I S S UE

LAST
September 2001

No. 7 ISSN 0118-4687

NT
IINT
N PPRR
IIN

Provincial Coastal Resource Management:

Bohol, Masbate and Davao del Sur
Forge Ahead
Alexis C. Yambao
Coastal Resource Management Planning Specialist
Evelyn T. Deguit
Community Development Advisor
and
Alan T. White
Deputy Chief of Party
Coastal Resource Management Project

PO
INTRODUCTION PROVINCE

PRIVATE NGO MUNICIPAL/

SECOR CITY LGU
Philippine coasts are under stress, and
interventions are actively being implemented
by government, private and nongovernment
organizations (NGOs), academic institutions,
and communities to protect and conserve
coastal resources for sustained use.
Integrated coastal management (ICM) and,
more commonly, coastal resource
management (CRM) are the thrust of
institutions whose concern is to address
coastal issues and problems.
CRM is a process of planning,
implementing, and monitoring activities for
the sustainable use of coastal resources. In Strong provincial leadership and technical assistance is key to rational use and
sustained management of coastal resources by municipalitiesand cities.
the last few years, CRM is starting to be
adopted by local government units (LGUs)
in the Philippines as a development framework and and marine resources, including fisheries. Municipalities
basic service to coastal communities. With the mandate and cities, in particular, are the primary LGUs responsible
given to them by the Local Government Code of 1991 for CRM, but provinces also have key roles and are
and the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998, LGUs now responsible for adopting appropriate measures to
have greater power and responsibility in the protect coastal and marine resources within their
conservation, protection, and management of all coastal territorial jurisdiction (Courtney and White 2000).
Continued on page 4
 contents Future Themes for Coastal Management
ARTICLES and New Philippine Policy Directions
Provincial Coastal Resource
Management: Bohol, Tambuli—ANewsletterforCoastalManagement
Masbate and Davao del
Sur Forge Ahead ............. 1 Pr actiti
Practiti oners is on its seventh and last issue under the Coastal
actitioners
Applications of Mapping to Resource Management Project of the Department of Environment and
Local Coastal Resource Natural Resources. We have covered much material in six years and have
Management in the received many positive comments and many requests for more
Philippines .................... 14
Olango Birds and Seascape information. Our Philippine and international audience is definitely
Tour: A People-oriented hungry for good examples of coastal management in all shapes and
Ecotourism Venture ....... 22 forms. Hopefully, we have provided enough to satisfy most appetites,
Water Bodies Big and Small but we realize that there is still a tremendous demand. From now on,
Have Their Limits:
The Case of Siyt Bay,
unless another project takes on the publication of Tambuli, all
Negros Oriental ............ 25 Tambuli and related information will be available on the website:
Power Politics or Rational www.oneocean.org. This includes all past Tambuli articles and most
Resource Management: publications of CRMP to date. Please send your comments and requests
Fish Corrals Versus
Trammel Nets in Danao to oneocean@mozcom.com.
Bay, Mindanao .............. 29
This issue is forward-looking. It provides examples of what is to
Mangroves: Innovative
Training of Trainers for come in coastal management in the Philippines. It highlights the role of
Management in Davao provinces in shaping the coastal management agenda for local
del Sur ......................... 34 governments through the article comparing Bohol, Masbate and Davao
Live Fish Trade Threatens del Sur provincial coastal programs.
Tourism in El Nido,
Palawan ....................... 38 Monitoring and evaluation of coastal management, a key to
Monitoring and Evaluation:
A Key to Sustainability
sustainability, is a major theme emerging in this new century. Without
of Coastal Resource more effective baseline information, monitoring and feedback, we
Management Programs .. 40 cannot move forward towards sustainable use of our coastal resources
NEWS as shown in the article by Courtney, Deguit and Yambao.
Alvarez Signs Administrative
Order on Delineation of Ecotourism is an economic force that cannot be ignored. It will
Municipal Waters .......... 46 affect and support more coastal management than we realize and can
DENR Fast-tracks
Development of the be used constructively as an economic conservation thrust. Olango
National Coastal Resource Island provides a window of what could work in other parts of the
Management Policy ....... 46 Philippines for coastal ecotourism involving local communities.
Marine Protected Areas
Focus of Pew Fellows Finally, the theme of carrying capacity and management of fisheries
Supported Project ......... 47 and water quality within semi-enclosed water bodies is addressed in
Negros Oriental Coordinator two articles that show how easy it is to reach the limits of fishing and
Installed Vice-Mayor of
Dumaguete City ............ 48 waste dilution in bays and estuaries. And, although they are not easy to
Gilutongan Marine Sanctuary implement, methods for solving these problems are also illustrated.
Makes “Brisk Sales” ...... 49
CRMP to Close in 2002, What must we focus on now in this new century to make coastal
New Project to Take on management work in the Philippines? A big question but not beyond a
Technical Assistance for direct answer! The newly proposed “National Coastal Resource
Resource Management .. 50 Management Policy for the Philippines” (NCRMP) is taking shape
Palawan to Promote CRM
Practices ..................... 51 through ongoing consultations between DENR, other national agencies,
Olango Tour “Highly and the NGO and academic community. This well-stated and
Commended” by Tourism progressive policy document deserves recognition in this last Tambuli.
for Tomorrow Awards .... 51 It lays out a clear and holistic agenda for coastal management that
INFORMATION SECTION
References ..................... 52 must be endorsed at all levels of government and by the private sector.
Philippine Coastal The thinking and experience represented in this policy statement cannot
Management Guidebook be surpassed and thus it should have an excellent chance for full
Series Completed .......... 60 endorsement of government. Summarized below are the three policy
2
 editorial
agendas that form its core. Although a small a. Establish a regular multisectoral review
subset of the whole, they give the flavor of the system to identify and resolve
policies absolutely necessary to foster and overlapping, conflicting, and inconsistent
improve coastal management in the Philippines. policies, laws, and programs related to
The agendas are: coastal resource management and the
goals and objectives of the NCRMP;
Encouraging Local Leadership b. Establish regular multisectoral review and
Policy Agenda 1: To promote coastal resource assessment of all national marine
management as a basic service of local protected areas;
government through the following: c. Establish regular multisectoral review and
assessment of all shoreline and foreshore
a. Adopt and implement municipal and city
development policies, laws, and
coastal resource management plans;
implementation mechanisms;
b. Establish effectively managed marine
d. Establish regular multisectoral review and
reserves and sanctuaries in all coastal
assessment of the Environmental Impact
municipalities and cities;
Assessment System;
c. Improve enforcement of national and local
e. Establish regular multisectoral review and
laws in municipal waters; and
assessment of the small and medium
d. Adopt and implement provincial coastal
scale commercial fishing industry;
resource management framework plans.
f. Provide relevant and reliable data on the
Realigning National Institutions and status of municipal fish stocks, marine
Responsibilities water quality, and coastal habitats to local
government and assisting organizations
Policy Agenda 2: To support local government for use in managing coastal resources;
initiatives in coastal management by realigning g. Develop CRM training and technical
national institutions and responsibilities through assistance core groups at national,
the following: regional, and provincial levels;
a. Prepare department mission statements h. Develop and implement a targeted policy-
reflecting the goals and objectives of the relevant research agenda for enhanced
National Coastal Resource Management management and stewardship of coastal
Policy; resources; and
b. Complete institutional audits of i. Increase public awareness of
department performance and results environment-related responsibilities for
review in cooperation with other coastal resources.
departments; This may seem like too much to ask, but
c. Establish a national certification and what are the consequences of failing to act?
incentive system for local coastal What will the Philippines look like, be like, if we
resource management plans and lose our coastal heritage? Very simply, it will
programs; become a poorer nation with per capita well-
d. Publish a national report on the state of being declining. The natural resource base of
the Philippines’ coastal environment; and, the Philippines has always been the main
e. Serve and satisfy the information and source of income for the majority of the
technical assistance needs of local people. As this resource base erodes, so will
government. the fundamental economic base and individual
Enhancing the Effectiveness of Multisectoral and collective well-being. Let us take this to
Support Systems heart and support these needed policies for
Philippine coastal management!
Policy Agenda 3: To enhance the effectiveness
of multisectoral support systems in coastal Editor
resource management through the following:

3
 Provincial from page 1 inter-agency and inter-LGU experiences of three provinces are
collaboration (DENR et al. 2001) highlighted in this article to illustrate
Sixty-four out of the 78 (Table 1). different strategies undertaken at the
Philippine provinces border coasts provincial level to deliver CRM as a
and thus play a crucial role in the Recognizing this important role basic service to coastal
success of CRM at the local level. of the province, the Coastal municipalities and cities (Figure 1).
National laws and regulations give Resource Management Project The Provinces of Bohol and Davao
provinces the mandate to undertake (CRMP) has evolved since 1996 from del Sur encompass two of the
program planning and assisting mostly municipalities and original learning areas of CRMP that
implementation, legislation and cities to a strong emphasis on commenced work in 1996, while the
enforcement, taxation and revenue- providing support to “learning area Province of Masbate became a
generation, monitoring and provinces” to help them as service CRMP expansion area in 2000.
evaluation, capability building, and providers for CRM in LGUs. The

Table 1. Specific roles and functions of the province in CRM.

Planning
„ Formulate socioeconomic development plans, including CRM plan
Legislation
„ Approve ordinances which help ensure the efficient and effective delivery of CRM (including pollution
control) as a basic service
„ Review ordinances enacted by municipal/city government
Regulatory
„ Issue permit and collect fees for guano collection
„ Issue permit to extract sand, gravel, and other quarry resources
Enforcement
„ Enforce all laws and ordinances relating to pollution and environmental protection
„ Protect the environment and impose appropriate penalties for the following acts:
„ Dynamite fishing and other forms of destructive fishing
„ Illegal logging and smuggling of logs
„ Smuggling of natural resource products and endangered species
„ Slash-and-burn farming
„ Other activities which will result in pollution, acceleration of eutrophication of rivers and lakes, or
ecological imbalance
„ Prescribe criminal penalty prescribed under the Fisheries Code
„ Enforce forestry laws in community-based forestry areas
„ Enforce small-scale mining laws, subject to policies of the DENR
„ Verify and adjudicate conflicts on guano collection and on sand, gravel, and other quarry resources
Taxation and Revenue Generation
„ Impose taxes on sand, gravel, and other quarry resources
„ Define the geographic criteria for application of LGU taxes and levies based on the location of the
transaction or the operation branch, outlet, or office
„ Formulate special levies on real property and the procedure for allocating proceeds
„ Receive share from the internal revenue allotment (IRA)
„ Receive share of proceeds from government agencies or government-owned and controlled corporations
Extension/Technical Assistance
„ Provide agricultural extension and on-site services and facilities, which include the organization of farmers
and fishers cooperatives and other collective organizations
„ Integrate operations for agricultural extension services and undertake annual evaluation of all municipal
extension programs
Intergovernmental Relations
„ Group together, consolidate, or coordinate efforts, services, and resources for commonly beneficial
purposes
„ Group together and coordinate with each other to achieve the objectives of integrated fishery resource
management
„ Share with the national government the responsibility in the management and maintenance of ecological
balance within the territorial jurisdiction
Relations with People’s Organizations and Nongovernment Organizations
„ Promote the establishment and operation of POs and NGOs
„ Enter into joint ventures and other cooperative arrangements with POs and NGOs
„ Develop local enterprises and provide assistance to POs and NGOs
Source: DENR et al. (2001).

4
 BOHOL: CHARTING CRM borders about 6,427 km2 of municipal Highlights
THROUGH LEGISLATION waters that, historically, supported
one of the richest fisheries in central Bohol has a strong foundation
Bohol is one of the four Philippines (Green et al. 2000a, for environmental management,
provinces comprising Central 2000b). Today, Bohol is plagued by particularly for CRM. The province
Visayas. Its population of 1,137,268 extreme poverty in the coastal is a preferred pilot area for coastal
includes approximately 100,000 communities that is exacerbated by management projects, with several
marginal fishers, gleaners, and fish rampant illegal and destructive development initiatives completed,
vendors (NCSO 2000). Bohol has fishing, increasing pollution and in progress and proposed. It was a
one city (Tagbilaran) and 47 sedimentation, and uncoordinated beneficiary of the World Bank-
municipalities, of which 30 are and weak coastal law enforcement. assisted Central Visayas Regional
coastal. Its coastline of 642 km Project (1984-1992), its first ever
community-based
resource
management project.
Since 1996, it has
benefited from three
USAID-funded
projects that focused
on governance and
environmental
management: the
Governance and
Local Democracy
(GOLD) Project ,
CRMP, and Industrial
Initiative for
Sustainable
Environment Project.
Other projects are
also being
implemented by
Manila-based and
local NGOs. These
CRM initiatives have
encouraged
provincial legislation
that allows legal and
institutional
arrangements for
CRM to operate at
the provincial level.
Major highlights of
this process are:
Creation of
provincial CRM
task force
The Department
of Environment and
Natural Resources
(DENR) initiated the
formation of a
Figure 1. The provinces of Bohol, Masbate, and Davao del Sur. provincial CRM task

5
 Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR), and
the province signed a memorandum of
agreement (MOA), which defined their
roles in CRM. This MOA also served
as a “road map” for CRMP’s technical
assistance at the provincial level. As
provided in the MOA, CRMP shifted
the focus of its technical assistance
towards operationalizing the CRM
Section through staff and resources
within the BEMO. The main goal was
to leave the BEMO CRM Section with
the “institutional memory” of CRMP
technical assistance and enable it to

BIPC/M. B. Dolotina
take over CRMP’s role as technical
assistance provider to Bohol LGUs.
Bohol Environmental
Management Office
The Bohol Provincial Capitol is the home of the Bohol Environmental Management Office, a
strong proponent of CRM in the province. Once operational, the BEMO
CRM Section, together with CRMP
and USAID-GOLD, created its own
force as laid down in Executive Order (BEMO) responsible for its CRM learning areas in the eastern
No. 118, which identified Bohol as implementation. Municipalities use and southern parts of the province,
one of 20 priority provinces for the code as legal basis and guide in where few CRM initiatives had taken
CRM, to ensure proper coordination formulating their CRM policies and place. It has since provided technical
between and among the national plans, with BEMO acting as umbrella assistance to about 10 municipalities
government agencies (NGAs) in the for and integrator of all CRM in the conduct of PCRA and CRM
province, provincial offices, NGOs, activities in the province (Table 2). planning and implementation, led in
and foreign-funded projects. Some the implementation of province-
members of the task force were In 1999, to support the
implementation of the code with initiated environmental programs,
trained in facilitating participatory and assisted in the conduct of
coastal resource assessment respect to CRM, the Sangguniang
Panlalawigan adopted a resolution monitoring and evaluation in the
(PCRA), mangrove management, learning area municipalities of CRMP
marine protected area (MPA) creating a Sub-Committee on Marine
and Coastal Resources and a CRM in 2000 and 2001. Together, BEMO
establishment and management, and and CRMP have now reached over
CRM planning. Special Project Unit. In the same year,
the DENR, Department of 70% of the coastal municipalities of
Formulation of Bohol Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries and Bohol. For certain components such
environment code
In 1997, the Governor, in Table 2. Responsibilities of Bohol Environmental Management Office on CRM.
coordination with the GOLD Project,
called an environment summit to „ Development of provincial framework and formulation of plans and
programs;
enhance public awareness and target
„ Provision of technical assistance to municipalities and city on
specific areas for government planning, implementation, and monitoring of programs and projects;
intervention. The main output of the „ Coordination of province-led activities, including information,
summit was an environment code that education and communication and other social mobilization
integrates existing national laws into activities;
„ Establishment of linkages with national and international
the local governance system
organizations for purposes of fund-sourcing, research and
(Sangguniang Panlalawigan 1998). development, and technical assistance;
CRM is one of nine major sectors „ Research and development, including information and database
addressed in the code, which management; and
mandated the creation of the Bohol „ Provision of technical advice to the Governor and the Sangguniang
Panlalawigan
Environmental Management Office

6
as coastal law enforcement,
all coastal towns in the
province have benefited
from BEMO’s techical
assistance.
In line with the
Regional Development
Council’s resolution
creating a CRM certification
system for Region 7, BEMO,
through an executive order
Masbate Provincial Capitol.
from the Governor, has also
been directed to be the
Secretariat for the provincial CRM CRMP played a crucial role in total population of 707,668 (NCSO
Certification Technical Working capacitating the province in CRM. 2000) directly dependent on fishing
Group (TWG). As Secretariat, it Since 1998, CRMP and BEMO have for livelihood. As in many other
facilitates annual monitoring of CRM worked together in both the CRMP Philippine provinces, since 1990,
plans and programs and evaluates learning areas and the BEMO Masbate-based fishers have seen a
the performance of municipalities in learning areas in the south and east decline in catch due to destruction
CRM. of Bohol, with strict counterparting of corals, illegal and destructive
of staff, resources and technical fishing practices, and inadequate
District coastal law assistance. The 1999 MOA between coastal law enforcement.
enforcement councils CRMP, DENR, DA-BFAR and the
province concretized this Highlights
Coastal law enforcement is a
key strategy of the province for partnership. In the past, coastal programs in
sustaining CRM. To enhance inter- In preparation for CRMP’s exit, the province were focused mainly on
LGU collaboration, the provincial BEMO has beefed up its CRM fishery production and
government formed coastal law Section from one person in 1998 to conservation. The Masbate Fishery
enforcement councils (CLECs) in its seven staff, all of whom have Development Program, which started
three congressional districts. BEMO become well-versed and competent in 1994, sought to improve the living
serves as the coordinating office of in the tools, methods, and materials condition of fishers primarily by
the CLECs. Law enforcement is now developed by CRMP, through their employing sustainable technology
conducted by the councils with full progressive activities and demands and community-based fisheries
support from the provincial and for technical assistance from LGUs. conservation measures (CRMP
municipal governments in 2000). This changed in 2000, when
coordination with the Philippine MASBATE: POLITICAL WILL the province began implementing an
National Police, Philippine Coast IN ACTION expanded program covering other
Guard, and community-based aspects of CRM and environmental
Masbate, one of the six management. With encouragement
organizations.
provinces of the Bicol Region, lies from the Governor and Vice-
Facilitation Role of CRMP exactly in the center of the Philippine Governor, the provincial government
archipelago. It has 39 islands and allocated PhP2.2 million for its
CRMP began work in Bohol in islets, an aggregate coastline of 968
1996 in the five northwestern Marine Conservation and Fishery
km, and jurisdiction over about Development Program in 2000, and
municipalities of Calape, Tubigon, 10,000 km2 of municipal marine
Clarin, Inabanga, and Buenavista. PhP2.5 million for its Environment
waters. Its 20 municipalities and one Management Program for 2001. For a
Here, the Project conducted PCRA, city all border the coast.
ICM and CRM training, mangrove relatively underdeveloped province,
management, sanctuary Surrounded by the major fishing this allocation was a major
management, enterprise grounds of Masbate Pass, Asid Gulf, commitment. The CRM budget came
development, and planning, in Samar Sea, Sibuyan Sea, Ticao Pass, from the 20 percent Economic
partnership with the province Burias Pass and Visayan Sea (PPDO Development Fund and is detailed in
through BEMO, other provincial 2001), Masbate relies heavily on Table 3.
government offices, and NGOs. fisheries, with about 67 percent of its

