Design of 5G Communication System

and its application on Iot

By-Vijay Nath,Nishchey Rastogi, Abhinav Kumar Thakur, Kritika Jain
2nd Year Students,ECE Department, B.I.T. Mesra, Ranchi-835215(JH), India

btech10416.21@bitmesra.ac.in, btech10419.21@bitmesra.ac.in, btech10417.21@bitmesra.ac.in.

Abstract— Higher capacity, increased data rate, lower latency,

and quality service are some of the most essential goals that
must be met in the future, or in a world beyond 4G. To achieve
these aspirations, large-scale advancements in 5G cellular
architecture are required. This article focuses on the
architecture of the fifth-generation, or 5G, cellular network, as
well as some of the main new technologies that can help to
humanise the design and fulfil user needs. The topic of 5G in
this paper is primarily focused on device-to-device
communication (D2D) and massive multiple input multiple
output technologies. Using instructions from web sources and
extensive research on the issue, a broad, credible 5G cellular
network design is created. The deployment of service-tailored
networks that are compliant. One of the primary aims of future
5G wireless networks is the compliance supply of service-
tailored networks to a wide range of services via integrated
cloud reserve and wireless/wired network holdings, which may
be supplied by multiple infrastructure suppliers and/or Fig. 1 Spectrum of Different Generations
operators.
B: 2G
The abbreviation 2G (or 2-G) refers to second-generation
cellular telephone technology. Three things set 2G networks
apart from its forerunners' generations: phone conversations
were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were far more adept at
INTRODUCTION
using the spectrum, allowing for higher rates of mobile phone
penetration; and 2G networks were more cost-effective
overall.
EVOLUTION OF GENERATION C. 2.5G
It frequently includes General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)
A: 1G (or 1-G) and other capabilities that are not frequently seen in 2G or 1G
It refers to the first generation of mobile telephony (wireless networks, along with a second generation cellular system
telephone) technologies.The first generation was revealed in the subscription. Its system architecture allows for a data rate of
early 1980s. 2.4kbps is the maximum data rate. Subscribers up to 144 kbps, but it also uses packet switching and circuit
comprised Total Access Communication System (TACS), switching. GPRS, EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for GSM
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), and Advanced Mobile Evolution), and CDMA 2000 (Code Division Multiple
Phone System (AMPS). The disadvantages of the first Access) were the three primary 2.5G technologies.
generation included insufficient capacity, careless handoff,
poor accent associations, and a lack of safety precautions
because audio calls were accumulated and played in radio
D. 3G
towers, increasing the call's vulnerability to unnecessary
connections or noises from a third party. The After that, the third generation made its appearance in
The fundamental contrast between the two mobile network late 2000. Data is transmitted to the rest of the world via it.
systems (1G and 2G) is that 1G networks use analogue radio
transmissions, whilst 2G networks use digital encoders. Rates of up to 2Mbps are possible. The primary goal of the
Third Generation (3G) system was to successfully combine
high-speed mobile connection with IP-based services. In
order to ensure QoS, contemporary developments were
made in addition to transmission rate. 3G distinguishes
itself as a notable and superior generation because to
 additional features like international roaming and enhanced search for new technology is their desire to go beyond 2their
audio quality. The primary disadvantage of 3G phones is that competitors. When 4G is extensively used, problems will
they consume more power than conventional 2G phones. arise that a 5G-based telecommunications network will be
ideal for resolving.
Market research indicates that 3G network plans are more
expensive than 2G network plans. Wireless systems using orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) provide broad coverage, high
quantities at millimetre waves (10 mm to 1 mm),
encompassing a frequency range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, and
In addition to more contemporary technologies like Wideband the capacity to transmit data at a rate of 20 Mbps at distances
Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Universal Mobile of up to 2 km. The millimeterwave spectrum is the most
active antidote to the present wireless technology surge.
Telecommunications Systems (UMTS), and Code Division
use of the internet. These capabilities allow for the delivery
Multiple Access (CDMA) 2000, 3G also makes use of of wireless World Wide Web (WWW) applications.
Evolution-Data and High Speed Uplink/Downlink Packet With 5G, downloading and uploading Ultra HD and 3D
Access (HSUPA/HSDPA). videos will be easier. We might thus claim that life is moving
more quickly now. It would be fantastic if you could upgrade
your data connection from a garden hose to a fire hose. There
E: 4G will be a difference.
.The successor to 3G and much more exciting is the fourth
generation (4th) of wireless mobile telecommunication According to NETWORK ALLIANCES, the following
technology. A 4G system must offer the ITU's IMT-defined prerequisites must be met by 5G networks:
capabilities.In general, advanced 4G is referred to as the
offspring of 3G and 2G standards. A 4G system enhances Increased data rates of up to 1 Gb per second to numerous
existing communication networks by providing an all- employees on the same office floor
encompassing, dependable IP-based solution. Users will
receive amenities like phone, data, and multimedia on a 24/7, Spectral efficiency is improved compared to 4G, coverage
anywhere basis for a significantly higher data charge than speed is increased, signalling efficiency is improved, and
previous generations. Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), legacy usage is greatly decreased compared to LTE. This
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), video chat, High Definition essay is divided mostly into the following sections:
TV programming, and mobile TV are examples of applications 5G cellular network design, the generations that will lead up
that utilise a 4G network. to it, emerging technologies for 5G wireless networks, and
conclusions

