Division of Corporation Finance

Financial Reporting Manual

Disclaimer: This Manual was originally prepared by the staff of the Division of Corporation Finance to
serve as internal guidance. In 2008, in an effort to increase transparency of informal staff interpretations,
the Division posted a version of the Manual to its website. Because of its informal nature, the Manual
does not necessarily contain a discussion of all material considerations necessary to reach an accounting
or disclosure conclusion. Such conclusions about a particular transaction are very fact dependent
and require careful analysis of the transaction and of the relevant authoritative accounting literature
and Commission requirements. The information in this Manual is non-authoritative. If it conflicts with
authoritative or source material, the authoritative or source material governs. The information presented
also may not reflect the views of other Divisions and Offices at the Commission. The guidance is not
a rule, regulation or statement of the Commission and the Commission has neither approved nor
disapproved this information. The information included in this Manual may be updated from time
to time and positions may change. As a result, the information in this manual may not be current.
 SUMMARY OF CHANGES IN CURRENT UPDATE

Sections of the Financial Reporting Manual have been updated as of December 31, 2022.
These sections have been marked with the date tag, “Last updated: 12/31/2022,” to
identify the changes. Previous updates are marked using the same convention and
represent the last revision to that section. We include a date tag when the change is
significant. Changes that are administrative in nature (for example, section reference
updates or grammatical improvements) are not marked with a date tag.

Below is a summary of significant changes included in this update. Clicking the linked
section number will direct you to the location of the change in the document. You may
click on the embedded link in the document to return to this page.

This update does not include changes for the following rulemakings, Amendments to
Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses, Qualifications of
Accountants, and Management’s Discussion and Analysis, Selected Financial Data, and
Supplementary Financial Information. For questions related to these amendments, please
contact the individual(s) listed on the related rulemaking.

Topic/Section Comment
Updated the phone number for contacting CF-OCA staff and provided a link
Communications
to the new online submission for financial statement waiver or substitution
with CF-OCA
requests.
1430, 2500,
2600, 4110.5,
Revisions for March, 2, 2020 amendments to Rules 3-10 and 3-16 of
4110.7, 5310.1,
Regulation S-X in SEC Release No. 33-10763, Financial Disclosures about
6220.4, 6230.2,
Guarantors and Issuers of Guaranteed Securities and Affiliates Whose
6340.2, 6350.1,
Securities Colateralize a Registrant’s Securities, (the “March 2020
6410.1, 6410.2,
Amendments”).
6410.12, 6500,
and 9820
Revisions to add guidance related to the implementation of Accounting
11400 Standards Update No. 2018-12, Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944):
Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts.
6120.4, 6120.5, Removed information that is no longer applicable due to the passage of
and 11100 time, such as the adoption of ASC 606.

1
COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE DIVISION OF CORPORATION
FINANCE’S OFFICE OF CHIEF ACCOUNTANT (CF-OCA)
(Last updated: 12/31/2022)

CF-OCA performs the following functions that may result in communications with
companies and their advisors:

• Acts on behalf of the Commission to grant relief under Rule 3-13 of Regulation S-X.
The staff has authority, where consistent with investor protection, to permit
registrants to omit, or substitute for, required financial statements. Requests for this
relief should be submitted via the online form. Call (202) 551-3400 and ask for the
appropriate person listed below to discuss questions about potential relief:

Rules 3-05 and 8-04– Jaime John

Article 11 and Rule 8-05 – Todd Hardiman

Rules 3-09 and 4-08(g) – Jarrett Torno

Rules 3-10 and 3-16 – Jarrett Torno

Rules 3-14 and 8-06 – Jessica Barberich

• Answers interpretive request letters and provides informal interpretive advice about
the form and content of financial statements and other financial information required
to be included in Commission filings. Requests for interpretive letters should be
submitted by email. Requests for informal interpretive advice should be submitted by
online form or by calling (202) 551-3400. While the statements made by the staff on
the telephone are intended to be helpful to the persons making the inquiries, they are
not binding due to their informal nature.

• Helps identify and explain the applicable rules, regulations, forms, and guidance that
affect the form and content of financial statements and other financial information
required to be included in Commission filings. Requests for this assistance should be
submitted by online form or by calling (202) 551-3400.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS

TOPIC 1: REGISTRANT’S FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1100 Financial Statements and Schedules in Registration and Proxy Statements

1110 Audited Annual Financial Statements
1120 Unaudited Interim Period Financial Statements
1130 Supplemental Schedules
1140 Proxy Statements
1150 Bank Reorganizing under Newly-formed Holding Company
1160 Recently Organized Registrant
1170 Predecessor Financial Statements
1180 [Reserved]
1190 Supplemental and Restated Financial Statements Related to Post -
Balance Sheet Events

1200 Age of Financial Statements in Registration or Proxy Statements

1210 Staff Review
1220 Age Requirements

1300 Periodic Reporting Requirements (Exchange Act Filings)

1310 Companies Required to Report
1320 Financial Statements Required
1330 Exchange Act Report Due Dates
1340 Accelerated and Large Accelerated Filer Status: Entering, Exiting and
Implications
1350 [Reserved]
1360 Changes in Fiscal Year – General
1365 Changes in Fiscal Year – Implementation Guidance
1370 Combined Periodic Reporting

1400 General Considerations (All Filings)

1410 Basis of Reporting
1420 [Reserved]
1430 Guaranteed Securities
1440 [Reserved]
1450 Fiscal Year Presentation

1500 Interim Period Reporting Considerations (All Filings)

1600 Selected Financial Data (All Filings)

1610 [Reserved]
1620 Selected Quarterly Financial Data Not Required

3
TOPIC 2: OTHER FINANCIAL STATEMENTS REQUIRED

2000 Businesses Acquired or to be Acquired

2005 Definitions and Requirements
2010 Determination of a Business
2015 Measuring Significance – Basics
2020 Implementation Points – Amounts Used to Measure Significance
2025 Implementation Points – Financial Statements Used to Measure
Significance
2030 Financial Statement Periods Required Under S-X 3-05 and S-X 8-04
2035 Individually Insignificant Acquirees
2040 When to Present Financial Statements
2045 Age of Financial Statements – Basics
2050 Age of Financial Statements – Interaction of S-X 3-05(b)(4) and
Instruction to Item 9.01 of Form 8-K
2055 Foreign Business, Hostile Tender Offers, and Troubled Financial
Institutions
2060 Flowchart Overview of S-X 3-05
2065 Acquisitions of Selected Parts of an Entity
2070 SAB 80: Application of S-X 3-05 in Initial Registration Statements

2100 Disposition of a Business

2110 Definitions
2120 When are Financial Statements Required?
2130 Form 8-K – Measuring Significance of a Disposed Business

2200 Financial Statements of Target Companies in Form S-4

2300 Real Estate Acquisitions and Properties Securing Mortgages

2305 Real Estate Operations - Overview
2310 Real Estate Operations – When to Present Financial Statements
2315 Real Estate Operations – Measuring Significance
2320 Real Estate Operations – Individually Insignificant Acquisitions
2325 Real Estate Operations – Special Requirements for “Blind Pool”
Offerings
2330 Real Estate Operations – Required Financial Statements
2335 REIT Formation Transactions
2340 Properties Subject to Triple Net Lease
2345 Properties Securing Loans, which in Economic Substance Represent an
Investment in Real Estate, including Acquisition Development and
Construction (ADC) Arrangements
2350 Properties Securing Loans that Represent an Asset Concentration [SAB Topic
1I]
2355 [Reserved]
2360 Proxy Statements for Acquisitions of Real Estate Operating Properties

4
 2400 Equity Method Investments, Including Fair Value Option
2405 Required Financial Statements
2410 Measuring Significance
2415 Combined/Consolidated Financial Statements of Investees
2420 Summarized Financial Data – Registrants Subject to S-X
2425 “Foreign Business” Investees
2430 Relief
2435 ASC 825 Fair Value Option for an Equity Method Investment and S-X 3-09 and
S-X 4-08(g)

2500 Guarantors of Securities

2510 Background
2515 Eligibility Conditions and Disclosure Requirements
2520 Implementation Matters
2530 Recently-Acquired Subsidiary Issuers and Guarantors
2540 Periodic Reporting by Subsidiary Issuers and Guarantors

2600 Affiliate Securities Pledged as Collateralizations

2610 Background and Disclosure Requirements
2620 Implementation Matters
2630 Recently-Acquired Affiliates Whose Securities are Pledged as Collateral
2640 When Disclosure is Required
2650 Collateral Release Provisions

2700 Credit – Third Party Financial Statements

2705 Asset-Backed Securities – Presentation of Certain Third Party Financial
Information
2710 Third Party Credit Enhancements for Securities that are NOT “Asset-backed
Securities”

2800 Other Financial Statements

2805 General Partner, Where Registrant is a Limited Partnership
2810 Parent-Only Financial Statements (Condensed)
2815 Financial Statements of a Significant Customer
2820 Substantial Asset Concentration

TOPIC 3: PRO FORMA FINANCIAL INFORMATION

3100 Circumstances Requiring Pro Forma Presentations

3110 Significant Business Combination
3120 Disposition of a Significant Portion of a Business
3130 Acquisition of One or More Real Estate Operations
3140 Roll-Up Transaction
3150 Registrant Previously was Part of Another Entity
3160 Other

5
 3200 Preparation Requirements – Form and Content
3210 Objective
3220 Pro Forma Condensed Balance Sheet
3230 Pro Forma Condensed Statement of Comprehensive Income
3240 Form
3250 In Business Combinations
3260 Pro Forma Presentations Reflecting Debt Financing
3270 Tax Effects
3280 Effects of New Contractual Arrangements
3290 “Carved Out” Businesses

3300 Special Problems and Issues

3310 Common Pro Forma Preparation Problems
3320 Prohibition on Assuming Offering Proceeds
3330 Combining Entities with Different Fiscal Years
3340 Historical Results Include Unusual Events

3400 Special Applications

3410 Sub-Chapter S Corporations and Partnerships
3420 Distributions to Promoters/Owners At or Prior to Closing of IPO
3430 Other Changes in Capitalization At or Prior to Closing of IPO
3440 Pro Forma Requirements for Real Estate and Leasing Operations

3500 Projections and Financial Forecasts

3510 Alternative to Pro Forma Statements
3520 Presentation Requirements

3600 Other
3610 Pro Forma Disclosures Required by GAAP
3620 Filings Subsequent to an IPO

TOPIC 4: INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS’ INVOLVEMENT

4100 Qualifications of Accountants

4110 PCAOB Registration
4115 Involuntary PCAOB Deregistration
4120 Duly Registered and in Good Standing Under the Laws of the Accountant’s
Place of Residence or Principal Office
4130 Independence
4140 Principal Auditor

4200 Accountants’ Reports

4210 General – Audit Reports
4220 Qualified Audit Reports
4230 Other Report Modifications

6
 4300 Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
4310 Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
4320 Auditor’s Report on ICFR

4400 Review and Compilation Reports

4410 Review Reports on Interim or Pro Forma Data
4420 Selected Quarterly Financial Data
4430 Compilation Reports

4500 Change in Accountants

4510 Change in Accountants
4520 Unusual Issues Involving Changes in Accountants
4530 Additional Guidance

4600 Non-Reliance on Previously Issued Financial Statements or Related Audit

Report or Completed Interim Review
4610 Non-Reliance on Previously Issued Financial Statements
4620 Non-Reliance on Previously Issued Audit Report or Completed Interim Review
4630 Other – Prior Disclosures Regarding Disclosure Controls and Procedures

4700 “To Be Issued” Accountant’s Reports

4710 Contingent Upon Future Event or Transaction
4720 Contingent Upon Future Underwriting Agreement

4800 Other Matters

4810 Consents to the Use of Audit Reports
4820 Accountant’s Inability to Reissue Reports
4830 Successor Auditor Reports
4840 Accountant’s Refusal to Reissue Reports
4850 Illegal Acts
4860 Signatures
4870 Selected Financial Data

TOPIC 5: SMALLER REPORTING COMPANIES

5100 Definition and Eligibility

5110 Eligibility as a Smaller Reporting Company
5120 Determination
5130 Shell Company

5200 Other Eligibility Issues

5210 Financial Statements Required Pursuant to S-X 3-05 or 3-09
5220 Business Acquisitions
5230 Reverse Acquisitions

7
 5300 Form and Content Disclosure Required by Regulation S-X are Not
Applicable
5310 General
5320 Pro Forma Information
5330 Significant Equity Investees
5340 A la Carte Approach to Disclosure
5350 Restricted Net Assets