7
 Table 3. Masbate’s budget allocation for CRM in 2001. program implementation, and
come up with a consensus on
PROVINCE OF MASBATE
targets and strategies for CRM
Name of Project: Environment Management Program for Year 2001 in the province.
Total Budget: PhP 2.5 million
Source of Fund: 20 percent Economic Development Fund Capability building
Activities Budget (in PhP) The provincial CRM core
Development and installation of CRM monitoring and 500,000 group was the focus of CRMP
evaluation (provincial/municipal) and certification and
incentive program for municipalities assistance, but technical staff
Conduct of PCRA 150,000 from the province’s 20
Meetings and conferences 45,000 municipalities and one city
Post-training technical assistance and other services to 145,000 were also trained to help ensure
municipalities: Follow-up activities related to establishment that there would be “CRM
of MPA; mangrove management; fisheries management/
licensing; and other CRM interventions champions” to push for and
Reproduction of information, education, and communication 160,000 undertake CRM at the
materials community level. CRMP
Trainings (MPA establishment and enforcement; coastal 400,000 facilitated provincial
tourism; shoreline development; monitoring and evaluation; government-sponsored
and MCD)
Conduct of Provincial Environment Summit 300,000 trainer’s trainings on ICM and
Biodiversity mapping 300,000 PCRA, mangrove management,
Purchase of diving paraphernalia 150,000 coastal tourism and shoreline
Activities to strengthen Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic 350,000 management, monitoring and
Resource Management Councils evaluation, and coastal law
Total 2,500,000
enforcement. Core group
members have, in turn, served
The major achievements of planned, it would also serve as an as facilitators and resource persons
Masbate are: interim task force responsible for at various seminars and activities at
delivering technical assistance in the municipal level.
Creation of provincial CRM CRM to the municipal LGUs, at least
core group until such time when the province PCRA and CRM planning
Aware of the need to promote has established a permanent office Using the Province’s Fishery
inter-agency collaboration, the to perform this critical function. Development and Marine
provincial government created the To capacitate them as technical Conservation Fund with counterpart
provincial CRM core group composed assistance providers, core group funding from the municipalities, the
of technical staff from the Provincial members were first exposed to field- provincial core group has completed
Planning and Development Office level implementation of CRM during PCRA and CRM planning in 10
(PPDO), the provincial government’s a cross-visit to Bohol and Negros municipalities. In some
Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Oriental, and subsequently trained in municipalities, the core group is
Resources (DFAR), Sangguniang the various aspects of CRM. The helping coordinate CRM activities
Panlalawigan, Provincial Agricultural growing demand for technical being undertaken by NGOs and
Office, Environment and Natural assistance from municipal LGUs has donor projects, such as Plan
Resources Office (ENRO), DENR, DA- allowed them to hone their skills as International, the World Bank-
BFAR, Department of Trade and CRM trainers and implementors, and funded Community-Based Resource
Industry, Department of Science and at the same time develop into a Management Project, and the
Technology, and Department of the cohesive group of technically German-funded Visayan Sea Project,
Interior and Local Government. competent CRM service providers among others.
The core group was organized focused on the felt needs of the The direct involvement of key
primarily to promote CRM as both coastal communities they are tasked provincial government staff in CRM
framework and program of to serve. Regular meetings among has influenced policy-making and
development among Masbate LGUs, members, as well as frequent planning at both the provincial and
and coordinate all CRM-related consultations with municipal LGU municipal levels. Some core group
activities being undertaken by NGAs, partners, enable the group to keep members are also members of the
NGOs and LGUs in the province. As track of current issues, assess Provincial Land Use Committee

8
(PLUC), which is now in the process Resource Management (POEM) by different trainings and seminars
of reviewing the proposed land use merging the ENRO and DFAR. The initiated by the provincial
plans of the municipalities. Through POEM’s main tasks are to oversee government. CRMP also served as
these members’ representation, the the implementation of the code, lead facilitator in the formulation of
PLUC has taken steps to ensure that coordinate the implementation of the environment code.
coastal management issues and environmental programs, and
concerns pertaining to shoreline and monitor the enforcement of laws, Key to CRMP’s sustainability
foreshore area management are rules and regulations on strategy for Masbate is the
addressed, and management environment and natural resource establishment of a mechanism in the
strategies are integrated in the management in the province. CRM is provincial government to ensure
proposed plans. a banner program of the newly continued support to municipalities
created office. as they perform their CRM work.
With NAMRIA assistance, the Such mechanism is lodged in the
core group has also taken the lead in Facilitation Role of CRMP PPDO, which has a mandate to
the delineation of the municipal allocate resources for the
water boundaries of all When the Governor requested implementation of the Masbate
municipalities. In 2000, the province CRMP to provide assistance to Environment Management Program
sponsored a workshop where LGU- Masbate, CRMP made it clear that it out of the 20 percent Economic
designated municipal could only provide assistance in the Development Fund, and the
representatives delineated and form of training and materials for provincial CRM core group, which,
delimited their municipal waters government and community because of its growing reputation
using the technical guidelines education. The support shown by among municipal LGUs as a
prescribed by DENR Administrative the Governor and the Sangguniang
Order 17-2001. Delineation is Panlalawigan,
expected to be completed in 2002, and the dedication
when NAMRIA shall have and commitment of
submitted the complete technical the provincial
description of Masbate’s municipal CRM core group
waters for adoption, through a encouraged CRMP
municipal or city ordinance, by the to include
respective LGUs. Masbate as an
expansion area. It
Formulation of Masbate was agreed that
environment code Masbate would
provide all the
Masbate is only the third financial and
province in the country to formulate logistical support
an environment code (after Bohol needed in the

A. Sia
and Misamis Occidental). Inspired implementation of
by the Bohol example of enacting an CRM programs at Trust exercise: Teambuilding, Provincial Office on Environment and Natural
environment code, the province Resources Management, Masbate.
the provincial and
initiated in early 2000 a year-long municipal levels,
process that resulted in the adoption and that CRMP would provide the competent source of technical
of the Masbate Provincial technical expertise for the different assistance in CRM, has developed
Environment Code. The formulation phases of project implementation. into a reliable CRM service provider
process was largely participatory, CRMP’s overall strategy was to that sustains and reinforces itself.
with extensive public consultation develop a pool of technically Eventually, as its programs and
and intensive analysis and legal competent personnel at the mandates become more clearly
review. The code was approved by provincial level who would be ready defined, the newly created POEM is
the Sangguniang Panlalawigan in and able to provide technical expected to assume a bigger role as
December 2000. assistance, on demand, to the technical assistance provider in
An important component of the municipalities (CRMP 2000). Since CRM in Masbate.
code is the creation of the Provincial 2000, CRMP has provided resource
Office on Environment and Natural persons and facilitators to the

9
 and CENRO-DENR, with CRMP
providing technical assistance and
guidance. When the Integrated
Fisheries and Resource Management
Council (IFARMC) was formed, its
president became an active member
of the TWG, and, later, the Provincial
Fisheries Officer of BFAR also joined
the group.
To strengthen their technical
capability to implement CRM, the
TWG members were trained in,
The new Davao del Sur Provincial Capitol is the home of first province-wide CRM plan in the among others, ICM, PCRA, and
country. mangrove management. The
provincial LGU’s role in CRM is
DAVAO DEL SUR: STRENGTH IN related socio-economic problems – reinforced by an executive order
COLLABORATION increasing poverty in coastal issued by the Governor mandating
communities, weak legal and the PENRO to be the lead
Davao del Sur in Mindanao is institutional support at the LGU coordinating office in the protection,
bounded by Davao City on the level, and limited community conservation, rehabilitation and
North, Davao Gulf on the east, and awareness and participation in CRM management of the coastal resources
Celebes Sea on the south. All of its – as well as several new CRM of Davao del Sur.
11 municipalities, including Digos initiatives in the province,
City, border the coast. The province encouraged Davao del Sur to plan PCRA and CRM planning
has a total population of 758,801 for a more integrated approach to
(NCSO 2000). Its coastal and marine With support from CRMP, the
CRM (Provincial Government of Malalag Bay area municipalities took
waters cover part of the Sarangani Davao del Sur 2001).
Strait, Celebes Sea, and Davao Gulf. the lead in conducting community-
Highlights level PCRA activities, while the
Once blessed with abundant, provincial CRM TWG provided
diverse, and economically An important component of technical and training assistance to
productive coastal and marine Davao del Sur’s CRM approach was the municipal TWG, both in
resources, Davao del Sur is now the strengthening of inter-agency processing PCRA results and
experiencing a significant decline in collaboration in CRM. It includes: helping facilitate CRM planning at
fisheries resulting from the the barangay and municipal levels.
degradation of its coastal resource Creation of provincial CRM
base. The main Technical Working Group Monitoring and evaluation
factors causing this At the onset Part of the responsibility of the
decline are of CRMP’s provincial CRM TWG was also to
destructive fishing intervention in the assist Digos City and the
practices and five municipalities municipalities within the Malalag
overfishing; within the Malalag Bay area in the monitoring and
pollution from Bay area, steps were evaluation (M&E) of program
domestic, taken to create a implementation. Following an
agricultural, and provincial CRM TWG. orientation on the monitoring
industrial The provincial CRM strategies and guidelines prescribed
sources; and TWG was composed by CRMP, the provincial CRM TWG
sedimentation of representatives from conducted municipal M&E
of waterways the Provincial orientations, and spearheaded
from Environment and provincial meetings where
deforestation Natural Resources Office municipalities presented their M&E
in the (PENRO), Fisheries Unit results.
uplands that drains to the under the Provincial
sea (Valle et al. 2000). These and Governor’s Office, PPDO,

10
 Sangguniang Panlalawigan (SP) Provincial CRM Council (PCMRC)

Chair (Vice Governor) Chair (Provincial Governor)

Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR)
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
Provincial Planning and Environment and Natural PNP Maritime Group
Development Office (PPDO) Resources Office (ENRO) Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)
Fisheries Unit-Provincial Department of Justice (DOJ)
Governor’s Office (PGO) Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Tourism Office ENR Officer Management Council (FARMC)
Non-government organizations
People’s organization
Others
Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Coastal Municipal LGU
Resources Management Council
Municipal Planning and Municipal Agricultural Officer/
Development Office Municipal Agricultural and
Chair Environment Officer

Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Coastal Municipal LGU

Resources Management Council
Municipal Agricultural Officer/
Municipal Agricultural and
Chair
Environment Officer

Figure 2. Inter-agency coordinating structure for Davao del Sur.

Formulation of CRM included in the framework plan, in LESSONS LEARNED

framework plan addition to the implementation
structure (Figure 3). Bohol
The formulation of the Five-year
Provincial CRM Plan was a 10-month Facilitation Role of CRMP The Bohol experience highlights
planning process led by the the importance of strengthening the
provincial ENRO, with the The role of an external agent legal arrangements and institutional
participation of other TWG members such as CRMP was crucial in development at the provincial level
in numerous write-shops and enabling the provincial government to institutionalize CRM. The
consultations with the municipalities to take the lead in forging legislation of the environment code
concerned. The PCRA results and partnerships with relevant offices clarified the policy framework and
the municipal CRM plans of the within the province, NGAs, and set the management direction of the
Malalag Bay area municipalities and other organizations, such as the province for CRM. The creation of
Digos City served as vital inputs to IFARMC. To strengthen inter- BEMO ensures that the framework
the development of the provincial agency collaboration, CRMP and direction of the province are
CRM framework plan. facilitated initial meetings, where translated into concrete programs. In
each agency’s role and functions BEMO, the province has a “one stop
Inter-agency implementing were clarified, and a coordinating shop” that has systematized and
mechanisms structure that included all key players standardized CRM implementation
was developed. Also important in methodologies and processes, thus
As planning progressed, it building the provincial TWG’s
became clear to the members of the allowing for lessons to be drawn and
capability for CRM was the training shared. Although the management
TWG that inter-agency collaboration and hands-on experience that
to implement CRM at the provincial of municipal waters is not a direct
members went through in providing mandate of the province, the Bohol
level was crucial and could produce technical assistance to the
concrete and positive results.While experience shows that, by
municipalities and in developing a implementing the specific powers
finalizing the provincial CRM provincial CRM framework plan. In
framework plan, the group also and functions delegated to the
addition to facilitation, CRMP found province by national laws, such as
developed a coordinating mentoring and guiding to be effective
mechanism for plan implementation. legislation and enforcement of
strategies for strengthening the measures that protect the
This inter-agency coordinating TWG’s technical capabilities.
structure (Figure 2) was eventually environment, the province could

11
 roles and
Provincial Coastal responsibilities are
Resource Management clarified and the lead
Council (PCRMC) group or agency is
DIRECTION-SETTING
identified. Jointly
implementing concrete
IMPLEMENTATION CRM activities like
Environment and assisting municipalities
Natural Resources with PCRAs,
(ENR) Officer development of CRM
plans, conducting
training, and monitoring
and evaluation, sustains
CRM Officer
(ENRO) the group’s momentum
and builds team spirit.
Given its defined and
implied functions
Institutional Database relative to CRM, the
Development Program Management Program provincial LGU proved
(Coordinator) (Coordinator) to be an effective lead
coordinating body of
the provincial CRM
TWG. A key lesson is
Information, Education, Training and Project Development that official support and
and Communication Development Program and Management legal mandate – which,
Program (Coordinator) (Coordinator) Program (Coordinator) in Davao del Sur’s case,
is articulated in an
Figure 3. Davao del Sur Provincial CRM implementation structure. executive order – are
needed to mainstream
CRM functions and
provide needed technical assistance implementation. The concept of
responsibilities within the provincial
and capacitate the municipalities and CRM as a development strategy is
structure.
cities in CRM. CRM in Bohol and its new to the province, but the
permanence at the provincial level provincial government, driven by a INSTITUTIONALIZATION
would have not been realized had pool of trainable and competent
the province not installed the technical staff, moved quickly to The sustainability of CRM at
necessary legal and institutional enact an environment code, to the local government level cannot be
arrangements with budget support. allocate budget for CRM, provide attained simply by strengthening
technical assistance to municipalities and cities – it is also
Masbate municipalities, and to create an necessary to capacitate provinces in
office, all concrete manifestations of providing technical assistance to
Effective implementation of
support from the provincial leaders. municipalities and cities. To ensure
development projects is often
sustainability of CRM at the
hindered by weak leadership and the Davao del Sur
provincial level, the following
lack of political will by local
government officials. Political will is The experience of Davao del Sur elements must be in place:
the determination and sincerity of points to the importance of „ Good programs and policies.
the one in power to implement strengthening inter-agency These can be translated in the
programs and enforce law. Although collaboration and coordination in form of framework plans,
often misused, political will has ensuring effective implementation of environment codes and other
translated into real actions in CRM CRM programs at the provincial ordinances. Stakeholder
for Masbate. The commitment level. The role of a facilitating agent participation in the development
shown by the provincial CRM core (internal or external) is essential in of plans and formulation of
group has inspired the provincial the early stages of the group’s policies should be encouraged
officials to be proactive in CRM formation. It is also important that to ensure a high level of support
and compliance.

12
 „ Good governance and decline in fishery resources, and municipalities, a pool of trainers
commitment to sustainability. more. To strengthen inter- should be formed at the provincial
This should be supported by agency collaboration, a clear level. The province must allocate
employing and nurturing coordinating structure that regular funds for personnel to build
dedicated and trained technical clarifies roles and up its CRM unit. Continuous
staff, allocating increasing responsibilities, and identifies a training of provincial personnel in
budget for CRM, and defining lead coordinating office should CRM planning and implementation,
roles and responsibilities of all be established. data management, fisheries
institutions, organizations, and management, biophysical
individuals involved in SUPPORT MECHANISMS assessment and monitoring, MPA
implementing programs and Database and Information establishment and monitoring, and
policies. Management other aspects is essential. DENR,
BFAR, other training organizations,
Accurate and the academe can be tapped to
information is provide training.
vital in planning
and managing Policy Advocacy and Reforms
coastal resource The province has a
use. Information responsibility in developing and
on the status of promoting policies that support
habitats, CRM through analysis of problems
fisheries, and in the area, and developing
management guidelines for management or an
interventions is environmental code. Provinces can
generated at the develop framework plans that
municipal and highlight the needs of CRM in the
barangay levels. area and set the stage for required
Davao del Sur Provincial Conference on CRM. Most LGUs do legislation to strengthen
not have the management and enforcement.
„ Financial resources to support capacity to maintain accurate Developing and promoting a unified
good programs and policies, databases since they lack systems fishery ordinance for all
good governance, and for collecting and analyzing data and municipalities in the province is an
commitment to sustainability. for managing information. Provinces example of policy reform that can
Allocating budget for personnel can provide this important support translate to improved municipal
services, maintenance and other and service. fisheries management. Similarly,
operating expenses, and CRMP has developed the policy guidance on shoreline
equipment is crucial in CRM. Municipal Coastal Database (MCD), management can first evolve
„ Non-financial resources such a system that simplifies and through provincial policy analysis.
as political and community standardizes database management Monitoring and Evaluation
support, human resources, on CRM activities at the LGU level
transparency, and good for planning, monitoring and To serve its mandate in
reputation are prerequisites for evaluation. The province, through overseeing the operations of the
success. the PPDO, can serve as the municipalities and cities, the
consolidation node for the MCD and provincial government should
„ Inter-agency collaboration
other environmental and natural monitor and evaluate how programs
(provincial TWG, partnership
resources management data. Data and projects are implemented, and
with NGAs, NGOs, academe).
generated through the MCD can be their impacts on resources and
Implementing a CRM program at
used in developing programs to communities. Presently, very few
the provincial level requires the
support local level implementation. provinces in the country monitor
participation of different sectors
and evaluate their constituent
and agencies to address a wide Training and Capability Building municipalities and cities’
array of issues related to CRM,
For the province to provide development plans and programs in
e.g., pollution, shoreline
technical and training assistance to a systematic manner.
development, law enforcement,

13
 M&E should be conducted „ Assist municipalities in response: The story of Bohol.
annually and in a participatory delineating municipal waters; Tambuli 6: 1-9.
manner to assess LGU performance and
and progress of program Green, S.J., R.P. Monreal, A.T. White,
„ Support CRM planning and and T. G. Bayer. 2000b. Coastal
implementation, and review the implementation at the municipal
prevailing condition in the physical, environmental profile of
and city levels by providing Northwestern Bohol,
social, and political environment. guidelines, policies, framework
Feedback is needed by the province Philippines. Coastal Resource
plans, unified ordinances, or Management Project, Cebu City,
in planning interventions to improve other guidance that assists the
the LGUs’ efficiency and Philippines, 113 p.
local level implementation of
effectiveness in the delivery of CRM CRM National Census and Statistics
as a basic service. Office (NCSO). 2000. Population
[The involvement of provincial census of the Philippines.
An M&E for CRM certification governments in CRM is growing,
system has been developed by NCSO website:
but technical assistance will www.census.gov.ph
CRMP. This system highlights the continue to be needed to build their
role of the province as the lead capacity in planning and Sangguniang Panlalawigan. 1998.
facilitator for annual M&E of information management. Editor] Provincial Ordinance No. 98-01
municipal and city CRM programs. Series of 1998. An Ordinance
In it, the province has a key role in References: Enacting the Environment Code
initiating the annual M&E at the CRMP. 2000. CRMP in mid-stream: of the Province of Bohol. Office
municipal or city level and in On course to a threshold of of the Sangguniang
evaluating the M&E report for sustained coastal management Panlalawigan, Tagbilaran City,
certification by a regional body. The in the Philippines. Special Mid- Bohol, Philippines.
system is now being piloted for the term report (1996-1999), Coastal
provinces of Negros Oriental, Bohol, Provincial Government of Davao Del
Resource Management Project,
Davao del Sur, Sarangani, and Sur. 2001. Provincial Coastal
Cebu City, Philippines, 100 p.
Palawan. Resource Management Plan
Courtney, C.A. and A.T. White. 2000. (2001-2005). Province of Davao
FUTURE DIRECTIONS Integrated coastal management Del Sur, Philippines.
The evolving role of the in the Philippines: Testing new
Sangguniang Panlalawigan. 2000.
province in CRM in the Philippines paradigms. Coastal
Provincial Ordinance No. 003-
holds important potential to support Management 28(2): 39-53.
2000. An Ordinance Enacting
the functions and effectiveness of Department of Environment and the Environment Code of the
CRM at the barangay, municipal, Natural Resources, Bureau of Province of Masbate. Office of
and city levels. Several important Fisheries and Aquatic the Sangguniang
trends that must be supported to Resources of the Department of Panlalawigan, Masbate City,
encourage effective provincial Agriculture and Department of Masbate, Philippines.
contributions to CRM include: the Interior and Local
Provincial Planning and
„ Test and adopt CRM Government. 2001. Philippine
Development Office (PPDO).
certification system, and use Coastal Management
2001. Socio-economic profile.
this as incentive and basis for Guidebook No. 2: Legal and
Masbate, Philippines.
prioritizing allocation of funding jurisdictional framework for
support to municipalities coastal management. Coastal Valle, I.S., M.C.B. Cristobal, A.T.
seriously implementing CRM Resource Management Project White, and E.T. Deguit. 2000.
programs; of the Department of the Coastal environmental profile
Environment and Natural of the Malalag Bay Area, Davao
„ Establish CRM databases at the
Resources, Cebu City, Del Sur, Philippines. Coastal
provincial level that utilize the
Philippines, 170 p. Resource Management Project,
MCD as designed by CRMP;
Cebu City, Philippines, 127 p.
„ Institutionalize CRM through Green, S.J., R.P. Monreal, D.A.D.
CRM offices with budget and Fabunan, and T.G. Bayer. 2000a.
personnel; Developing integrated coastal
management into a natural

14
Applications of Mapping to Local
Coastal Resource Management
in the Philippines

Catherine A. Courtney
Chief of Party
Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad
Policy Advisor
and
Jessie O. Floren
Geographic Information Specialist
Coastal Resource Management Project

INTRODUCTION (Republic Act 7160). This mandate was recently

reinforced with the passage of the 1998 Philippine
Coastal resources in the Philippines are being Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550). The CRM process
severely degraded by a wide variety of human activities. adapted to local government is a five-phase process
Coastal resource management (CRM) is needed to (Figure 2) including: CRM plan preparation; action
rehabilitate and sustain the benefits provided by coastal plan and program implementation; monitoring and
resources. Accurate information and data presented in a evaluation; and information management, education
format that is easily communicated to others are vital to and outreach. Many LGUs are beginning to implement
improving local management of coastal resources. The CRM programs in their coastal municipalities.
use of maps is fundamental to planning and However, few know where their jurisdiction extends
implementing sound CRM at the local level. because maps delineating the municipal water
In the Philippines, the responsibility for managing boundaries have yet to be made. With the recent
coastal resources and municipal waters, which extend to signing of Department of Environment and Natural
a distance of 15 km from the shoreline (Figure 1), has Resources (DENR) Department Administrative Order
been largely devolved to the local government unit 17, series 2001, Guidelines for Delineating/Delimiting
(LGU) under the 1991 Local Government Code Municipal Water Boundaries, coastal LGUs now have

15
 Figure 1. Municipal waters of coastal municipalities and cities in the Philippines (unofficial map).

16
 „ Municipal water
National policy and legal framework
use zones
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 including
Issue identification CRM plan Action plan and sustainable use,
and baseline preparation project strict protection,
assessment and adoption implementation
and rehabilitation
zones;
Phase 5 Local legislation „ Marine sanctuary
Information management, and Coastal law boundaries;
education and outreach enforcement
„ Community-based
Regulation
mangrove
management areas;
External Annual program Revenue
and
revenue preparation and
sources budgeting generation „ Shoreline setbacks.