A breakthrough is 5G technology. The fifth generation, or

5G, of telecom networks has already begun to outpace the
market and will do so on a global scale. In other areas, the
rate of technological advancement is expected to lead to the
creation of a vast 5G IoT (Internet of Things) ecosystem
where networks can help with the communication needs of
billions of connected objects.

Fig. 2: Evolution to 5G

F: 5G
The term "5G" refers to the fifth generation of mobile technology.
Beyond the forthcoming 4G standards, the next important
development in mobile communications ethics is 5G.

Supporting electronic communications, product documentation,

and product manufacture are among the services that 5G
technology offers. As buyers get more information about mobile
phone technology, they will look for a decent bundle that
incorporates all of the most cutting-edge features a cellular phone
could have to offer. Consequently, the first cell

The key driving force behind phone colossuses' continuous

 3

Eight requirements for specifications underpin 5G technology: than ever as demand on mobile communication networks
rises.
• 10 to 100x speed development over 4G and 4.5G networks
In order to meet future demand, it will be necessary to
with a data throughput of up to 10Gbps
make use of the spectrum now accessible to mobile
• A one-millisecond delay networks, get access to more capacity at nearby frequencies,
In comparison to 4G LTE, this technology offers up to 100 and manipulate higher frequencies in the centimeter-wave
times more linked devices per unit area, 1000 times more and millimeter-wave bands..
bandwidth per unit area, 100% coverage, and 90% less network
energy consumption.
II. 5G CELLULAR NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
For 5G designers, there are many challenges. The physical
scarcity of radio frequency (RF) bands required for cellular
communications is one of the biggest obstacles. Additionally,
these frequency ranges have been extensively utilised, leaving
no additional space in the current cellular bands. A further
difficulty is that using modern wireless technologies requires a
lot of energy.

Fig. 3: Specifications of 5G
Large global telecom consortia are already trying to develop 5G-
related global values. Although the majority of those standards
haven't been finalised, experts still anticipate that they will have
some global interoperability in addition to being more compatible
with 4G and 3G. Beam Division Multiple Access, also known as
BDMA, is a revolutionary advanced access technology that can
easily replace 4G with 5G as user demand increases rapidly.
It is believed that 5G cellular networks can overcome six challenges
that 4G cellular networks are not adequately able to meet, including: Fig. 4: A General 5g cellular architecture
1: Higher capacity,
2: Higher data rate, . As an alternative, once 4G is operationally established
3: Connectivity to huge devices has improved, commercially, the inclusion of an application, or we can say
4: End to End latency has decreased, and improvement made at the basic network, is prompting the
5: Cost has decreased. package providers to shift to a 5G network. There was
6: dependable Quality. widespread consensus, nonetheless, that the 5G network should
outperform the 4G network in the following ways:
I. NETWORK REQUIREMENTS OF 5G 1. One thousand times the system capacity
2. A spectral efficiency increase of 10
The requirement for reference point data speeds of 100Mbit/s 3. The use of energy
and peak speeds of up to 10Gbit/s across 5G networks is 4. Data speed.
likely. Along with dealing with the overall volume of traffic,
new strategies will also be needed to manage traffic in some
areas, such as business districts and commuter hubs. Using
wireless technologies

The Shannon limit for bits/Hz on individual radio links is

approaching; hence, to significantly increase bits/Hz/km2,
more base stations must be placed in a given area.