TOPIC 6: FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUERS & FOREIGN BUSINESSES

6000 [Reserved]

6100 Definitions and Basic Rules

6110 Definitions
6120 Basic Rules

6200 General Financial Statement Requirements for Foreign Private Issuers

6210 Periods for which Financial Statements are Required
6220 Age of Financial Statements in a Registration Statement
6230 Updating of Financial Statements in Delayed or Continuous Offerings
6240 Due Dates for Annual Reports on Form 20-F
6250 Changes in Fiscal Year
6260 [Reserved]
6270 Capitalization Table

6300 IFRS
6310 Acceptance of IFRS as Issued by the IASB without Reconciliation to U.S.
GAAP
6320 Implementation Issues – IFRS Filers
6330 Interim Financial Statements Presented by IFRS Filers
6340 First-time Adopters of IFRS
6345 First-time Adopters that Previously Used U.S. GAAP for the Primary Financial
Statements in SEC Filings
6350 IFRS Filers – Financial Statements of Other Entities
6360 IFRS Filers – Article 11 Pro Forma Information

6400 Requirement for Reconciliation to U.S. GAAP

6410 Requirement for Reconciliation
6420 Selected Financial Data

6500 Content of Reconciliation to U.S. GAAP

6510 Item 17 Requirements
6520 Item 18 Requirements
6530 Statements of Comprehensive Income
6540 Accommodations Permitted by Form 20-F

8
 6600 Selection of a Reporting Currency
6610 Currency of Measurement
6620 Disclosures, if the U.S. Dollar is Not the Reporting Currency
6630 Change in Reporting Currency
6640 Reporting Currency for Domestic Registrants and Non-Foreign Private Issuers

6700 Price-Level Adjusted Financial Statements and Effects of

Hyperinflationary Environments
6710 Requirements
6720 Preparation of Price-level Adjusted Financial Statements

6800 Foreign Auditor Matters

6810 Qualifications and Independence
6820 Reports
6830 Disclosure of Change in Accountants and Disagreements

6900 [Reserved]

TOPIC 7: RELATED PARTY MATTERS

7100 [Reserved]

7200 Expenses Incurred on Behalf of Registrant

7210 Reflecting All Costs of Doing Business
7220 Compensation Arrangements

7300 Transfers and Receivables to or from Shareholders

7310 Transfer of Nonmonetary Assets
7320 Receivables
7330 Distributions to or from Major Shareholders Prior to Offering
7340 Offering Proceeds

7400 Components of Larger Entities

7410 Financial Statement Requirements
7420 Statements of Revenues and Direct Expenses
7430 Pro Forma Financial Statement Requirements

7500 Compensation Issues

7510 Stock Compensation
7520 Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as
Compensation

9
TOPIC 8: NON-GAAP MEASURES OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE,
LIQUIDITY AND NET WORTH

8100 Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

8110 Applicable Guidance
8120 Definition of a Non-GAAP Financial Measure
8130 General Applicability and Requirements of Regulation G and S-K 10(e)
8140 General Application of Regulation G and S-K 10 to Foreign Private Issuers

8200 [Reserved]

8300 Tangible Book Value per Share

8310 Presentation of Net Tangible Book Value per Share
8320 Definition
8330 Staff Practice

TOPIC 9: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL

POSITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (MD&A)

9100 MD&A Objectives

9110 Overall Objectives

9200 General Requirements

9210 Liquidity and Capital Resources
9220 Results of Operations
9230 Off-balance Sheet Arrangements
9240 Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations
9250 Interim Period Requirements
9260 Safe Harbor Provisions
9270 SAB Topic 11M (SAB 74)

9300 [Reserved]

9400 Foreign Private Issuers

9410 Foreign Private Issuers

9500 Critical Accounting Estimates

9510 Goodwill Impairment
9520 Share-based Compensation in IPOs

9600 Related Party Transactions

9610 Related Party Transactions

9700 Fair Value Measurements

9800 Other Items

10
 9810 S-X 3-05 and 3-09
9820 S-X 3-10 and 3-16
9830 Registration and Proxy Statements

9900 Additional Guidance

9910 Additional Guidance Provided in Respect of MD&A

TOPIC 10: EMERGING GROWTH COMPANIES

10100 Eligibility
10110 Eligibility as an EGC
10120 Other Eligibility Issues

10200 Scaled Disclosure Provisions

10210 General
10220 Financial Reporting Accommodations
10230 Accounting Standards Transition Period Accommodation
10240 Internal Control Over Financial Reporting [SOX 404] Accommodation

10300 Foreign Private Issuers

10310 General
10320 Number of Years Registrant Financial Statements to be Presented under IFRS
10330 Multi-Jurisdictional Disclosure System (“MJDS”)

TOPIC 11: REPORTING ISSUES RELATED TO ADOPTION OF NEW

ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

11100 [Reserved]

11200 New Leasing Standard (FASB ASC Topic 842)

11210 Registrant Financial Information

11300 New Disclosures About Short-Duration Contracts For Insurance Entities

(FASB ASC Topic 944)
11310 Registrant Financial Information

11400 Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts

For Insurance Entities (FASB ASC Topic 944)
11410 Registrant Financial Information

11
TOPIC 12: REVERSE ACQUISITIONS AND REVERSE
RECAPITALIZATIONS

12100 General

12200 Reporting Issues

12210 General
12220 Form 8-K
12230 Change in Accountants
12240 Change in Fiscal Year
12250 Auditor Issues
12260 Registration and Proxy Statements for Mergers, Acquisitions and Similar
Transactions

TOPIC 13: EFFECTS OF SUBSEQUENT EVENTS ON FINANCIAL

STATEMENTS REQUIRED IN FILINGS

13100 General

13200 Discontinued Operations

13300 Changes in Segments

13400 Change in the Reporting Entity or a Business Combination Accounted for

in a Manner Similar to a Pooling of Interests

13500 Stock Splits

13600 Measurement Period Adjustments

13610 Financial Statement Requirements in Registration Statements Pursuant to
Retrospective Adjustments to Provisional Amounts in a Business Combination

TOPIC 14: TENDER OFFERS

14100 Regulatory Schemes

14200 Documents Filed

14300 Cash Offer Financial Statement Requirements

14310 Financial Statement Requirements of Schedule TO
14320 Financial Statement Requirements of Schedule 13E-3

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 14400 Item 1010 of Regulation M-A: Financial Statements
14410 Financial Information – Item 1010(a)
14420 Pro Forma Information – Item 1010(b)
14430 Summary Information – Item 1010(c)

TOPIC 15: EMPLOYEE STOCK BENEFIT PLANS

15100 Filing Requirements of Form S-8 and Form 11-K

15110 Employee Benefit Plan a Separate Registrant
15120 Financial Statement Requirements

15200 Exchange Act Age of Financial Statements Requirements

15210 General Requirement
15220 Plans Subject to ERISA
15230 Form 8-K Requirements

TOPIC 16: MULTIJURISDICTIONAL DISCLOSURE SYSTEM

16000 General

16100 MJDS Offerings – Eligibility Requirements

16110 Rights Offer
16120 Exchange Offer
16130 Business Combinations
16140 Offerings of Investment Grade Non-Convertible Debt or Preferred Securities
16150 Offerings of Other Securities

16200 Registration and Periodic Reporting under the Exchange Act

16210 Forms 40-F and 6-K

16300 Tender Offers

16310 Eligibility Requirements
16320 U.S. Ownership Ceiling

16400 Canadian Regulation

16500 Sarbanes-Oxley

16600 Auditor Independence

13
 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS

AcSEC Accounting Standards Executive Committee of the AICPA

ADC Acquisitions, Development and Construction
AICPA American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
APB Accounting Principles Board Opinion
ARB Accounting Research Bulletin
AS Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Auditing Standard
ASC FASB Accounting Standards Codification
ASC-MG FASB Accounting Standards Codification Master Glossary
ASR Accounting Series Release
AT Codification of Statements on Standards for Attestation
Engagements
AU Codification of Statements on Auditing Standards
C&DI Division of Corporation Finance Compliance and Disclosure
Interpretations
CAQ Center for Audit Quality
CF-OCA Division of Corporation Finance, Office of Chief Accountant
CF-OCC Division of Corporation Finance, Office of Chief Counsel
CF-OMA Division of Corporation Finance, Office of Mergers and Acquisitions
CON FASB Concepts Statement
COSO Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission
DCP Disclosure Controls and Procedures
EDGAR SEC’s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system
EGC Emerging Growth Company
EITF FASB’s Emerging Issue Task Force (by issue #)
EPS Earnings Per Share
FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board
FIN FASB Interpretation
FPI Foreign Private Issuer
FRC Codification of Financial Reporting Policies
FRR SEC Financial Reporting Release
GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (in the U.S.)
GAAS Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (in the U.S.)
IAS International Accounting Standards
IASB International Accounting Standards Board
ICFR Internal Control over Financial Reporting
IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards
IPO Initial Public Offering
JOBS Act Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act
LP Limited Partner(s)
MD&A Management’s Discussion and Analysis
MJDS Multijurisdictional Disclosure System
OCA SEC’s Office of the Chief Accountant
OCC Division of Corporation Finance, Office of Chief Counsel
OMA Division of Corporation Finance, Office of Mergers and Acquisitions

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OPEB Other Post Employment Benefits
PCAOB Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
PP&E Property, Plant and Equipment
REIT Real Estate Investment Trust
SAB Staff Accounting Bulletin
SAB Topic Codification of Staff Accounting Bulletins (by topic)
SAS AICPA Statement of Auditing Standards
SEC U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
SFAS FASB Statements of Financial Accounting Standards
S-K Regulation S-K
SOP AICPA Statement of Position
SOX Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
SRC Smaller Reporting Company
S-T Regulation S-T (EDGAR)
S-X Regulation S-X
WKSI Well-Known Seasoned Issuer

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 TOPIC 1

REGISTRANT’S FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

This topic describes the type and age of financial statements and schedules a
registrant (or predecessor of the registrant) must include in registration and
proxy statements and periodic reports.

1100 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES IN

REGISTRATION AND PROXY STATEMENTS
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

1110 Audited Annual Financial Statements

1110.1 General Requirements for a Domestic Registrant
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

Required audited financial statements for a domestic registrant, other than an

EGC, in registration or proxy statements. See Topic 10 for EGCs.

Smaller Other Reporting

Reporting Companies
Statement Companies 1 Reg. S-X [3-01, 3- Notes
Reg. S-X [8-02] 02, 3-04]
Balance Sheet 2 fiscal year-ends 2 fiscal year-ends
Statement of 2 years 3 years Can be presented in a single
Comprehensive continuous financial statement or
Income in two separate but consecutive
financial statements, composed
of the income statement and a
separate statement of
comprehensive income [ASC
220-10-45-1B]. An entity
reporting comprehensive income
in a single continuous statement
must present its components in
two sections, net income and
other comprehensive income
[ASC 220-10-45-1 and 1A].

1
See Topic 5 for eligibility criteria of Smaller Reporting Companies.

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 Smaller Other Reporting
Reporting Companies
Statement Companies Notes
Reg. S-X [3-01, 3-
Reg. S-X [8-02] 02, 3-04]
Changes in 2 years 3 years Can be presented in a note to the
Stockholders’ Equity financial statements.

Cash Flow 2 years 3 years Presented for same periods as

statement of comprehensive
income, as required by ASC 230-
10-15-3.

1110.2 Exceptions and Special Cases

a. Unaudited fiscal year-end data may be provided under certain

circumstances. [SAB Topic 1C]

b. A statement of comprehensive income may be omitted if income and

expense through the balance sheet date are nominal, but an audited
footnote should summarize any activity.

c. A change in fiscal year requires transition period financial statements.

Refer to Section 1360.