Phase 4 The Coastal

Resource Management
Monitoring and evaluation
Project (CRMP), a
project of DENR,
Multisectoral and inter-LGU participation and resource sharing provides assistance to
coastal LGUs and
Figure 2. Five-phase CRM planning process adapted for Philippine local government. communities to
improve the
the procedures and process to CRM plans, policies, and management of coastal resources
delineate their municipal waters. ordinances. The use of relevant and municipal waters. CRMP assists
maps and global positioning system coastal municipalities and
COASTAL MANAGEMENT (GPS) also helps in the enforcement communities map coastal habitats,
APPLICATIONS of municipal water boundaries and resource uses, and issues through
Maps showing spatial data such coastal laws. participatory coastal resource
as municipal water boundaries and assessment. These data are used to
Spatial features represented on
use zones, coastal habitats, coastal develop a municipal CRM plan that
maps that are key to CRM include:
resource conditions, uses, and issues articulates the needed strategies and
are needed to assist planners and „ Municipal water actions to sustain or rehabilitate
decision-makers in the CRM boundaries; coastal resources.
process, from assessing coastal „ Area of coastal
resource conditions to developing habitat;

Participatory coastal resource assessment and mapping conducted by municipal government staff and community members.

17
 Municipal Water Boundary Maps LGU needs to develop a CRM plan. „ Sustainable use zones;
Coastal resource assessment maps „ Strict protection zones, e.g.
Delineating municipal water such as those shown in Figures 4, 5
boundaries provides spatial data marine protected areas;
and 6 provide information on:
that LGUs need to determine, as „ Rehabilitation zones; and
shown in Figure 3: „ Area and condition of coastal
habitats; „ Navigation lanes.
„ Area of jurisdiction of the
municipality; „ Location of coastal resource Storing and Analyzing Spatial
uses and issues; and Information
„ Area where only municipal
fishers using boats 3 tons or „ Location of fisheries spawning The use of geographic
less are allowed to fish; and grounds. information system (GIS) in
„ Availability of an area between Municipal Water Use Zone Maps mapping enables the analysis of
10.1 to 15 km from the shoreline other parameters such as the area of
where small and medium scale Municipal water use zones municipal waters and other coastal
commercial fishers may be define the types and area of human habitats that can be computed for
allowed to fish after meeting activity that are permitted in management purposes. For instance,
specific requirements particular zones of municipal analysis of the land-to-municipal-
articulated in RA 8550. waters, thus enabling the LGU to water ratio of coastal municipalities
legislate and regulate the use of from three provinces in Region 7
Coastal Resource Assessment Maps coastal resources. Municipal water (Table 1) provides an estimate of the
use zone maps, as shown in Figure areal magnitude of responsibility of
Coastal resource assessment 7, provide information on: the local government in managing
provides spatial information that the municipal waters. For a small island

Figure 3. Map showing unofficial boundaries of municipal waters for Tagbilaran City and some municipalities in Bohol.

18
Figure 4. Coastal resource management map developed through a participatory process involving coastal communities, local
government units, and other partners.

19
 Table 1. Comparison of municipal water area and land area for coastal municipalities of 3 provinces.
Province Coastal Municipalities Shoreline
Municipal water Municipal land Water:land Length
area (km2) area (km2) ratio
Siquijor 1,715 318 5.4 102
Bohol 6,427 2,329 2.8 642
Negros Oriental 3,260 4,336 0.8 369

Figure 5. Map showing percent living coral cover determined from manta tow surveys conducted in Barangays
Palanas, Poblacion and Guiwanon, Municipality of Ginatilan, Cebu by coastal residents and local government
staff.
20
Figure 6. Coastal law enforcement issues identified through multisectoral forums with law enforcement agencies, Bureau of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, NGOs, and Bantay Dagat.

21
 province such as Siquijor, the area resource assessment and planned Increased capacity, technology, and
covered by municipal waters is 5 interventions to coastal leadership are needed to manage the
times the land area of the coastal stakeholders. Maps developed and coastal resource base that supports
municipalities. For Bohol, the water- distributed by the local government economic development in coastal
to-land ratio is 2.8, whereas, for to coastal communities and areas. Management of spatial
Negros Oriental, the land area is only commercial fishers can be used to information and mapping can serve
slightly greater than the municipal explain policies and laws aimed at as a catalyst for coastal management
water area. The Fisheries Code calls improving the condition of fisheries initiatives.
for 15 percent of the available area of and coastal habitats.
municipal waters to be designated as [As pointed out in the lead article on
fish sanctuaries. Areal extent can be CONCLUSIONS the role of provinces in CRM,
determined by analyzing spatial data Maps provide vital spatial data mapping is becoming a key function
stored in a GIS. in a form that can easily be used by of provincial environment offices.
planners and decision-makers in This is a service essential to good
Using Maps as an Information, CRM at the municipal and
Education, and Communication Tool CRM. While LGUs, being closest to
the day-to-day problems, will have community levels. Note also that
Maps serve as an important the unique insight and incentive to maps in this article showing
information, education and implement sound practices in CRM, municipal water boundaries are
communication (IEC) tool for they also represent the coastal unofficial. Editor]
communicating the results of coastal environment’s last safety net.

Figure 7. Map showing area and geographic coordinates of a marine protected area in Cordova, Cebu.

22
 Olango Birds and Seascape Tour:
A People-oriented Ecotourism
Venture

Ma. Monina M. Flores

Former Enterprise Development Specialist
Coastal Resource Management Project
Email: mamoninaflores@ hotmail.com

INTRODUCTION
The Olango Birds and Seascape Tour
(OBST) is an ecotourism business venture in
the island of Olango, Cebu Province,
Philippines. Residents of Suba, a fishing village
in Olango Island, own and operate it. The
business successfully integrates the elements
of full community benefit and participation,
contribution to environmental conservation
and education, product differentiation and
marketability, economic viability, and promotion
of local culture. Olango migratory and resident birds.

OBST started in March 1998 and was made

possible through the Coastal Resource 2. The tour promotes and showcases local conservation
Management Project (CRMP). The goals of the project were of threatened coastal habitats and marine and bird
to: life. Tourists can snorkel and witness the abundance of
1. Develop environment-friendly livelihood fish in a protected coral reef that has been declared by
alternatives for resident fishers; the local government, and is managed by the
community, as a marine sanctuary. Community members
2. Model sustainable tourism development in help monitor the reef, and boat and dive operators pay
islands as a strategy for improving coastal user fees and observe user guidelines. Such local
management by local stakeholders; and efforts pay off in terms of better regulation of human
3. Promote local cooperation in the conservation activities, generation of tourism revenues, and
of natural protected areas. improved regeneration of marine life.

UNIQUE PROJECT ATTRIBUTES 3. The project showcases the potential, viability, and
benefits of full community participation in the
1. The ecotourism venture is built around the ownership and operation of ecotourism ventures. By
unique environmental attributes and serene actively managing the protected area, the community
beauty of Olango Island’s coast, seas, reefs, has gained substantial economic benefits, a growing
and bird life. Bird watching, coastal trekking, sense of pride in their achievements and the technical
canoe paddling, snorkeling, swimming, visiting skills they have acquired, and confidence in their
seaweed farms, and island hopping are among ability to provide a better future for themselves and
the low-impact recreational activities offered. their children.
23
 impact, marketability, and
community benefit.
Stage 2. Participatory ecotour
product development. Meetings
and workshops were conducted
with community members
interested in the project to
orient them on the nature of and
potential benefits, constraints,
and problems related to tourism
and ecotourism development.
Stage 3. Development of linkages.
Linkages were established with
Cooking, craft, and fishing demonstrations help promote local culture. public institutions and tour
companies for marketing, policy,
EVOLUTION activities such as harvesting of program, and promotional
shells, starfish, sea cucumbers, sea support.
Olango Island is located about 4 urchins, tropical aquarium fish, live
km from the east coast of Mactan Stage 4. Capability building.
food fish, corals, mangroves, and
Island in Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu Community capacity was
others. Olango’s fisheries have
Province, the second largest tourist strengthened in tour operations
declined considerably due to
area in the Philippines. Mactan has and business development.
overfishing and the destruction of
an international airport, five-star coastal habitats by cyanide and Stage 5. Transfer of business
resorts, and numerous tourism dynamite fishing, transformation of administration to community.
businesses. Olango’s proximity to wetlands in reclamation, and coastal Two years after the project
Mactan and mainland Cebu adds to pollution. Declining resources, high started, the community assumed
the island’s potential as a coastal population density, and insufficient full control of the administration
tourism destination. basic service delivery all contribute of tour operations and
to the low income, low education, formalized collective ownership
Mainland Olango’s flat and
and low occupational mobility of of the business.
elongated dry land measures about
1,000 ha. The intertidal wetland, fishing families in Olango. Early KEY STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESS
known as the Olango Island Wildlife initiatives in coastal tourism
Sanctuary (OIWS), extends the development have marginalized the Sociocultural strategies
island further south by 904 ha. The community in terms of participation consisted of: (a) orientation of the
OIWS is the first area in the in decision-making and benefit- product around the use of local
Philippines to be declared as a sharing. skills, everyday activities, local
RAMSAR site, a recognition of its crafts/arts and music; (b) community
CRMP saw in Olango the ownership of the tour product; (c)
international importance as a challenge as well as the opportunity
wetland for birds belonging to the participatory processes and
to assist the community and key mechanisms; (d) implementation of a
East Asia Migratory Flyway. An public and private stakeholders in
extensive, submerged reef that training strategy of “learning by
the island by introducing doing”; (e) delivery of immediate
connects the island to six other sustainable tourism and
islets in the south also surrounds economic returns; (f) spreading
participatory development. benefits through local sourcing of
Olango. One of these islets is
Gilutongan Island, which harbors a OBST went through the services and goods; (g) CRMP
protected reef that serves as a following stages of development support of community organization
strategic spawning ground for prior to commercialization in 2000: to influence planning and policy
marine organisms, and an development through a high media
increasingly popular destination for Stage 1. Assessment. A rapid survey profile, generation of multi-
diving, snorkeling, and swimming. of Olango’s resources institutional support, and
determined product options for endorsements by visitors; and (h)
Olango has around 23,000 enterprise development, managing the number, frequency,
residents, 75 percent of whom are including ecotourism products and behavior of visitors; community
dependent on fishing and related that had low environmental users of the natural resource; and

24
other development interests within and education, and institutional HIGHLIGHTS
the locality. linkages.
Highlights of the project
Marketing strategies included: SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGIES include:
(a) tapping the development sector
as the primary market to jumpstart During OBST’s second year of „ Environment initiatives were the
and test-run the tour; (b) developing operation, CRMP established foundation upon which OBST
a tour product to capture tourist marketing support and was established and flourished.
segments from resorts and hotels in environmental management systems, „ Product development and
nearby Cebu City; (c) designing the and began preparations for its exit differentiation for OBST were
tour product to capture niche from the project. achieved by designing the
markets, e.g. study tour programs, Mechanisms were developed for product around unique
corporate incentive and training booking services under co- environmental themes and
participants; (d) making the OBST management by the community and experiential activities based on
different from existing tours by its partners outside the island; the values of and initiatives in
providing expert interpretation, networking with tour operators, marine and bird life
interaction with coastal villages, visit guides, hotels, and resorts; and conservation by communities.
to a marine sanctuary, and other building community capability in and „ Local perspective on and plans
nature- and culture-based activities; understanding of the marketing of for the long-term sustainability
and (e) making the OBST the the product. of the community ecotourism
country’s leading community business were integrated with
ecotourism product. Primary emphasis was given to strategic management of the
coastal resource management as a natural environments that
Environmental strategies motive and tool for sustainability.
consisted of: (a) promotion of comprised the tourism
shoreline A proposal attractions.
management was presented to „ The volume of tourists to OBST
among the government increased by 30 percent in 2000.
landowners, agency in charge Sales volume is projected to
residents, and of managing increase even more dramatically
public OIWS, seeking by 70 percent in 2001.
resource to deputize the „ OBST’s environment initiatives
managers; (b) cooperative to consisted of: integrated coastal
implementation of assist in protection, management planning and
participatory resource assessment, rehabilitation, and research activities development in Olango and
integrated coastal management and at the sanctuary. CRMP saw that the adjacent islands, environmental
ecotourism planning; (c) formulation long-term sustainability of the OBST education of communities and
and implementation of resource use depended on its integration into tourists, formulation and
guidelines; (d) designing the tour as OIWS’s comprehensive management enforcement of visitor
a low-impact itinerary; and (d) a plan, enforcement of environmental management and ecotour
training and accreditation system laws outside the sanctuary operation guidelines, ecological
with strong emphasis on boundaries, and harmonization of destination management
environmental consciousness and land use practices in adjacent framework plan for the OIWS,
practice. villages. local legislation and
Stakeholder strategies were CRMP phased out from establishment of a local marine
composed of: (a) a multiple providing technical assistance to the sanctuary, implementation of
stakeholder development approach community ecotourism project in user fees in protected areas,
and sharing of roles and resources December 2000, allowing the training of community in
among stakeholders; and (b) community and local institutions to environmental laws, best
identifying areas for stakeholder begin to manage the enterprise on practices, and promotion of
involvement and support, such as their own. CRMP then monitored the environmental support from the
policy enactment, planning and project for a brief period before fully tourism industry and the public.
enforcement, tenurial and resource leaving its management to the
access rights, marketing and community, and sharing its lessons
promotions, community organization with a broader audience.

25
 Water Bodies Big and Small Have
Their Limits: The Case of Siyt Bay,
Negros Oriental
[This article is an excerpt from a study conducted by staff of Silliman University Marine Laboratory (SUML) with
inputs from the Center of Excellence in Coastal Resource Management , Ting Matiao Foundation, the Environment
and Resource Management Division of Negros Oriental, and students and faculty of the Silliman University Biology
and Chemistry Departments with financial support from the Coastal Resource Management Project (CRMP) under
the auspices of the United States Agency for International Development. The complete report, edited by Dr.
Hilconida P. Calumpong, Director of SUML, is available from CRMP and SUML.]

mangrove forest, on the southern side is a coral reef,

and on the eastern and western sides are seagrass
beds. The bay opens into Mindanao Sea. The major
substrate is sand in the fringes and mud in the
middle. Five fish cages are located in the middle of
the bay. The fishing communities are located on the
northern tip (Lutuban) and western part (Siit-
Baybay).
The bottom profile of the bay is quite
homogeneous. The nearshore area in the eastern part
is an intertidal that extends flat to 150 m from the
T. Parras

shore at depths of 0.5 to 2.5 m and gradually slopes

Siyt Bay, Siaton, Negros Oriental. thereafter. The western side is a short flat intertidal
extending to 80 m from the shore at a depth of 0.5 to
1 m, followed by a deep channel that breaks the
BACKGROUND shallow western and eastern sides of the bay.
Siyt (Siit) Bay is a 52-ha bay located 48 km In 1997, fish cages culturing milkfish (bangus,
south of Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Chanos chanos) were established in Siyt Bay.
Philippines at about 9º04’13”N latitude, 123º09’00”E Recently, there have been reports of algal bloom and
longitude. On the northern side is a diverse fringing sediment accumulation in the bay.

26
THE STUDY
The Silliman University
Marine Laboratory (SUML)
conducted a study sponsored by
the Coastal Resource
Management Project to
determine whether these fish
cages exceeded the carrying
capacity of the bay, thereby
causing pollution.
Using standard
oceanographic and chemical
procedures, the study
determined water quality and

T. Parras
sediment parameters. It also
investigated the floral and faunal Milkfish cages, Salvino Corp., Siyt Bay, Siaton, Negros Oriental.
composition and diversity of the
bay; the socioeconomic level of
Feeding was regular in the excreta generally resulted in
fisherfolk in the area; the fish
form of manufactured feeds. Feed increased suspended solids (SS)
catch; and the fish cage
ration was usually given 3-4 times and biological oxygen demand
operations.
per day at 5 percent of the (BOD) and decreased dissolved
The five fish cages operating biomass. Daily feed ration ranged oxygen (DO). Results of water
in the bay employed 51 persons. from 62.62 to 7,361.44 kg of quality investigation show that
Each of the four cages had a mean artificial feeds per unit of floating water transparency was poor in
of 14.25 subcages and were fish culture device. On the the river mouth and fish cage
owned and operated by four average, each unit of floating fish stations.
different operators. A subcage had cage (=14.25 cages/unit) needed
Surface DO and BOD values
a mean area of 6 x 8 m and depth at least 751.56 MT of artificial
obtained were within the standards
of 7.62 m, enclosing an average of feeds in order to produce 105.48
set by the Department of
346.14 m3 of seawater. The fish MT of milkfish per cropping.
Environment and Natural
cages occupied 2,580 m2 or 53
RESULTS Resources (DENR); water nutrient
percent of the total bay area but
values (nitrates and phosphates)
enclosed a total of 19,498.30 m3 of Water Quality Parameters
were low.
seawater. They were of the
floating type, culturing milkfish, Based on the values above, the
Since aquaculture operations
and using the intensive, high- mean food conversion ratio (FCR)
invariably result in the release of
density culture system. value of the floating fish cages
metabolic waste products (feces,
would be 4.95 ± 2.41. This is way
pseudo-feces, and excreta) and
Stocking density was 23-47 above the accepted FCR value (1-
uneaten food into the aquatic
individuals per m3. Milkfish was 2.5) in aquaculture, indicating
environment, they have the
often reared starting at an average higher food losses, which usually
potential to cause nutrient
body weight (ABW) of 20-50 g, accumulated in the sediment.
enrichment, possibly followed by
and harvested at an ABW of 200- Results of nutrient analysis of the
eutrophication. Organic
450 g, usually after 4-6 months of sediment confirmed this. Available
enrichment of the benthic
culture. Except for one cage, nitrates and phosphates inside the
ecosystem may result in increased
which had a longer culture period bay were higher compared to
oxygen consumption by the
(365 days), fish cages were those found outside.
sediment and formation of anoxic
usually harvested twice a year.
Nutrient and organic waste, in sediments, with, in extreme cases,
The average survival rate was 85
dissolved and particulate forms, outgassing of carbon dioxide,
percent.
generated from uneaten food and methane, and hydrogen sulfide;

