HISTORY OF ART FORMS 5.

Value-value pertains to the lightness each

art work.
Ethnic Tradition –Geographical Tradition
6. Texture is element that appeals to our
Spanish Colonial Tradition- 1521-1898
sense of felon things,it is character of the
Religion and Secularization
surface of an artwork
American Colonial and Contemporary Arts-
1860-Present (2023), diverse and emerging art
practices PRINCIPLE OF ARTS
1.Proportion
ART FORMS Proportion refers to the relationship of the size
of elements in a body of art. For example,
VISUAL-art forms that create works that are
when drawing a human standing beside a
primarily visual in nature
house, it is important to ensure that the size
LITERATURE-a body of written works of the human is proportional to the size of the
house.
MUSIC-simple folk song and complex
electronic composition or combining social 2. Harmony In visual arts, harmony is the
instrument unity of the artwork, specifically about the
arrangement of the related elements.
THEATRE- collaborate art form which
combines word voice movement and 3. Variety In other terms, variety may be
performance referred to as diversity. This means adding
multiple, different elements to break the
DANCE- is an art form that synchronized monotony of an artwork and make it more
rhythmic and body movement interesting.
ARHETICTURE- the art and technique of 4. Movement In arts, movement is the
designing and building illusion of motion in a painting, sculpture
FILM- a motion picture design, or in a piece of art.
5. Rhythm This refers to the repetition of
certain elements to produce a pattern. In
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLE OF ART visual
1. Space –refers to distance or areas arts, repeated design elements may create a
around,between or within components of piece certain flow and may lead the viewers eyes.
and refers to the arrangement of obejcts on
the picture plane 6. Balance-Balance refers to the even and
equal distribution of elements
2. Line -is a one-dimensional figure, which
has length but no width. A line is made of a 7. Emphasis Emphasis is a principle which
set of points which is extended in opposite may refer to the greater impact given on a
directions infinitely. It certain element.

3. Shape -shape is an area that is enclosed by

a line or lines.Shapes are two dimentional
figures with height and width
4. Form- the three dimentionality of an
object.it has dimensions of height,width and
leghth
 -The significant elements in Francisco's
painting were their lines and shapes that
CONTEMPORARY ARTIST AND THEIR
seem like cutouts and their lush tropical
NOTABLE WORK
colors.
VISUAL ARTISTS - He is one of the so-called "The Triumvirate"
along with other modernists.
Fernando Amorsolo -His major works includes Blood Compact,
- He is known as the "Grand Old Man" of the The Martyrdom of Rizal, Bayanihan, Sandugo,
Philippine Art and the first National Artist of Portrait of Purita, First Mass at Limasawa,
the country. The Invasion of Limahing, etc
- Lighting is the most prominent element of
Cesar Legaspi
his painting.
- He is one of the Thirteen Moderns, who
- His works of art were also notable for
promoted modern arts in the country.
reflecting the artistic and cultural heritage of
- He was a neo-realist whose important
the Philippine His significant works are
contribution to modern art was his refinement
Planting Rice, Dalagang Bukid. The Mestiza,
of cubism in the Philippine context.
and Maiden in a Stream, among others.
- He indigenized cubism and produced
Hernando Ocampo artworks showing local temperaments.
- He is one of the Thirteen Moderns, who - Some of his major art pieces are the Beggar,
paved the way to art modernism in the The Stairway, The Ritual, The Survivor,
Philippines. Gadget I and II. Flight, Struggle, Peace,
- His works were more radical and more poetic Bayanihan, Façade, Ovary, Idols of the Third
and show the kind of society there was after Eye, among others
World War II.
Abdulmari Asia Imao
- It was his abstract painting that significantly
- He is a visual artist from Sulu, who
contributed to the Philippine modern art.
articulated the Muslim culture and art in the
-He developed a new style of abstraction
country.
through his use of fierce and striking colors,
-He preserved and promoted the Philippine
His works proved that abstract and non-
indigenous art using ethnic themes like the
traditional style of painting can also result to
ukkil, sarimanok, and naga in his paintings
nationalistic art.
and sculptures. -Through his work, Imao
-His major artworks were Genesis, Calvary,
empowered cultural groups to take part in
Slum Dwellers, Nude with Cradle and Flower,
promoting equality and in building a better
The Resurrection, Fiesta, etc.
society.