The acquisition and wise use of spectrum will be more crucial

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. To satisfy the needs of the user and overcome the of increased, or very high, infrastructure costs.
difficulties presented by the 5G system, significant
modifications in the design philosophy of the 5G
wireless cellular architecture are required. III. SURGING TECHNOLOGIES AND 5G
WIRELESS NETWORKS:
To overcome this challenge, it has been proposed to When there is a rapid increase in the number of connected
distinguish between outside and interior settings when devices, corrective actions include improving energy
developing the 5G cellular architecture.The loss efficiency, increasing capacity, decreasing cost, and
caused by the building's walls being penetrated will spectrum utilisation, as well as offering better stability and
be somewhat lessened with the aid of this designing scalability for handling the escalating number of connected
strategy. devices. Today's world is growing at the speed of light, and
. Massive MIMO technology, which geographically we are increasingly reliant on technology to communicate
disperses an array of antennas made up of tens or faster. The primary technology objective is to provide a
hundreds of antenna units, will support this tactic, or, system concept that supports:
maybe more correctly, this approach. The idea of
• A 1000-fold increase in the volume of data per region
massive MIMO systems, which has been developed,
• Increase the number of linked devices by tens to hundreds
focuses largely on using the advantages of huge array
of times.
antenna components in terms of considerable
performance increases since MIMO systems now
For low power, battery life was increased by up to ten times,
only employ two or four antennas. The exterior base
stations must first be outfitted with sizeable antenna
and the typical user data rate was increased by 10 to 100
arrays, some of which are covertly positioned around times.
hexagonal cells and connected to the base station via
the quickest connections, notably optical fibre cables,
in order to set up or construct a big, enormous MIMO • There is a 5x reduction in end-to-end, or E2E, latency. In
network., which are primarily supported by massive this essay, I have attempted to cover every stage of the
MIMO technologies. Outside mobile users typically internet's growth, and I have also discussed emerging
have a set number of antenna installed, but with technologies in detail, along with the technical issues that
cooperation, a big reel antenna array can be created, may arise as a result of many factors.
which when combined with base station antenna
arrays, effectively forms enormous MIMO linkages.
In order to establish connection with exterior base
stations using line of sight components, we have
placed large antenna arrays outside of each structure.
In order to communicate with users present indoors,
the wireless access points that are present inside the
building are related, or you would say connected, with
the enormous antenna arrays through cables. This will
considerably enhance data speeds, spectrum
competency, energy efficiency, and cell average
output.

efficiency of the cellular network, but at the expense

Fig. 5: Emerging Technologies of 5G

Speed Of 5G Additionally, 5G can offer significantly lower latency for fa

According to IMT-2020 specifications, 5G is expected to ster response times and can offer a more consistent user exp
achieve peak data speeds of up to 20 Gbps. Qualcomm erience overall, ensuring that data speeds remain high even
Industries' premier 5G solution, the Qualcomm® when users are moving about.
SnapdragonTM X65, is intended to provide downlink peak Additionally, a Gigabit LTE coverage base that can deliver
data speeds of up to 10 Gbps. ubiquitous Gigabit-
But 5G is about more than simply speed. 5G is intended to give class connection supports the upcoming 5G NR mobile net
much more than increased peak data speeds. work.
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for 5G:
Mobile IoT, as defined by the GSMA, relates to cellular low-power wide-
area (LPWA) technologies that operate within licenced spectrum bands.
Low-power, low-data Internet of Things applications are carried by 5G
era technologies like 3GPP narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) and Long-Term
5G IoT : Evolution machine-type communication (LTE-M). With uninterrupted
information flow, cellular LPWA creates the foundation for 5G. For many
The most recent generation of cellular communication years and releases, these 4G technologies will continue to have full
systems is 5G. It is implemented gradually as an evolving support in 5G networks.
standard.
Businesses may extend the reach of their IT and OT networks over
Phase 1 of 5G uses upgraded 4G radio and core networks while difficult-to-reach places with the use of 3GPP technologies like 4G LTE
operating non-standalone (NSA). and 5G. They need a deployment strategy and infrastructure that is simple
Phase 2 will lay the groundwork for a new age of wireless to scale.
connectivity all across the world using the 5G New Radio (5G Consider intelligent gas and water grid solutions. To support consumer
NR) framework and new core network. It includes multiple usage, managers must remotely monitor ambient conditions from
thousands of sensors, control valves, and regulators.
access for 3GPP-standard cellular, fixed-line, Wi-Fi, and
satellite connectivity technologies.
They must also avoid or lessen line breakage and other failure scenarios
across numerous sites. To avert calamity and human casualties, managers
must act in milliseconds. The tools and resources managers require are
With regard to IoT- made possible by IoT.
enabled devices, 5G connects a greater density of devices at f
aster rates, virtually eliminating lag. As a result of the necessity to support billions of new devices, cellular
Therefore, 5G produces a fantastic user experience regardless networks are evolving. These gadgets need connectivity options that are
both technically and commercially viable.
of the application, device, or service you use.