27
 waters are Recreational Water
Class I safe for bathing and
swimming and Fishery Water
Class I suitable as spawning
ground for milkfish and other
species. Class SC waters are
Recreational Water Class II for
boating and Fishery Water Class II
for commercial and sustenance
fishing.
Floral and Faunal Composition
and Diversity
The bay is very diverse. It has

T. Parras
an undisturbed mangrove forest of
16 species fringing its shores,
Milkfish or bangus, Salvino Corp. fish cages, Siyt Bay, Siaton, Negros Oriental. dominated by three viviparous
species, which indicate a system
enhanced remineralization of have enough flow or pressure to of high regenerative potential. Its
organic nitrogen; and reduction in influence the current brought 6-ha seagrass bed with five
macrofauna biomass, abundance, about by the tidal fluxes. The species of seagrass, dominated by
and species composition. river, in fact, also contributes to Enhalus acoroides, and about 29
the siltation of the bay. species of algae, is productive,
Anaerobic conditions were
with 36 species of finfish from 28
prominent in samples collected Because of the small size of
families, one species of mollusk,
near fish cages, which exhibited a the bay (52 ha) and the slow
and one species of crustacean
noxious odor (hydrogen sulfide). current speed, which encourages
collected using beach seine in two
waste loading in the area, the
Sediment Parameters settings. Species richness ranged
present aquaculture practice can
from 4.07 to 5.57. Catch per unit
Sediment pH values obtained lead to an eventual degradation of
effort was 0.40-2 kg/man-hour.
from the river mouth and the fish the bay and the promise of
cage were very high (12.46 and intensification and expansion for a The bay has a fair reef with
10.66, respectively). Very high very lucrative enterprise may 34.4 percent hard coral cover
(alkaline) pH and negative redox come to naught. composed of 78 species of hard
potential are indicators of anoxic corals and six soft coral genera/
Already, all stations covered in
condition. Waste loading was species. The most abundant were
the study yielded positive results
exacerbated by the slow the branching corals, with
for human and animal coliform,
underwater current. Salinity Acroporids having the highest
Escherichia coli and Salmonella
reading was highest in the opening relative cover in the deep and the
typhimurium, with highest
of the bay (38 ppt) and lowest in non-Acropora species (Porites and
coliform contamination around the
the mouth of the river (30 ppt). Montipora) predominating the
fish cages. This can be attributed
shallow areas. These species are
Enclosed and narrow bays to the 51 workers employed in the
common species in protected
such as Siyt Bay are expected to fish cage operation, who live at
turbid waters and in sandy floors.
exhibit relatively very slow the fish cage site in huts without
Fish biomass in the reef was very
underwater current readings, toilet facilities.
low. Using the set gill net, only
implying that the turnover rate of five species of finfish from five
The area falls within the
the water in the bay is also rather families were collected in two
DENR standards of Class SB
slow. With a slow water turnover settings.
using E. coli as a fecal coliform
rate, the tendency for the bay to
indicator and Class SC using S.
accumulate silt is high. Though a Meiofauna, particularly
typhimurium and E. coli as total
river exits into the bay, it does not polychaetes, which are used as
coliform indicators. Class SB

28
indicators of pollution-related percent owned more than one 1) No expansion of existing
disturbances in estuarine and boat. units nor addition of new
neritic waters, showed population units;
The average number of
differences among stations. The 2) Close monitoring of
fishing years was 25. Twenty-five
designated control site (near the stocking density and feed
percent of the fishers had been
mouth of the bay) had the highest input to attain optimum
fishing 1-10 years. food conversion ratio;
number of species (39 species)
and individuals, while those from Siyt Bay was the most 3) Regular monitoring of
around the fish cages had 5-7 common fishing ground; 50 environmental parameters,
species. Results are consistent percent fished in other areas such as (a) location,
with benthic infaunal community during unfavorable weather in Siyt number, and area of fish
changes generated by mariculture Bay. Fishers spent an average of cages; (b) stocking density;
activities: there is often a zone of 11 hours in the sea. (c) redox; (d) organic matter
low species richness with high level in the sediment; and
infaunal density of opportunistic Forty-five percent said that (e) dissolved oxygen, by
species near the perimeter of the there was no more illegal fishing in the local government unit,
culture site, and a decline of the area. Forty percent said the Bureau of Fisheries and
population densities. number one illegal fishing method Aquatic Resources, and the
was the use of compressor. Environment and Natural
The composition of plankton Resource Management
for both inside and outside the bay Fish Catch Division of Negros Oriental.
did not vary greatly. This may be The gear with the most catch Recommended frequency of
due to the effect of the tidal cycle was gill net (pokot), while small monitoring is 2 times per
in the bay, which would allow cropping;
hook-and-line caught the most
mixing of water from inside the species. 4) An environment bond of
bay with the water from outside. PhP20 per m2 of fish cage,
Fish Cage Operations including its buffer zone, to
Socioeconomic Aspects be collected yearly by the
According to 75 percent of
Twenty respondents were local government unit from
the respondents, before the fish
surveyed (14 from Siit-Baybay the fish cage operators
cages started to operate, the bay upon renewal of permit; and
and 6 from Lutuban area). Fifteen was so productive that they did
percent of the respondents were not need to go outside to fish. 5) A zoning scheme, which is
fishers; 4 percent cage workers; 3 part of a coastal
Twelve percent noted a decline in
percent farmers; 9 percent management plan, so as to
fish catch since the fish cages
domestic helpers; 3 percent prevent disruption of
first operated in 1997.
construction workers; beautician fishing activities and the
and factory workers, and 7 Thirty-five percent said the sustenance fisherfolk,
percent without income. The rest fish cages competed with their preserve the existing
livelihood, pointing to a conflict of ecosystems, and have a
were housewives. Fifty-five
resource allocation in the bay; 65 regeneration area (marine
percent owned a farm, mostly
percent said their livelihood could sanctuary).
planted to corn.
not generate enough income to [There are numerous semi-
Their average annual income improve their living condition; and enclosed marine bays in the
was only PhP12,000 but their 45 percent said the problem is the Philippines that warrant
expenses averaged PhP31,000 per pressure from the fish cages and monitoring to determine water
year, mostly on food, household decreased catch. quality in relation to the bay’s
needs, education, livelihood such
STABILIZING THE BAY’S carrying capacity for fish cages
as fishing and farming needs and
CONDITIONS and other uses. Editor]
also medicine.
There was no land vehicle in The following recommendations
the area. Eighty percent of the are made to stabilize the conditions
fishers owned bancas, and 50 of the bay:

29
 Power Politics or Rational Resource
Management: Fish Corrals Versus
Trammel Nets in Danao Bay

Arjan Heinen
Former Fisheries Management Advisor
SNV (Netherlands Development Organization)
Wichard van Pontlaan 78
6824 GM Arnhem
The Netherlands
Email: arjanheinen@yahoo.com
and
Jade Macmod Fraser
Pipuli Foundation Inc.
Ozamiz City, Philippines
Email: pipuli@ozamiz.com

protective coral reefs, it is a potentially rich source of food

and income for the surrounding population.
A little more than 1,000 people from 600 households use
the bay for part of their livelihood. There are 82 fish corrals
placed in the bay and 96 fishers reported to be using trammel
nets (Figure 2) during the time of the Danao Bay resource
users survey in 1998. Trammel net and fish corral users are
vastly outnumbered by reef gleaners (446), hook and line
fishers (144), and other gear users (338).
Fish corrals abound in Danao Bay. They are mostly
placed on reef flats in waters up to 1-m deep at low tide. A
fish corral is a passive, trap type, gear with catching
chambers measuring 60 m2 or more. Fishers prefer sandy and
muddy substrates on which to place the wooden or bamboo
stakes, which hold the nylon net. The traps are placed right at
Figure 1. The ecosystems in Danao Bay, existing sanctuary and political the edges of mangroves, on mudflats and in seagrass
boundaries and proposed exclusive use zone or special fisheries demarcated meadows up to the reef crest. Some fish corral owners have a
area.
historic claim over the area where they place their trap. This
claim is respected by other operators of this gear. Prime areas
are those where the rabbitfish (danggit) pass during their
DANAO BAY AND ITS RESOURCE BASE
spawning run in April. Fish corrals have been used in the bay
Danao Bay is a small bay on the northern shores of since the 1940s. Between 1980 and 1997, the number of traps
Mindanao shared by two municipalities: Baliangao and in the bay increased from 50 to 82. The traps are operated by
Plaridel in Misamis Occidental (Figure 1). With 300 ha of a single operator, who is most of the time a part-time fisher-
mangroves, 1,200 ha of seagrass fields, and 120 ha of farmer.

30
 THE CONFLICT
A few years after the
introduction of the trammel nets,
fish corral owners started to
complain about these nets
fishing too close to their traps.
When confronted, the trammel
net owners often replied: “Our
families also like to eat.” They did
not recognize the right of the fish
corral owners on a part of the bay
outside the area physically
impounded by the fish corral net.
They pointed out that almost the
entire bay was occupied by these
traps.
The fish corral owners got
together and complained to the
Figure 2. Trammel nets (front) and fish corrals competing over the few remaining fish in
Danao Bay. mayor. Being the more powerful,
the fish corral owners had their
way. In 1987, trammel net operators
Trammel nets are nets with The coral reefs at 2 to 40-m agreed to stay away from the fish
several layers of netting. In Danao depth are almost all destroyed. corrals. For some time, the agreement
Bay, three layers are used—a central Fishing with explosives used to be was enforced, but gradually the
layer with a 3-cm mesh size and two “just like planting rice,” but this has trammel nets came closer and closer
outer layers with 5-cm mesh-size been minimized and almost totally again.
netting. Lengths of nets range from stopped in mid-2000. No clear signs
150 to 1,000 m. Nets are placed near of recovery have been found yet. Some 10 years later, the story
the edge of the mangroves, on the repeated itself. This time, the fish
seagrass areas, or on the reef. Fish In the center of the bay, the corral owners threatened not to pay
are scared into the nets by banging Pipuli Foundation, a nongovernment their taxes for lack of catch caused by
on the water with a stick. Generally, organization based in Ozamis City, in the trammel nets. Again, trammel nets
three people operate one net. cooperation with the local were told to stay away; again, some
Trammel nets were introduced in government set up in 1991 a 74-ha were apprehended; and, again, after
1984 by fishers from a neighboring sanctuary, which is functional up to some time, trammel nets started to
municipality. Most people involved the present. fish close to the fish corrals.
in this kind of fishing are full-time CATCH ROLE OF THE NGO
fishers.
Ever since people started to fish, By 1995, the area-based staff and
Of the 300 ha mangroves, only individual fish catch has been board of the Pipuli Foundation
20 ha can be considered as primary declining. The catch per fish corral is realized that, in order to maintain the
growth (16 species). There are more presently 1.3 kg per trap per day and gains of the sanctuary and to further
than 100 ha of reforested areas (one the catch per 150-m trammel net per assist the fishers in improving their
species) and 180 ha of secondary setting is 500 g. These values are less relation with the resource, a more
growth (two species). Still, mangrove than one-third of the catch in 1985
community-based approach covering
cover is much better than 30 years and, in the case of the fish corral, less the whole of Danao Bay was needed.
ago when the area was almost totally than 5 percent of the catch in 1950.
In 1996, a community-based coastal
logged over for charcoal making.
The feeling that there is very resource management program
Seagrass areas were damaged little fish and shells left on the reef started, with funds from OXFAM-GB
by push nets and small seines in the and that this is their major problem is and technical assistance from
posts. These gears are no longer shared by 85 percent of the fishers Netherlands Development
present and the seagrass has and shell gleaners (Quist and Fraser Organization.
recovered well. 2000).

31
 Box 1. Who is catching the small ones?
Comparing catch composition of fish corrals and trammels nets

In 1997, faced with intensifying conflicts between trammel net operators and fish corral operators, fishers
leaders, NGO staff, and the MAO of Baliangao decided to monitor fish catch from Danao Bay to determine whether
or not one or the other gear type, or both gears, were catching undersized and immature fish, as well as to monitor
impacts of future management measures. The program and its findings are described below.
Fish corral sampling
In January 1997, the CBCRM program of the Pipuli Foundation started a one-year sampling of 10 selected
fish corrals in Danao Bay. The fish corrals were selected based on their position in the bay and the willingness of
the operator to spend time assisting the researcher. All those who decided to cooperate averred that the sanctu-
ary that Pipuli Foundation helped set up in 1991 had improved their livelihood.
Four samples were taken each month during the sampling period. To incorporate the effects of the lunar cycle
on the catch (Fraser and Agudolo 1997; Heinen 1998), samples were taken one day before each new moon,
one day before every first quarter moon, one day before the full moon, and one day before the last quarter moon.
Fishers were met at the beach by the researcher (JM Fraser) or his assistant. Two landing sites were monitored:
one in Barangay Tugas and one in Misom. The catch was sorted by species and the local names recorded. The
number of fish from each species was counted and the total group weighed. The data were recorded on a printed
form and encoded into a computer. A total of 314 samples, weighing a total of 541 kg, was taken.
Trammel net sampling
A special sampling of the catch of the trammel nets was undertaken in April 1997.
During a two-day period, 20 net settings were recorded. Nets were placed on the reef flat in the seagrass areas,
on the river side, and on the reef slope. Fish were measured individually and weighed by species.
Determining what is considered undersized
Not all small fish caught were undersized. Sardines (malangsi) and cardinal fishes (ibis) of less than 7 cm
were found trapped in the fish corrals, but these were not considered undersized. For monitoring purposes, the
analysis focused on five genera/species that comprised a large part of the catch of both gears (see Table 1) and
were known to be caught in both their juvenile and adult stages.
To determine what size was considered undersized, a few fishers were shown drawings of rabbitfish, spinefoot,
and parrotfish arranged by
Table 1. Percentage in catch of 5 genera/species by fish corral and trammel net. species and size (6 to 18
cm). They were asked what
Scientific name English name Local name Percentage (in terms of weight) they considered the size of
in catch fish that could be harvested
Fish corral Trammel net and the size of fish that
Siganidae Rabbitfish Danggit 25 31 should be allowed to grow
Siganus guttatus Spinefoot Kitong 4 10 some more. All fishers
Scaridae Parrotfish Mol-mol 3 12
Mugilidae Mullet Banak-banak 2 4 considered fish of less than 9
Lethrinidae Snapper Katambak 3 3 cm too small to be harvested,
Total 37 60 irrespective of the species.
Half of them also considered
fish of less than 11 cm too
small. Answers were often based on how saleable a fish size would be. A size of 11 cm is equivalent to around 20
g. From an economic point of view, target species fetch a higher price when they reach 15 cm or 50 g.
Based on these observations and comments, the catch monitoring data were reviewed and average weight of
the five key species (rabbitfish, spinefoot, mullets, parrotfish, and snapper) in the catch were calculated by trap, day,
and species. A weight-frequency distribution was made using the following categories:
0–20 g = undersized
20.1–50 g = cheap fish
50.1 g and bigger = good catch
Results
The similarity in catch composition of both gear types was striking. Around 85 percent of the potentially
valuable fish species were caught when they were still below 50 g and thus fetched a low price. Ten percent was
even caught at a size when they were not even good to eat (Figure 3).
It appeared that the fish corrals were catching smaller size fish than the trammel nets, but the differences
were small. To catch one fish of a valuable size, an average fish corral had to take eight potentially valuable but
undersized fish out of the bay. For the trammel nets the ratio was 6 to 1.

32
 100

fish corral

Percentage in catch
80
trammel net

60

40

20

0
< 20 20 - 50 50 +
Weight (g)
Figure 3. Weight distribution of the major fish species in 2 gear types used in
Danao Bay.

The two gear types were also comparable in terms of species composition in the different size classes. Both
gear types caught a significant number of parrotfish of less than 20 g. The weight group of 20-50 g consisted
mostly of rabbitfish (Figure 4).
The relatively few undersized rabbitfish in the catches of both gears can be explained by the fact that most of
the fish of this species were caught during the spawning runs in April and November.
The sampling year 1997 saw very little recruitment of rabbitfish in Danao Bay. Had there been a good
recruitment and thus many small rabbitfish, the part of the catch of both gears consisting of undersized rabbitfish
would have been even bigger.

100
Percentage in catch

80
Rabbitfish
60 Parrotfish
Spinefoot
40 Snappers
Mullets
20

0
< 20 < 20 20-50 20-50 50+ 50+
FC TR FC TR FC TR
Weight (g)
Figure 4. Species composition in catches of fish corral (FC) and trammel net
(TR) in Danao Bay in different weight groups.

The program started to organize organizations had to be formed, mangroves. Also, the RMOs chose
fishers around the issue of declining because of the conflict between the their leaders. With these 14 leaders,
catches and the need for a structural users of trammel net and fish corrals, the NGO started to work intensively
change in the way the resources who refused to sit together in one in what turned out to be a kind of
were managed. Seven resource organization. During the first year, shadow management body for
management organizations (RMOs) the RMOs mainly discussed Danao Bay.
were established along barangay mangrove management issues and
boundaries. In Barangay Tugas, two started to voluntarily replant The group was named Danao
Bay Resource Management Council

33
 (DB-RMC) and was composed of municipalities and other new resource ordinance but is expected to pass the
five female reef gleaners, two hook- users. legislation within 2001.
and-line fishers, one wife of a spear
fisher, one gill net fisher, three fish The leaders decided that the POWER POLITICS:
corral operators, and two trammel net municipalities could follow the A STUMBLING BLOCK
fishers. It was the first time that example of the Municipality of Culasi
in Antique where a fishers While in the process of
these individuals had to work hammering out a structural solution
together. organization was granted, through
an ordinance, the exclusive use to the ever-recurring conflicts among
Focusing on bay-wide issues, rights over part of the municipal the fishers, the municipal
the group tried to resolve conflicts waters (Agbayani et al. 2000). government of Baliangao
on resource use. The conflicts succumbed to pressure from fish
between the trammel nets and fish A JOINT ORDINANCE FOR corral owners using power politics.
corrals stood out as a primary issue, DANAO BAY The SB passed an ordinance
with both sides accusing each other banning the use of trammel nets in
In 1999, the resource their municipal water. Since then,
of catching undersized and immature management plan was translated into
fish, an argument also expressed by several of these nets have been
a draft proposed joint municipal confiscated by the police and the
the fish corral owners when they ordinance for Danao Bay. The fishers
presented the problem to the mayor. Bantay Dagat (volunteer fisher
and the NGO involved were assisted guards, assisted by a paid
ROLE OF THE RESEARCH by the Municipal Agricultural Officers coordinator and organized by the
(MAOs) of Baliangao and Plaridel and NGO). There have even been some
The group decided to investigate an expert on local government and cases where violators of the
both sides’ allegations (see related legal matters. ordinance and Bantay Dagat
story in Box 1). They found out that members threatened each other with
both gear types were catching large This draft was presented to the
Sangguniang Bayan (SB) of both their bolo (long knives). Under these
numbers of immature, low value fish pressures, many trammel net users
as by-catch. municipalities. After first reading,
both councils found some have shifted to bottom set gill nets.
During other study sessions, the provisions to be potentially At some future time, violations will
fishers came to realize that the density controversial among the fishers, and probably stop completely, but new
of fish in the bay had plunged so low decided to hold public hearings in conflicts will surely emerge unless
(to less than 10 percent of its the six communities around the bay. fishers, legislators, and executives
maximum) that the overall production The public hearings gave the leaders shift their attention from power
of the bay had been reduced the opportunity to explain the politics to rational resource
drastically. Agreeing on these provisions and answer questions management.
observations, the leaders included in posed by those fishers that had not References:
their draft resource management plan yet been involved in the process.
a ban on the use of trammel nets in Most of the fishers’ questions Agbayani, R.F., D.B. Baticados and S.B.
Siar. 2000. Community fishery
the bay and a 3-cm minimum mesh size focused on the registration of resources management on
for the catching chamber of the fish resource users and the need for their Malalison Island, Philippines: R
corral. They realized that this would involvement in guarding the bay. and D framework, interventions,
entail a major sacrifice on the part of Some of the SB members, five out of and policy implications. Coastal
Management 28: 19-27.
the operators, and that the only way six barangay captains, and the two
Quist, C. and J.M. Fraser. 2000. Results
they could defend this major sacrifice MAOs also actively participated in of the resource users survey in
to their members was if the present clarifying the provisions of the Danao Bay, 1998. (Unpublished
resource users from Baliangao and ordinance. report)
Plaridel would be granted exclusive Fraser, J. and I. Agudolo. 1997.
use rights over the bay’s resources. Satisfied with the results of the Monitoring catches of fish corral
They also figured that the fish corral public hearings, the SB of Plaridel in Danao Bay. (Unpublished
passed a resolution approving the report)
operators would not agree to a
ordinance. They urged the SB of Heinen, A. 1998. Catches of bungsod
management measure that would in Danao Bay. Unpublished report
allow shrimp and small fish to swim Baliangao to sit together and sign a
for fisher leaders and DA
through their nets if these would just joint municipal ordinance for Danao personnel.
be harvested by fishers from other Bay. As of this writing, the SB in
Baliangao is still studying the

34
 Mangroves: Innovative Training
of Trainers for Management in
Davao del Sur

Calixto E. Yao
PENRO
Regional Executive Director’s Office
DENR , Region 7

and

Pedro P. Campañano Jr.