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1120 Unaudited Interim Period Financial Statements
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

Required unaudited interim period financial statements [S-X Articles 3 and 10,
or S-X 8-03 for Smaller Reporting Companies] for a domestic registrant to be
presented in registration or proxy statements:

Statement Periods Required Notes

Balance Sheet As of interim date no more than 134 See Section 1340 for
days (for non-accelerated filers, or 129 summary of accelerated
days for accelerated and large filer rule.
accelerated filers) before effectiveness
or mailing.
Statement of For period from the latest fiscal year- Present in a format similar
Comprehensive end to the interim balance sheet date, to that described for annual
Income and for the corresponding period in the reporting in Section
prior fiscal year. 1110.1.
Cash Flow Same as statement of comprehensive Same as statement of
income. comprehensive income.
Changes in For period from the latest fiscal year- Can be presented in a note
Stockholders’ end to the interim balance sheet date. to the financial statements.
Equity

1130 Supplemental Schedules [Article 12]

1130.1 General Requirements

Generally required for fiscal years or year-ends as specified by the applicable

article of Regulation S-X. Registrants can file their Article 12 financial
statement schedules by amendment within 30 days following the due date of
their Form 10-K [General Instruction A.4 of Form 10-K]. (Last updated:
12/31/2010)

1130.2 Exceptions

Not required

a. for Smaller Reporting Companies.

b. in proxy statements, except certain schedules are required for

insurance and real estate companies. [Schedule 14A Item 13
Instruction 3]

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 1140 Proxy Statements
1140.1 Annual Meeting
An annual report to shareholders containing audited financial statements for the
most recently completed year must accompany or precede a proxy statement
relating to an annual meeting at which officers and directors will be elected.

1140.2 Other Solicitations

Financial statements may be required where action is taken to authorize, issue,
exchange or modify securities, including when the authorization or issuance is
in connection with a business combination. However, financial statements are
not required if they would not be material for the exercise of prudent judgment
concerning the action. Financial statements usually are considered material to
this exercise if the action is the authorization or issuance of a material amount
of senior securities or the authorization or issuance of securities related to a
business combination. [Instructions to Schedule 14A Item 13]

1140.3 Business Combinations

(Last updated: 11/9/2016)

The requirement for acquirer and target financial statements in proxy statements
depends on whose proxies are solicited and the nature of the consideration. See
Section 10220.7 for the number of years of target financial statements to be
presented when one of the entities is an EGC.

Solicited
Shareholders Consideration Financial Statements
Acquirer only Cash only Financial statements of the target are required.
• 3 years + interims if target is Other Reporting Company.
• 2 years + interims if target is Smaller Reporting Company.
A non-reporting target may provide only 2 years + interims if it
would otherwise meet the definition of a Smaller Reporting
Company.
Financial statements of the acquirer are not required in the proxy
statement unless they are material to an informed voting decision
(e.g., acquirer financing is not assured) [Instruction 2(a) to Item
14 of Schedule 14A], since shareholders are presumed to have
access to information about their company. This presumption is
based on the acquirer being current with its 1934 Act reports. If
otherwise, consult with CF-OCA.
Pro forma information is required if it is material to a voting
decision.

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 Solicited
Shareholders Consideration Financial Statements
Acquirer only Exempt Financial statements of the target are required.
securities only • 3 years + interims if target is Other Reporting Company.
or a • 2 years + interims if target is Smaller Reporting Company.
combination of
exempt A non-reporting target may provide only 2 years + interims if it
securities and would otherwise meet the definition of a Smaller Reporting
cash Company.
Financial statements of the acquirer are not required in the proxy
statement unless they are material to an informed voting decision
[Instruction 3 to Item 14 of Schedule 14A], since security holders
are presumed to have access to information about their company.
This presumption is based on the acquirer being current with its
1934 Act reports. If otherwise, consult with CF-OCA.
Pro forma information is required if it is material to a voting
decision.

Target only Cash only Financial statements of the target are not required in the proxy
statement since security holders are presumed to have access to
information about their company, unless it is a going private
transaction. See Instruction 2(b) to Item 14 of Schedule 14A.
Financial statements of the acquirer are not required unless the
information is material to an informed voting decision (e.g.,
acquirer financing is not assured). See Instruction 2(a) to Item 14
of Schedule 14A.
 If acquirer financial statements are required, need only 2
most recent fiscal years and interim periods. The financial
statement requirement of the acquirer applies to reporting
and non-reporting companies.
No pro forma information is required.

Target only Exempt Financial statements of the target are not required in the proxy
securities only statement since security holders are presumed to have access to
or a information about their company, unless it is a going private or a
combination of roll-up transaction. See Instruction 3 to Item 14 of Schedule 14A.
exempt
Financial statements of the acquirer are generally required. Need
securities and
only 2 most recent fiscal years and interim periods. The financial
cash
statement requirement of the acquirer applies to reporting and
non-reporting companies.
Pro forma information is required, if material.

Back to Table of Contents 20

 Solicited
Shareholders Consideration Financial Statements
Acquirer and Cash only Financial statements of the target are required.
target • 3 years + interims if target is Other Reporting Company.
• 2 years + interims if target is Smaller Reporting Company.
Financial statements of the acquirer are not required unless the
information is material to an informed voting decision (e.g.,
acquirer financing is not assured). See Instruction 2(a) to Item 14
of Schedule 14A. If acquirer financial statements are required,
only the 2 most recent fiscal years and interim periods need be
provided.
Pro forma information is required if it is material to a voting
decision by the acquirer’s shareholders.

Acquirer and Exempt Financial statements of the target are required.

target securities only • 3 years + interims if target is Other Reporting Company.
or a • 2 years + interims if target is Smaller Reporting Company.
combination of
exempt Financial statements of the acquirer are generally required. Only
securities and the 2 most recent fiscal years and interim periods need be
cash provided.
Pro forma information is required, if material.

1140.4 Consideration to be Issued Includes Registered Securities

If the consideration to be issued in the business combination includes registered
securities, registrants must comply with the financial statement requirements of
Form S-4 or Form F-4. See Topic 2.

1140.5 Audit Requirement for Non-Reporting Target

(Last updated: 10/30/2020)
In connection with proxy statements and registration statements on Form S-4/F-
4, financial statements for the latest fiscal year must be audited if practicable.
Financial statements for prior years need not be audited if they were not
previously audited. The staff will assess the merits of a registrant’s assertion
that an audit for the latest fiscal year is impracticable based on the particular
facts and circumstances, including the specific actions taken by the registrant
(acquirer) to obtain a timely audit of the target. For significant acquisitions,
registrants will be obligated to file separate audited target financial statements in
a Form 8-K. [Instruction 1 to Item 17.b.7 of Form S-4]

Back to Table of Contents 21

 In transactions where the registrant is a SPAC, the target’s financial statements
become those of the registrant upon consummation of the merger. In light of
this fact and that the staff considers the transaction to be equivalent to an initial
public offering of the target, the staff would expect the financial statements of
the target included in either a proxy statement or Form S-4/F-4 to be audited in
accordance with the standards of the PCAOB.

1140.6 Disposal of a Business

(Last updated: 6/30/2012)
In proxy statements soliciting authorization for the disposal of a significant
business (including spin-offs), the registrant (seller) should include its audited
financial statements for each of the 2 most recent fiscal years plus unaudited
interim periods. Unaudited financial statements of the business to be disposed
should be included for the same periods; however, audited financial statements
for each of the 2 most recent fiscal years of that business should be provided if
they are available. The registrant should include its pro forma financial
information giving effect to the disposal for the latest complete fiscal year and
subsequent interim period; if the disposal qualifies as a discontinued operation,
the pro forma operating information should be presented for each of the past 2
years and interim periods. If three years plus interim historical financial
statements are presented, then for discontinued operations, the pro forma
financial statements should include three years plus interim periods. See the
Division of Corporation Finance’s July 2001 Interim Supplement to Publicly
Available Telephone Interpretations, Section H6. If the registrant (seller)
receives consideration for the disposal that includes unregistered securities of
the acquirer, the acquirer’s audited financial statements may need to be
provided for each of the 2 most recent fiscal years plus unaudited interim
periods.

1140.7 Reverse Acquisitions

The financial statement requirement of Item 14(c) of Schedule 14A follows the
legal form of the transaction rather than the accounting form. For example,
when a public shell company solicits authorization for the acquisition of a non-
reporting operating company that will be accounted for as a recapitalization of
the operating company, the “acquiring company” is the public shell and the
“acquired company” is the operating company under Item 14(c). As such, the
audit relief for non-reporting targets described above applies to the operating
company. After consummation of the transaction, the registrant must file in a
Form 8-K audited financial statements of the operating company, which will
replace the shell’s historical financial statements (as predecessor of the
registrant) in future filings. See Topic 12.

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1140.8 Application of S-X 3-06 to Target Financial Statements
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

The provision of S-X 3-06(b) permitting the filing of financial statements

covering a period of nine to twelve months to satisfy the one-year financial
statement requirement for an acquired business does not apply to financial
statements of target companies filed under Item 14(c)(2) of Schedule 14A.

NOTE: S-X 3-06 permits a registrant to file financial statements covering a

period of nine to twelve months to satisfy a requirement for filing financial
statements for a period of one year in the following circumstances:

a) Change in fiscal year

b) Financial statements of an acquired business pursuant to S-X 3-05
c) Unusual circumstances, for which the registrant must request and
receive an accommodation from CF-OCA.

Target company financial statements required to be provided in a proxy

statement or Form S-4 are not provided pursuant to S-X 3-05. This is true even
though the proxy statement and Form S-4 reference S-X 3-05 in some
circumstances to determine the number of periods of target company financial
statements to provide in the proxy statement or Form S-4. Because target
company financial statements are not provided pursuant to S-X 3-05, the
exception permitted in S-X 3-06(b) is not available for purposes of providing
target company financial statements in a proxy statement or Form S-4.
However, the exception in S-X 3-06(a) is available and companies may also
make requests under S-X 3-06(c).

1150 Bank Reorganizing under Newly-formed Holding Company

(Last updated: 9/30/2010)

1150.1 S-4 General Instruction G

General Instruction G requires that the transaction being registered involves the
organization of a bank or savings and loan holding company for the sole
purpose of issuing common stock to acquire all of the common stock of the
bank or savings institution that is organizing the holding company. Registrants
marking the box on the cover of Form S-4 that are in compliance with General
Instruction G to the Form cause the registration statement to become effective
automatically 20 days after initial filing. Failure to check the box or to meet all
of the conditions of General Instruction G means that the registration statement
will not become effective automatically at the end of that period.

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1150.2 Financial Statement Requirements

Form Financial Statement Requirements

Form S-4 to register common Financial statements may be omitted from a Form S-4,
stock in exchange for all of a if the bank separately furnished to its shareholders
bank’s common stock in a financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP
transaction which satisfies all (that need not be audited) for at least the most recently
of the criteria stipulated in completed fiscal year. Similarly, Guide 3 data may be
SAB Topic 1F 2 omitted from the registration statement.
First Annual Report on Form Audited financial statements and Guide 3 data must be
10-K filed for at least the two most recent fiscal years.

1160 Recently Organized Registrant

1160.1 Generally

In a filing with an effective Registrant financial statements may be omitted unless the
date before the registrant is registrant will acquire or otherwise succeed to a business
capitalized on other than a for which financial statements are required to be included.
nominal basis: If omitted, the prospectus should include a statement that
the entity has not commenced operations and has no (or
nominal) assets or liabilities. Contingent liabilities and
commitments should be described in sufficient detail.
If the registrant is a Registrant financial statements may be omitted. Complete
“business combination audited financial statements of the operating company (as
related shell company”: predecessor of the registrant) must be provided.
Example: A company wants to change its state of
incorporation in order to facilitate an IPO. To do that, a
new corporation incorporated in Delaware (Newco) was
formed and all of the shareholders of the company will
exchange their equity ownership interests in the company
for identical interests in Newco. Separate financial
statements of Newco are not required in the registration
statement.

If the registrant will succeed Include the financial statements of both the
to a business in a transaction acquired/predecessor business and the registrant in the
that is not a reorganization: filing.

2
Generally, a reorganization with no changes in relative interests, no leverage, and no new classes of stock.

Back to Table of Contents 24

1160.2 Shell Company

A “shell” company is an entity other than an asset-backed issuer (See Topic 12)
that has no or nominal operations and either:

a. no or nominal assets,

b. assets consisting solely of cash and cash equivalents, or

c. assets consisting of any amount of cash and cash equivalents and

nominal other assets. [Regulation C, Rule 405]

1160.3 Business Combination Related Shell Company

A shell company that is:

a. formed by an entity (that is not a shell company) solely for the purpose
of changing the corporate domicile of that entity solely within the
United States; or

b. formed by an entity (that is not a shell company) solely for the purpose
of completing a business combination transaction among one or more
entities other than the shell company none of which is a shell
company. [Regulation C, Rule 405]

1170 Predecessor Financial Statements

(Last updated: 3/31/2010)

1170.1 Predecessor Entity

The definition of "predecessor" in Regulation C, Rule 405 is very broad. For

purposes of financial statements, designation of an acquired business as a
predecessor is generally not required except where a registrant succeeds to
substantially all of the business (or a separately identifiable line of business) of
another entity (or group of entities) and the registrant's own operations before
the succession appear insignificant relative to the operations assumed or
acquired.