Use cases of 5g and its Industry applications

The potential for transformative applications that go well
beyond smartphones and other mobile devices is offered by
next-generation wireless network capabilities. Everyone, from
gamers to governments, will gain from a new set of 5G use cases
and applications that combine connectivity, intelligent edge, and
Internet of Things (IoT) technology.

Fig. 6: 5G

Massive cellular IoT technologies are described as being

inexpensive and power-efficient. They benefit from extensive and
thorough indoor and outdoor coverage. Huge cellular IoT
provides:

Full-scope scalability and capacity expansions, simple

implementation, secure communication and authentication, and

Businesses and industrial organisations may connect more devices

with better capabilities for less money thanks to 5G's versatility.

Mobile IoT Systems Are Paving The way

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The fifth generation of wireless technology, or 5G, symbolises how AI With quick, effective networking, AI applications will be applied
connection is evolving. 5G, which is built for maximum speed and to vast amounts of data more quickly and effectively. Think about a
capacity, has the ability to significantly extend how data is transmitted smart city.
and will open up a variety of new applications and use cases that go
well beyond the smartphone. After an adjacent apartment building opens, AI may automatically
correlate traffic light data and implement new patterns. Automatic
detection of potential security breaches or unauthorised visitors is
Engineers are already hard at work on applications and gadgets that made possible by smart security and machine vision.
will take use of the advantages of 5G, even though widespread 5G
rollouts are anticipated by 2021. Many of tomorrow's most exciting The delivery of data from devices to the central cloud to train or
technical developments—from the development of the IoT to improve AI models will also benefit from 5G, which will aid in
significant improvements in the practical use of AI—will be reliant on enabling AI inference at the edge. For instance, cloud-based mapping
5G connectivity. services can be enhanced by real-world information on road
conditions gathered by linked vehicles.

the Power of IoT

The phrase "Internet of Things" was mostly a notion when it was first
used in 1999. Twenty years later, IoT technology is used in everything
from smart city sensors to residential thermostats. Applications that would
have seemed inconceivable just a few years ago are now possible thanks
to 5G and IoT.

The major barriers to the development of the Internet of Things are

eliminated by 5G's promise of low latency and large network capacity. 5G
and IoT are a logical combination that will have an influence on almost
every business and consumer, giving devices the ability to sense and react
in practically real-time.

Broadband-Like Mobile Service Fig. 7: Unleashing AI

Among the first effects of the 5G network rollout, improved mobile Immersive Gaming and Virtual Reality
service is one of the most observable. All of the major US wireless
carriers, as well as a large number of smaller communications service A more immersive future is what 5G offers for games. High-
providers, plan to roll out 5G mobile networks that will provide definition live streaming will benefit greatly from 5G speeds, and
broadband-like services, like high-definition streaming video without the
dreaded buffering. With a greatly expanded network capacity, 5G is also
ultra-low latency means that 5G gaming won't be constrained to
expected to lessen slowdowns during surges in usage—sports fans will high-powered computing devices. Cloud-based processing,
still be able to stream during the big game, for instance. archiving, and retrieval are possible, with mobile devices serving
as both the game's display and controller.
Connectivity for Edge Computing
Virtual reality (VR) apps, which rely on quick feedback and
response times to create a realistic experience, will see significant
Enterprises can benefit from strategically distributed processing power with
innovation thanks to low-latency 5G.
the transition to cloud-native 5G networks, enabling more data to be
processed and stored in the appropriate location based on the demands of the
application. At the intersection of IoT, AI, and 5G technologies, intelligent
edge computing functions. Applications and devices can utilise edge cloud
computing resources without having to travel thousands of kilometres to a
centralised data centre.

Industries will be able to substantially scale up their usage of data as 5G edge

computing becomes more prevalent and act faster—often instantly and
autonomously—on discoveries.