Community Development Assistant II
Environment and Natural Resources Office
Davao del Sur, Philippines

BACKGROUND
Various studies have highlighted the importance of
mangroves to fisheries and environmental protection,
prompting the Philippine government to pursue programs
aimed at protecting and rehabilitating the country’s once
extensive mangrove resources. These studies have
shown:
„ the direct correlation between shrimp catch and
the mangrove area (Primavera 1995, 1997);
„ that detritus is the main source of food for
marine life in brackish water;
„ that 72 percent of commercial fishes are Members of the Provincial Training Team put in a hands
on planting exercise.
mangrove-dependent;
„ that an average mangrove stand produces 6-8
tons of litterfall (ADB 1992), which eventually „ that, productive mangroves provide products
turns to detritus and thus feeds marine life; and ecological services worth at least US$600
„ that, for every hectare of mangrove destroyed, per hectare annually (Melana et al. 2000).
about 1 ton of fish/shrimp is also lost per year; From 1989 to 1993, the Asian Development Bank
„ that mangroves are teeming with marine life (ADB), after subsidizing mangrove destruction
because of their rich nutrient, water turbidity, through a US$22-million loan for massive, ill-advised
and the presence of proproots, which offer fishpond development during the shrimp culture boom
protection (Kraus 1994); and in the 1980s, bankrolled the massive mangrove

35
 reforestation in the Philippines This came at a time when del Sur. The trainees came from
under the ADB Loan I contract demand for training in mangrove LGUs, the DENR, the Department
reforestation project. The management, spurred by of Agriculture-Bureau of Fisheries
rehabilitation effort failed. Despite increasing interest in mangrove and Aquatic Resources, the
the huge amount (PhP11,600/ha) rehabilitation among LGUs, was academe, and nongovernment
spent, survival rate was very low, growing dramatically and CRMP organizations.
and the program faced many needed to reach out to the many
CRMP’s mangrove team
technical and administrative communities requiring training
designed a training program that
problems. At that time, services in the fastest, cost-
encompassed the wide range of
information on
skills and techniques
mangrove rehabilitation,
needed by the trainers
especially on such a big
and included the
scale, was scarce.
following seven
The program, modules: (1) Mangrove
however, succeeded in ecosystems; (2)
increasing public Mangrove species
awareness about the identification; (3)
importance of Nursery establishment;
mangroves, so that (4) Plantation
many local government establishment and
units (LGUs) were management; (5)
moved to allocate a Community-based
budget for mangrove forest management; (6)
planting. The province A mangrove nursery established through the assistance of the Livelihood options; and
of Davao del Sur is one Provincial Training Team. (7) Planting plan and
LGU that installed design.
mangrove rehabilitation as a effective, most strategic way. The key to the trainees’
flagship project. In 1990, the Davao del Sur’s intention to create learning experience was
province embarked on a 200-ha a training team corresponded with participation in the hands-on and
mangrove contract reforestation CRMP’s objective to create well- field exercises in a mangrove area
project with the Department of trained, well-equipped provincial in the town of Sta. Cruz, where
Environment and Natural CRM core groups that could they identified mangrove species,
Resources (DENR) along the “echo and re-echo” its training collected seeds, bagged and
coast stretching from the town of programs. potted, gathered wildlings, and
Hagonoy to the municipality of
LAYING THE GROUNDWORK planted. At the end of the course
Malalag. The plantation was,
on 30 July, the trainees officially
however, wiped out by barnacle
An important task of the formed the PTT for mangrove
and nematode infestation.
Learning Area Coordinator was to management.
In 1996, Davao del Sur was secure the commitment and
support of CRMP partner- ORGANIZING THE TEAM
chosen as one of the 6 learning
areas of the Coastal Resource agencies through a Memorandum Based on their background
Management Project (CRMP). In of Understanding to ensure that and experience, members selected
1999, through representation made the team would continue beyond one or two subjects in which to
by the CRMP Learning Area the terms of its members’ specialize, but they were also
Coordinator, the province sought respective heads of office. trained as resource speakers on
assistance from CRMP in other topics (see Table 1).
The Trainers’ Training in
developing a training program on
Mangrove Management was held During the first year (1999),
mangrove management for its
on 28-30 July 1999 at the Office funding for the mangrove
Provincial Training Team (PTT).
of the Provincial Agriculturist in management training came from
Digos City, the capital of Davao

36
Table 1. The Davao del Sur provincial training team for mangrove management.
Member Office/Agency Major topics Minor topics
Pedro P. Campañano Jr. PG-ENRO CBFM/Coastal ecosystem Livelihood/Philippine ecosystems
Redentor Magno DENR-CENRO CBFM/CEP Philippine ecosystems
Leland C. Briones DENR-CENRO Mangrove identification/ Nursery establishment
Plantation establishment
Armando A. Señeres PPDO Planning and design Plantation establishment
Leofer C. Alviola PPDO Plantation establishment Livelihood options
Anselmo C. Alajenio PGO-FU Nursery establishment Livelihood options
Marion M. Tambilawan PGO-FU Livelihood options Nursery establishment
Araceli T. Exclamador PGO-FU Livelihood options Mangrove ecosystems
Jefry S. Velasco PGO-FU Coastal law enforcement Livelihood options
Roquelito Mancao CRMP Coastal ecosystems Planning and design
Lucina A. Diluao MFARMC Mangrove identification Nursery establishment
PG-ENRO - Provincial Government Environment and Natural Resources Office; DENR-CENRO - Department of Environment and Natural
Resources-Community Environment and Natural Resources Office; PGO-FU - Provincial Governor’s Office-Fisheries Unit; CRMP - Coastal
Resource Management Project; MFARMC - Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council

the provincial government’s as eye contact, voice modulation, Coaching, it was learned from
Environment and Natural and audience interaction; and use the participants, not only improves
Resources Office. Consequently, and presentation of training the trainers’ skills but also boosts
as a result of intensive lobbying by materials. Members were their capabilities as resource
the PTT, the Sangguniang encouraged to assess the speakers and makes succeeding
Panlalawigan through the speakers’ effectiveness and to training activities both easier and
Committee on Environmental offer comments and suggestions. rewarding.
Protection, allocated a budget for
The exercise showed the need ACHIEVING MILESTONES
the training program. Before the
to improve the CRMP team’s own
year ended, the PTT conducted its The Davao del Sur PTT has
delivery of its trainers’ training
first training in Guihing, Hagonoy, conducted 10 training sessions
program. It was realized, for
Davao del Sur, with 34 (see Table 2) for 436 participants
instance, that training could be
participants from the at an average cost of PhP110 per
extended from 3 to 4 days to
municipalities of Hagonoy, Digos, person per day (compared to PhP700
allow a full day to practice under
and Sta. Cruz. Most of the in the cities and capital towns) and
the supervision of the CRMP
participants were members of the even helped BFAR organize a
team.
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources training in Davao City. From these
Management Council, LGUs, the training activities, the communities
academe, line
agencies, and the
Table 2. Training conducted/area planted (all with nurseries).
private sector.
Location No. of Cost Sponsor Plantation Remarks
COACHING trainees (PhP) area (ha)
TEAM Guihing, Hagonoy 34 15,000 PG-ENRO 1.5 Ongoing
MEMBERS Ladeco, Hagonoy 40 18,000 PG-ENRO 1.0 Ongoing
Bitaog, Zone IV, Sta. Cruz 35 10,500 PG-ENRO 1.0 Ongoing
The CRMP Bitaog MP Coop
Tuban, Sta. Cruz 40 12,000 PG-ENRO-Tuban 12.0 Ongoing
team attended Zone I, Sta. Cruz 37 11,100 Sta. Cruz/MLGU 0.5 New
and evaluated the MVPI - Paligue, Hagonoy 43 12,900 MVPI 2.0 Ongoing
second training. Buhangin, Malita 63 18,900 PG-ENRO/BLGU 1.5 Ongoing
Pointers were Tuban, Malita 52 15,600 PG-ENRO/BLGU 0.5 Ongoing
Cogon, Digos City 45 13,500 PG-ENRO 1.5 New
given on Provincial Project 47 14,100 PG-ENRO 0.5 New
improving Hagonoy 3.5 Ongoing
delivery; public 2.0 Ongoing
speaking Total 436 141,600 27.5
PG-ENRO - Provincial Government-Environment Natural Resources Office; MP Coop - Multi-purpose Cooperative;
techniques such MLGU - municipal local government unit; BLGU - barangay local government unit; MVPI - Malalag Ventures
Plantation, Inc.

37
 were able to establish 12 Table 3. Skills upgrading of PTT members.
mangrove forest nurseries Training/Cross-visit No. of Cost and sponsor
and planted about 27 ha in persons
different villages and towns Cross-visit to Bohol Province 4 PhP30,000/Provincial Governor
in the province. The Information, education and 2 DENR-SMICZMP
nurseries and plantations communication
Top-level 3 DENR-SMICZMP
serve as “learning Database/ISP training 1 DENR-SMICZMP
laboratories” for the PTT Cross-visit to Mati (Pujada Bay), 3 PhP 12,000/Provincial Governor
members as part of their Davao Oriental
continuing education in SCUBA diving (amateur) 2 DENR - Coastal Environment Program
mangrove management. The DENR-SMICZMP - Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Southern Mindanao
skills and knowledge the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project
team members learn in the
supervision and management of assigned as coordinator to ensure Development Division of the DENR,
these facilities are shared with the that a speaker for each topic is which can lend their resources and
community through training and available when needed. At the provide facilities and venues for
dissemination of information community level, FARMC members training within the region.
materials. and deputy fish wardens are tapped
to mobilize participants from the References:
The team also conducted a community. A new Provincial Asian Development Bank (ADB).
planning workshop in January 2001 Executive Order (No. 6) has 1992. Mangrove forest: A
on mangrove rehabilitation for the designated the PG-ENRO as the valuable but threatened Indo-
Hagonoy Pilot Community-based coordinating office for the PTT. Pacific resource. Agriculture
Mangrove Management Project in Department Staff Paper No. 5.
Guihing, Hagonoy. The workshop, Funding remains inadequate. It
is hoped that the adoption of the ADB, Manila.
sponsored by the Provincial
Government Environment and Davao del Sur Provincial Coastal Kraus, B. 1994. Mangroves: A
Natural Resources Office (PG- Resource Management Plan will nursery set for fishes. Fresi
ENRO), was organized in preparation mean increased funding for University, Amsterdam.
for the establishment of a nursery mangrove management in the
coming years. The PTT needs Melana, D.M., J. Atchue III, C.E.
and plantation by the coastal
financial support to meet the Yao, R. Edwards, E.E. Melana
villages of Hagonoy.
growing demand for training from and H.I. Gonzales. 2000.
The Hagonoy project, with an municipal LGUs. There will be a Mangrove Management
initial budget of PhP400,000, is an continuing need to produce Handbook. Department of
offshoot of two cross-visits of informational and training materials, Environment and Natural
technical staff of the provincial recruit new members, and upgrade Resources, Manila, Philippines
government and the mayor of and update the members’ skills through the Coastal Resource
Hagonoy to Banacon, Getafe, Bohol, through continuing education and Management Project, Cebu City,
where they toured a bakauan cross-visits. Philippines. 96 p.
(Rhizophora sp.) plantation. The
PTT members can do much on Primavera, J.H. 1995. Mangroves and
provincial government initiated a
their own. They must hone their brackishwater pond culture in
human resource development
skills, read technical publications the Philippines. Hydrobiologia
program designed for the PTT
about mangroves, apply what they 295: 303-309.
members (Table 3).
learn through field exercises, and Primavera, J.H. 1997. Development
CHALLENGE help in the monitoring of nurseries and conservation of Philippine
and plantations established by the mangroves: Institutional
After one year, the Davao del
communities. issues. Paper delivered at the
Sur PTT could count many
achievements. The multisectoral The Davao del Sur PTT should Fourth Workshop on the Global
composition of the PTT initially tie up with training institutions such Wetland Economic Network, 11-
presented difficulties in coordinating as the regional offices of the 17 November 1997, Beijer,
the members’ schedules, but the Agricultural Training Institute, Stockholm.
team has since come up with a Regional Fisheries Training Center,
workable solution. Now, a member is and the Human Resources

38
Live Fish Trade Threatens Tourism
in El Nido, Palawan

Yasmin D. Arquiza
Bandillo ng Palawan News Service
Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Email: yarquiza@mozcom.com

Local investors and government officials are at odds

over the entry of traders in the live food fish business,
an industry that is often linked with the illegal use of
sodium cyanide and destruction of coral reefs in El Nido,
Palawan.
In a public hearing held on 24 February 2001,
supporters of the trade insisted that they only use the
environment-friendly hook-and-line method to catch
groupers, but opponents said even this method would
lead to overfishing in the already degraded reefs of this
popular tourist destination. Around 50 supporters of
Mayor Edna Lim, who granted a permit to a live fish
trader in January, attended the hearing.

A. T. White
El Nido was proclaimed a Managed Resource
Protected Area, along with neighboring Taytay
municipality, in October 1998. The reserve covers 90,321
ha of forest and marine habitats that harbor endangered Sweetlips, a popular food fish now absent in many coral reefs.
species such as Hawksbill turtles and the Dugong (sea
cow).
attract tourists. Coral bleaching, or dying out of reefs due to
Joselito Alisuag, chairman of the Protected Area extremely warm waters, during the El Niño phenomenon in
Management Board (PAMB) that oversees the nature 1998 has already damaged much of El Nido’s extensive coral
reserve, said that if live fish trade is allowed in El Nido, reefs.
the resorts there should consider closing down in 5 to 10
years. He cited the experience of Coron town, center of In a meeting following the public hearing, the PAMB
the live fish trade in northern Palawan, where live coral affirmed its resolution on 25 September 2000 to ban the
cover dropped to zero when the industry flourished in catching of coral-dwelling groupers locally known as suno
the last decade. Many resorts in Coron now only offer and señorita varieties, wrasses, and ornamental fish inside
wreck diving as coral reefs in the Calamianes island the protected area. However, limited catching of green
group have suffered much damage. grouper, lobster, and bangus (milkfish) fry is allowed.
Despite the restrictions, some local investors, pointing to a
Aside from its scenic rocky isles and white sand lack of boats and personnel, doubt the capability of local
beaches, El Nido relies on its abundant marine life to government agencies to patrol the area effectively.

39
 Local businesswoman Romilyn Aquamarine to Alisuag, who THREE SACKS OF STONES
Maggay de la Cruz said that allowing threatened to cancel the company’s A DAY
live fish trade without strict accreditation for live fish trading in
regulations is a mockery of the law Coron if they continued to operate in Live fish catchers bring three
that made El Nido a protected area. El Nido despite lack of permits. sacks of stones a day on average
Timbancaya explained that the from their normal operation.
For the past five years, the local company was merely training local Community organizer Rolando Olano
Protected Area Office had been fishers and conducting of the environmental group Haribon-
receiving funds from the European demonstrations of their techniques Palawan says that, at this rate,
Union for the conservation of El while waiting for their permits to be substantial damage is done to the
Nido, but the project ended in March granted. reefs from the dumping of stones.
2001. Last February, the PAMB was Olano also questioned how fishers
able to raise only PhP99,000 to To prove that the company was can sustain the trade, especially with
finance its operations. not using sodium cyanide, he asked catchers flocking to El Nido from
a group of live fish catchers to Coron and other parts of Palawan
FIVE FISH IN TWO DAYS accompany a media group out to sea where there is no more fish to catch.
and test their hook-and-line method.
A live fish trader from Taytay Very few fish, most of them
The group traveled an hour by boat
has been making shipments using small size, were seen during a brief
to reach a coral reef 20 fathoms deep,
the plane of the Ten Knots resort for snorkel survey in a popular coral reef
where five fishers tried to catch
about a year now, but the issue in El Nido over the weekend,
grouper with fish bait tied around a
became controversial only in the last indicating that the area is overfished.
fist-size stone that served as a
few months when Ko’s Aquamarine, The record of shipments from the
sinker.
an investor from Coron, started private El Nido airstrip in November
operating in El Nido. Last October, Due to the depth of the reef, 2000 alone showed that between 40
the company set up a storage plant boat owner Cesar Diago said illegal and 280 kg of live fish, mostly red
in the coastal village of Corong- fishers who use cyanide often have groupers, are transported to Manila
Corong and started catching and to use compressors that make it daily from traders in Taytay. In many
shipping live fish in violation of possible for them to breathe coastal towns with a burgeoning live
protected area regulations. underwater. This is the reason many fish industry, most coral reefs no
municipalities in Palawan, including longer have target species such as
Pedro Timbancaya, local
El Nido, have banned compressor- groupers and wrasses.
manager of Ko’s Aquamarine, said
aided fishing in their waters.
that no other livelihood can give The prospect of easy money
fishers a better life than the live fish After an hour, the fishers often drives fishers to exploit
trade. He said fishers can get up to managed to catch only one 250-g red nearshore areas for live fish instead
PhP1,200 for every kilogram of live grouper, which is not among the of going out to deeper waters. Even
red grouper compared to PhP80 per target species in the live fish trade. then, very few live fish catchers are
kilogram for fresh (but dead) fish of Diago said his catch often averages able to improve their lives. After
the same species. The live fish are five good-size (about 1 kg each) of earning a thousand pesos in two
brought to expensive Chinese fish in two days of fishing. One-third days, most fishers spend their
restaurants in Manila and abroad. In of the revenues go to the boat owner earnings on drinking binges, then go
Hong Kong, they can fetch up to while the catchers split the expenses back to the sea to catch more fish,
PhP5,000 per kg, according to PAMB and the remaining amount. Diago said. His story indicates that
Chairman Alisuag. the live fish industry cycle breeds
Normally, the fishers travel up to
Spurred by the demand for three hours toward the deep sea, poverty and not prosperity.
luxury food fish and the prospect of near the oil drilling areas, to catch Mayor Lim has vowed to crack
quick profits, many fishers have live fish, Diago said. He reckoned down on illegal fishers, but admits
resorted to the use of sodium that the trade will not cause any that her government does not have
cyanide to stun fish near the coral conflict with tourism as the coral regular patrols to protect El Nido’s
reefs, making them easier to catch. reefs in areas where their target municipal waters. Some residents
The poisonous substance kills coral species are found average a depth of suggest the organization of fishers’
reefs, creating underwater 20-30 fathoms, beyond the range of cooperatives and the setting up of
graveyards devoid of fish and other most recreational divers. According hatcheries so that target species do
marine life. The practice has to him, most of the coral reefs where not have to be caught from the wild.
decimated reefs in many parts of they operate are also outside the One drawback is that most
Palawan where the live fish trade waters of the protected area. hatcheries breed only green grouper,
was introduced. which is half the price of the red
El Nido Protected Area variety.
Superintendent Loreto Rodriguez
reported the violations of Ko’s

40
 Monitoring and Evaluation:
A Key to Sustainability of Coastal
Resource Management Programs

Catherine A. Courtney
Chief of Party
Evelyn T. Deguit
Community Development Advisor
and
Alexis C. Yambao
Coastal Resource Management Planning Specialist
Coastal Resource Management Project

National policy and legal framework

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

Issue identification CRM plan Action plan and
and baseline preparation project
How do we know if our coastal assessment and adoption implementation
resource management (CRM) plans
and programs are working? Phase 5 Local legislation
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is Information management, and Coastal law
the fourth and very critical phase of education and outreach enforcement
the CRM process as adapted for Regulation
Philippine local government units
(LGUs) (Figure 1). It provides the External Annual program
preparation and Revenue
information and data required to revenue generation
sources budgeting
assess the success of municipal and
city efforts to effectively manage Phase 4
coastal resources. Having Monitoring and evaluation
completed Phases 1 to 3 (Figure 1),
coastal municipalities and cities
need to monitor the implementation Multisectoral and inter-LGU participation and resource sharing
of their CRM plans and programs Figure 1. Five-phase CRM planning process adapted for Philippine local government.