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1170.2 Financial Statement Dates and Periods

Financial information of a registrant’s predecessor is required for all periods

before the succession, with no lapse in audited periods or omission of other
information required about the registrant. Financial statements for the registrant
and its predecessor should collectively be ‘as of’ all dates and ‘for’ all periods
required by S-X Articles 3 and 10 (or Article 8 for SRC). Any interim period of
the predecessor before its acquisition by the registrant should be audited when
audited financial statements for the period after the acquisition are presented.
Schedules required by S-X Article 12 are required for predecessor entities.

a. After an acquisition, financial statements of the predecessor should be

included in Forms 10-K and 10-Q for the required comparative periods
before the acquisition, in addition to those of the registrant.

b. After the acquisition of a business by a special-purpose acquisition

company registrant (“SPAC”), the financial statements of the
registrant for periods prior to the acquisition may not be required to be
included in Forms 10-K and 10-Q once the financial statements
include the period in which the acquisition or recapitalization was
consummated. Generally, these financial statements would not be
required in cases in which the registrant had only nominal statement of
comprehensive income activity. (Last updated: 10/20/2014)

c. S-X 3-01 and 8-02 do not specifically refer to balance sheets of

predecessors. When only one registrant balance sheet would otherwise
be included in the filing, a registrant, including a Smaller Reporting
Company, must file an audited predecessor balance sheet as of the end
of its last fiscal year. (Last updated: 6/30/2010)

1170.3 Partial Year Financial Statements

When predecessor audited financial statements are provided for part of a fiscal
year and successor audited financial statements are provided for the rest of the
year, the predecessor is not required to provide comparative financial statements
for the prior year partial period.

Back to Table of Contents 26

 Example: A shell company formed on January 15, 2021 acquires an operating
company, determined to be its predecessor, on June 25, 2021. The Newco
subsequently files an IPO registration statement in the third quarter of 2022.
The IPO registration statement must include audited financial statements of the
predecessor for the two years ended December 31, 2020 and the period from
January 1, 2021 to June 25, 2021. The Newco registrant must provide audited
financial statements for the period from the inception date through December
31, 2021 (there were no operations from inception date to acquisition date) and
unaudited interim financial statements for the periods ending June 30, 2021 and
June 30, 2022. Financial statements of the predecessor for the period January 1,
2020 to June 25, 2020 are not required.

1180 [Reserved]
(Last updated: 10/20/2014)

1190 Supplemental and Restated Financial Statements Related to

Post-Balance Sheet Events
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

1190.1 Receipt of Net Assets or Shares from Entity Under Common Control

If a receipt of net assets or shares from an entity under common control that will
be accounted for similar to a pooling-of-interests has been consummated by a
repeat issuer after the latest balance sheet date, and post-combination operating
results have not been published, the issuer should normally not reflect the
transaction in its financial statements. However, the issuer may elect to provide,
and may be required to provide in connection with registration or proxy
statements, supplemental audited combined financial statements giving effect to
the transaction. Unusual situations can be discussed with CF-OCA.

1190.2 Generally

See Topic 13 for guidance applicable to supplemental or restated financial

statements as a result of post-balance sheet events.

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1200 AGE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS IN
REGISTRATION OR PROXY STATEMENTS
[S-X 8-08 FOR SMALLER REPORTING
COMPANIES; S-X 3-12 FOR OTHER REPORTING
COMPANIES]
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

1210 Staff Review

(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

The staff may not make a review decision or commence a review of a filing
unless the registrant’s financial statements comply with the rules for age of
financial statements and audit at the date of filing or submission. However,
Section 71003 of the Fast Act (see FAQ 1 of FAST Act) and Voluntary
Submission of Draft Registration Statements (see FAQ 7) provide limited
exceptions for certain filed registration statements and draft submissions,
respectively.

1220 Age Requirements

1220.1 General Rule
(Last updated: 9/30/2011)

Latest balance sheet must be as of a date no more than 134 days for non-
accelerated filers (or 129 days for accelerated and large accelerated filers)
before the effective date of the registration statement (or date the proxy
statement is mailed). See Section 1340 for summary of accelerated filer rule.

Example: A Form S-1 of a non-accelerated filer with an audited March 31st

balance sheet (March year-end) cannot be declared effective after August 12th
without updating.

1220.2 Rule for Initial Filers

The balance sheet date in an initial registration statement must not be more than
134 days old, except that third quarter data is timely through the 45th day after
the most recent fiscal year-end for all filers, and except that third quarter data is
timely through the 90th day after the most recent fiscal year-end for a Smaller
Reporting Company if the SRC expects to report income from continuing
operations before taxes in the year just completed and has reported income from
continuing operations before taxes in at least one of the two years previous to
the year just completed. After the 45th or 90th day, as applicable, audited
financial statements for that fiscal year must be included in the registration
statement.

Back to Table of Contents 28

 Example: A Form S-1 for a registrant with a calendar year-end with an interim
balance sheet as of the end of the first quarter (March 31) cannot be declared
effective after August 12th without updating to the end of the second quarter
(June 30). A Form S-1 for a calendar year-end company other than a Smaller
Reporting Company with an interim balance sheet as of September 30 cannot be
declared effective after February 14th. (Last updated: 12/31/2010)

1220.3 Year-End Rule for Reporting Companies

Reporting companies required to file under Exchange Act Section 13(a) or 15(d)
do not need to update third quarter interim financial statements until the 90th day
for non-accelerated filers (or 75th day for accelerated filers, and 60th day for
large accelerated filers) 3 after their fiscal year-end, if they satisfy the three
conditions of S-X 3-01(c) [S-X 8-08(b) for Smaller Reporting Companies]:

a. filed all Exchange Act reports due,

b. expect to report income attributable to the registrant in the year just

completed, and

c. reported income attributable to the registrant in at least one of the two

previous years.

Unless all three conditions are met, if the staff accelerates the effective date of
the registration statement after the 45th day following the fiscal year-end, it will
request the company to include audited financial statements for the most
recently completed fiscal year. This 45-day rule applies to both Smaller
Reporting Companies and Other Reporting Companies.

With respect to condition (a) above:

A reporting company that has not filed its first Exchange Act report since an
initial offering has not met condition (a).

With respect to conditions (b) and (c) above:

a. For Smaller Reporting Companies, these conditions are based on

income from continuing operations attributable to the registrant before
taxes. It correlates to line item 13 in S-X 5-03(b) after adding back tax
expense per line 11 and subtracting income attributable to the
noncontrolling interest per line 19.

b. For Other Reporting Companies, these conditions are based on income

attributable to the registrant after taxes. It is income after reported
3
See Section 1340 for summary of accelerated filer rule.

Back to Table of Contents 29

 discontinued operations, and correlates to line item 15 in S-X 5-03(b)
after subtracting income attributable to the noncontrolling interest per
line 19.

If the audited financial statements for the most recently completed

fiscal year are available or become available before the effective date
of the registration statement or the mailing date of a proxy statement,
they must be included in the filing. Availability is determined on a
facts and circumstances basis. Financial statements become available
no later than when they are “issued” based on the staff guidance in
ASC 855-10-S99-2. (Last updated: 8/25/2015)

1220.4 Newly Formed Registrant which does not have Predecessor Operations

For a registrant that was not in existence at the end of its most recently
completed fiscal year, audited financial statements are required as of a date less
than 135 days before the initial filing date of the registration statement.
Subsequent updates to comply with the 135 day rule may be made on an
unaudited basis, except that audited financial statements are required if the
effective date of the registration statement is more than 45 days after the
company’s fiscal yearend. [S-X 3-01(a)]

1220.5 Accommodation Applicable to Interim Updating for Timely Filers

The staff may accelerate the effective date of a registration statement if:

a. interim financial statements in the filing are at least as recent as the

quarterly information that has been filed as required by the Exchange
Act at the time of effectiveness, and

b. the issuer has filed all of its Exchange Act reports in the last 12 months
in a timely fashion.

However, the staff may ask the registrant to confirm that the quarterly report
will be timely filed after effectiveness and that there have been no material
trends, events or transactions that arose after the date of the latest balance sheet
included in the filing that would materially affect an investor’s understanding of
the registrant’s financial condition and results of operations. A description of
these items in the next quarter ordinarily will not suffice.

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1220.6 Continuous and Shelf Offerings

When a prospectus is used more than nine months after the effective date of the
registration statement, the audited financial statements contained in the
prospectus must be as of a date not more than sixteen months prior to such
use. [Securities Act Section 10(a)(3) and Regulation C, Rule 427] The updated
financial statements must comply with the requirements of S-X 3-12 (S-X 8-08
for Smaller Reporting Companies). The registrant may update financial
information via post-effective amendment or, if eligible, incorporation by
reference; however, filing a post-effective amendment does not start a new nine-
month period. The audited financial statements contained in a prospectus used
after the effective date of such post-effective amendment must not be more than
16 months old. (Last updated: 6/30/2011)

1220.7 Proxy Statements

When an issuer’s financial statements are included in proxy statements, the

same guidance as for registration statements applies, except the date of mailing
replaces the effective date.

Reporting and non-reporting domestic target companies must comply with the
updating requirements of S-X 3-12, with non-reporting target companies
following the requirements for non-accelerated filers. Reporting and non-
reporting domestic target companies must update their third quarter interim
financial statements to include its year-end financial statements during the
intervening period between the 45th day after its year-end and the date its annual
report on Form 10-K would be due based on the issuer’s (acquirer’s) obligation
to update during that period.

Reporting and non-reporting foreign business target companies must comply

with the updating requirements of Item 8.A of Form 20-F.

1220.8 Form S-4/Proxy Statement

(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

Age of financial statements is based on the effective date of the Form S-4 and
not the mailing of the proxy statement, unless mailing is delayed beyond the
time necessary to prepare the material for mailing (generally no more than a few
days after effectiveness of the S-4). Filings on Form F-4 by foreign private
issuers are subject to an undertaking with respect to the age of financial
statements that is not applicable to domestic registrants. See Section 6230.

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1220.9 Form 10

Age of financial statements is based on the effective date of the filing. See
Section 1310.2 for discussion of automatic effectiveness.

1220.10 Post-Effective Amendments Generally

Generally, post-effective amendments that amend the prospectus are considered

new filings and, as a result, must include updated financial statements meeting
the requirements of Regulation S-X at effectiveness of the amendment.

Amendment of a registration statement to provide an exhibit does not amend the

prospectus.

1220.11 Post-Effective Amendments Consolidating Sticker Supplements for Real

Estate

Post-effective amendments that consolidate supplements are not considered new

filings for purposes of updating the registrant’s financial statements if the duty
to file a post-effective amendment is triggered solely by Undertaking 20.D. of
Industry Guide 5. [Securities Act Release No. 6405]

1220.12 Effect of Holiday or Weekend

If the last day of the period after which financial statements must be updated
(for example, the 134th day after the first, second, or third quarter-end, or the
89th day following a fiscal year-end for a non-accelerated filer) falls on a
Saturday, Sunday or holiday, the filing may be made on the next following
business day without updating the financial statements [Regulation C, Rule
417].

1300 PERIODIC REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

(EXCHANGE ACT FILINGS)
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

1310 Companies Required to Report

1310.1 Securities Act Registration

If a company has registered an offering of securities under the Securities Act,

that company is required to file reports for periods ending after the date of the
last balance sheet included in the registration statement. This duty may be
suspended after the fiscal year in which the registration statement went effective
in certain instances. [Exchange Act Section 15(d)]

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1310.2 Exchange Act Registration

a. Registration and Reporting Requirement

(Last updated: 3/17/2016)

Exchange Act Section 12(g)

Domestic companies are required to register a class of securities under

Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act and file periodic reports if the
company had total assets exceeding $10 million as of the last day of its
prior fiscal year, and a class of equity security (other than an exempted
security) held by:

• for issuers other than banks, bank holding companies and savings
and loan holding companies, either: (1) 2,000 or more record
holders or (2) 500 or more record holders who are not accredited
investors.

