1.

Basin analysis (Rifts & Failed rifts)

MUNIR EL-MAHDY
MUNIRELMAHDY87@GMAIL.COM
III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Rift and Failed rift
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Rift and Failed rift
◦ Types of Rifting:
◦ Active rifting

Allen & Allen (2013): Basin Analysis: Principles and Application to petroleum play assessment.
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Rift and Failed rift
◦ Types of Rifting:
◦ Passive rifting

http://geology.isu.edu/Alamo/rocks/basin_range_uplifts.php Allen & Allen (2013): Basin Analysis: Principles and Application to petroleum play assessment.
III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Rift and Failed rift

◦ General Characteristics of Rift basins:

◦ Crustal thinning

◦ Surface heat flows higher than the surrounding.

◦ Signature gravity anomaly.

◦ Rate of sea floor spreading

◦ High level of earthquakes activity.

 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Rift and Failed rift
◦ Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
◦ Crustal thinning

O’REILLY, B. M., HAUSER, F. RAVAUT, C. SHANNON, P. M. & READMAN, P. W. 2006; Crustal thinning, mantle exhumation and serpentinization in the Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland: evidence from wide-angle seismic
data Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 163, pp. 775–787
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Rift and Failed rift
◦ Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
◦ Surface Heat flow

Davies, J. H. (2013), Global map of solid Earth surface heat flow, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 14, Allen & Allen (2013): Basin Analysis: Principles and Application to petroleum play assessment.
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Rift and Failed rift
◦ Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
◦ Gravity highs corresponding to basement blocks
◦ Gravity lows corresponding to sedimentary borders.

O’REILLY, B. M., HAUSER, F. RAVAUT, C. SHANNON, P. M. & READMAN, P. W. 2006; Crustal thinning, mantle exhumation and serpentinization in the Porcupine Basin, offshore Ireland: evidence from wide-angle seismic
data Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol. 163, pp. 775–787
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Rift and Failed rift
◦ Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
◦ Rate of sea floor spreading

https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/ocean_age/data/2008/image/half_spreading_rate.jpg
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Rift and Failed rift
◦ Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
◦ High level of earthquakes activity.

https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/12-3-earthquakes-and-plate-tectonics-2/
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
1. There are two models have been proposed for rifting in the crust
 Multiple horsts and grabens.
 Down-ward flattening listric faults (half graben geometry).

2. Several half grabens with opposite polarity.

3. Zigzag geometry of faults.
4. Moderate- to small-scale structures develop within rift basins:
 Basement-involved and detached normal faults;
 Planner & listric normal faults.
 Normal, gentle and steep dips normal faults
 Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
 Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins

5. Stratigraphic units of rift basins (Pre-rift, Syn-rift & Post-rift).

6. Tectonic sedimentary evolution of rift basins
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.

o Basic Terminology

Structural of rocks and regions 3rd Edition.

 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.

o Basic Terminology

https://www.geologycafe.com/class/chapter6.html
III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.

o Basic Terminology

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rollover.png
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.

o Basic Terminology

Footwall

Hangingwall
pre-rift
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.

o Basic Terminology
Horsts & Grabens

Zhang, Z. Y., Dong, D. D., Sun, W. D., Wu, S. G., Bai, Y. L., Wang, X. J., & Fan, J. K. (2019). Subduction erosion, crustal structure, and an evolutionary model of the northern Yap subduction zone:
New observations from the latest geophysical survey. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 20. https://doi. org/10.1029/2018GC007751
III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.

o Basic Terminology

Domino System

Fossen, 2010: Structural Geology

 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.

o Basic Terminology
Listric Faults

https://imaggeo.egu.eu/view/2561/ http://www.ogilviegeoscience.co.uk/blog/2017/6/15/constructfaultunderrolloveranticlines
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.

o Basic Terminology

(a) Parallel array.

(b) Anastomosing array.
(c) En echelon or stepped array.
(d) Relay array.
(e) Conjugate array.
(f) Random array.

https://psgt.earth.lsa.umich.edu/chapter/5/faults.html
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins:
4. Relay ramp

Walsh, J., Bailey, W., Childs, C., Nicol, A. & Bonson, C. 2003. Formation of segmented normal faults: a 3-D perspective. Journal of Structural H. Fossen, A. Rotevatn / Earth-Science Reviews 154 (2016) 14–28
Geology, 25, 1251–1262.
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 There are two models have been proposed for rifting in the crust
◦ Multiple horsts and grabens. ◦ Down-ward flattening listric faults (half graben geometry).