41
 as a basis for evaluating Table 1. Illustrative questions for monitoring and evaluation of a typical CRM plan
performance, monitoring and implementation.
progress, budgeting, and Contents of Illustrative evaluation questions
identifying possible refinements to CRM plan
Description of „ Is relevant and adequate information used to
plans and programs. During the area describe the coastal zone and municipal waters?
M&E phase, the effectiveness of „ Are municipal and barangay profiles complete?
municipal CRM plans and „ Does the baseline assessment provide adequate
programs are reviewed and data for monitoring and evaluation?
Maps „ Are spatial data presented on maps?
assessed against benchmarks of „ Are municipal water boundaries, marine
performance and best practices sanctuaries, and other use zones accurately
and can be “certified” through an delineated with coordinates and displayed clearly
independent review process. in a map?
„ Are coastal resource uses and conditions detailed?
Annual M&E helps to answer Management „ Are the issues clearly articulated?
questions such as: issues „ Is the process used to identify and prioritize the
issues described?
„ How far have we come in Goals and „ To what extent do the goals reflect the issues that
implementing the plan? objectives have been identified?
„ Is the purpose of the plan understood by those
„ Are the strategies addressing who are likely to be affected?
the issues and plan Strategies and „ Is the basis upon which the management strategies
objectives? actions and actions were designed validated?
„ How have the strategies been revised over time?
„ Is the plan working? „ What is the impact of groups or individuals?
„ Are there measurable socio-environmental impacts
„ Is the capacity of the
resulting from CRM plan implementation?
municipal staff, Municipal „ Are biophysical conditions improving compared to
Fisheries and Aquatic baseline conditions?
Resources Management Institutional and „ Is the Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
legal framework Management Council (MFARMC) formed and
Councils, and coastal law active?
enforcement units adequate to „ Have adequate numbers of trained LGU staff been
implement the plan? assigned to a municipal CRM unit?
„ What is the quality of work, on time and in
„ Is the legal and institutional accordance with terms of references, performed by
framework adequate for CRM consultants or assisting organizations tasked to
plan implementation? assist the LGU in plan implementation?
„ Do implementation activities balance regulatory
„ What issues have arisen since and non-regulatory actions?
the plan was implemented? „ Have local ordinances necessary for plan
implementation been drafted and passed?
„ What is the level of community „ Are registry and licensing systems for fisherfolk
support for the actions being institutionalized?
implemented? Timeline „ Are planned interventions and actions being
implemented as scheduled?
„ Have the fish catch and „ What delays and why have delays been
coastal habitat quality experienced?
improved? Monitoring and „ Is the monitoring and evaluation system
evaluation functional?
„ What refinements to the plan „ Is there a functional information management
are needed to improve system?
implementation?
Municipal CRM plans annually (Table 1). CRM plans are or when better information or a
prepared and adopted in Phase 2 not static documents and CRM new understanding of the coastal
of the process should serve as a programs should be flexible and issues has been gained. Insights
basis for M&E. Evaluation of the adaptive. Goals and strategies into the viability or utility of
plan and plan implementation often have to be refined or adapted management strategies or better
(Phase 3) should be conducted to meet changing circumstances knowledge about the agencies or

42
individuals responsible for practices is essential in Monitoring programs should
implementation can also lead to determining the success of plan be developed to track both
program changes. The plan may implementation. For example, processes and results. Process
require refinements and establishing marine sanctuary user indicators are used to monitor the
adaptations to incorporate fees for tourists may have been governance aspects of CRM plan
community feedback and improve identified as a revenue-generating implementation, including how and
its support and credibility within strategy for the community and when planned activities are
the community. The results of municipality; however, progressing, how social processes
annual M&E are used as a basis implementing this one seemingly (such as community organization)
for updating the Municipal Coastal simple intervention may uncover a are proceeding, and whether there
Database (MCD) and as input to number of problem areas that was adequate participation by all
education and outreach campaigns require refinement. A review of stakeholders in CRM planning.
(Phase 5). In addition, revisions or the implementation of this strategy Results indicators are used to
adjustments to the municipal CRM may reveal, for example, that the monitor the outcome or impacts
plan and implementation strategies mechanism for fee collection is of these processes on behavior
should be based on the results of cumbersome or inadequate, or change and socioeconomic and
annual M&E as shown by a revenues generated may not be biophysical conditions.
feedback loop returning to Phase 2 accruing toward community
BENCHMARKING LGU
in Figure 1. Annual programming benefits, or the fee established is
PERFORMANCE
should reflect these refinements too high or too low. M&E of CRM
for budgeting purposes. plan implementation is the only The concept of certifying
way to identify issues that have municipal CRM plans and
A CRM plan identifies various
arisen since the plan was programs to benchmark LGU
management interventions or best
formulated, and to make performance is new. CRM
practices (Table 2) that need to be
necessary refinements or Certification (CRMC) is being
implemented to address priority
adjustments. developed and tested by the
issues. M&E of these CRM best

Table 2. Illustrative list of CRM best practices.

9 Local legislation drafted, passed, and implemented: e.g. ordinances for CRM plan adoption, unified
fisheries ordinance, environment code
9 Fisheries management measures and regulatory mechanisms established and implemented: e.g. registry of
municipal fishers; licensing system for boats
9 Coastal law enforcement units operational: e.g. coastal law enforcement units trained; seaborne assets
operational; patrols conducted; apprehensions, arrests, and convictions made
9 Shoreline management measures planned, implemented, and effective: e.g. setback requirements enforced
9 Marine protected areas functional: e.g. marine sanctuaries established by municipal ordinance with strong
community support
9 Mangroves managed under community-based forest agreements or other management regimes
9 Municipal water boundaries certified and officially established through municipal ordinance and enforced
9 Fee system established for generating revenue from the use of coastal resources and municipal waters
9 Environment-friendly enterprises established: e.g. enterprises are aimed at reducing pressure on coastal
resources
9 Shoreline protection measures established: e.g. shoreline setback requirements established and regular
monitoring and other regulatory measures installed to protect the coastal zone and foreshore; construction
of seawalls in foreshore areas stopped
9 Solid waste management system implemented
9 Environmental impacts of infrastructure and high-impact projects in coastal areas avoided or appropriately
mitigated: e.g. proper siting of facilities away from sensitive coastal habitats; environmental infrastructure
for port and harbor facilities required; reclamation projects in mangrove areas stopped
9 Soil and water conservation practices implemented
9 Coastal recreation and tourism activities carefully planned and implemented to avoid environmental
degradation
9 Other habitat protective measures and open-access restrictions in place

43
 Table 3. Benefits of CRM certification.
Department of Environment and „ Encourage self-assessment by municipalities and cities through
Natural Resources (DENR) annual monitoring and evaluation of their CRM plans and programs
through its Coastal Resource „ Encourage provinces to provide planning and information
Management Project (CRMP) in management assistance to coastal municipalities and cities and to
response to the interest and serve as an information consolidation node for CRM
commitment expressed by over „ Encourage multi-institutional collaboration between local government
700 coastal mayors to plan, and national government agencies at provincial and regional levels to
implement, and monitor CRM achieve improved management of coastal resources
plans and programs articulated in „ Validate results and benchmark local government performance in
the League of Municipalities of the CRM through a multisectoral review committee
Philippines Resolution No. 01, „ Provide a standardized system to evaluate progress towards
Series of 1999, a resolution calling achieving Medium-Term Development Plan targets of integrated
for the enactment/implementation coastal management adopted by 250 LGUs along 6,000 km of
of measures empowering shoreline for the improved management of municipal waters by the
year 2004
government LGUs for integrated
coastal management. „ Provide recognition and priority funding status to certified
municipalities and cities
Patterned after international
standards for organizational and Table 4. Summary benchmarks for local government performance in CRM.
environmental management Level 1 - Beginning CRM
systems (ISO 9000 and ISO Acceptance of CRM as a basic service of municipal/city government
with planning and field interventions initiated (1 to 3 years)
14000), certification is a voluntary
process in which an independent „ Multi-year CRM drafted
third party provides a written „ Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council
certification that a product, formed and active
„ Baseline assessment conducted
method, or service satisfies certain
„ Annual CRM budget allocated
predetermined requirements or „ Shoreline management planned
criteria. Certification has been „ Planned CRM interventions initiated
used largely by various industries
Level 2 - Intermediate CRM
(e.g. manufacturing, processing,
Implementation of CRM plans underway with effective integration into
tourism) to improve efficiency in local governance (2 to 5 years)
operations and to achieve
voluntary compliance with „ Multi-year CRM plan finalized and adopted
„ Annual monitoring and evaluation of CRM plan and interventions
environmental laws through the
conducted
establishment of environmental „ Financial and human resources assigned permanently to CRM
management systems. Firms that activities
have been “ISO-certified” enjoy „ Shoreline management guidelines developed and implemented
competitive advantages and „ Planned CRM interventions implemented with measured success
improved public image over non-
Level 3 - Advanced CRM
certified firms. International Sustained long-term implementation of CRM with monitoring, measured
certification standards and results, and positive returns (5 years or more)
procedures for establishing
environmental management „ Multi-year CRM plan implementation fully supported by LGU and
collaborators for at least 5 years
systems have been adopted in the „ Regular monitoring of biophysical and socioeconomic impacts of
Philippines under Philippine CRM interventions
National Standard 1701 (PNS „ Annual programming and budget based on results of monitoring
1701), Environmental and evaluation
management systems – „ Shoreline management effective
Specification with guidance for „ Illegal acts stopped
„ Biophysical improvement measured
use. The benefits of CRMC are „ Socioeconomic benefits accrue to coastal residents
listed in Table 3. „ Positive perceptions of CRM interventions among stakeholders

44
 Regional CRM Certification Committee
„ Encourages local government to conduct annual monitoring and evaluation of CRM
plans and programs
„ Reviews provincial CRM certification evaluation report and endorsements
„ Issues CRM certification to the municipality
„ Maintains regional database of municipal CRM plans, monitoring and evaluation reports,
and MCD
„ Provides recognition and priority funding status to certified municipalities at regional
and national level

Submits provincial CRMC evaluation report

and supporting documents for each
municipality for regional certification

Provincial CRM Certification Technical Working Group Provincial Coastal Database

„ Assists municipalities in the conduct of annual monitoring and „ Inputs and consolidated
evaluation through orientation sessions and results review data from the MCD and other
workshops sources updated annually by
„ Reviews and conducts field validation of annual monitoring and the province
evaluation report „ Updated MCD reports provided
„ Prepares provincial CRMC evaluation report to municipalities and the region
„ Endorses municipality for certification level to Regional CRMC
Committee

Submits municipal CRM plan, adopted annual monitoring and evaluation

report, updated MCD, and other supporting
documents for provincial review and validation

Municipality
„ Conducts annual monitoring and evaluation of municipal CRM plan and programs
through a participatory process involving municipal staff, MFARMC, people’s
organizations, and NGO and academic partners involved in CRM
„ Updates MCD annually
„ Reviews and updates municipal CRM plan, as needed
„ Prepares annual monitoring and evaluation report with proposed self-rating of CRM
certification level
„ Adopts annual monitoring and evaluation report by Municipal Development Council
review and Sangguniang Bayan resolution

Figure 2. Monitoring and evaluation and the CRM Certification review process.

CRMC provides a framework criteria established for each level Working Groups (TWGs) validate
for benchmarking LGU and “certified” by an M&E results, and evaluate the
performance in the delivery of “independent” multisectoral municipal M&E report. A
CRM as a basic service, as well as committee. CRMC is voluntary provincial CRMC M&E report is
a roadmap for planning future and should be initiated by the then submitted to the Regional
directions and initiatives. municipality. It must be maintained CRMC Committee for review and
Certification criteria have been annually through M&E with the certification. CRM-certified
developed based on the LGU’s goal of achieving higher levels of municipalities will be recognized
CRM mandate and internationally certification over time. for their efforts and given priority
recognized best practices in CRM. status for funding and the receipt
CRMC is being piloted in
These criteria are used to of other programs of the
Regions 4, 7, and 11 with
benchmark LGU performance at provincial and national
technical assistance from CRMP.
three levels of certification— government.
M&E has been conducted by
Beginning, Intermediate, and
coastal municipalities in the Regional CRMC Committees
Advanced (Table 4).
provinces of Palawan, Negros are chaired by DENR and
The results of annual M&E of Oriental, Bohol, Davao del Sur, composed of the Department of
municipal CRM plans and and Sarangani (Figure 2). the Interior and Local
programs are reviewed against Provincial CRMC Technical Government, Bureau of Fisheries

45
 300

"CRMP" municipalities with beginning

level CRM benchmarks completed

Commulative no. of municipalities

250
Medium-Term Development Plan target
of 250 LGUs covering 6,000 km with
200 improved management of coastal
resources by the year 2004

150

100 1,440 km of
shoreline

48
50
29

0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Figure 3. Coastal municipalities achieving beginning level benchmarks in CRM
(see Table 4) and National Medium-Term Development Plan targets.

and Aquatic Resources, National It is conducted yearly based on and marine resources include
Economic and Development the annual M&E reports prepared integrated coastal management
Authority, other national by coastal municipalities and adopted by 250 local governments
government agencies, cities. The guidelines for annual covering 6,000 km of shoreline
nongovernment organizations M&E of municipal (30 percent of all coastal
(NGOs), and CRM plans and municipalities and shoreline) for
academic institutions. programs provide the improved management of
The regional CRMC the format and municipal waters by the year 2004
Committee serves benchmarks for (Figure 3). Annual M&E and
as the catalyst for municipal reporting and CRMC provide a process for
CRMC by Regional CRMC review. evaluating goals and objectives
establishing close against national targets and
BUILDING A COMMON
communication aligning local and national
VISION
links with the resources towards achieving a
provincial CRMC Under the recently defined common vision of sustainable
TWG, sending out a schedule goals and objectives of its National CRM.
with deadlines, and ensuring M&E Medium Term Development Plan
[Monitoring and evaluation is
guidelines are distributed in a for 1999-2004, the Government of
another key role of the
timely manner to all coastal cities the Philippines has highlighted the
province (our issue theme).
and municipalities within the role of local government in
Editor]
region. improving the management of
coastal resources in the
The CRMC process is timed
Philippines. The targets for coastal
to coincide with the budget cycle.

46
 Alvarez Signs Administrative Order
on Delineation of Municipal Waters
Environment Secretary Heherson Alvarez On 29 June 2001, a panel of DENR officials
signed last 11 June 2001 DENR Administrative presented and explained the delineation guidelines
the news
Order (DAO) 17, which precribes the “Guidelines to a forum of representatives from several NGOs
for Delineating/Delimiting Municipal Waters”. and local government units, fisherfolk
The Order, approved to coincide with the organizations, the academe, and the Alliance of
celebration of the foundation day of the Philippine Fishing Federations, Inc. The panel was
Department of Environment and Natural composed of Secretary Alvarez; DENR
Resources (DENR), was met with jubilation from Undersecretary for Legal and Legislative Affairs
various sectors, including the League of Gregorio Cabantac; Director Isidro Fajardo,
Municipalities, League of Provinces, League of Commodore Renato Feir, and Engineer Enrique
Cities, fisherfolk organizations, and Macaspac of National Mapping and Resource
nongovernment organizations (NGOs). Information Authority (NAMRIA); Director
Florendo Barangan of the DENR Coastal
The Order has also been endorsed by Environment Program (CEP), and Director Reinerio
Agriculture Secretary Leonardo Montemayor, Albano of the Philippine National Police Maritime
who declared in an interview with the media that Group.
he “recognized the authority of DENR in
delineating our fishing grounds, which is vested The forum was organized by NAMRIA and
on it by the Fisheries Code”. Another CEP, with assistance from the Coastal Resource
endorsement came from Senate President Management Project.
Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., who urged commercial
fishers to comply with the law. Pimentel said the By Leo Pura
scope of the municipal waters was defined by Research Assistant,
Congress to benefit small fishers who have been Policy Component, CRMP
increasingly marginalized by the operations of
big-time commercial fishers.

DENR Fast-tracks Development of the

National Coastal Resource Management Policy
Several meetings among DENR Development Bureau, Land heritage and fight growing poverty
bureaus and offices were held from Management Bureau, National in Philippine coastal communities.
May to June 2001 to fast-track the Mapping and Resource Information
development of the National Coastal Authority, Office of the The policy priorities and actions
Resource Management Policy Undersecretary for Policy and proposed in the NCRMP are being
(NCRMP) highlighted in the editorial Planning, and Coastal Resource formulated based on an extensive
to this issue. In the meeting held on Management Project agreed that the body of experience and information,
21 June 2001, representatives from NCRMP should build on the gains including:
the Policy Studies Services, made in the last 10 years in coastal „ Review and analysis of the 20-
Partnership in Environmental resource management, and define year history of coastal
Management for the Seas of East the priority actions that local and management initiatives in the
Asia, Coastal Environment Program, national institutions must take to Philippines;
Ecosystems Research and preserve the Philippine coastal

47
 the news
„ Review and compilation of the passage of the 1991 Local and Local Chief Executives
policy reviews and studies Government Code and the 1998 conducted in 2000.
conducted by academic Philippine Fisheries Code;
institutions, nongovernment Nationwide consultation on the
„ Formal and informal NCRMP will be conducted by DENR
organizations, and donor- consultations, roundtable
assisted projects; starting in late 2001.
discussions, conferences,
„ Review and analysis of field- workshops, and forums with By Leo Pura
level experiences gained by local government, national Research Assistant,
local government, national government, nongovernment, Policy Component, CRMP
government, nongovernment and the academe;
organizations, and the academe „ Quantitative and qualitative
throughout the country since research surveys of fisherfolk

Marine Protected Areas Focus of

Pew Fellows-Supported Project
functional certification and rating
system, linked with the valuation
framework, for existing MPAs in the
Philippines to be implemented
through local and national
PEW FELLOWS PROGRAM government agencies with support
IN MARINE CONSERVATION
from NGOs. The certification system,
in turn, will build on existing and
tested management guidelines.
are working and how they can be
improved. Field observations The certification system will be
indicate that, of the over 400 legally- tested on 100 MPAs through
declared marine sanctuaries in the strategic field monitoring that
Philippines, only 10 percent are considers governance, functional
Marine protected areas (MPAs), actually achieving the goal of habitat age, and size gradients of the
more popularly known as marine protection. The research component existing MPAs. Up to 10 MPAs will
sanctuaries, is the focus of the will look into the level of be selected for in-depth monitoring
recently-launched three-year management of these areas as well and implementation assistance by
program implemented by the Sulu as their impact on overall the project.
Fund for Marine Conservation effectiveness. Coral reef resource
Foundation, Inc. with support from The results of the MPA Project
uses, values, and benefits will be will be disseminated through
The Pew Charitable Trusts and the quantified in monetary terms by
Pew Fellows Program in Marine publications, brochures, video
computing their relevance to productions, websites, posters, and
Conservation. education and improved human national seminars. Publication of the
Launched in April 2001, the value formation. project results will promote best
Marine Protected Area Project is A standard MPA rating practices and encourage
envisioned to help promote better instrument, which will be tested in sustainability for better coral reef
management and conservation of the selected sites, is currently being management.
Philippines’ coral reef ecosystems, developed to allow a uniform
long recognized as being severely The MPA Project is supported
assessment and reporting of the by The Pews Fellows Program in
damaged and exploited. progress of marine sanctuaries. Marine Conservation, which
The project will assess how The rating instrument will give annually awards 10 fellowships of
various MPA management systems way to the development of a US$150,000 each that contribute to

48
 the news
advancing solutions in fisheries All organizations involved in Topaz Street, Saint Michael Village,
management, marine contamination, assisting MPAs in the Philippines Banilad, Cebu City, Telephone No.:
coastal conservation and marine are encouraged to link with this new (32) 231-1521.
ecosystem health. The program project.
seeks to foster greater public By Rosario E. Mariño-Farrarons
understanding of the direct and For more information about the Social Marketing Specialist
crucial relationship between life in MPA Project of Sulu Fund, contact CRMP
the sea and life on land. Anna Meneses or Alan White at
sulufund@mozcom.com or at No. 2