Benedicto Cabrera - His artworks include murals like the
- He is populary known as BenCab, an industry Brass Mural of the Philippine
award-winning painter and printmaker who National Bank, Industrial Mural of the Central
was tagged as a master of the Philippine Bank of the Philippines, and the Mural Relief
contemporary the Philippine society art. in Filmmaking painted in the Manila City Hall.
-The most popular subject of his painting was
Guillermo Tolentino
"Sabel", the woman scavenger roaming the
- He was the master sculptor who introduced
streets of his hometown when he was young.
classical sculpture in the country: Though
Sabel depicts poverty and inequalities in
classical but still identifiable Filipino .
Carlos "Botong " Fransisco - He was known for creating monuments and
-He was a muralist from Angono, Rizal, For bust figures of the Philippine Heroes.
nearly three decades, he painted murals - He was also the one who created the UP
showing the historical past of the Philippines. Oblation, which became the representation of
- Most of his subjects depict the life in his the academic freedom of the university.
hometown and highlight the lives of the
farmers and the fishermen.
Arturo Luz created in the time of Martial Law.
- He is an abstractionist known for his - Some of his famous paintings include
minimalist paintings and sculptures which Geometric Landscape, Pieta, and Seated
exude sophisticated simplicity. Figure
- His major painting pieces include
Jose Joya
Procession, Bagong Taon, Vendedor de Flores,
- He is an abstractionist known his "gestural
Skipping Rope, Candle Vendors, Self Portrait,
paintings", The prominent elements of his
Night Glows, Grand Finales, and Cyclist
artworks include their color harmony inspired
Series.
by the country's landscaped, their kinetic
Federico Aguilar Alcuaz energy, and their spontaneity.
- He was the artist known for his gestural - He applied paints in broad brush strokes
abstract expressionistic paintings using either by using brushes or spatula or by
variety a of mediums like acrylic and oil. directly applying paint from the tube or by
- He was also a sculptor who produced splashing paint into the canvas.
abstract figurative sculptures made of - He is also a multimedia artist who painted
materials like ceramics, paper, mixed media. on ceramics such as vessels, plates, and tiles.
- His works include Reveries of Love, Still Life - As an artist, he promoted visual arts to the
with Landscape, Panoramic View of Manila, younger generation by conducting regional
Tres Marias, and Tap Room, among others. workshops.
- Some of his works include Approaching
Napoleon Abueva
Storm, Space Transfiguration, Beethoven
- He is the father of Modern Philippine
Listening to Blues, City Entering the Edge of
Sculpture, who made use of wide range of
Sundown, and Dimension of Fear, among
materials in his works like different types of
others.]
hardwood. stones, and metals.
- He was also the sculptor who started the Vicente Manansala
trend in mixing different materials, like metal - He was cubist painter who painted with wide
and stone, in making sculptures. range of subject matters from the happy and
- Among his notable works are Nine Muses, bountiful rural to poverty-stricken urban set
Kaganapan, Stations of the Cross, Sunburst, ups.
and The Transfiguration. -He contributed to the modernism of the
Philippine visual arts by his style of
Victorio Edades
transparent cubism.
- He is the "Father of Modern Philippine
-He reorganized human forms in transparent
Painting." - He was one of the "Triumvirate"
planes instead.
who introduced modernism in the Philippine
- Among his notable works include Mother
Visual Art.
and Child, A Cluster Nipa Hut, Nude, Via
- He deviated from Amorsolo's use of happy
Crucis, Marker Vendor, and I Believe in God.
and bright colors and used dark sad hues in
his paintings instead. MUSIC ARTISTS
- Depicted in his works were the hardships of
in the life of the laborer and the lower class in Antonio R. Buenaventura
the society. - The Sketch, Japanese Girl, -Researched and popularized Philippine folk
Mother and Daughter, The Wrestler, and songs and dances in 1935.Collaborated with
Poinsettia Girl are among his famous art Fransisca Reyes Aquino, National Artist for
piece. Dance

Ang Kiukok Music Contributions:Wrote songs and musical

- He was known for his highly expressionistic arrangements based on folk songs from
works containing powerful meanings. Angst, various ethnic groups in the Philippines.
anguish, and anger are the glaring emotions
contained in his cubistic works as these were
Jose Maceda as a soloist for two years in the Manila
- Focused on understanding and popularizing Chamber of Orchestra.