AI unleasing :
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Logistic
Industry Applications Keeping track of inventory is expensive, time-consuming, and
challenging in shipping and logistics. Greater communication
Today's organisations are anticipated to gain significantly from between vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure itself
the 5G upgrade, whether their objective is to boost revenue may be possible with 5G.
potential, lower total cost of ownership (TCO), or enhance
customer experiences With 5G, fleet monitoring and navigation will become much
simpler overall. An augmented reality system that recognises and
Healthcare highlights potential risks without drawing the driver's attention
away from the road might potentially enable driver guidance.
Doctors and patients will be able to stay more connected than
ever thanks to 5G healthcare use cases. When a patient exhibits
symptoms, wearable devices could notify medical
professionals. For example, an internal defibrillator could
notify a team of emergency room cardiologists to prepare for
an incoming patient and keep a detailed record of the data it
collected.

Retail
The consumer experience will be crucial for 5G retail
applications. The aisles of packed shelves from today's stores
might not exist in tomorrow's stores. Imagine a store where you
could add products to a virtual cart as opposed to a physical
one, making it more like a showroom.
Real-time inventory and stock management in stores may also
be done with 5G. Customers can even observe modifications
like cashierless
businesses that don't have a traditional checkout queue, but
instead only keep track of what you put in your cart.
Fig. 9: Logistics
Agriculture
Applications of 5G IoT
Future farms will employ more data and less pesticides.
Farmers may determine with extreme precision which regions
need water, have a disease, or need pest control by using data Initial 5G IoT use cases centred on:
from sensors placed right in the fields. premise equipment (CPE) and high-speed industrial
networking
Animal health monitoring may become more common as Fixed wireless access (FWA), video transmission, and
wearables grow more inexpensive and 5G makes it easier to mobile computing
construct networks with large numbers of IoT devices. Farmers As usage increases, they will develop and stream virtual and
may use fewer antibiotics without jeopardising food safety by augmented reality as well as 3D movies (which needs a lot
utilising more accurate health data.
of bandwidth). Additionally, 5G applications will be used
.
for crucial communications in things like factory automation
and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Manufacturing Aside from enhancing personal applications, 5G IoT will
The combination of 5G, AI, and IoT will completely change transform how we live and work.
factory floors. In addition to cost- and downtime-controlling
predictive maintenance, companies will employ 5G to analyse
and control industrial processes with a level of precision never
before possible.

Manufacturers can modify conventional quality assurance

procedures by simplifying them with sensor technology and AI
thanks to the connectivity increase provided by 5G.
 8

With 5G IoT, facilities will keep becoming better so that vital updates
may be sent to networks without crashing the system or overwhelming
the servers.
The following sectors will continue to gain from these 5G IoT
improvements:
Transportation and automotive Smart manufacturing Smart buildings
Smart cities Smart utilities Security and monitoring Agriculture Retail
Health care
Future 5G Use Cases

Smart houses, watch and phone syncing Fitness apps and IoT
gadgets are widely used. They will expand in line with 5G's
performance and speed capabilities. With such a large-scale
reliance on mobile IoT now, the 5G future will be drastically
different in 20 years.
Large-scale deployments of autonomous vehicles will take Fig. 9:Future 5g use cases
place, as will automation of utility services like garbage
The COVID-led work-from-home paradigm, which is expected to
management. In order to reduce greenhouse emissions and
survive the pandemic as a new corporate standard, will be fully
pollution, smart networks and environmental monitoring will integrated by home users. Home users will also be able to watch
also be used in energy generation. their preferred entertainment from anywhere while maximising
power usage.

The efficiency of society will increase, smart cities will live up to

their name, and users may anticipate tailored information streams.

Imagine being able to work while parking a smart car in a

garage and receiving wireless charging from the city grid. IV. CONCLUSION
After that, you can send a message to your car telling it to The 5th Generation wireless cellular communication systems'
requirements for data throughput, spectral efficiency, latency,
proceed from the parking garage to your office door.
capacity, energy efficiency, and quality of service have all been
Drones and extremely dense sensor networks will enable thoroughly reviewed in this study. The 5G wireless network
farmers to track and monitor their crops, livestock, and architecture, huge MIMO technology, and device-to-device
equipment. communication have all been described in this study.
Huge MIMO and Device to Device communication (D2D) are two
examples of major, forward-looking technologies that have been
discussed in relation to the upcoming generation.

Additionally, modern mobile users are well-versed in cell phone

(mobile) technologies. All of the forms of cutting-edge structures
used in 5G technologies make the technology the most potent and
in high demand in the near future.

A user can link their laptop to their 5G mobile handset to access

broadband internet. You may acquire a camera, an MP3 player, a
large phone memory, an audio player, and much more with 5G
technology.
The project addresses the requirement for IoT infrastructures to be
more scalable, autonomous, linked, and non-location dependent.
The present possibilities are outlined in terms of
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