Negros Oriental Coordinator Now

Vice-Mayor of Dumaguete City
William Ablong, CRMP platform of government my position in government can
Provincial Coordinator of William and his facilitate the accomplishment of our
for Negros Oriental, running-mate, (CRMP) goals, targets and
was elected Vice- Mayor Agustin objectives.”
Mayor of Perdices.
Dumaguete City in William has been CRMP
the last (May The Vice- Provincial Coordinator for Negros
2001 ) elections. Mayor’s Oriental since 1996. The promotion
In winning his vision for of CRM in fast-growing Dumaguete
first elective Dumaguete City was among his first tasks as
post, William, a City reflects CRMP Coordinator; it was also
“neophyte” his bias for among the first tasks he tackled as
politician facing the Vice-Mayor.
an incumbent, environment:
“... a The Vice-Mayor has initiated
achieved what the restructuring of the Environment
pundits call an University
City; a and Natural Resources Office to
“unexpected include a strengthened CRM
victory.” leadership
model in terms component. He has also reviewed
Just three of sustainable use his city’s ordinance creating the
months into his new and management of Bantay-Dagat, saying there is a
position, the neophyte environment and need to review the commission’s
ran unopposed to become natural resources; a functions to improve its law
the President of the Vice-Mayors’ center of environmentally enforcement capabilities.
League of Negros Oriental. aware citizens, effective people’s As presiding officer of the City
participation in local governance, Council, the vice-mayor has put the
William brings to the second and joint actions to address sectoral
highest elective position in the Comprehensive CRM Ordinance of
and common concerns of the Dumaguete City high on his agenda.
university city his aspiration of different sectors, such as labor,
making meaningful contributions to The Ordinance has passed
urban poor, women, students, committee reviews.
improving society. He counts his fisherfolk, farmers, senior citizens
experience as an environment and others.” Meanwhile, multisectoral
advocate among the factors that meetings are planned to facilitate the
clinched his victory, and vows to William now divides his time drafting of the Dumaguete City
push the same program of between his family (who was environment code.
government that won him the vice- recently blessed with a long-awaited
mayoral seat. Environmental baby girl), CRMP, and his duties at Other priorities of the Perdices-
management is a major feature of the City Hall. He says, “The influence of Ablong administration are the

49
 the news
establishment of sectoral desks for they are pushing for the zoning of traditional beach outings, is strictly
students, labor, urban poor, the coastal areas of all of Negros “family time” for the Vice-Mayor.
fisherfolk, farmers and senior Oriental’s 20 municipalities and five
citizens; creation of the Anti-Poverty cities. Expressing confidence in the
Commission; promotion of a more Council he leads, the Vice-Mayor
progressive business atmosphere; William’s wife and three children promises: “We will give the
campaigns against illegal gambling, are coping well, albeit reluctantly, programs of the present
prostitution and criminality; health with being in the limelight. “They administration full backing in terms
improvement; traffic management; have learned to entertain visitors at of legislative support. Our party ran
and livelihood and tourism home,” he says of his family. Like on a platform of family, environment
promotion. most politicians’ homes in the and economic development. As far
Philippines, the Ablong residence as that goes, I can say without a
William and his peers in the has become a hub for people seeking doubt: the entire City Council will be
Vice-Mayors’ League are also assistance. on our side.”
looking at enacting an environment
code for every municipality or city in The demands of politics and his By Rosario E. Mariño-Farrarons
Negros Oriental, and passing a job are growing, but William is Social Marketing Specialist
Comprehensive CRM Ordinance in determined to keep a balance CRMP
all of the province’s coastal between his work and family. Sunday
municipalities and cities. As well, lunch, as well as the family’s

Gilutongan Marine Sanctuary

Makes “Brisk Sales”
If the visitors’ fees collected by now lap up bread
the Cordova municipal government and rice treats out of
are any indication, the fame of the hands of the
Gilutongan’s “smart” fishes has appreciative humans.
spread. From January to August Divers swear the fish
2001, over half a million pesos’ worth avoid getting out of
of visitor’s tickets were collected the sanctuary, even if
from visitors to the Gilutongan lured with food.
Marine Sanctuary, off the
municipality of Cordova, Cebu. Dive shop

A. T. White
operators in the area
Foreign and local tourists are have thrown their
finding thrills in snorkeling and support around the Batfish.
scuba-diving at the 15-hectare community. Part of
protected area, previously part of the the revenue
dynamite fishers’ territory. The main generated by Gilutongan comes from each at the guardhouse at daytime.
attraction are the “smart” fish that accreditation of dive shop operators Village police (barangay tanods) are
Project Director Timoteo Menguito paying for a permit to bring guests to on the lookout from dusk until late
convinced through unorthodox the area. These operators have even evening. Menguito takes over, with
“language” to stay in the sanctuary offered to give free diving lessons to volunteers, for the graveyard shift.
to keep safe. village volunteer-guards.
During the low season, the
Menguito says the fish have The sanctuary is guarded sanctuary receives a daily average
become chummy with visitors. When round-the-clock by residents of the of 20 visitors. Foreign divers are
they used to get agitated at the sight fishing community of Gilutongan charged PhP50 and locals PhP25.
of divers in the reef area, the fish Island. Women do two-hour shifts Gilutongan earned PhP309,000 in

50
 the news
visitors’ fees from June to December guarding their sanctuary, they are willing to share their wisdom.
2000. With the tourist season still to also actively monitoring its progress.
begin, receipts for 2001 are expected For more information, see the
to be at least double last year’s After being trained in reef check article by Ross et al. 2000 cited
revenues. The fund is divided techniques, Gilutongan fishers now below.
between the municipality and the lead in annual data collection
activities. The information is Reference:
barangay. It fuels community
activities like waste management submitted to the local government, Ross, M.A., A.T. White, N.
programs, shoreline greening and the academe and CRM partners, who Sanderson, M.F.L. Portigo. 2000.
beautification, information and are all also watching and assisting Co-Management of Coastal
education programs, coastal law Gilutongan. Resources in Olango Island,
enforcement, and livelihood Officials and fisherfolk of Philippines. CRMP, Cebu City,
schemes. neighboring municipalities have Philippines. 22 p.

To Gilutongan residents, the come to Gilutongan eager to learn the By Rosario E. Mariño-Farrarons
sanctuary has become the virtual techniques of sustaining a Social Marketing Specialist
center of community life. The community-based marine resources CRMP
villagers are not only involved in protection program. Gilutongan folk,
and the fish there, are only too

CRMP to Close in 2002,

New Project to Take on Technical Assistance
for Local Environmental Governance

The Coastal Resource units to effectively manage coastal CRMP will turn these tools over
Management Project (CRMP) is set resources within their respective to the Local Environmental
to phase out in June 2002, jurisdictions. The Project Governance (Eco-Governance)
as it completes its six- has succeeded in Project, a new program to be
year technical soliciting supported by USAID.
assistance endorsement for
program. CRMP the enactment Eco-Governance, while
is a joint of a national integrating management of both
undertaking of policy that upland and coastal resources, will
the would ensure build on CRMP-developed
Department of consideration processes. It is a three-year technical
Environment of coastal assistance project set to begin in the
and Natural and marine first quarter 2002.
Resources concerns as CRMP field activities will wrap
(DENR), funded essential in up in December 2001. Turnover of
by the United achieving project responsibilities is scheduled
States Agency for harmony in the total during the first half of 2002.
International Development ecosystem.
(USAID) and managed by Tetra By Rosario E. Mariño-Farrarons
Tech EM, Inc. Among the tools developed by Social Marketing Specialist
CRMP are the CRM certification CRMP
Over its five-year core system, Participatory Coastal
operation phase and one-year Resource Assessment, Municipal
extension, CRMP developed various Coastal Database, and CRM
tools that enable local government planning process.

51
 the news

Palawan to Promote CRM Practices

The Provincial Government of Development (USAID) and the province-wide context of
Palawan has pledged to promote Silliman University Center of environmental management.
coastal resource management (CRM) Excellence in Coastal Resource
in all the 24 local governments that Management. Represented during Participants were briefed on
comprise the province. Provincial the training course were the methods and techniques of baseline
Board Member Antonio Alvarez municipal governments of Aborlan, data collection and monitoring,
articulated the province’s support to Bataraza, Cagayancillo and Nara. particularly of marine protected areas
CRM initiatives of the municipalities Also represented were the provincial and critical habitats. Planning tools
at the close of the 10-day CRM government, national government like the SWOT, Problem Tree,
Refresher Course at Puerto Princesa agencies and nongovernment Solution Tree, Criteria Matrix
City on 16 August 2001. organizations. Analyses methods, and vision-
mission-goal formulation were
The training program combined Ms. Leila Peralta, Program extensively discussed.
seven CRMP-designed courses, Manager of USAID’s Environment
namely, Integrated Coastal Office stressed the need to integrate Data gaps were identified as
Management, Participatory Coastal efforts of addressing the steady participants assessed their
Resource Assessment, Marine dwindling of fishery resources respective municipalities’ status
Protected Area Establishment and through effective resource against established CRM indicators
Management, Monitoring and management. Atty. Gerthie Mayo- in the Municipal Coastal Database.
Evaluation, Municipal Coastal Anda of the Environmental Legal Involvement in the activity helped
Database, Coastal Law Enforcement Assistance Center, a CRM partner- strengthen local governments’
and Information, Education and organization, provided inputs on the resolve to pursue CRM.
Communication and Facilitation importance of legislative support, By Flora Leocadio
Skills. rules of evidence, criminal and Palawan Provincial Coordinator
administrative procedures, and CRMP
The municipal government of courtroom presentations. The
San Vicente initiated the activity with Email: floleo@mozcom.com
Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection
assistance from the United States Programme and Fisheries Resource
Agency for International Management Project provided a

Olango Tour “Highly Commended”

by Tourism for Tomorrow Awards
The Olango Birds Director of the Smithsonian bringing benefits to the local
and Seascape Tour Environmental Research Center, community.
(OBST) is in the Ross B. Simon; Professor Paul
limelight once Eagles of International Union for the The award was accepted on
again. The Conservation of Nature, and Sir behalf of the OBST by Monina
project was Crispin Tickell. The Chairman of the Flores, former CRMP Enterprise
recently Global judging panel is Professor Development Specialist, in August
conferred the David Bellamy. 2001 in London.
“Highly The Award for the OBST is its
Commended” status British Airways has been
running the Tourism for Tomorrow second “Highly Commended”
by the British Airways’ citation. The tour program was also
“Tourism for Tomorrow” Awards in Awards since 1992 in support of the
values it has developed towards the placed among the “Highly
London. Commended” by Conservation
mission of becoming “the
The Tour package was chosen undisputed leader in world travel”. International Ecotourism Excellence
based on pre-determined criteria, The awards are given to encourage Award in 1999.
namely, aims, impact and successes. organizations to protect the natural
The panel of judges included the and cultural environment while

52
information section http://www.oneocean.org

Useful References and Sources of Information

The CRMP endeavors to publicize new and/or useful publications relating to
integrated coastal management. CRMP encourages those who would like to
have copies of any of the references listed below to seek out the authors,
publishers, or visit our website: www.oneocean.org.

CRMP Books and Manuals Environment Facility-Small Grants Program, Guiuan

Development Foundation, Inc., Voluntary Service
Courtney, C.A., J.A. Atchue III, M. Carreon, Overseas, University of the Philippines Center for
A.T. White, R. Pestaño-Smith, E.T. Integrative and Development Studies, Coastal
Deguit, R. Sievert, R. Navarro. 1998. Resource Management Project, and Fisheries
Coastal Resource Management for Resource Management Project, 110 p.
Food Security. Coastal Resource
Management Project, Cebu City, Walters, J.S., J. Maragos, S. Siar and A.T. White. 1998.
Philippines. 26 p. Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment: A
Handbook for Community Workers and Coastal
CRMP. 2000. CRMP in Mid-Stream: On Resource Managers. Coastal Resource
Course to a Threshold of Sustained Management Project and Silliman University, Cebu
Coastal Management in the City, Philippines, 113 p.
Philippines. Coastal Resource
Management Project, Cebu City, White, A.T. and A. Cruz-Trinidad. 1998. The Values of
Philippines. Philippine Coastal Resources: Why Protection and
Management are Critical. Coastal Resource
CRMP. 2001. Guidelines for Monitoring and Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines, 96 p.
Evaluation of Municipal Coastal
Resource Management Plans and CRMP Progress Reports
Programs for Certification. Coastal
Resource Management Project, Cebu CRMP. Annual Reports 1996-2000. Coastal Resource
City, Philippines. Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines.

Melana, D.M., J.A. Atchue III, C.E. Yao, R. CRMP. Semi-Annual Reports 1996-2001. Coastal
Edwards, E.E. Melana and H.I. Gonzales. Resource Management Project, Cebu City,
2000. Mangrove Management Philippines.
Handbook. Department of Environment
and Natural Resources, Manila,
CRMP Coastal Environmental
Philippines through the Coastal Profiles
Resource Management Project, Cebu
City, Philippines. 96 p. Arquiza, Y.D. 1999. Rhythm of the Sea: Coastal
Environmental Profile of San Vicente, Palawan.
Uychiaoco, A.J., S.J. Green, M.T. dela Cruz, Coastal Resource Management Project. Cebu City,
P.A. Gaite, H.O. Arceo, P.M. Aliño, and Philippines, 131 p.
A.T. White. 2001. Coral Reef
Monitoring for Management. De Jesus, E.A., D.A.D. Diamante-Fabunan, C. Nañola,
University of the Philippines Marine A.T. White and H.J. Cabangon. 2001. Coastal
Science Institute, United Nations Environmental Profile of the Sarangani Bay Area,
Development Programme Global Mindanao, Philippines. Coastal Resource
Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines, 102 p.

53
 information
Green, S.J., R.P. Monreal, A.T. White and T.G. Bayer. Book 4: Involving Communities in Coastal
2000. Coastal Environmental Profile of Management
Northwestern Bohol, Philippines. Coastal Resource
Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines, 113 p. Book 5: Managing Coastal Habitats and Marine
Protected Areas
Sotto, F.B., J.L. Gatus, M.A. Ross, M.F.L. Portigo and
F.M. Freire. 2001. Coastal Environmental Profile of Book 6: Managing Municipal Fisheries
Olango Island, Cebu, Philippines. Coastal Resource Book 7: Managing Impacts of Development in the
Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines, 129 p. Coastal Zone
Valle, I.S., M.C.B. Cristobal, A.T. White and E.T. Deguit. Book 8: Coastal Law Enforcement
2000. Coastal Environmental Profile of the Malalag
Bay Area, Davao del Sur, Philippines. Coastal Tambuli Articles (7 Issues)
Resource Management Project, Cebu City,
Philippines, 127 p. Abad, G.S. 1997. Community Organizing in the
Fisheries Sector Program: Lessons Learned.
Yambao, A.C., A.T. White, W.E. Ablong and M.R. Alcala. Tambuli No. 2: 7-10. May. Cebu City, Philippines.
2001. Coastal Environmental Profile of Negros
Oriental, Philippines. Coastal Resource Arquiza, Y.D. 2001. Live Fish Trade Threatens Tourism
Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines, 107 p. in El Nido, Palawan. Tambuli No. 7: 39-40.
September. Cebu City, Philippines.
CRMP Training Course Manuals Barber, C.V. and V.R. Pratt. 1998. Cleansing the Seas:
Integrated Coastal Management Strategies to Combat Cyanide Fishing in the Indo-
Pacific Region. Tambuli No. 4: 10-16. August. Cebu
Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment City, Philippines.
Strategic Planning for Coastal Management Bolido, L. and A.T. White. 1997. Reclaiming the Island
Mangrove Rehabilitation and Management Reefs. Tambuli No. 3: 20-22. November. Cebu City,
Philippines.
Marine Protected Area Establishment and Management
Calumpong, H.P. 1996. The Central Visayas Regional
Coastal Law Enforcement Project: Lessons Learned. Tambuli No.1: 12-17.
November. Cebu City, Philippines.
Coastal Resource Management Monitoring and
Evaluation Courtney, C.A. and A.T. White. 1996. Onwards to More
Aggressive Leadership in Philippine Coastal
Philippine Coastal Management Resource Management. Tambuli No.1: 1-5.
Guidebook Series November . Cebu City, Philippines.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Courtney, C.A., E.T. Deguit, N.Q. Melendez and L.G.
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Paredes. 1997. A Common Vision for Sustainable
Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Coastal Resource Management. Tambuli No. 2:
Interior and Local Government. 2001. Philippine 11-15. May. Cebu City, Philippines.
Coastal Management Guidebook Series. Coastal Courtney, C.A. and K.P. Traub. 1999. Local Government
Resource Management Project of the Department of Management of Coastal Resources: Defining the
Environment and Natural Resources, Cebu City, Outer Limits of Municipal Waters in the
Philippines. Books 1-8 Philippines. Tambuli No. 5: 14-18. May. Cebu City,
Book 1: Coastal Management Orientation and Philippines.
Overview Courtney, C.A., A. Cruz-Trinidad and J.O. Floren. 2001.
Book 2: Legal and Jurisdictional Framework for Applications of Mapping to Local Coastal Resource
Coastal Management Management in the Philippines. Tambuli No. 7: 15-
22. September. Cebu City, Philippines.
Book 3: Coastal Resource Management Planning
Courtney, C.A., E.T. Deguit and A.C. Yambao. 2001.
Monitoring and Evaluation: A Key to Sustainability

54
 information
of Coastal Resource Management Programs. Philippines. Tambuli No. 6: 19-22. May. Cebu City,
Tambuli No. 7: 41-46. September. Cebu City, Philippines.
Philippines.
Kuhlmann, K.J. 2000. Between the Slaughterhouse and
Cruz-Trinidad, A. 1997. Philippine Fisheries Code: Some Freedom: A Matter of Man’s Choice or a Whale’s
Features and Prospects. Tambuli No. 3: 11-14. Right? Tambuli No. 6: 10-12. May. Cebu City,
November. Cebu City, Philippines. Philippines.
Cruz-Trinidad, A. 1998. The Fisheries Code of 1998: Manaog, H.M. 1997. NACFAR and the Fisheries
Something Old... Something New... Something Resource Management Councils. Tambuli No. 2:
Better? Tambuli No. 4: 17-24. August. Cebu City, 18-19. May. Cebu City, Philippines.
Philippines.
Mariño-Farrarons, R.E. 2000. I Love the Ocean
Diamante-Fabunan, D.A.D. 2000. Coral Bleaching: the Movement: The Adventure that is Marine
Whys, the Hows and What Next? Tambuli No. 6: Conservation. Tambuli No. 6: 13-15. May. Cebu City,
16-18. May. Cebu City, Philippines. Philippines.
Flor, A.G. and R.P. Smith. 1997. Transformational McManus, L.T. 1997. Community-based Coastal
Communication: A Normative Approach to Resources Management, Bolinao, Philippines: An
Environmental Education. Tambuli No. 3: 6-10. Evolving Partnership Among Academe, NGOs, and
November. Cebu City, Philippines. Local Communities. Tambuli No. 2: 20-22. May.
Cebu City, Philippines.
Flores, M.M. 2001. Olango Birds and Seascape Tour: A
People-oriented Ecotourism Venture. Tambuli No. 7: Murphy, J.M., W.E. Ablong and A.T. White. 1999.
23-25. September. Cebu City, Philippines. Integrated Coastal Management in Negros
Oriental: Building on Experience. Tambuli No. 5:
Fortes, M.D, C.A. Courtney, A. Sia. 1997. 1998 The 1-9. May. Cebu City, Philippines.
International Year of the Ocean Colors of the Sea:
A Celebration of the Philippine Maritime Culture Olsen, S.B. 1997. Symbiosis Between Fish and Fishers.
and Heritage. Tambuli No. 3: 1-5. November. Cebu Tambuli No. 2: 16-18. May. Cebu City, Philippines.
City, Philippines.
Parras, D.A., M.F.L. Portigo and A.T. White. 1998.
Francisco, B.S. 1997. Enabling Local Government Units Coastal Resource Management in Olango Island:
to Exercise Their Regulatory Powers for Coastal Challenges and Opportunities. Tambuli No. 4: 1-9.
Management. Tambuli No. 2: 1-6. May. Cebu City, August. Cebu City, Philippines.
Philippines.
Pauly, D. 2000. Fisheries in the Philippines and in the
Garcia, R.P. 2000. Environment-Friendly Mariculture in World: An Overview. Tambuli No. 6: 23-25. May.
Malalag Bay, Davao del Sur, Philippines. Tambuli Cebu City, Philippines.
No. 6: 29-33. May. Cebu City, Philippines.
Pet, J.S. and Djohani R.H. 1999. Fishing and
Green, S.J. 1997. A Little Less Bahala Na in Talibon, Biodiversity: The Complex Tale of the Komodo
Bohol. Tambuli No. 3: 23-26. November. Cebu City, National Park, Indonesia. Tambuli No. 5: 10-13.
Philippines. May. Cebu City, Philippines.
Green, S.J., R.P. Monreal, D.A.D. Diamante-Fabunan and Silliman University Marine Laboratory (SUML). 2001.
T.G. Bayer. 2000. Developing Integrated Coastal Water Bodies Big and Small Have Their Limits:
Management Into a Natural Response: The Story of The Case of Siyt Bay, Negros Oriental. H.P.
Bohol. Tambuli No. 6: 1-9. May. Cebu City, Calumpong (ed.). Tambuli No. 7: 26-29. September.
Philippines. Cebu City, Philippines.
Heinen, A. and J.M. Fraser. 2001. Power Politics or Tan, L.C. 1998. Enterprise Alternative: Lobster Farming.
Rational Resource Management: Fish Corrals Tambuli No. 4: 28-32. August. Cebu City, Philippines.
Versus Trammel Nets in Danao Bay. Tambuli No. 7:
30-34. September. Cebu City, Philippines. White, A.T. 1996. Integrated Coastal Management:
Lessons to Build On. Tambuli No. 1: 18-23.
Kintanar, A.L. 2000. Beyond the Mangrove Path: Coastal November. Cebu City, Philippines.
Resource Management in Pangangan, Bohol,

