The Legal Structure and Role of Livestock

in Pakistan’s Economy
Zia Ullah Khan

There is a continuous increase in demand for animal origin food

at global level. Massive urbanization, huge population growth,
increase in education level and increase in per capita income in
Pakistan are main contributors behind this increasing demand
driven growth. This increased demand can provide growth in
income opportunities for a large number of rural poor
populations. But “Livestock Revolution” will over burden the
capacity of existing production and distribution systems of the
economy. This can further deteriorate public health and
environmental issues. Governments and industry should get ready
for this continuous change with long term policies and investments
that will fulfill consumer demand, improve nutrition and provide
direct income growth opportunities to those who need these and at
the same time would reduce environmental and public health
issues. The weak regulatory system place in Pakistan must be
improved for formulating and implementing balanced policies for
both urban and rural communities attached with sector. The
governments would focus on these main issues while formulating
and reforming Livestock Development Strategy in
Pakistan(National Strategy: 2021).1

Key Words: Development Strategy, Livestock sector, Veterinary

Department, Economic Survey, Gross Domestic Product and
National Food Security & Research
60 Pakistan Vision Vol. 22 No. 2

Introduction and Background

The livestock sector is a very important and intrinsic part of
agricultural sector of Pakistan. Livestock & Dairy Development
Department, as an independent department was established in 1973. Its
history goes back to 1869, when Lord Mayo the then Governor General and
Viceroy of India appointed a commission to report on livestock diseases. A
Civil Veterinary Department was established and about ten years after its
establishment, i.e. in 1901, Civil Veterinary Department was provincialized,
placing it under the charge of Director of Agriculture, followed by placing it
under the charge of Director Veterinary Services in 1927. In 1948, Animal
Husbandry Wing was established under Agriculture Department. In 1962,
Veterinary Department was re-organized. Presently, the department has a
vast organizational setup(Department of Agriculture: 2021).2
The Government considered that the present policy is to foster
livestock with the vision to private sector led development sector by
providing enabling environment through public policy checks and
interventions. The interventions through regulatory measures are aimed at
increasing per unit animal productivity by better management practices,
artificial insemination, animal breeding practices, health coverage,
controlling livestock diseases and use of balanced ration. Government is in
the process to develop meat export processing zones, setting up modern
slaughter houses, diseases control centers such as Highly Pathogenic Avian
Influenza (HPAI), Peste des Petitis Ruminants (PPR) and Foot & Mouth
Disease (FMD). More focus is towards to enhance productivity and
identification of such breeds which are well adapted to agriculture climatic
zones of Pakistan (Economic Survey: 2020-21).3
The share of livestock is increasing silently in total GDP of
agriculture and desert areas people are more depending on livestock for
their livelihood. In desert and rural areas the small size farmers and herders
must be given keen attention by the practitioners and development planners
to their problems. There should be framework for milk and livestock
marketing of better return for farmers and further investments in farming on
commercial lines. The interest free credit facilities must be given to farmers
(Ijlal Hussain: 2017).4
The Livestock Sector has contributed 60.1% to the growth of
Agricultural Sector and 11.5% to GDP of Pakistan during Financial Year
2021coping with issues like structural inability, lack of creativeness on
fronts of skills and technology, less productivity andlow exports.
The Legal Structure and Role of Livestock in Pakistan’s Economy 61