Filipino traditional music.
Lucio San Pedro
- Conducted research and fieldwork on - Known for creatively using folk idioms in his
traditional music, resulting in a wide array of compositions.
recorded music from different parts of the
Extracted Filipino essence and style from folk
Philippines.
materials.
- His papers led to the understanding and
His music contributes to a sense of Filipino
appreciation of ethnic and traditional music in
identity.
the Philippines, both locally and
internationally. Produced songs, orchestral compositions,
chamber music, and cantatas.
Major Works: Ugma-ugma, Pagsamba, Udlot-
udlot, Kubing, Agungan, Ugnayan, Aroding, Famous works: Sa Ugoy ng Duyan, Lulay,
Ading, Siasid, Suling-suling. Eastern Cantata, The Devils Bridge, Malakas
at Maganda Overture, Hope and Ambition,
Lucrecia R. Kasilag
Dance of Fairies, Lahing Kayumanggi.
- Reinforced Filipino appreciation of music by
blending Western influences with Philippine Antonio J. Molina
ethnic music. -Used folk music and instruments like
kulintangan and gabbang.
Integration of Ethnic Instruments: Utilized
ethnic instruments in orchestral productions Part of the last musical triumvirate with
like "Tocata for Percussions and Winds," Nicanor Abelardo and Fransisco Santiago.
Divertissement and Concentrate, Filiasiana,
De Profundis, and Misang Pilipino. Contributed to the innovation of Philippine
music.
Cultural Dance Group: Collaborated with
other artists to establish one of the finest Francisco Feliciano
cultural dance groups in the Philippines -Known for incorporating "Asianess" in his
music.
Ernani J. Cuenco
- Remarkable singer, composer, film scorer, Showcased the rich culture and ethnicity of
and musician. Asia, especially the Philippines.

Musical Style: Incorporated Kundiman Major works: Sihay sa Kabila ng Paalam, La

elements into his ballad love songs. Loba Negra, Pokpok Alimako, Pamagun,
Yerma, Ashen Wings.
Fame: Many of his songs were used as theme
songs and musical scores for numerous
Filipino movies. Levi Celerio
Popular Works: Bato sa Buhangin, Bulong ng - Started playing the violin at age 11.
Puso, Kalesa, Gano Kita Kamahal, Diligin mo Lyricist with a vast catalog of songs.
ng Hamog ang Uhaw na Lupa, Nahan, Kahit
na Magtiis. Composed around 4,000 musical works.

Collaboration: Worked with Levi Celerio, Famous pieces: Sa Ugoy ng Duyan, Dahil sa
another National Artist for Music, on Isang Bulaklak, Saan Ka Man Naroroon, Ang
compositions used in films. Pipit, Kung Tavoy Magtanim, Kalesa.

Musical Experience: Served as a cellist for five Lyricist of the Christmas song "Ang Pasko ay
years in the Manila Symphony Orchestra and Sumapit."
Known for playing music using a leaf and was The group has won numerous awards in and
in the Guinness Book of World Records for outside the country.
this talent
Conducted cultural outreach programs,
Ramon Santos providing music education in various areas in
- Music incorporates rich artistic traditions the Philippines.
from Asia and the Philippines.
Combines Philippine indigenous instruments
and vocals with foreign instruments like the DANCE AND THEATRE ARTIST
Javanese gamelan.
Compositions interweave Asian culture,
FranciscaReyes Aquino
drama, poetry, and dance (e.g., Sandiwaan,
-‘Folk dance pioneer’ in the 1990s researched
Daragang Magayon, Ta-O, Awit ni Pulau).
various folk dances of the Philippines.
Known for unique compositions like the
-She is a recipient of the
Kulintang. Republic Award of Merit and the Ramon
Promoted Philippine music internationally Magsaysay Award and is a designated
through cultural education programs and National Artist for Philippine Dance.
- Her books include the following:
festivals for rondalla and traditional music.
-Philippine National Dances (1946);
-Gymnastics for Girls (1947);
-Fundamental Dance Steps and Music (1948);
Jovita Fuentes
-Known for portraying Cio-cio san in Madame -Foreign Folk Dances (1949); Dances for all
Butterfly in Italy. Occasion (1950);
-Playground Demonstration (1951); -
Awarded "Embahadora de Filipinas a su Philippine Folk Dances, Volumes I to VI.