• for banks, bank holding companies and savings and loan holding
companies, 2,000 or more record holders.

Exchange Act Section 12(b)

Companies seeking to register a security for trading on a national

securities exchange must register the class of securities under Section
12(b) of the Exchange Act.

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 b. Registration Statement Forms

A company already reporting under Section 13 or 15(d) may register a

class of securities under Section 12 of the Exchange Act by filing a
Form 8-A. In addition, the staff generally will not object if a non-
reporting company conducting its IPO files a Form 8-A before the
effective date of the Securities Act registration statement relating to
the IPO. Other U.S. companies must register on Form 10 (foreign
companies register on Form 20-F).

c. Registration Statement Effectiveness

Registration statements filed under Section 12 of the Exchange Act are

effective as follows (Last updated: 9/30/2010):

If Filed Under: Using Form: Registration Statement Effective:

Form 10 or Automatically 30 days after the staff
Form 20-F receives certification by the applicable
exchange or earlier if acceleration is
requested and granted.

Form 8-A filed in Automatically on the latest of:

connection with a • the date the company files the
1933 Act Form 8-A
registration • the date the staff receives
Section 12(b) statement certification from the exchange; or
• the date the 1933 Act registration
statement goes effective.

Form 8-A not filed Automatically on the later of:

in connection with a • the date the company files the Form
1933 Act 8-A; or
registration • the date the staff receives
statement certification from the exchange.

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 If Filed Under: Using Form: Registration Statement Effective:
Form 10 or Automatically 60 days after the
Form 20-F company files the registration
statement, or earlier if acceleration is
requested and granted.
Form 8-A filed in Automatically on the later of:
connection with a • the date the company files the Form
1933 Act 8-A; or
registration • the date the 1933 Act registration
statement statement goes effective;
Section 12(g)
however, in no event will the effective
date of the Form 8-A be more than 60
days after the company files the Form
8-A.
Form 8-A not filed Automatically on filing.
in connection with a
1933 Act
registration
statement

1320 Financial Statements Required

1320.1 Generally
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

Form 10 (for registration Same as described at Sections 1110 and 1120

under Section 12) for non-EGCs and Section 10220.1d for
EGCs.
Form 10-K (Annual Reports) Same as described at Section 1110 for non-
EGCs and Section 10220.1e for EGCs.

Back to Table of Contents 35

 Form 10-Q (Quarterly Same as described at Section 1120 plus:
Reports) 4
• Balance sheet as of last fiscal year-end;
• Statements of comprehensive income for
most recent quarter alone, and prior
comparable quarter alone (a statement of
cash flows for these quarters is not
required); and
• Changes in stockholders’ equity and
noncontrolling interests for the current
and comparative year-to-date periods,
with subtotals for each interim period. 5

1320.2 Inactive Registrants

a. An inactive registrant is one that has gross receipts or expenditures not

over $100,000; no purchases, sales or distributions of securities; and
no material changes (no bankruptcy, reorganization, etc.). [S-X 3-11]

b. Inactive registrants may provide unaudited annual financial statements

in Form 10-K. [S-X 3-11]

c. These annual financial statements do not need to be reviewed by an

independent public accountant; however, interim financial statements
filed on Form 10-Q by inactive registrants must be reviewed. [S-X 10-
01(d), S-X 8-03]

d. When an inactive registrant later becomes active, its unaudited annual

financial statements may continue to be included in Form 10-K for
those periods during which it met the criteria as an inactive registrant.

1320.3 [Reserved]
(Last updated: 8/25/2015)

4
Financial statements may be condensed and must be reviewed by an independent accountant before filing
as described in S-X Article 10 [S-X 8-03 for Smaller Reporting Companies].
5
The changes in stockholders’ equity can be presented in a note to the financial statements.

Back to Table of Contents 36

1320.4 Delinquent Filers
(Last updated: 8/25/2015)

Generally, the Division of Corporation Finance will not issue comments asking
a delinquent registrant to file separately all of its delinquent filings if the
registrant files a comprehensive annual report on Form 10-K that includes all
material information that would have been included in those filings.

The Division’s decision not to seek the filing of additional reports when a
registrant files a comprehensive annual report does not absolve a registrant from
any liability under the Exchange Act for failing to file all required reports and
would not foreclose enforcement action for the registrant’s filing delinquencies.
In addition, filing a comprehensive annual report does not result in the registrant
being considered “current” for purposes of Regulation S, Rule 144, or Form S-8
registration statements. Also, the registrant would not be eligible to use Form S-
3 until it establishes a sufficient history of making timely filings.

1320.5 Mutual Life Insurance Companies and Certain Mining Companies in the
Exploratory Stage

Exempt from Part I disclosures required by Form 10-Q [Exchange Act Rule
13a-13(b)].

1330 Exchange Act Report Due Dates

1330.1 Generally

Annual reports 90 days after the fiscal year-end for non-accelerated filers.
(Forms 10-K)
75 days after the fiscal year-end for accelerated filers.
60 days after the fiscal year-end for large accelerated
filers.
See Section 1340 for summary of accelerated filer rule.

Quarterly reports 45 days after the quarter-end for non-accelerated filers.

(Forms 10-Q)
40 days after the quarter-end for accelerated and large
accelerated filers.
See Section 1340 for summary of accelerated filer rule.

Other disclosures reportable Generally 4 business days after the event, except for
under Form 8-K certain events as provided in the Form.

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1330.2 Weekends and Holidays

A periodic report otherwise due on a weekend or federal holiday is due the next
business day (Exchange Act Rule 0-3).

1330.3 Extensions

Automatic extensions of due dates for periodic reports are available (up to 5
calendar days for quarterly reports and 15 calendar days for annual reports) if all
or any portion of the report cannot be filed timely without unreasonable effort or
expense. A registrant must file Form 12b-25 no later than one day after the due
date of the form for which relief is requested. No further extensions are
available.

a. Length

The extension period begins to run the day the periodic report is due.
For example, a Form 10-Q due on a Wednesday must be filed no later
than the following Monday to be considered timely assuming the
registrant files a Form 12b-25 by Thursday and no federal holidays are
involved. The extension period under Rule 12b-25 would start to run
on Wednesday, even though the Form 12b-25 may be filed as late as
Thursday.

b. Disclosure of Reasons

The registrant must disclose in the Form 12b-25 the reason for its
inability to file the report timely and, if applicable, that such reason
could not be eliminated without unreasonable effort or expense. If the
reason relates to the inability of a third party to furnish a required
opinion, report or certification, an exhibit must be attached to the Form
12b-25 that includes a statement signed by that third party stating the
specific reasons why it was unable to furnish the required opinion,
report or certification on or before the due date of the report.

c. Application to Transition Reports

The extension period permitted under Rule 12b-25 applies to transition

reports (for change in fiscal year-end).

Back to Table of Contents 38

 d. Exclusions

The extension period permitted under Rule 12b-25 does not apply to
any filing on Form 8-K, nor does it apply to an amendment to Form
10-K with respect to filing financial statements under S-X 3-09. See
Topic 2 and the Division of Corporation Finance’s C&DIs for
Exchange Act Rules, Question 135.01.

e. Application Unrelated to Filer Size

The extension period provided under Rule 12b-25 is the same for large
accelerated, accelerated, and non-accelerated filers.

1330.4 Form 10-Q After First Effective Registration Statement

After a registrant’s first registration statement is effective, a Form 10-Q for the
quarter following the most recent period included in the registration statement is
due the later of 45 days after the effective date or the date the Form 10-Q would
otherwise be due. [Exchange Act Rules 13a-13 and 15d-13]

1330.5 Form 10-K After Effectiveness of Initial Registration Statement

(Last updated: 11/9/2016)

If the effective date of an initial registration statement was within 45 days (90
days for a Smaller Reporting Company) after the fiscal year-end, but does not
include the audited statements of the just recently completed year, the following
reporting requirements apply:

If the registrant files a Form 8-A or File an Annual Report on Form 10-K
Form 10 to register under Section within 90 days after its fiscal year-end.
12(b) or 12(g) of the Exchange Act
If the registrant is subject to the File a Special Report 6 on Form 10-K
Exchange Act reporting within 90 days of effectiveness
requirements by virtue of Section containing audited statements for that
15(d) year. A complete Annual Report on
Form 10-K is not required until the
following fiscal year. [Exchange Act
Rule 15d-2]

6
This Special Report does not need to include MD&A or other narrative disclosures ordinarily required in
a Form 10-K, but registrants are encouraged to provide that information. Even if omitted from a special
report, MD&A and other omitted information would need to be included in any subsequent registration or
proxy statement.

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1340 Accelerated and Large Accelerated Filer Status: Entering,
Exiting and Implications
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

1340.1 Entering Accelerated Filer Status

An issuer becomes an accelerated filer if it meets all of the following criteria as

assessed at the end of its fiscal year:
a. The aggregate worldwide market value of its voting and non-voting
common equity held by non-affiliates (“public float”) was at least $75
million, but less than $700 million, as of the last business day of its
most recently completed second fiscal quarter;
b. It has been subject to the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the
Exchange Act for a period of at least 12 calendar months;
c. It has filed at least one annual report under Section 13(a) or 15(d) of
the Exchange Act; and
d. It is not eligible to use the requirements for smaller reporting
companies under the revenue test in paragraph (2) or (3)(iii)(B), as
applicable, of the “smaller reporting company” definition in Rule 12b-
2. 7

1340.2 Entering Large Accelerated Filer Status

An issuer becomes a large accelerated filer if it meets all of the following

criteria as assessed at the end of its fiscal year:
a. The aggregate worldwide market value of its voting and non-voting
common equity held by non-affiliates (“public float”) was at least
$700 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed
second fiscal quarter;
b. It has been subject to the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the
Exchange Act for a period of at least 12 calendar months;
c. It has filed at least one annual report under Section 13(a) or 15(d) of
the Exchange Act; and
d. It is not eligible to use the requirements for smaller reporting
companies under the revenue test in paragraph (2) or (3)(iii)(B), as
applicable, of the “smaller reporting company” definition in Rule 12b-
2.

7
See Sections 5110 and 5120 for “smaller reporting company” definition and related transition.

Back to Table of Contents 40

1340.3 Effect of Status Change on Periodic Filings
(Last updated: 9/30/2012)

As noted in Sections 1340.1 and 1340.2, the determination of filer status occurs
at the end of the issuer’s fiscal year. Because the determination occurs at the
end of the issuer’s fiscal year, the first periodic filing affected by a change in
status will be the Form 10-K for the fiscal year in which the assessment is
made. The Form 10-K is the first periodic filing affected even though the
“public float” test is performed as of the last business day of the issuer’s most
recently completed second quarter.

For example, a calendar year-end issuer was a non-accelerated filer as of

12/31/2021. As of June 30, 2022, the issuer’s “public float” increased to $300
million and revenue for fiscal year 2021 was greater than $100 million. The
issuer will be an accelerated filer for its 12/31/2022 Form 10-K.

1340.4 Exiting Status

The rules provide explicit conditions that allow an issuer to exit its accelerated,
or large accelerated, filer status. These conditions relate to the level of public
float as of the last business day of the issuer’s most recently completed second
fiscal quarter and annual revenues for the most recent fiscal year completed
before the last business day of the second fiscal quarter. The determination as to
whether an issuer exits the accelerated or large accelerated filer status is made at
the end of the issuer’s fiscal year and will govern the deadlines for the annual
report to be filed for that fiscal year, and the quarterly and annual reports to be
filed subsequently (until the filing status changes). Once an issuer becomes an
accelerated filer or large accelerated filer it will maintain this status except:

a. A large accelerated or an accelerated filer will become a non-

accelerated filer if it determines that its public float was below $60
million as of the last business day of its most recently completed
second fiscal quarter; or if it determines that it is eligible to use the
requirement for smaller reporting companies under the revenue test in
paragraph (2) or (3)(iii)(B) of the “smaller reporting company”
definition.

b. A large accelerated filer will become an accelerated filer if it

determines that its public float was below $560 million, but not below
$60 million, as of the last business day of its most recently completed
second fiscal quarter, and it is not eligible to use the requirements for
smaller reporting companies under the revenue test in paragraph (2) or
(3)(iii)(B) of the “smaller reporting company” definition.