Significance and Scope of Livestock

There is a lot of significance of livestock sector in the economy of
Pakistan and useful research in this area will provide further better
opportunities to the stakeholders for proper and better management of this
sector with more efficient and modern technology coupled with
international best practices. As livestock is a crucial one in agriculture that
has potential to absorb more rural workforce to alleviate rural poverty, if
proper focus is given to this sector. It is pre-request for the sustainable
economy of the country to increase the animal production. There are many
issues in the animal production which could be addressed through proper
implementation of policies and vision. The most considerable constraints in
Pakistan are nutrition, animal health, animal productivity/genetic make-up
of the animals, provision of finance to livestock farmers, livestock
extension and marketing. This is very vast subject and it is very difficult to
cover all the areas of this study in this paper. Therefore, scope of this study
is kept limited with regard to Pakistan in broad spectrum and at provincial
level only Punjab related matters/ issues have been discussed. Moreover,
the livestock matters regarding to animals are the prime focus. In
international perspective an effort is made to explore this sector with respect
to USA, India and Afghanistan. Moreover, this paper would help in
understanding the key problematic areas, major issues faced by the
livestock sector and prevailing best practices at international level regarding
this sector to grasp the available opportunities and to get the real benefit/
potential of this sector in the Economy of Pakistan.
As it is acknowledged that the livestock Sector is an important sub
sector of agriculture sector therefore, both the agriculture and livestock
sectors are interlinked and correlated with each other and have been studied
through the different policy documents and data of Federal and Provincial
Governments. Moreover, the most recent relevant articles are studied and
interviews of concerned experts, farmers and government officers attached
with sector are conducted. Websites/ newspapers searched and after the
detail study it emerges out that most of the articles regarding this topic only
emphasized on academic viewpoint.
A study was carried out to examine the relationship between
agriculture GDP and livestock product output in the areas of mutton, beef,
milk, skins, wool, hair, bones and hides in last 35 years. This study
concluded that there is significant positive relationship between mutton,
eggs, bones, milk and fat and agricultural GDP of Pakistan. However, there
is insignificant negative relationship between hides, wool, skins, hair and
meet with agriculture Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan (Rehman,
62 Pakistan Vision Vol. 22 No. 2

2016). Another study was conducted on buffaloes regarding the certain

changes in the biochemical and enzymatic profiles of young buffaloes, by
non-lactating and lactating of animals during different sampling and found
that higher mycotoxins, urea, glucose, creatinine, values were surfaced
during summer (Rasheed, 2020). There is comparison of traditional and
model markets with respect to their utilization by the farmers and
maximization of income through sale of their animals. Different variables
were discussed and concluded that model cattle market are important for the
farmers to sale their animals at good market prices (Ghafoor, 2019).
Balochistan being a vast and largest province of Pakistan, this province is
important for rearing of livestock, especially goats and sheep.
In recent study which was done in JhalMagsi regarding possible role
and contribution of livestock in provision of food security to people. In
desert areas like JhalMagsi livestock is crucial factor in increasing of their
income of population attacked with this sector (Khan, 2019). Lack of
education is one of the major problems of rural women and further a
negligible share of income from livestock production was rendered to the
rural women. Rural women do not participate in decision making related to
livestock matters. Hence, there is a need to recognize their contribution in
livestock activities. This would ultimately boost the role of women in
livestock production in Pakistan (Akram, 2018). Another study provides
information about tick diversity in Pakistan, and pathogenic bacteria in
different tick species. Further, the study describes results about tick
diversity in livestock pathogenic bacteria in tick species (Karim, 2018). The
concept of halal meat is getting importance day by day all over world, both
in Muslim and non-Muslim countries and Pakistan has great potential in this
area to fetch due share in international market especially in Muslim counties
like Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE (Sohaib, 2017).
Further, the livestock sector is very vulnerable due to certain
diseases, seasonal changes and provision of food and treatment. In this
scenario livestock insurance is appreciable option for the farmers and farm
owners, if this could happen under the umbrella of Federal and Provincial
Governments. The study was carried out in this regard in Raiwind Lahore
and Kusar tehsils of Punjab (Abbas, 2017). This study is made about
feasibility and capabilities of leveraging internet things based on technology
microprocessors and microcontrollers with regard to Pakistan's livestock
production and management (Ahmed, 2018). A research was conducted with
respect to livestock farms in Punjab, Pakistan to find the role of anti-
Brucella antibodies in trivial ruminants and related possible risk factors
regarding its presence in livestock farms (Jamil, 2020). Further, another
The Legal Structure and Role of Livestock in Pakistan’s Economy 63