Madre Patria" by Spain for outstanding
musical performances in Europe. Leonor O. Goquingco
- she was a Filipino national artist in creative
Founder of the Artist's Guild of the
dance, who was also known for breaking
Philippines, which promoted opera through
tradition within dance.
"Tour of Operland" productions.
- She played the piano, drew art, designed
scenery and costumes, sculpted, acted,
directed, danced and choreographed.
Felipe Padilla de Leon - In 1940, she created THE ELEMENTS, the
- Known as the "people's musician" for first ballet choreographed by a Filipino to
reflecting Filipino sentiments in his works. commissioned music, and a year later,
Notable orchestral and symphonic choreographed the first Philippine Folk ballet,
compositions: Mariang Makiling Overture, "Trend: Return to the Native".
Roca Encantada, Maynila Overture, - After WWII, she organized the Philippine
Orchesterstuk. Ballet and in 1958, founded the
FILIPINESCAS DANCE COMPANY.
Choral music and songs: Payapang Daigdig, -Philippine National Dances (1946); -
Ako ay Pilipino, Bulaklak, Mutya ng Lahi. Gymnastics for Girls (1947)
Lucrecia R. Urtula
Andrea Veneracion -she was a Filipino choreographer, theater
- Founder of the Philippine Madrigal Singers, a director, teacher, author and researcher on
world-renowned choral group. ethnic dance.”
- She was the founding director of the
Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance
Company and was named National Artist of -Rama Hari (1980)
the Philippines for dance in 1988. -Bayanihan Remembered (1987)
- Singkil, a Bayanihan signature number
AMADO V. HERNANDEZ Hagonoy, Bulacan
based on a Maranao epic poem;
(1903-1970) National Artist or Literature
-Vinta, a dance honoring Filipino sailing
- 1973 Poet, playwright, novelist 
prowess; -Tagabili, a tale of tribal conflict;
- He practiced “committed art” and he was
-Pagdiwata, a four-day harvest festival
known as the “Manunulat ng Manggagawa.” 
condensed into a six-minute breath-taking
- In his view, the unction o a writer is to act as
spectacle-Philippine National Dances (1946).
the conscience o the human spirit in the ace o
Ramon Obusan inequity and oppression.His works talked
- he was a Filipino dancer, choreographer, about the struggles o Filipino laborers Works :
stage designer and artistic director. Isang Dipang Langit, Luha ngBuwaya, Mga
- Obusan is credited for his work in promoting Ibong Mandaragit (frst Filipino Socio-Political
Philippine traditional dance and cultural Novel that exposed the ills of the society).
work.
JOSE GARCIA - VILLA Singalong, Manila
- He is also an acclaimed archivist, researcher
(1908-1997) National Artist or Literature
and documentary filmmaker who focused on
- 1973 Known as DOVEGLION Known as the
Philippine culture.
COMMA Poet.
- Vamos a Belen! Series (1998-2004)
- He was the finest contemporary poet
Philippine Dances Tradition-Noon Po sa Amin,
regardless o race and language.
tableaux of Philippine History in song, drama
- He introduced the reversal consonance and
and dance
comma poems “First, a poem must be
-Obra Maestra, a collection of Ramon
magical,then musical as a sea gull, and it
Obusan's dance masterpieces
must hold as fire as well.” Works: Footnote to
-Unpublished Dances of the Philippines,
Youth, Many Voices, Have Come, Am Here,
Series I
The Anchored Angel.
-IV-Water, Fire and Life, Philippine Dances
and Music NICK JOAQUIN Paco, Manila (1917-2004)
-A Celebration of Life-Saludo sa Sentenyal- National Artist or Literature
Glimpses of ASEAN, Dances and Music of the - 1976 The most distinguished Filipino writer
ASEAN in English Writing; known as Quijano de
-Member Countries-MJ (Ramon Obusan Manila.
Folkloric Group): Philippines Costumes in - His contribution: exploration o the Philippine
Dance colonial past under Spain and his probinginto
the psychology o social danger as seen by the
young.
Alice Reyes
-He has written plays, novels, poems, short
-she is a Filipina dancer, choreographer,
stories, essays, reportage and journalism
teacher, director and producer.