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 White, A.T. 1996. Why Manage Our Coastal Arquiza, Y.D. and A.T. White. 1999. Tales from
Resources? Tambuli No. 1: 30-31. November. Cebu Tubbataha (Second Edition). Sulu Fund for Marine
City, Philippines. Conservation Foundation, Inc. and Bookmark, Inc.
Makati, Philippines, 190 p.
White, A.T. and R.O. De Leon. 1996. Mangrove Resource
Decline in the Philippines: Government and Bayer, T.G. and J.A. Atchue III. 2001. Enforcing Coastal
Community Look for New Solutions. Tambuli No. 1: Management Regulations to Enhance Food Security
6-11. November. Cebu City, Philippines. in the Philippines. InterCoast, Issue #38, pp. 8-9, 21.
Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode
White, A.T. 1997. Tubbataha Reef National Marine Island, USA.
Park: Media and Management Collaborate. Tambuli
No. 2: 26-28. May. Cebu City, Philippines. Bolido, L. and A.T. White. 1997. Reclaiming the Island
Reefs. People and the Planet, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 22-23.
White, A.T. and D.A.D. Diamante-Fabunan. 1997.
Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment: San Christie, P. and A.T. White. 1997. Trends in Development
Vicente, Palawan and Sarangani Take the Lead. of Coastal Area Management in Tropical
Tambuli No. 2: 23-25. May. Cebu City, Philippines. Countries: From Central to Community
Orientation. Coastal Management, Vol. 25, No. 2
White, A.T. 1997. Planning for Integrated Coastal pp. 155-181.
Management: What are the Steps? Tambuli No. 3:
15-19. November. Cebu City, Philippines. Christie, P. and A.T. White. 2000. Introduction to Theme
Issue on Tropical Coastal Management. Coastal
White, A.T. and E.T. Deguit. 2000. Philippine Management, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1-3.
Community-based Coastal Management: The
Challenge. Tambuli No. 6: 26-28. May. Cebu City, Courtney, C.A. and A.T. White. 2000. Integrated Coastal
Philippines. Management in the Philippines: Testing New
Paradigms. Coastal Management, Vol. 28, No. 1,
Yambao, A.C., E.T. Deguit and A.T. White. 2001. pp. 39-53.
Provincial Coastal Resource Management: Bohol,
Masbate and Davao del Sur Forge Ahead. Tambuli Courtney, C.A., E.T. Deguit and R.P. Smith. 2001. Actions
No. 7: 1-14. September. Cebu City, Philippines. Needed to Achieve Food Security in the Philippines.
InterCoast Network, Issue #38, pp. 6-7, 17. Coastal
Yao, C.E. 1998. Banacon, The First Mangrove Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, USA.
Community-based Forestry Management Area in a
Protected Area? Tambuli No. 4: 25-27. August. Cebu Courtney, C.A., A.T. White and E.T. Deguit, in press–
City, Philippines. 2001. Building Philippine Local Government
Capacity for Coastal Resource Management.
Yao, C.E. 1999. Bakauan Hybrid, The Fourth Rhizophora Coastal Management.
Species in the Philippines? Tambuli No. 5: 19-20.
May. Cebu City, Philippines. Cruz-Trinidad, A. (ed.) 1996. Valuation of Tropical
Coastal Resources: Theory and Application of
Yao, C.E. and P.P. Campañano Jr. 2001. Mangroves: Linear Programming. ICLARM Studies and
Innovative Training of Trainers for Management in Reviews. 108 p.
Davao del Sur. Tambuli No. 7: 35-38. September.
Cebu City, Philippines. Cruz-Trinidad, A. 1997. A Low-level Geographic
Information System for Coastal Zone Management,
Published Books and Journal with Applications to Brunei Darussalam: Part II:
Articles Economic Analysis of Trawling in Brunei
Darussalam. Naga: The ICLARM Quarterly. July-
Ablong, W.E., J.M. Murphy and A.T. White. 1999. December. pp. 31-36.
Integrated Coastal Management in Negros
Oriental, Philippines: Participation in Coastal De Leon, R.O. and A.T. White. 1997. Mangrove Resource
Habitat Assessment and Management. Proceedings Decline in the Philippines: Government and
of the International Tropical Marine Management Community Look for New Solutions. InterCoast
Symposium. Townsville, Australia. November 1998, Network, Special Edition No. 1. March. pp. 4-5, 38.
pp. 354-362. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode
Island, USA.

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Ross, M.A., A.T. White, A.C. Sitoy and T. Menguito. White, A.T. and E.T. Deguit. 1999. Philippine
Experience from Improving Management of an Community Based Coastal Management – Evolution
“Urban” Marine Protected Area: Gilutongan and Challenges. Out of the Shell, Coastal Resources
Marine Sanctuary, Philippines. In press. Network Newsletter, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 7-9.
Proceedings 9th International Coral Reef Symposium,
Bali, Indonesia, October 2000. White, A.T. 2000. Putting a Price on Nature (Editorial).
Earthwatch Magazine. Earthwatch Institute,
Sievert, R.F. and D.A.D. Diamante-Fabunan. 1999. Local Maynard, MA USA.
Participation in Fishery Law Enforcement.
InterCoast Network, Issue #34, pp. 16-17. Coastal White, A.T. 2000. Heat Futures. Earthwatch Magazine.
Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, USA. Vol. 19, No. 4, p. 26. Earthwatch Institute, Maynard,
MA USA.
Traub, K.P. and C.A. Courtney. 1999. Defining the
Limits, Local Government Resources in the White, A.T. and P. Christie. 2000. Conclusion. Coastal
Philippines. GEOPLAN Asia Pacific. April/May. Management, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 119-121.

White, A.T. 1996. Philippines: Community Management White, A.T. 2001. Philippine Coral Reefs: A Natural
of Coral Reef Resources. In: Clark, J. (ed.). Coastal History Guide. Bookmark Inc. and Sulu Fund for
Zone Management Handbook. pp. 561-567 Marine Conservation Foundation, Inc., Manila,
276 p.
White, A.T. M.M. Fouda and A. Rajasuriya. 1997. Status
of Coral Reefs in South Asia, Indian Ocean and White, A.T., A. Salamanca and C.A. Courtney, in press–
Middle East Seas (Red Sea and Persian Gulf). Proc 2001. Experience with Marine Protected Area
8th Int Coral Reef Sym 1:301-306. Planning and Management in the Philippines.
Coastal Management.
White, A.T., V. Barker, G. Tantrigama. 1997. Using
Integrated Coastal Management and Economics to White, A.T., M.A. Ross and M. Flores. 2001. Benefits
Conserve Coastal Tourism Resources in Sri and Costs of Coral Reef and Wetland Management,
Lanka. Ambio, Vol. 26, pp. 335-344. Sweden. Olango Island, Philippines. pp. 215-227. In:
Collected Essays on the Economics of Coral Reefs.
White, A.T., V. Barker and G. Tantrigama. 1998. Using Herman S. J. Cesar (ed.). CORDIO, Department for
Integrated Coastal Management and Economics to Biology and Environmental Sciences, Kalmar
Conserve Coastal Tourism Resources in Sri University, Kalmar, Sweden and Coastal Resource
Lanka. InterCoast Network, Issue # 31, pp. 6-7, 28. Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines.
Spring. Coastal Resources Center, University of
Rhode Island, USA. White, A.T. and H.P. Vogt. 2001. Philippine Coral Reefs
Under Threat: Lessons Learned After 25 Years of
White, A.T. and T.G. Bayer. 1999. Planning for the Community-Based Reef Conservation. Marine
Integrated Management of the Philippine Coasts. Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 537-550.
Philippine Planning Journal. Volume XXX, No. 2.
April. White, A.T., H.P. Vogt and T. Arin. 2000. Philippine
Coral Reefs Under Threat: The Economic Losses
White, A.T. and C.A. Courtney. 1999. Multisectoral Caused by Reef Destruction. Marine Pollution
Collaboration in the Philippines: A Coastal Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 598-605.
Management Initiative Builds on Experience, p. 512-
528. In: Chua Thia-Eng and Nancy Bermas (eds.) Unpublished Reports, Plans and
Challenges and Opportunities in Managing Presentations
Pollution in the East Asian Seas. MPP-EAS
Conference Proceedings 12/PEMSEA Conference Baleña, R. 1998. A Technical Framework for the Sound
Proceedings 1,567 p. Deployment of Passive Mariculture Devices in
Shallow Waters: Analysis, Simulation, and
White, A.T. and E.T. Deguit. 1999. History and Status of
Prediction of Impacts of Fish Pens and Cages in
Coastal Resource Management in the Philippines.
Malalag Bay, Davao del Sur. Coastal Resource
In: Community Based Strategies in Natural Resource
Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines.
Management. Volunteer Service Overseas and Aklan
State College of Agriculture, Banga, Aklan, Barraca, R.T. 1998. Seaweed Assessment Report Malalag
Philippines, pp. 13-20. Bay Enterprise Development Zone. Coastal

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 Resource Management Project, Cebu City, of Economic Instruments for the Protection of the
Philippines. Marine and Coastal Environment by Local
Governments. Lisbon, Portugal.
Batongbacal, J. 2001. The Crowded Shoreline: A Review
of the Philippines’ Foreshore and Shore Land Garcia, R.P. 1998. A Report on the Feasibility of
Management Policies. Coastal Resource Seafarming in Malalag Bay, Davao del Sur. Coastal
Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines. Resource Management Project, Cebu City,
Philippines.
CRMP. 1998. Community-based Edible Seaweed
Production in Malalag, Davao del Sur. Coastal Garcia, R.P. 1998. The Development of a Mariculture
Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Industry in Malalag and Sarangani Bays. Coastal
Philippines. Resource Management Project, Cebu City,
Philippines.
CRMP. 1998. CRM Handbook for Enterprise
Development - Malalag Bay Learning Area. Coastal Gementiza, A.M. 1998. Interim Progress Report - CRMP
Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Enterprise Development Component Malalag Bay
Philippines. and Sarangani Bay. Coastal Resource Management
Project, Cebu City, Philippines.
CRMP. 1998. Our Seas, Our Life Guidebook. Coastal
Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Gementiza, A.M. 1998. Seaweed Production Project -
Philippines. Digos and Padada, Davao del Sur, Malalag Bay
Learning Area. Coastal Resource Management
CRMP. 1999. Assessing Impacts of Fish Cages in Siyt Project, Cebu City, Philippines.
(Siit) Bay, Negros Oriental. Silliman University,
Dumaguete City, Philippines. Smith, R.P., C.A. Courtney, M.Y. Grieser and A. Sia. 1999.
Into the Mainstream: Promoting CRM on the
CRMP. 2000. Coastal Alert (Special Edition): Ocean Philippine National Agenda. Coastal Resource
Ambassadors Track Turtles. Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines.
Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines.
Tubbataha Protected Area Management Board (TPAMB)
CRMP. 2000. A Reef Check Report of the Nalusuan 2000. Management Plan for Tubbataha Reef
Marine Sanctuary of Nalusuan Island, Cebu. Sulu National Marine Park and World Heritage Site,
Fund for Marine Conservation Foundation, Inc., and Philippines. TPAMB with assistance from:
Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau of DENR,
Philippines. Marine Parks Center of Japan, World Wildlife Fund,
CRMP. 2001. Davao del Sur Provincial Coastal Resource Coastal Resource Management Project and Sulu
Management Plan. Coastal Resource Management Fund for Marine Conservation Foundation, Inc., 39
Project, Cebu City, Philippines. p. + annexes.

CRMP. 2001. Olango Island Coastal Resource Uychiaoco, A.J., H.O. Arceo, S.J. Green, S. Curran and
Management Plan. Coastal Resource Management M. Comer. 1999. Monitoring the Effects of Marine
Project, Cebu City, Philippines. Sanctuaries in Lomboy, Calape, Cangmating,
Sibulan, Gilutongan, Cordova, Tuka, Kiamba and
CRMP. 2001. Sarangani Bay Integrated Coastal Port Barton. Coastal Resource Management
Management Plan. Coastal Resource Management Project-UP Marine Science Institute.
Project, Cebu City, Philippines.
White, A.T. 1996. Collaborative and Community-Based
Courtney, C.A., A.T. White and E. Anglo. 2000. Coastal Management of Coral Reef Resources: Lessons
Resource Management in the Philippines: Lessons from Sri Lanka and the Philippines. Coastal
and Directions for Sustainability. Coastal Resource Resource Management Project, Cebu City,
Management Project, Tetra Tech EM Inc. and the Philippines.
Asian Development Bank, Cebu City, Philippines,
75 p. White, A.T. and S. Fujiwara. 1996. Draft Management
Plan for Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park and
Francisco, B.S. and G.C. Sosmena. 1998. Economic Tools World Heritage Site, Philippines. DENR and
for Coastal Resource Management, Palawan, Presidential Task Force on Tubbataha Reef National
Philippines: Experiences and Possibilities. Marine Park. March.
Workshop on the Development and Implementation

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White, A.T. 1996. Environmental Guidelines for Coastal Report: Coral Reef Surveys for Conservation in
Tourism Development in Tropical Asia. Coastal Southwest Bohol, Earthwatch Expedition to the
Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Philippines. Coastal Resource Management Project,
Philippines. Sulu Fund and Earthwatch Institute, Cebu City, 79 p.
White, A.T. and E. White. 1996. Field Report: White, A.T., N. Sanderson, M.A. Ross and M.F.L.
Monitoring Tubbataha Reef, Expedition on Portigo. 2000. Co-management of Coastal
Aquastar, Sulu Sea, Philippines. April 16-26. 27 p. Resources in Olango Island, Philippines. Coastal
Resource Management Project, Cebu City,
White, A.T. 1997. Save Philippine Reefs: Summary Field Philippines.
Report, Coral Reef Surveys for Conservation in
Mabini, Batangas, Philippines. Coastal Resource White, A.T., C.A. Courtney, M.C. Meyer, A. Alvarado, E.
Management Project, Sulu Fund and Earthwatch White, J. Apurado and P. Christie. 2000. Summary
Institute, Cebu City. Field Report: Coral Reef Monitoring Expedition to
Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park, Sulu Sea,
White, A.T., C.A. Courtney and R.J. Tobin. 1998. Coastal Philippines. Coastal Resource Management Project
Management in Asia: Are Donor-Assisted and the Sulu Fund for Marine Conservation
Programs Sustainable and Beneficial? Asian Foundation, Inc. Cebu City, Philippines, 79 p.
Fisheries Society and Food and Agriculture
Organization Workshop Review of Foreign Assisted White, A.T., P. Christie, J. Apurado, A.T. Meneses, E.
Fisheries Projects in Asia. Bangkok. November. White and S. Tesch. 2001. Summary Field Report:
Coastal Resource Management Project, Cebu City, Coral Reef Monitoring in Mabini and Tingloy,
Philippines, 28 p. Batangas, Philippines. Coastal Resource
Management Project and the Sulu Fund for Marine
White, A.T., P. Christie, M.F. Divinagracia, J. Apurado, Conservation Foundation, Inc., Cebu City,
A. Alvarado and E. White. 1999. Summary Field Philippines, 95 p.

TAMBULI
TAMBULI:APUBLICATIONFORCOASTALMANAGEMENT
PRACTITIONERS is published biannually by the Coastal
Resource Management Project, a six-year
technical assistance project funded by the
United States Agency for International
Development (USAID), implemented by the
Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, and managed by Tetra Tech EM Inc.

CRMP focuses on leadership and empowerment, informed decision-making, and positive

changes in human behavior in the implementation of CRM.

This publication aims to encourage continued exchange of information, experience and ideas on coastal
management among planners, managers, community leaders and other coastal resource users, given the increasing
need for improved coastal management and in recognition of the need for sustained environmental advocacy.

Send comments and correspondence to: The Editor, Tambuli , CRMP, 5th Floor, CIFC Towers, J. Luna St. cor.
J. L. Briones Ave., North Reclamation Area, Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines. Tel. No. (63-32) 232-1821 to 22, 412-
0487 to 89, 412-0645; Fax No.: (63-32) 232-1825; Hotline: 1-800-1-888-1823; E-mail: crmp@oneocean.org;
Website: www.oneocean.org

Tambuli is distributed without cost to all network members and others upon request.
This publication was made possible through support provided by the USAID under the
terms of Contract No. AID 492-C-00-96-00028-00. The opinions expressed herein are those
of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or Tetra Tech EM Inc. Articles
may be quoted or reproduced in other publications as long as proper reference is made to the
source.

Editor: Alan T. White Associate Editors: Catherine A. Courtney, Leticia B. Dizon and
Asuncion Sia. Production and Artwork: Leslie S. Tinapay. Photographs are by the authors or
as indicated.

59
 Philippine Coastal Management
Guidebook Series Completed
The eight-volume Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook
Series has been completed and is now ready for distribution. The
series is a major publication of the Coastal Resource Management
Project (CRMP), capping CRMP’s technical assistance program.
The guidebook series is a full course in CRM divided into the
following titles:
Coastal Management Orientation and Overview.
An introduction to the coastal management process in the
Philippines and to definitions and trends in coastal management.
Legal and Jurisdictional Framework for Coastal
Management. Outlines the laws pertaining to coastal
management and defines the jurisdictions affecting coastal areas
and resources.
Coastal Resource Management Planning. Illustrates
the planning process from the local government’s perspective.
Involving Communities in Coastal Management.
Explains the concept of community participation in resource
management, a keystone approach to which the success of recent
CRM initiatives has been attributed.
Managing Coastal Habitats and Marine Protected Areas. Demonstrates the relationships
among organisms in the coastal marine ecosystem.
Managing Municipal Fisheries. Clarifies the issue on municipal waters and legal jurisdiction for
fisheries management.
Managing Impacts of Development in the Coastal Zone. Stresses the importance of planning
and environmental impact assessment in the process of developing coastal zones.
Coastal Law Enforcement. Lists the major issues in the enforcement of coastal laws.
The guidebook series is designed to facilitate CRM-related initiatives of government, nongovernment and
academic organizations. These organizations will be prioritized in the distribution of the guidebooks.

These guidebooks were produced by:

Department of Department of the Department of Agriculture-

Environment and Interior and Bureau of Fisheries and
Natural Resources Local Government Aquatic Resources
Local Government Units, Non-Government Organizations, and other Assisting Organizations
through the Coastal Resource Management Project,
a technical assistance project supported by the United States Agency for International Development.

Technical support and management is provided by:

The eight-volume set will be distributed to all coastal municipalities, provinces, appropriate national agencies and NGOs, academe and
other organizations involved in CRM. As copies are limited, individuals are encouraged to access the publication through the website
www.oneocean.org. The complete set can be downloaded and printed from that site.

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