study was aimed to gauge the potential and expectations of halal food,
distributors, producers and consultants for the promotion of halal food
industry to become as a potential halal food hub. The study revealed that
Muslim consumers prefer halal food items and in this field through proper
initiatives like advertising and marketing to get competitive advantage in
this field (Ijaz, 2017). Moreover, another study revealed that annually there
is loss of US dollars 3 billion in livestock sector due to zoonotic disease.
The diseases and infections in livestock are caused by many factors,
presence of in-between hosts, translocation of infected animals, climatic
conditions and free-living parasite. These are spread due to parasite patterns
on genetic characteristics of diseases and infections in abattoirs (Zia Ur
Rehman: 2020).5

The Structure of Livestock Sector

In consequent upon of 18th Constitutional amendment, the Ministry
of Livestock & Dairy Development was abolished on 5th April 2010.
Initially the concerned technical staff was attached with the M/O Commerce
and later on Federal Government created M/O National Food Security &
Research in February 2012. In this Ministry the Livestock Wing is allocated
the functions of Animal Quarantine Departments and Livestock and Dairy
Development Board (LDDB) in Pakistan. The functions of these
departments are mainly as procurement from abroad, Import/ export and
facilitate/ promote marketing of livestock and its products(MNFSR: 2021).6
In Punjab, the Livestock and Dairy Development Department,
Punjab is having departments like Animal Health and Extension Services,
Research and Training for Livestock Production, Preservation and
Development of Livestock Genetic Resources. As regards the Legal Frame
Work of Livestock in Punjab, the relevant Legal Acts regarding the
functioning of Livestock and Dairy Development Department are Animal
Quarantine Act , Punjab Halal Development Agency Act, 2016, Punjab
Animal Health Act, 2019, Punjab Livestock Breeding Act, 2014 and
Punjab Animal Slaughter (Amendment) Act, 2016. The universities and
departments regarding Livestock in Punjab are Cholistan University of
Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, University of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab Halal Development Agency, Punjab
Livestock and Dairy Development Board and Punjab Agriculture and Meat
Company(L&DDP: 2021).7
64 Pakistan Vision Vol. 22 No. 2

Livestock Sector / National Economy

Over the years livestock has emerged as the largest subsector in
agriculture sector. The sector contributed 60.1 percent to the agriculture
value addition and 11.5 percent to the GDP during FY2021. More than 8
million rural families are engaged in livestock production and deriving
more than 35-40 percent of their income from this source. Gross value
addition of livestock increased to Rs. 1,505 billion (2020-21) from Rs.
1,461 billion (2019-20) with an increase of 3.0 percent(Economic Survey:
2020-21).8Pakistan can be able to enhance its livestock production to make
exports to various countries such as Gulf States and other neighboring
countries. The problems/ bottlenecks in the policies and their
implementation are given detail in this paper in preceding paragraphs of this
paper.

Livestock Population in Pakistan

It is very important to see the present Livestock population in
Pakistan before going to discuss the other areas of this research so that the
discussion and analysis would be made in more an effective manner. The
Ministry of National Food Security & Research has given the detail of all
species of livestock in Survey of 2020-21. As per survey the population of
Cattle recorded as (51.5), Buffalo (42.4), Sheep (31.6), Goat (80.3), Camels
(1.1), Horses (0.4), Asses (5.6), and Mules (0.2) in millions. Further, as per
survey of 2020-21 the quantity of milk and meat production is estimated in
(000 Tones) in 2020-21 of all species and the milk Gross Production is
about 63,684 and individually Cow (23,357), Buffalo (38,363). On the other
hand the total human milk consumption in2020-21 is about 51,340 and
individually the cow produce (18,686) and Buffalo (30,691). The Meat total
consumption in 2020-21 is about 4,955 in (000 Tones). The Beef
consumption is 2,380 andMutton (765) in (000 Tones). The estimated
Livestock productsproduction in 2020-21 in Million, Hides (18,751), Cattle
(9,759), Buffalo (8,878), Camels (114), Skins (60,837), Sheep Skin
(11,947), Goat Skin (30,946), Fancy Skin (17,945), Lamb skin (3,548), Kid
skin (14,397), Wool (47.9) and Hair (30.2). Moreover, the estimated
Livestock products are in 2020-21Tones of species which include Fats
(313.6), Dung (1,405), Urine (425) and Head & Trotters (282.4) (000)
Tones. These mentioned figures and data are based on the projected
population census of 1996 & 2006 of livestock and projected growth rate of
livestock by Ministry of National Food Security & Research (MNFSR:
2021).9
The Legal Structure and Role of Livestock in Pakistan’s Economy 65