Works: The Woman Who Had Two Navels,
-The founder of Ballet Philippines, she
Ballad of the Five Battles, Rizal in Saga,
received since June 20, 2014 from the
Almanac or Manilenos, Cave and Shadows
Philippine President Benigno Aquino III the
(about Martial Law time) Summer Solstice.
highest award in the Arts, National Artist of
the Philippines. CARLOS P. ROMULO Intramuros, Manila
- Her books include the following: (1899-1985) National Artist or Literature
-Visionary founder of Ballet Philippines - 1982 His career spanned 50 years o public
- Amada (1969)-At a Maranaw Gathering service as educator, soldier, university
(1970) president, journalist and diplomat .
-Itim-Asu (1971) - He was the 1st Asian President of UN
-Tales of the Manuvu (1977) General Assembly and thePhilippine
Ambassador to US.
- He was a reporter at 16, newspaper editor at Building, Rizal Theater, Capitol Theater,
20, publisher at 32. Captain Pepe Building, Manila Jockey Club,
- His broadcasts during the Japanese Rufino Building, Philippine Village Hotel,
colonization was known as the VOICE OF University of the Philippines Administration
FREEDOM . and University Library, and the reconstructed
- The only Asian to win Pulitzer Prize or Rizal house in Calamba, Laguna.
Journalism or a series o articles predicting the
Pablo Sebero Antonio (1976)
outbreak of WWII.
- Born at the turn of the century, National
FRANCISCO ARCELLANA Sta. Cruz, Manila Artist for Architecture.
(1916-2002) National Artist or Literature -He pioneered modern Philippine architecture.
- 1990 Writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist, His basic design is grounded on simplicity, no
teacher . clutter.
One of the most important progenitors of the -The lines are clean and smooth, and where
modern Filipino short story in English.  there are curves, these are made integral to
- He pioneered the development of short story the structure. Pablo Jr. points out, “For our
as a lyrical prose-poetic form. father, every line must have a meaning, a
purpose. For him, function comes first before
Edith Cutaran Lopez-Tiempo (April 22, 1919
elegance or form“.
– August 21, 2011) was a Filipino poet, fiction
-The other thing that characterizes an Antonio
writer, teacher and literary critic in the
structure is the maximum use of natural light
English language.
and cross ventilation.
-As fictionist, Tiempo is as morally profound.
- Antonio believes that buildings “should be
Her language has been marked as "descriptive
planned with austerity in mind and its
but unburdened by scrupulous detailing."
stability forever as the aim of true
-She was conferred the National Artist Award
architecture, that buildings must be
for Literature in 1999.
progressive, simple in design but dignified,
-Her poems are intricate verbal
true to a purpose without resorting to an
transfigurations of significant experiences as
applied set of aesthetics and should eternally
revealed, in two of her much anthologized
recreate truth”.
pieces, "Halaman" and "Bonsai."
- Antonio’s major works include the following:
ACHITECTURAL ARTIST Far Eastern University Administration and
Science buildings; Manila Polo Club; Ideal
Juan F. Nakpil (May 26, 1899 – May 7, 1986) Theater;Lyric Theater; Galaxy Theater;
- architect, teacher and civic leader, is a Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building; Boulevard-
pioneer and innovator in Philippine Alhambra (now Bel-Air) apartments; Ramon
architecture. Roces Publications Building (now Guzman
- In essence, Nakpil’s greatest contribution is Institute of Electronics).
his belief that there is such a thing as
Leandro V. Locsin
Philippine Architecture, espousing
(August 15, 1928 – November 15, 1994)
architecture reflective of Philippine traditions
- reshaped the urban landscape with a
and culture.
distinctive architecture reflective of Philippine
- He has integrated strength, function, and
Art and Culture. - He believes that the true
beauty in the buildings that are the country’s
Philippine Architecture is “the product of two
heritage today.
great streams of culture, the oriental and the
-He designed the 1937 International
occidental… to produce a new object of
Eucharistic Congress altar and rebuilt and
profound harmony.”
enlarged the Quiapo Church in 1930 adding a
- Every Locsin Building is an original, and
dome and a second belfry to the original
identifiable as a Locsin with themes of floating
design.