McKenzie
pure shear model

Wernicke
simple shear model

https://psgt.earth.lsa.umich.edu/chapter/12/divergence.html https://www.le.ac.uk/gl/art/gl209/lecture4/lect4-10.html https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/hefferan/Geol320/Deformation.htm

 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.

 Several half grabens with opposite polarity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-graben
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 Basic Terminology

https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~polsen/nbcp/breakupintro.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-graben
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 Several half grabens with opposite polarity.

Malawi rift

AlSALMI, 2011 BORDER FAULTS LINKAGE AND SEGMENTATION ALONG THE MALAWI RIFT, Master Thesis, Sultan Qaboos Universtiy.
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 Several half grabens with opposite polarity
o Accommodation zone
Overlapping opposing half grabens
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 Several half grabens with opposite polarity
o Accommodation zone
Non-overlapping opposing half grabens
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 Several half grabens with opposite polarity
o Accommodation zone Similar polarity half grabens
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 Several half grabens with opposite polarity
o Accommodation zone

Faulds, J. E., and Varga, R. J., 1998, The role of accommodation zones and transfer zones in the regional segmentation of extended terranes, in Faulds, J. E., and Stewart, J. H., eds., Accommodation Zones and Transfer Zones: The
Regional Segmentation of the Basin and Range Province: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 323.
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Zigzag geometry of faults
o Transfer Faults

Moustafa, A.R. & Khalil, M.S. (2016): Control of extensional transfer zones on syntectonic and posttectonic sedimentation: implications for hydrocarbon exploration Journal of the Geological Society
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Zigzag geometry of faults
o Transfer Faults

Ma B, Qi J, and Ge J. Development of two-phase transfer zones during multiphase rifting and their influence on sedimentation in the Baxian Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, northern China. Geological Magazine
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756819000190
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Zigzag geometry of faults
o Transfer Faults

Frank Zwaan and Guido Schreurs, (2017), "How oblique extension and structural inheritance influence rift segment interaction: Insights from 4D analog models," Interpretation 5: SD119-SD138.
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Zigzag geometry of faults
o Transfer Faults

Faulds, J. E., and Varga, R. J., 1998, The role of accommodation zones and transfer zones in the regional segmentation of extended terranes, in Faulds, J. E., andStewart, J. H., eds., Accommodation Zones and Transfer Zones:
The Regional Segmentation of the Basin and Range Province: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper 323.
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Zigzag geometry of faults
o Difference between transfer fault and Accommodation zone

Zwaan, F. and Schreurs G 2017: How oblique extension and structural inheritance influence rift segment interaction: Insights from 4D analog models
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 Structures develop within rift basins:
o Basement-involved and detached normal faults;
o Planner & listric normal faults.
o Normal, gentle and steep dips normal faults
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
o Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Basement-involved and detached normal faults.

Fazlikhani, H., H. Fossen, R. L. Gawthorpe, J. I. Faleide, and R. E. Bell (2017), Basement structure and its influence on the structural configuration of the northern North Sea rift, Tectonics, 36, 1151–1177,
doi:10.1002/2017TC004514.
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Basement-involved and detached normal faults.

J.W.; Karlstrom, K.E. and Kelley, S.A. 2015: Embryonic core complexes in narrow continental rifts: The importance of low-angle normal faults in the Rio Grande rift of central New Mexico Geosphere doi:10.1130/GES01109.1
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Planner & listric normal faults.

Mesozoic Fundy rift basin, southeastern Canada

Mesozoic Jeanne d’Arc rift basin, southeastern Canada

Tertiary Suez rift basin, Egypt

WITHJACK, O.M. and SCHLISCHERIFT, R.W. 2002: BASIN STRUCTURE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON SEDIMENTARY SYSTEMS, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), ISBN 1-56576-082-4, p. 57–81
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Normal, gentle and steep dips normal faults

Structure of rocks and regions

 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Normal, gentle and steep dips normal faults

Structure of rocks and regions

 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.

MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
Orthogonal Rift Models:

MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
Accommodation zones

Gregory rift,
Kenya

MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
60° Oblique Rift Models:

MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
45° Oblique Rift Models:

MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
Accommodation zones

MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
Offset-Orthogonal Rift.

MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
60° Offset Rift.

MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
45° Offset Rift.

MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
Accommodation zones

MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.
Offset-Orthogonal Rift.

Canyonlands
National Park,
Utah
MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Strike-Slip and Oblique-Slip faults.

MCCLAY K R, DOOLEY T, WHITEHOUSE P, et al. 4-D evolution of rift systems: Insights from scaled physical models AAPG Bulletin, 86 (6) (2002), pp. 935-959
III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins:
1. Drag Folds.
2. Reverse Drag Folds.
3. Rollover anticline.
4. Relay ramps.
5. Fault-propagation folds (Forced Folds).
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins:
1. Drag Folds

Extensional fault-propagation folds

from the Suez rift basin (after Patton,
1984; Withjack
et al., 1990).
III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins:
2. Reverse Drag Folds.
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins:
3. Rollover anticline.

EAR Kenya
http://structuralgeology.50webs.com/pagef21.htm
C. K. Morley Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 80, 1-32, 1 January 1995,
III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins:
4. Relay ramp

Moustafa, A.R. & Khalil, M.S. (2016): Control of extensional transfer zones on syntectonic and posttectonic sedimentation: implications for
hydrocarbon exploration Journal of the Geological Society
III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins:
4. Relay ramp

Çiftçi NB, Bozkurt E (2007). Anomalous stress field and active breaching at relay ramps: a field example from Gediz
Graben, SW Turkey. Geol Mag 144: 687–699.
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins:
4. Relay ramp

Walsh, J., Bailey, W., Childs, C., Nicol, A. & Bonson, C. 2003. Formation of segmented normal faults: a 3-D perspective. Journal of Structural H. Fossen, A. Rotevatn / Earth-Science Reviews 154 (2016) 14–28
Geology, 25, 1251–1262.
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Fault-Related Folds in Rift Basins:
5. Fault-propagation folds (Forced Folds).

Walsh, J., Bailey, W., Childs, C., Nicol, A. & Bonson, C. 2003. Formation of segmented normal faults: a 3-D perspective. Journal of Structural H. Fossen, A. Rotevatn / Earth-Science Reviews 154 (2016) 14–28
Geology, 25, 1251–1262.
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS OF RIFT BASINS) Pre-rift, Syn-rift & Post-rift).

Footwall

Hangingwall
pre-rift
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 The characteristics of pre-rift package
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 The characteristics of syn rift package
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 The characteristics of post-rift package
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 The characteristics of syn rift package

Ma B, Qi J, and Ge J. Development of two-phase transfer zones during multiphase rifting and their influence on sedimentation in the Baxian Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, northern China. Geological Magazine
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756819000190
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 Tectono-sedimentary evolution of rift basins
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 Tectono-sedimentary evolution of rift basins
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 Tectono-sedimentary evolution of rift basins
 IV. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching

Tectonics and paleogeography of the

Marajó Basin, northern Brazil

COSTA, J.B.S.; HASUI, Y., BEMERGUY, R.L., SOARES-JÚNIOR, A.V. and VILLEGAS, J.M.C. 2002 Tectonics and paleogeography of the Marajó Basin, northern Brazil Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
 IV. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Tectonics and paleogeography of the Marajó Basin, northern Brazil

COSTA, J.B.S.; HASUI, Y., BEMERGUY, R.L., SOARES-JÚNIOR, A.V. and VILLEGAS, J.M.C. 2002 Tectonics and paleogeography of the Marajó Basin, northern Brazil Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
 IV. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.

o Planner & listric normal faults.

COSTA, J.B.S.; HASUI, Y., BEMERGUY, R.L., SOARES-JÚNIOR, A.V. and VILLEGAS, J.M.C. 2002 Tectonics and paleogeography of the Marajó Basin, northern Brazil Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Failed rift
◦ East African Rift System
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
o Zigzag geometry of faults
o Transfer Faults

Moustafa, A.R. & Khalil, M.S. (2016): Control of extensional transfer zones on syntectonic and posttectonic sedimentation: implications for
Fossen 2014 hydrocarbon exploration Journal of the Geological Society
 III. BASINS CLASSIFICATION
• Basins formed by lithospheric stretching
• Structural and stratigraphic characteristics of rift basins.
 The characteristics of syn rift package