Role of Livestock in Pakistan

The Federal Government is about to undertake different projects.
About 380,000 male calves are to be protected from early slaughter in 4
years and to provide financial support of Rs 3000 per calf. Total cost of this
project is Rs. 3.4 billion. The second project is Calf Feedlot Fettering and
Rs. 4000 will be used as incentive for farmer to produce healthy and
nutritious beef in the country. The third project is Development of Yalk in
Gilgit-Baltistan with the cost of Rs. 54 Million Government under its Policy
Measures through Ministry of National Food Security and Research (M/o
NFS&R) in compliance of the 18th Constitutional Amendment. These
measures have been taken to import of high yielding dairy cattle breeds of
Holstein-Friesian and Jersey for enhanced milk production and provision of
semen for good quality breed animals (MNFSR: 2021).10 So far the future
plans of M/o NFS&R are concerned, first is the deployment of livestock
sector through Inter Provincial Coordination, value addition in livestock
industry, diversification of livestock with support of private sector and
control of transfer of diseases. Further bringing of more investments in this
sector and searching of more export markets with focus on halal food and
development of breeding policy of livestock (MNFSR: 2021).11

Role of Punjab Halal Development Agency

The Punjab Halal Development Agency Act was enacted in 2016
and under this Act Halal Parks had been established in Punjab as this is
requirement of meat exporting/ importing counties to adopt best
international standards and practices in production and this service business
is to be located at common center with provision of halal business. The
green technology is free of all kinds of pollution, availability of raw
material, energy efficacy, businesses leakages and all infrastructure
facilities. The conduct of business of Halal Park is with a view of getting
more economic benefits while focusing of concept Halal meat concept. The
Punjab Halal Development Agency (PHDA) is established for Human
Resource Development (HRD) Halal Business Projection and compliance
regime of Halal food and maintenance of safety standards for Halal Hub in
the world. The establishment of halal meat Parks is considered by Punjab
Government very useful in Faisalabad, Lahore, Multan Bahawalpur,
Rawalpindi, Sargodha and Gujranwala due to availability of good quality
animals, provision of basic infrastructure and other things described above
(Punjablaws: 2021).12
66 Pakistan Vision Vol. 22 No. 2