Back to Table of Contents 41

 NOTE to SECTION 1340.4

A registrant no longer qualifies as an EGC, and the 404(b) auditor attestation

exemption, the day it becomes a large accelerated filer, which occurs on the last
day of the registrant’s fiscal year if the large accelerated filer criteria are met.
See Topic 10 for more information. (Last Update: 6/30/2013)

1340.5 Recap of Accelerated Filer Rule and relationship with smaller reporting
company status: Public Float and Revenue Tests and Due Dates:

Category of Filer Annual Public Float to Public Float and/or

Revenues Enter Status Revenues to Exit Status 8
Non-Accelerated Filer and Smaller N/A < $75 million
Reporting Company
N/A
Less than ≥ $75 million but
-10-K is due 90 days after year-end $100 million < $700 million

-10-Q is due 45 days after quarter-

end

- Interim F/S Updating is required

134 days after the latest balance
sheet filed
Accelerated Filer and Smaller $100 million ≥ $75 million but Public float test: < $60 million
Reporting Company or more < $250 million becomes a non-accelerated filer
and remains a smaller reporting
company
-10-K is due 75 days after year-end …….………………
Revenue test: Public float <
-10-Q is due 40 days after quarter- $700 million and revenues <
end $100 million becomes a non-
accelerated filer and remains a
smaller reporting company
- Interim F/S Updating is required
129 days after the latest balance
sheet filed
Accelerated Filer (not a Smaller $100 million ≥ $250 million but Public float test: < $200 million
Reporting Company) or more < $700 million but ≥ $60 million and revenue is
≥ $80 million remains an

8
A registrant may exit accelerated filer status by having < $60 million public float or by meeting the
“revenue test” for smaller reporting company status. See paragraph (2) or (3)(iii)(B) of the “smaller
reporting company” definition for a description of such test. The applicable paragraph is based on whether
a registrant currently qualifies as a smaller reporting company under either the “public float test” or the
“revenue test” of the SRC definition. See page 54 of the “Accelerated Filer and Large Accelerated Filer
Definitions Adopting Release” for examples.

Back to Table of Contents 42

 Category of Filer Annual Public Float to Public Float and/or
Revenues Enter Status Revenues to Exit Status 8
accelerated filer and becomes a
-10-K is due 75 days after year-end
smaller reporting company
…….………………
-10-Q is due 40 days after quarter-
Public float test: < $60 million
end
becomes a non-accelerated filer
and a smaller reporting company
- Interim F/S Updating is required …….………………
129 days after the latest balance
Revenue test: Public float <
sheet filed
$700 million and revenues < $80
million becomes a non-
accelerated filer and a smaller
reporting company
Large Accelerated Filer (not a N/A ≥ $700 million Public float test: < $560 million
Smaller Reporting Company) but ≥ $200 million and revenue
is ≥ $100 million becomes an
accelerated filer
-10-K is due 60 days after year-end …….…………
Public float test: < $200 million
-10-Q is due 40 days after quarter- but ≥ $60 million and revenue is
end ≥ $100 million becomes an
accelerated filer and a smaller
- Interim F/S Updating is required reporting company
129 days after the latest balance …….…………
sheet filed Public float test: < $60 million
becomes a non-accelerated filer
and a smaller reporting company
…….………………
Revenue test: To become a non-
accelerated filer and a smaller
reporting company, public float
< $560 million AND one of the
following:
(1) revenues < $100 million (if
prior revenues < $100 million)
OR
(2) revenues < $80 million (if
prior revenues were ≥ $100
million).

Back to Table of Contents 43

1340.6 Foreign Private Issuer Implications

The definitions of accelerated filer and large accelerated filer do not exclude
companies that qualify as foreign private issuers (FPIs) even though the
deadlines for Forms 20-F and 40-F annual reports are not affected by
accelerated filer or large accelerated filer status. However, only an FPI that
elects to file on domestic forms and provides financial statements in accordance
with U.S. GAAP may apply the revenue test in paragraph (2) or (3)(iii)(B) of
the “smaller reporting company” definition in determining its non-accelerated,
accelerated or large accelerated filer status. An FPI electing to file on Forms 10-
K and 10-Q and that meets one of the accelerated filer definitions is subject to
accelerated filing deadlines. A company that loses its ability to file on Form 20-
F and must begin to file on Forms 10-K and 10-Q becomes subject to the
accelerated filer rules, starting with its initial filing on Form 10-K or 10-Q.

1340.7 Periodic Report Cover Page Implications

Cover pages to Forms 10-K, 10-Q, and 20-F include boxes that must be checked
to indicate (1) whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated
filer, or a non-accelerated filer, and (2) whether an internal control over
financial reporting auditor attestation is included in the filing. The issuer also
must disclose on the cover page to Form 10-K the amount of its public float as
of the last business day of its most recently completed second quarter.

1340.8 Transition Report Implications

The accelerated filer rules apply to transition reports (for change in year-end)
filed on either Form 10-K or 10-Q. A non-accelerated filer, an accelerated filer,
or a large accelerated filer, that changes its year-end and files a transition report
on Form 10-K or 10-Q must assess its accelerated filer status to determine
whether its status has changed. A change in status could accelerate or
decelerate the due date for that transition report (and subsequent periodic
reports). For example, a non-accelerated filer could become an accelerated
filer, or a large accelerated filer could become an accelerated filer. The filer
must make this assessment regardless of the length of the transition period, and
perform the public float test as of the last business day of what would have been
the most recently completed second quarter if the close of the transition period
were the end of a full fiscal year (i.e., six-month look back).

1340.9 Current Report Implications

The accelerated filer rules do not affect Form 8-K filing deadlines.

Back to Table of Contents 44

1340.10 Annual Report Disclosure Implications

Annual report disclosure obligations affected by non-accelerated, accelerated or

large accelerated filer status:

a. Unresolved staff comment – (Item 1B of Form 10-K; Item 4A of Form

20-F):

A registrant that is an accelerated filer or a large accelerated filer, and

has received written comments from the staff regarding its periodic or
current reports at least 180 days before the end of its fiscal year to
which the annual report relates, must disclose the substance of any
unresolved comments that the registrant believes are material. The
disclosure may include other information, such as the registrant’s
position with respect to any such comment.

b. Effectiveness of Internal Control over Financial Reporting Required

by SOX Section 404 – (Item 9A of Form 10-K; Item 15 of Form 20-F;
General Instruction B.6 of Form 40-F):

Application of these disclosure requirements partly depends on the

issuer’s accelerated filer status:

• Management’s Report: Required to be filed in annual reports

by all filers. See Section 4310 for information on
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over
Financial Reporting.

• Auditor’s Attestation: Required in annual reports of all

accelerated filers (except those that qualify as an EGC) and
large accelerated filers. See Section 4320 for information on
Auditor’s Report on ICFR for non-EGCs and Section 10240
for information on EGCs. (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

Back to Table of Contents 45

 NOTE to SECTION 1340.10
1. For newly public companies, a phase-in exception applies
whereby management’s report and the auditor’s attestation (if a
non-EGC accelerated filer or a large accelerated filer) are not
required until the second annual report. For purposes of the phase-
in, a Special Financial Report filed pursuant to Rule 15d-2 of the
Exchange Act and a Transition Report on Form 10-K for a change
in fiscal year are considered to be an “annual report.” See Section
4310.6 for more information on this exception. (Last updated:
6/30/2013)

2. A registrant that qualifies as both a smaller reporting company

and an accelerated (or large accelerated) filer is subject to the
requirements that apply to an accelerated (or large accelerated)
filer, including the timing of the filing of periodic reports and the
requirement to provide the auditor’s attestation of management’s
assessment of ICFR. (Last updated: 10/30/2020)

1350 [Reserved]

1360 Changes in Fiscal Year - General

1360.1 Transition Report Required

When a company changes its fiscal year, it is required to file a report covering
the transition period. [Exchange Act Rule 13a-10, 15d-13 & FRC 102.05]

A transition period is the period between the closing of the registrant’s most
recent fiscal year and the opening date of its newly selected fiscal year.

Back to Table of Contents 46

1360.2 Exchange Act Reporting Requirements for Transition Period

If the transition
period is: File a transition report:
6 months or more On Form 10-K within 90 days for non-accelerated filers (or 75 days for
accelerated filers and 60 days for large accelerated filers) after the later
of the election to change the fiscal year or the end of the transition
period. The transition period financial statements must be audited. See
Section 1340.7 for reassessment of accelerated filer status.
Less than 6 On Form 10-K as above, or on Form 10-Q within 45 days for non-
months accelerated filers (or 40 days for accelerated and large accelerated filers)
after the later of the election to change the fiscal year or the end of the
transition period. The transition period may be unaudited in Form 10-Q,
but the next Form 10-K must contain audited financial statements of the
transition period. See Section 1340.7 for reassessment of accelerated
filer status.
One month or less No separate transition report is required. However, if the registrant does
not file a transition report on either Form 10-Q or 10-K, transition period
financial statements must be included in the next periodic report filed on
Form 10-Q. The transition period may be unaudited, but the next Form
10-K must contain audited financial statements of the transition period.

1365 Changes in Fiscal Year - Implementation Guidance

1365.1 Comparable Year Information

Transition reports must include prior year information comparable to the

transition period. Comparable year information may be unaudited and may be
provided on a condensed basis and in the footnotes to financial statements
instead of separate statements. [FRR 35] All information responsive to the
textual items of the reporting form (e.g., S-K 101, 103, and 303 for Form 10-K)
must be provided in the transition report. [FRR 35]

1365.2 Reg S-X Financial Statement Requirements

A transition report filed on Form 10-K must comply with the financial statement
requirements of Regulation S-X, including audited statements of comprehensive
income, cash flows, and stockholders’ equity for each of the three most recent
fiscal years (two most recent fiscal years for Smaller Reporting Companies) and
audited balance sheets as of the end of each of the two most recent fiscal years.
As provided under S-X 3-06, a transition period of nine to twelve months will
satisfy the requirement for one fiscal year. For example, a company with a
March 31 year-end decides on January 2, 2023 to change its year-end to
December 31, 2022. The company must file a transition report on Form 10-K

Back to Table of Contents 47

 that includes audited statements of comprehensive income, cash flows, and
stockholders’ equity for the nine-month transition period ended December 31,
2022 and for each of the two years ended March 31, 2022, as well as audited
balance sheets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2022.

In contrast, a company with a June 30 year-end decides on January 2, 2023 to

change its year-end to December 31, 2022. The company must file a transition
report on Form 10-K that includes audited statements of comprehensive income,
cash flows, and stockholders’ equity for the six-month transition period ended
December 31, 2022, and for each of the three years ended June 30, 2022. The
company must also file audited balance sheets as of December 31, 2022, June
30, 2022 and June 30, 2021.

1365.3 Maximum Audited Reporting Period

No audited reporting period, under any circumstances, may exceed 12 months

for domestic issuers.

1365.4 Securities Act Registration Statement

Even though an issuer complies with Exchange Act requirements following an

election to change the fiscal year, Securities Act form provisions may require it
to provide more current audited financial statements in a Securities Act
registration statement. In other words, the requirement to file audited transition-
period financial statements may be accelerated when a Securities Act
registration statement is filed, with the requirement based on the former fiscal
year-end.

For example, a company with a September 30 year-end decides on January 2,

2023 to change its year-end to December 31, 2022, and files a transition report
on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial statements for the transition
period from October 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022. Under the Exchange Act,
audited transition-period financial statements would not need to be filed until
the company files its December 31, 2023 Form 10-K. However, a registration
statement declared effective after November 14, 2023 (based on the 45-day
provision under S-X 3-01) must contain those audited transition-period financial
statements.

1365.5 Business Combinations and Change in Fiscal Year

A business combination accounted for as a reverse acquisition may result

effectively in a change in fiscal year. See Topic 12.