volume, the duality of light and heavy,
- Among others, Nakpil’s major works are the
buoyant and massive running in his major
Geronimo de los Reyes Building,Magsaysay
works. University of Santo Tomas in Manila in 1936,
- From 1955 to 1994, Locsin has produced 75 passing the licensure examinations in 1938 to
residences and 88 buildings, including 11 become the 82nd architect of the Philippines.
churches and chapels, 23 public buildings, 48 - With growing interest in specializing in
commercial buildings, six major hotels, and religious architecture, Zaragoza also studied
an airport terminal building. at International Institute of Liturgical Art
- Locsin’s largest single work is the Istana (IILA) in Rome in the late 1950s, where he
Nurul Iman, the palace of the Sultan of obtained a diploma in liturgical art and
Brunei, which has a floor area of 2.2 million architecture. His training in Rome resulted in
square feet. innovative approaches, setting new standards
- The CCP Complex itself is a virtual Locsin for the design of mid-century Catholic
Complex with all five buildings designed by churches in the Philippines.
him — the Cultural Center of the Philippines, - His prolificacy in designing religious edifices
Folk Arts Theater, Philippine International was reflected in his body of work that was
Convention Center, Philcite and The Westin predominated by about 45 churches and
Hotel (now Sofitel Philippine Plaza). religious centers, including the Santo
Domingo Church, Our Lady of Rosary in Tala,
Ildefonso Paez Santos, Jr.,
Don Bosco Church, the Convent of the Pink
(September 5, 1929 – January 29, 2014)
Sisters, the San Beda Convent, Villa San
- distinguished himself by pioneering the
Miguel, Pius XII Center, the Union Church,
practice of landscape architecture–an allied
and the controversial restoration of the
field of architecture–in the Philippines and
Quiapo Church, among others.
then producing four decades of exemplary and
- Zaragoza is a pillar of modern architecture in
engaging work that has included hundreds of
Philippines buttressed by a half-century
parks, plazas, gardens, and a wide range of
career that produced ecclesiastical edifices
outdoor settings that have enhanced
and structures of modernity in the service of
contemporary Filipino life.
God and humanity.
- Santos, Jr., who grew up in Malabon, made
his first mark with the Makati Commercial Francisco T. Mañosa (February 12, 1931)
Center where he introduced a new concept of -Born in Manila on 12 February 1931 to
outdoor shopping with landscaped walks, Manuel Mañosa, Sr., a Harvard-educated
fountains and sculptures as accents. Sanitary Engineer who was instrumental in
- Santos, Jr.’s contribution to modern Filipino designing Manila’s waterworks system, and
landscape architecture was the seminal public Maria Tronqued, film and stage actress,
landscape in Paco Park. Santos, Jr.’s most “Bobby” was the seventh in a brood of eight.
recent projects were the Tagaytay Highland - He spent his childhood in Calle Azcarraga
Resort, the Mt. Malarayat Golf and Country (now C.M. Recto Ave,), where the family first
Clubin Lipa, Batangas, and the Orchard Golf resided before moving to suburban San Juan.
and Country Club in Imus, Cavite. - After finishing his high school studies at San
Beda College, Mañosa enrolled at the U.S.T.
José María V. Zaragoza (1912-1994)
College of Architecture, graduating with a B.S.
- Zaragoza’s name is synonymous to modern
Architecture degree in 1953.
ecclesiastical architecture.
-With two of his brothers, Jose and Manuel,
- Â Notwithstanding his affinity to liturgical
both B.S. Architecture graduates from the
structures, he greatly excelled in secular
same school, they founded the architectural
works: 36 office buildings, 4 hotels, 2,
firm, Mañosa Brothers in 1954.
hospitals, 5 low-cost and middle-income
-Some of the group’s significant works were
housing projects; and more than 270
the Sulô Restaurant at the Makati Commercial
residences – all demonstrating his typological
Center (1962), the Hidden Valley Springs
versatility and his mastery of modernist
Resort, the Makiling Conference Center, the
architectural vocabulary.
restoration of the Guadalupe Ruins, Colegio
- Zaragoza puretime graduated from the
San Agustin in Makati, the Murray &
Herminia Lopez Otstott Residence in Forbes
Park, Makati, and the San Miguel Corporation
Corporate Headquarters in Ortigas Center,
Pasig City (1979).