In the recent years halal food is emerging as universal sign of

quality assurance in meat industry. The halal food market in world is rising
as powerful sector of commerce and finance. Halal food products and
Islamic Financial Services (IFS) have about one trillion USD annually.
Government is adopting approach that halal food producer’s perception,
market strategies, religious beliefs and potential of expectations of Halal
producers to strengthen Pakistan Halal food industry (SyedaGillani:
2017).13
There is relationship between export potential and halal meat
production in Pakistan. From 1994 to 2016 the average annual growth of
meat production was 3% and exports increased about 32%. On the basis of
this growth rate Pakistan total meat production would be 6,078 thousand
tons and exports will be $17,477 M by 2029-2030. The all four provinces
Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Punjab and Sindh have potential
for both beef and mutton production and export. The increase of export of
beef, mutton and frozen meat will provide support to the meet balance of
payments difference gap of Pakistan (HabibullahMagsi: 2020).14
There is increasing demand in Halal meat from developed and
developing counties and per capita consumption of meat is also on upward
trend as per capita meat consumption is 14.7 KG in 2009 and expected to
reach at 35.3 KG in 2025. The increase in per capita consumption is due to
process of industrialization, urbanization and economic growth in addition
to eating patterns. Presently, there is change in pattern of use of fresh meat
to frozen meat or ready to eat foods as there is change in life style,
economic uplift and mass awareness. In Pakistan meat processing industry
is growing and generating tons of meat products like Kababs, patties,
tenders, nuggets and drumsticks etc. Many private companies have entered
in meat processing, prominent of these are K&N, Seasons foods, Zenith, Pk
Livestock, Syed Traders and many of others companies are processing halal
meat to meet increasing national and international demand.Punjab has
established company namely Punjab Agriculture & Meat Company
(PAMCO) to meet the growing demand of halal meet in 2014. This plant is
working with modern techniques mechanical slaughtering of animals for
both mutton and beef and with value addition of allied products. Presently
about 600 billion dollar halal meat market is available having of
international quality standards. The Lahore Meat Processing Complex is
working with its capacity of 6,000 mutton and 500 beef animals per 8 hours
in one municipal shift(PAMCO: 2021).15
The Legal Structure and Role of Livestock in Pakistan’s Economy 67

Livestock Policy
To develop livestock sector there is a need to enhance capabilities in
animal-food production and modernization of the techniques to extract more
milk and meat by utilizing available resources(ShahidSaleem: 2021). 16The
Government of Pakistan announced a new “Livestock Development Policy”
(LDP). The dairy sector in Pakistan dealing with production of many dairy
products is in the phase of expansion like others industrial sectors with
presently nearly about 17 units. Multinational company engaged in dairy
products has planned to invest US $480 million over a period of five
years(Daily Dawn: 2008).17 This investment would benefit about 3000
villages with investment of Rs.6 billion annually in the area. Punjab Vision
2020 serves as a guiding policy for the Livestock Vision 2020 of the
Livestock & Dairy Development Department, Government of the Punjab.
Livestock Vision 2020 sets the path for up-gradation and development of
the livestock sector in the province(Annual Report: 2007).18
The government has taken Livestock Vision 2020 which is about to
provide and create facilitating environment for production and rising of
livestock and to use this policy as a vehicle for poverty alleviation, rural
development and social security eventually leading towards creation of
exportable surpluses domestic food security. Processing and marketing are
comparatively simple to plan and implement. Milk production at the farm
level and quality awareness at the consumer level are two areas where there
can be no short cuts. Both factors have an inertia that is slow to respond to
any interventions(Livestock Punjab: 2021).19

Milk Production and Processing

The Doodh Darya Project (DDP) is focused by Pakistan Dairy
Development Company (PDDC). The milk is harvested by 8 million
farmers and then poorly managed as this is scattered all over country and
there is weaker links of value chain among the stakeholders. It important to
mention here that 97 per cent farmers are not associated with the formal and
government managed markets. In Pakistan there are about 700 chillers
installed, out of which only 7-10 are installed in Sindh, rest of all are
installed in Punjab. The role of multinationals must not be dominated to
driving out small and medium dairies and farmers out of local and domestic
market(AfshanSubohi: 2017).20 The data of imports revealed that during
2011 to 2016, there is increase of imports of skimmed milk powder from
27,706 tons to 43,068. This data reflects that the import of powders has
68 Pakistan Vision Vol. 22 No. 2

been increased and spent over $175m in importing these powders in 2016
alone(Dawn: 2021).21