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1365.6 Recasting Prior Period Financial Statements

An issuer is permitted, but not required, to recast its prior period financial
statements in subsequent annual reports on Form 10-K or Form 20-F to conform
with the issuer’s newly adopted fiscal year. [FRR 35, n84]

1365.7 Change To or From 52-53 Week Fiscal Year

A change from a fiscal year ending as of the last day of the month to a 52-53
week fiscal year commencing within seven days of the month end (or vice-
versa) is not deemed a change in fiscal year-end if the new fiscal year
commences with the end of the old fiscal year. A transition report would not be
required. [FRR 35, n26] (Last updated: 9/30/2010)

1370 Combined Periodic Reporting

(Last updated: 12/31/2010)

1370.1 Parent/Subsidiary
(Last updated: 6/30/2011)

The staff would not object to combined periodic reporting for parent and
subsidiary registrants in cases where the parent owns substantially all of the
stock of the subsidiary, there are no more than nominal differences between the
financial statements of the parent and the subsidiary and the non-financial
disclosures of the parent and subsidiary are substantially similar, if the
following is included in the combined Forms 10-K and the combined Forms 10-
Q, as applicable, in addition to the other non-financial disclosures required by
the forms:

a. Separate audit reports - materiality considerations should be assessed

for each entity

b. Separately reviewed interim financial statements for each entity;

c. Separate reports on disclosure controls and procedures and internal

control over financial reporting for each entity;

d. Separate complete sets of financial statements, e.g. balance sheet,

statement of comprehensive income, statement of cash flows, and
statement of changes in stockholders equity, as applicable for each
entity;

e. Separate footnotes for areas that differ between the parent and the
subsidiary, such as debt and capital structure, including redemption
provisions; and

Back to Table of Contents 49

 f. Separate CEO/CFO Certifications for each entity.

With respect to other disclosure items required by the forms, any material
differences between the parent and the subsidiary should be discussed
separately.

1370.2 Multiple Series Registrants

Multiple series registrants are formed as trusts or partnerships under state law,
which establishes the registrant as a legal entity and as an issuer. For purposes
of SEC reporting, the trust (or partnership) is the sole registrant, not the
individual series. However, separate financial statements of each individual
series must be provided because an investor invests in an individual series of the
trust (partnership). The staff will accept the filing of one periodic report for the
legal registrant/series, but certain separate reporting should be applied at both
the legal registrant and the series level. Separately provide, prepare or evaluate
as applicable the following for the legal registrant and for each series:

a. Separate financial statements and audit reports - in preparing these

reports materiality should also be assessed at the separate series level;

b. Separately reviewed interim financial statements;

c. Separate reports on disclosure controls and procedures and internal

control over financial reporting; and

d. Separate assessments of materiality for S-K and S-X purposes,

including S-X 3-05, 3-09, and 4-08.

In addition, multiple series registrants should include in the “controls and

procedures” disclosure of their periodic reports a statement that the CEO/CFO
certifications are applicable to each of the series as well as to the trust
(partnership).

See Section 2410.9 for more details regarding the S-X 3-09 significance
calculations for multiple series registrants.

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1400 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS (ALL FILINGS)
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

1410 Basis of Reporting

Regulation S-X and U.S. GAAP must be followed by domestic issuers.
Financial statements not prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP are presumed
to be inaccurate or misleading. [S-X 4-01(a)(1)] However, the following
situations should be noted:

1410.1 Smaller Reporting Companies

Smaller Reporting Companies may choose to provide disclosures under S-X

Article 8 rather than under other S-X Articles applicable to Non-Smaller
Reporting Companies. The principal differences are that Article 8 does not have
a requirement to file supplemental schedules, does not designate specific
financial statement format, does not stipulate quantitative thresholds for many
disclosures, and does not have a requirement to file separate financial
statements of investees as would be required under S-X 3-09. However, the
auditor reporting and independence requirements of S-X Article 2 and the full
cost oil and gas disclosures required by S-X 4-10 apply to Smaller Reporting
Companies. With regard to pro forma financial information, Smaller Reporting
Companies should comply with the requirements of S-X 8-05, but may wish to
consider the guidance in S-X Article 11.

1410.2 Annual Report to Shareholders

The annual report does not need to include the separate financial statements of
other entities, pro forma data, or schedules required by Articles 3, 8, 11 and 12
of Regulation S-X, or predecessor audit reports. [Rule 14a-3(b)(1)]

1410.3 Royalty Trusts

May report on a different basis pursuant to SAB Topic 12E.

1410.4 Mutual Life Insurance Companies

May present financial statements on statutory basis [S-X 7-02], which cannot be
characterized as being in conformity with GAAP. CF-OCA should be consulted
on filings containing such financial statements. A mutual insurance company
converting to stock form must follow GAAP for stock companies for all periods
presented.

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1410.5 Emerging Growth Companies

An EGC is not required to comply with new or revised financial accounting

standards until a company that is not an issuer (as defined under section 2(a) of
the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) is required to comply with such standards, if
such standards apply to companies that are not issuers. An EGC that chooses
not to take advantage of the extended transition provision must make such
choice at the time the company is first required to file a registration statement,
periodic report or other report, and must notify the Commission of such choice.
Note that the decision to forego the extended transition period is irrevocable.
See Topic 10 for additional information. (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

1420 [Reserved]

1430 Guaranteed Securities

(Last updated: 12/31/2022)

A guarantee of a security is a separate security, and the issuer of a guarantee is

subject to the reporting and registration requirements applicable to other issuers.
Relief from separate reporting and financial statement requirements is available
for subsidiary issuers and guarantors of guaranteed securities in certain
circumstances. See Section 2500.

1440 [Reserved]
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

1450 Fiscal Year Presentation

(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

1450.1 Fiscal Year-End

Fiscal year-end is presumed to be calendar year-end if no closing date has been
adopted. [S-X 1-02(k)]

1450.2 Ordering of Fiscal Year Data

Consistent chronological order generally should be followed in presentation of
financial data throughout the filing to avoid confusion. [SAB Topic 11E]

1450.3 Length of Fiscal Year

Fiscal years may not exceed 12 months. Under S-X 3-06, nine to twelve
months of audited financial statements will meet the requirement for one year of
audited financial statements:

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 a. when a registrant has changed its fiscal year (see Section 1365.2), or

b. for financial statements of an acquired business required under S-X 3-

05.

1450.4 Unusual Circumstances

a. S-X 3-06(b) and Target Company Financials Filed under Item 14(c)(2)
of Schedule 14A

The provision of S-X 3-06(b) permitting the filing of financial

statements covering a period of nine to twelve months to satisfy the
one-year financial statement requirement for an acquired business does
not apply to financial statements of target companies filed under Item
14(c)(2) of Schedule 14A. Unusual situations can be discussed with
CF-OCA. See further discussion at Section 1140.8.

b. S-X 3-06(c)

A registrant cannot substitute nine months of results in satisfaction of a

requirement for one year in other circumstances without prior
consultation with CF-OCA.

1500 INTERIM PERIOD REPORTING

CONSIDERATIONS (ALL FILINGS)
(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

Interim Period Financial Statement Disclosures upon Adoption

of a New Accounting Standard
S-X Article 10 requires disclosures about material matters that were not
disclosed in the most recent annual financial statements. Accordingly, when a
registrant adopts a new accounting standard in an interim period, the registrant
is expected to provide both the annual and the interim period financial statement
disclosures prescribed by the new accounting standard, to the extent not
duplicative. These disclosures should be included in each quarterly report in the
year of adoption.

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1600 SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA (ALL FILINGS)
(Last updated: 9/30/2010)

1610 [Reserved]
(Last updated: 7/1/2019)

1620 Selected Quarterly Financial Data Not Required

1620.1 Initial Public Offerings
A company is not required to furnish selected quarterly financial data pursuant
to S-K 302(a) in its initial registration statement under the Securities Act if it
does not have any securities registered under Section 12(b) or 12(g) of the
Exchange Act. A company that has securities registered under the Exchange
Act must comply with S-K 302(a) in any Securities Act or Exchange Act
document that calls for that disclosure unless it is a Smaller Reporting
Company. A Smaller Reporting Company is not subject to S-K 302(a).

1620.2 Form S-4 for a Private Target Company

Selected quarterly financial data is not required to be furnished in a Form S-4
for a private target company that is being acquired by a registrant. Since the
private company does not have any securities registered under Section 12(b) or
12(g) of the Exchange Act, it is not subject to the disclosure requirements of S-
K 302(a).

NOTE to SECTION 1620

The exclusion from the requirement to furnish selected quarterly
financial data noted in this section also applies to Exchange Act
initial registration statements, as well as proxy materials filed
under Item 14(c)(2) of Schedule 14A. (Last updated: 12/31/2010)

*****

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 TOPIC 2

OTHER FINANCIAL STATEMENTS REQUIRED

This topic identifies circumstances in which financial statements of entities other than the
registrant (or predecessor(s) of the registrant) are required to be included in filings. The
guidance applicable to financial statements of the registrant (in Topic 1) applies also to
financial statements of the other entities, unless specified otherwise in this topic.

NOTE to TOPIC 2
The staff may, where consistent with the protection of investors, permit the
omission of one or more of the financial statements required by Regulation S-X or
the filing in substitution therefor of appropriate statements of comparable
character under Rule 3-13 of Regulation S-X. See “Communications with the
Division of Corporation Finance’s Office of Chief Accountant” section for
additional information about requesting relief. In addition, the staff may require
other financial statements as necessary for a fair presentation of the financial
condition of any entity whose financial statements are either required or otherwise
necessary for the protection of investors. [S-X 3-13 and S-X 8-01, Note 5] (Last
updated 7/1/2019)

2000 BUSINESSES ACQUIRED OR TO BE ACQUIRED

(EXCLUDING TARGET COMPANIES IN FORM S-4)
[S-X 3-05, S-X 8-04]
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

Overview - In general, S-X 3-05 and S-X 8-04 require the filing of separate pre-
acquisition historical financial statements when the acquisition of a significant
business has occurred or is probable. A flowchart to assist you is located at
Section 2060.

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 Section Description
2005 Definitions and Requirements
2010 Determination of a Business
2015 Measuring Significance - Basics
2020 Implementation Points - Amounts Used to Measure Significance
Implementation Points - Financial Statements Used to Measure
2025 Significance
Financial Statement Periods Required Under S-X 3-05 and S-X 8-
2030 04
2035 Individually Insignificant Acquirees
2040 When To Present Financial Statements
2045 Age of Financial Statements - Basics
Age of Financial Statements - Interaction of S-X 3-05(b)(4) and
2050 Form 8-K
Foreign Business, Hostile Tender Offers, Troubled Financial
2055 Institutions
2060 Flowchart Overview of S-X 3-05
2065 Acquisitions of Selected Parts of an Entity
2070 SAB 80: Application of S-X 3-05 in Initial Registration Statements

2005 Definitions and Requirements

2005.1 Financial statements of the acquired business are generally the same as those
as if the acquired company were a registrant as described in Topic 1, except that
the number of years of audited financial statements is determined by the level of
significance (Section 2030 below). Refer to Sections 2045 and 2050 regarding
age of financial statements.
Exceptions: An acquired business that is a nonpublic entity, as that
term is defined in GAAP, need not include disclosures if specifically
excluded from the scope of the FASB standard. Examples include:
• Segment information under ASC 280 [ASC 280-10-15-3],
• Certain disclosures about employers’ pensions and other
postretirement benefits [ASC 715-20-50-5], and
• Earnings per share under ASC 260 [ASC 260-10-05-1].

2005.2 Supplemental schedules (S-X Article 12) are not required to be filed.

2005.3 “Acquisition" and Equity Method Investee – Acquisition includes acquisition

of an interest in a business that is accounted for under the equity method. Refer
to Section 2010 regarding definition of a "business".

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2005.4 “Probable” - Assessment of "probability" requires consideration of all
available facts. Acquisition is probable where registrant's financial statements
alone would not provide adequate financial information to make an investment
decision. [FRC 506.02(c)(ii)]

2005.5 Acquiree of an Acquiree or Investee of an Acquiree - The requirements of S-

X 3-05 and S-X 8-04 apply to acquisitions made by the registrant or its
predecessor(s). Those rules call for financial statements of the acquiree and its
predecessor(s), if applicable. Financial statements of recently acquired
businesses of the acquiree or equity method investees of the acquiree need not
be filed unless their omission would render the acquiree's financial statements
misleading or substantially incomplete. (Last updated: 3/31/2010)

2005.6 Acquisition of a “Predecessor” - S-X 3-05 and S-X 8-04 do not apply to the
acquisition of a business that is a predecessor of the registrant, as defined in
Regulation C, Rule 405. Instead, look to S-X 3-01/3-02 or S-X 8-02/8-03 to
determine the financial statement requirements for an acquired business that is a
predecessor of the registrant.

