks, and shanks are

fully developed and when milky substance exudes when grains were

pressed with the fingernail. Harvesting was done by handpicking.

Sort harvested fruits according to class. Pack sorted fruits in

boxes or polyethylene bags to keep the appearance of the fruits.

Documentation

Pictures were taken in every activity to show proof of the

authenticity of the discussions being made and to aid the

researcher in making generalizations.

Data to be Gathered

The following data were gathered in this study:

1. Number of pests. Total number of present pests at 5 DAP

interval in 10 sample plants.

 15

2. List of pests. Identification of present pest.

3. Plant Height at 30 and 45DAS (cm). This was taken by

measuring the height of 10 sample plants per plot from the

four inner rows, form the base up to the tallest leaf for 30

and 45 DAP.

4. Ear Length (cm). This was taken by measuring the length of

husked ear from the base to the tip of 10 sample ear per

plot.

5. Ear diameter (cm). This was taken by measuring the mid-

section diameter of 10 sample plants randomly selected ears

per plot.

6. Grain Yield. This was obtained by weighing the yield each

plot

7. Grain Weight. The weight of kernels in every replication was

taken by weighing all the kernels from the sample plants per

plot.

8. Cost and return analysis. This were taken by computing all

the production cost and income.

9. Percentage of disease severity. measuring the ratio of plant

units with visible disease symptoms to the total plant

unit in leaves of the corn

10. Insect pest percent incidence. This is measured in

Proportion or number of units in a sample, consignment,

 16

field or other defined population that is affected by a

pest.

Statistical analysis

CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

PHOTO DOCUMENTATIONS

REFERENCES

https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?
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https://www.journalijar.com/uploads/582_IJAR-21883.pdf
 17

https://www.pinoybisnes.com/agri-business/makabuhay-as-botanical-
pesticide-for-lowland-rice/
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about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-
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ETHANOLIC-RUDE-EXTRACT-OF-MAKABUHAY-PLANT#
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ETHANOLIC-RUDE-EXTRACT-OF-MAKABUHAY-PLANT#
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Grain-Protectant-Efficacy-
of-Makabuhay%2C-Tinospora-Gutierrez/
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