Conclusion
Pakistan being a developing country, livestock is a great chunk of our
agricultural industry, contributing greatly to our GDP. The ever increasing
demand has led to the urgency of coming up ways to increase production
which at times are not so healthy. Thus there should be encouragement of
standardized healthy practices when it comes to preparing feed and the
breeding of animals, more over not only this but slaughtered animals should
also be handled with such care as to prevent the hygiene of the product. The
opportunities that are available to us should be further explored to attain the
maximum benefit from them to increase further the meat and milk
production. We have the skills and have the ways of attaining even better
technology which is at par with the rest of world. We should thus focus on
these and try to avail our best prospects and potential in livestock sector at
the maximum in the economy of Pakistan. The challenges and issues we are
facing are not on a scale which could not be overcome in Pakistan and we
could very much mitigate them if not completely eradicate them, because
we have both potential and the skills to do so.

Recommendations
Now at the end of this research paper on the basis of above
mentioned facts,data and circumstances of livestock sector few important
recommendations have been made for consideration of policy makers and
implementers to reap the real potential of Livestock sector in
Pakistan.Livestock sector in Pakistan has suffered a lot due to absence of
advocacy or effective voice in policy making coupled with a disinterested
attitude of stakeholders and politicians both at policy formulation and
implementation level. The Livestock Development Policy was announced in
2020. This policy has not enabled all the stakeholders to be on board and
pursue a proactive livestock policy.
In the recent years halal food is emerging as universal sign of
quality assurance in meat industry. The halal food market in world is rising
as powerful sector of commerce and finance. Halal food products and
Islamic Financial Services (IFS) have about one trillion USD annually.
Government should adopt approach that halal food producer’s perception,
market strategies, religious beliefs and potential of expectations of Halal
producers to strengthen Pakistan Halal food industry.
The Legal Structure and Role of Livestock in Pakistan’s Economy 69

The Pakistan has great potential being agricultural economy with

42.4 million buffalo and 51.5 million cattle as per Pakistan Economic
Survey, 2020-21. There is gap exists between production and consumption
of beef that must be fulfilled.The above mentioned data in preceding
paragraphs of this paper regarding livestock sectors of USA, India and
Pakistan with respect to Milk, dairy products, live animals and meat
production and export of the same to rest of the world clearly visible that
Pakistan has great potential in livestock sector by removing the issues and
challenges confronting with this sector.Our livestock exports are not on
suchscale that is to be appreciated, however these must be increased.
Pakistan is far behind Netherland, Brazil, Germany, India and China in
terms of export of livestock related things and products.
The development of Dairy Sector in Pakistan should also
incorporate the salient features of the success story of the Amul Dairy
Model in India whereby through Participatory/ Cooperative System and the
formation of Dairy committees at the District levelto achieve social
mobilization, cooperative dairy development, easy availability of credit,
increased employment opportunities.
More than 20% milk marketed for human consumption is wasted
due to lack of proper collection and distribution facilities. Therefore, it is
imperative to establish a network of milk collection, chilling centers and
refrigerated transport. The establishment of modern butcheries through
private sector in towns and cities shall improve the quality and quantity of
meat. Slaughter houses are too needed to be improved through the private
sector intervention to overcome both the deficiency and quality through
private investment. Encouraging the private sector for establishment of
large scale breeding farms is an intervention required immediately through
leasing land and free technical support etc.
The statutory body designated to formulateand implement food
safety standards at par with international markets should monitor the
effective implementation of the relevant rules. Our livestock industry would
also benefit from the system in place which could establish a mechanism for
animal identification, tagging, traceability and tracking system. Currently
all animals in USA are taggedand their requisite data is being monitored. In
Pakistan animal tagging has just begun and that is too important in
corporate farming.
Further, there should be a program in place for the control and eradication
of diseases and proper vaccine facility should be established. Proper
laboratories should be in place for the production of vaccine facilities and
70 Pakistan Vision Vol. 22 No. 2

testing of technologies so that proper medication is available at affordable

rates for the farmers. At the end I conclude that through these proposed
recommendations and interventions this sector will work as a catalystto
increase the GDP and flourish the economy of Pakistan. Moreover,this will
also increase the standard of living of human force attached with this sector.
The Legal Structure and Role of Livestock in Pakistan’s Economy 71

End Notes and Bibliography

1
“The National Strategy of Pakistan”, “Government Pakistan”, Livestock
Development Strategy by Government of Pakistan - Bing (assessed 10 July,
2021).
2
Department of Agriculture, “Historical Background”, [updated 4 July,
2021; cited 4 July, 2021], available from
http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/da/da.nsf/page02_en/page02_en?OpenDocume
nt
3
Ministry of Finance, “Pakistan Economic Survey, 2020-21”, under
“Economic Survey 2021”, www.recruitmentgov.com(assessed 4 July,
2021).
4
IjlalHussain, “Profile of Livestock Production in Thal Desert of Pakistan”,
www.https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52582220/Profile_of_Livestock
_Production_in_Thal_Desert_of_Pakistan.pdf?1491923567=&response-
content (assessed 20 June, 2021).
5
Zia Ur Rehman, Osama Zahida, Imran Rashid al el, “Genetic diversity and
multiplicity of infection in Fasciolagigantica isolates of Pakistani
livestock”,Parasitology International 76, June 2020,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1383576920300210
(accessed 20 June 2021).
6
Ministry of National Food Security & Research,
www.http://www.mnfsr.gov.pk/frmDetails.aspx(assessed 11 August, 2021).
7
Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Punjab,
www.https://livestock.punjab.gov.pk/attached-organizations (assessed 11
August, 2021).
8
Ministry of Finance, “Pakistan Economic Survey, 2020-21”, under
“Economic Survey 2021”, www.recruitmentgov.com(assessed 4 July,
2021).
9
Ministry of National Food Security & Research,
www.http://www.mnfsr.gov.pk/(assessed 4 July, 2021).
10
Ministry of National Food Security & Research,
www.http://www.mnfsr.gov.pk/(assessed 4 July, 2021).
11
Ibid.
12
Government of the Punjab, “The Punjab Halal Development Agency Act
2016”, www.http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/2674.html(assessed 9 July,
2021).
13
Syeda Gillani,SyedaGillani, M. Mahmood Shah Khan and FarrukhIjaz,
“Factors Reinforcing Pakistan Halal Food Industry to Be the World Halal
Food Hub”, Journal of Education and Social Sciences 06, no. 02, 21 April,
72 Pakistan Vision Vol. 22 No. 2

2021): 31-43,
www.https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2955060
(assessed 20 June, 2021).
14
HabibullahMagsi, Abid Ali Randhawa, and Atta Hussain Shah, “Halal
Meat Production in Pakistan: Status and Prospects”, Journal of Islamic
Marketing (8 June 2021),
www.https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JIMA-05-
2019-0094/full/html (assessed 20 June, 2021).
15
Punjab Agriculture Meat Company (PAMCO), “Company Profile”, [cited
4 July, 2021], available from www.http://pamco.bz/profile.html.
16
Dr. ShahidSaleem, “Project Manager, Feedlot, Ministry of National Food
Security & Research”, interview by Author, Lahore, 9 July, 2021.
17
“Daily Dawn” September 07, 2008.
18
Livestock Stock & Dairy Development, Govt. of the Punjab, “Annual
Report 2007” (Lahore: Official Publication, 2007).
19
Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Punjab, “Overview-
Livestock Punjab”, [cited 10 July, 2021], available from
www.https://livestock.punjab.gov.pk/overview.
20
AfshanSubohi, “Corporate dairy farming and the Consumers”, Dawn, 17
December.2017, www.https://www.dawn.com/news/280618/corporate-
dairy-farming-and-the-consumers (assessed 10 July, 2021).
21
“Reviving the diary sector”, Dawn,
www.https://www.dawn.com/news/1400370 (assessed 11 August, 2021).
The Legal Structure and Role of Livestock in Pakistan’s Economy 73

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