2005.7 “Shell Company” is both Legal and Accounting Acquirer– If a shell

company, other than a “Business Combination Related Shell Company” (both as
defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2 and Regulation C, Rule 405), acquires an
operating entity in a transaction in which the shell company is both the legal and
accounting acquirer, the acquired entity will be a predecessor of the shell
company and therefore S-X 3-05 and S-X 8-04 do not apply. If a shell
company acquires an operating entity in a transaction accounted for as the
acquisition of the shell company by the operating entity (i.e., shell company is
the legal acquirer, but the accounting acquiree) the transaction is a reverse
recapitalization of the operating entity and therefore S-X 3-05 and S-X 8-04 do
not apply. See Topic 12 for further discussion of the reporting requirements for
reverse recapitalizations.

2005.8 Acquisition or Disposition by a Consolidated Variable Interest Entity - An

acquisition or disposition by a variable interest entity that is consolidated in the
registrant’s financial statements pursuant to ASC 810 is subject to the Form 8-K
and S-X reporting requirements even if the consolidated variable interest entity
does not meet the S-X 1-02(n) definition of “majority-owned subsidiary.”
(Last updated: 6/30/2011)

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 NOTE to SECTION 2005.8
Item 2.01 of Form 8-K refers to acquisitions or dispositions by “the
registrant or any of its majority-owned subsidiaries.” Because this
reference preceded the variable interest entity consolidation model,
the staff believes the intent of this reference is to require reporting
of significant acquisitions and dispositions made by the registrant
or its consolidated subsidiaries, regardless of whether the
consolidated subsidiaries are voting interest entities or variable
interest entities. (Last updated: 6/30/2011)

2010 Determination of a Business [S-X 11-01(d)]

2010.1 Reporting versus Accounting – The determination of what constitutes a
business for reporting purposes (e.g., S-X 3-05 and Item 2.01 of Form 8-K) is
made by reference to the definition of a “business” in S-X 11-01(d). The
determination of what constitutes a business for accounting purposes (e.g.,
whether acquired net assets constitute a business for purposes of determining
whether a business combination as defined in ASC-MG and ASC 805 has
occurred) is made by reference to ASC-MG and ASC 805. It is possible for the
determination to be different under the two requirements.
(Last updated: 12/31/2011)

2010.2 A separate entity, subsidiary, division or possibly a separate product line –

A "business" for purposes of S-X 3-05 is identified by evaluating whether there
is sufficient continuity of operations so that disclosure of prior financial
information is material to an understanding of future operations. There is a
presumption in S-X 11-01(d) that a separate entity, subsidiary, or division is a
business. A lesser component, such as a product line, also may be considered a
business. In evaluating whether a lesser component is a business, S-X 11-01(d)
requires registrants to consider the following:

• Will the nature of the revenue producing activity generally remain the
same?
• Will the facilities, employee base, distribution system, sales force,
customer base, operating rights, production techniques, or trade names
remain after the acquisition?

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 NOTE to SECTION 2010.2
The staff's analysis of whether an acquisition constitutes the acquisition of a
business, rather than of assets, focuses primarily on whether the nature of the
revenue producing activity previously associated with the acquired assets will
remain generally the same after the acquisition. New carrying values of assets,
or changes in financing, management, operating procedures, or other aspects of
the business are not unusual following a business acquisition. Such changes
typically do not eliminate the relevance of historical financial statements.
Registrants that have succeeded to a revenue producing activity by merger or
acquisition, with at least one of the other factors listed above remaining after the
acquisition, are encouraged to obtain concurrence from the staff in advance of a
filing if they intend to omit financial statements related to the assets and
activity. Registrants may direct requests related to appropriate financial
statements of an acquired entity or group of assets to CF-OCA.

2010.3 An investment accounted for under the equity method – The staff considers
the acquisition of an investment accounted for under the equity method to be a
business for reporting purposes.

2010.4 A working interest in an oil and gas property - The staff considers the
acquisition of a working interest in an oil and gas property to be a business for
reporting purposes. Refer to Section 2065.11 “Unique Considerations for
Acquisitions of Oil and Gas Properties – General.” (Last updated: 10/20/2014)

2010.5 Bank branch acquisitions- The assumption of customer deposits at bank

branches may constitute the acquisition of a business if historical revenue
producing activity is reasonably traceable to the management or customer and
deposit base of the acquired branches, and that activity will remain generally the
same following the acquisition.

2010.6 Insurance policy acquisitions - Acquisitions of blocks of insurance policies by

an insurance company or the assumption of policy liabilities in reinsurance
transactions may also be deemed the acquisition of a business because the right
to receive future premiums generally indicates continuity of historical revenues.
The degree of continuity between historical investment income streams and the
assets acquired to fund the acquired policy liabilities should also be considered.

2015 Measuring Significance – Basics [S-X 3-05(b)(2)]

NOTE to SECTION 2015

Registrants may request CF-OCA interpretation in unusual
situations or relief where strict application of the rules and
guidelines results in a requirement that is unreasonable under the
circumstances.

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2015.1 Registrants must measure the significance of an acquired business under S-X
3-05 and S-X 8-04 using three tests, the:

• Asset test,
• Investment test, and
• Income test.

These tests are described in further detail below.

NOTE to SECTION 2015.1

In certain circumstances, registrants preparing an initial
registration statement may consider applying SAB 80 instead of S-
X 3-05 or S-X 8-04. See further discussion at Section 2070, “SAB
80: Application of S-X 3-05 in Initial Registration Statements
(SAB Topic 1J).”

2015.2 Financial Statements Used to Measure Significance – Generally, compare

the most recent pre-acquisition annual financial statements of the acquired
business to the registrant's pre-acquisition consolidated financial statements as
of the end of the most recently completed audited fiscal year required to be
filed with the SEC. Financial statements of both the acquired business and the
registrant used to measure significance must be prepared in accordance with
the comprehensive basis of accounting described in Section 2015.3,
“Comprehensive Basis of Accounting Used to Measure Significance.”

If a change in the reporting entity or a reorganization will occur at or after

effectiveness of an initial registration statement but no later than closing of the
IPO, the staff will consider requests for relief to use the combined financial
statement amounts as the denominator for purposes of significance
calculations in determining other financial statement requirements for the
filing (e.g., S-X 3-05 and 3-09). (Last updated: 3/31/2010)

2015.3 Comprehensive Basis of Accounting Used to Measure Significance - A

registrant that files its financial statements in accordance with or is required to
provide reconciliation to U.S. GAAP should determine significance using
amounts for both the acquired business and the registrant determined in
accordance with U.S. GAAP; that is, both the numerator and denominator of
the significance test would be determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. A
foreign private issuer that files its financial statements in accordance with
IFRS as issued by the IASB should determine significance using amounts for
both the acquired business and the registrant determined in accordance with
IFRS as issued by the IASB; that is both the numerator and denominator of
the significance test would be determined in accordance with IFRS as issued
by the IASB. To illustrate these requirements, if a registrant that files its
financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP acquires, both legally and
for accounting purposes, a foreign private issuer or a foreign business that

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 files its financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB,
significance (both the numerator and denominator) must be determined in
accordance with U.S. GAAP. This is true even though the acquired business
did not reconcile its financial statements to U.S. GAAP.

2015.4 Asset Test - Compare registrant’s share of acquired business’s total assets to
the registrant’s consolidated total assets. Ordinary receivables and other
working capital amounts not acquired should nevertheless be included as
part of the assets of the acquired enterprise in tests of significance relative to
the registrant's assets because that working capital is expected to be required
and funded after the acquisition.

2015.5 Investment Test - Acquisition Accounting under ASC 805 and IFRS 3 as
issued by the IASB -

Compare the total GAAP purchase price of the acquired business, as adjusted
below, to the registrant’s consolidated total assets.

GAAP purchase price in this context means the “consideration transferred”, as

that term is used in the applicable accounting standard. It includes the
acquisition-date fair value of all contingent consideration and excludes
acquisition-related costs.
The adjustment - For purposes of the “investment” test, “consideration
transferred” should be adjusted to exclude carrying value of assets transferred
by the acquirer to the acquired business that will remain with the combined
entity after the business combination.

NOTE to SECTION 2015.5

The numerator of the investment test for the purchase of an equity method
investment should include transaction costs, consistent with the accounting
under ASC 323-10. The numerator should also include contingent
consideration (on a gross basis) if the likelihood of payment is more than
remote. (Last updated: 3/31/2010)

2015.6 [Reserved]
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

2015.7 Investment Test - Reorganization of Entities Under Common Control –

Compare the net book value of the acquired business to the registrant’s
consolidated assets and compare the number of shares exchanged to
registrant's outstanding shares at the date the combination is initiated.

2015.8 Income Test - Compare registrant’s equity in the acquired business's income
from continuing operations before taxes to that of the registrant.

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 There are three computational notes to the income test included at S-X 1-
02(w). The second computational note indicates that if the registrant's income
for the most recent fiscal year is 10% or more lower than the average of the
registrant’s income for the last five fiscal years, then the average income of
the registrant should be used for this computation. This computational note
also applies if the registrant reported a loss, rather than income. If the
registrant reported a loss, the registrant should compare the absolute value of
its reported loss to its average income for the last five fiscal years to determine
if the registrant is required to use average income. In computing the
registrant’s average income for the last five fiscal years, loss years should be
assigned a value of zero in computing the numerator for this average, but the
denominator should be "5”. Also, the acquiree's income may not be averaged.
(Last updated: 12/31/2010)

2015.9 Significance – Absolute Values - In the case of a single acquisition, if either

the registrant or the acquired business reported a pretax loss and the other
entity reported pretax income, use the absolute values.

2015.10 Significance – Denominator - The acquired business is not considered part of

the registrant's denominator in determining significance for purposes of S-X
3-05 [S-X 1-02(w)]

2015.11 Significance – Intercompany Transactions - When measuring significance

for all three S-X 1-02(w) tests, intercompany transactions between the
registrant and acquiree should be eliminated in the same way that would occur
if the acquiree were consolidated. See by analogy S-X 1-02(w)(2).
(Last updated: 9/30/2009)

2015.12 Significance – “Related Businesses” - Acquisitions of "related businesses"

must be treated as a single business acquisition. Businesses are related under
S-X 3-05 if:

• they are under common control or management, or

• their acquisitions are dependent on each other or a single common
event or condition.

2015.13 Significance – Rounding - Do not round the results of the significance tests.

2020 Implementation Points – Amounts used to Measure

Significance [S-X 1-02(w)]
2020.1 Significance Implementation – No Alternative Tests of Significance
The staff generally will not accept alternative significance tests. The tests
should be performed based on the requirements of S-X 3-05, 3-09, and 4-

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 08(g), as applicable. If after performing the required significance tests a
registrant believes that the tests specify periods beyond those reasonably
necessary to inform investors, the registrant may make a written request to
CF-OCA to waive one or more years of financial statements. Such requests
should set forth the relevant factors considered by the registrant. In making
this request, registrants should consider all facts and circumstances that
provide an indication of the relative size of the acquired business. (Last
updated: 7/1/2019)

2020.2 Significance Implementation - Business Combinations - Measurement

Period Adjustments under ASC 805 and IFRS 3
In some circumstances, ASC 805 and IFRS 3 require retrospective adjustment
of provisional amounts recognized at the acquisition date and the recognition
of additional assets or liabilities that were not recognized at the acquisition
date. The pre-acquisition financial statements for the most recently completed
fiscal year used to measure significance should include measurement period
adjustments for acquisitions completed within the most recently completed
fiscal year when new information obtained about facts and circumstances that
existed at the acquisition date for those acquisitions is known: (A) prior to
effectiveness of an IPO for a new registrant or (B) on or before the date the
initial Item 2.01 Form 8-K reporting the acquisition must be filed for an
existing registrant. (Last updated: 9/30/2009)

2020.3 Significance Implementation - Business Combination Achieved in Stages

or Step Acquisition of a Rule 11-01(d) Business – General
If a registrant increases its investment in a business relative to the prior year,
base the tests of significance on the increase in the registrant's proportionate
interest in assets and net income during the year, rather than the cumulative
interest to date. However, step acquisitions which are part of a single plan to
be completed within a twelve month period should be aggregated.

NOTE to SECTION 2020.3

The guidance to base significance on the increase in the
registrant’s proportionate interest applies even if the registrant
must discontinue applying the cost method and start applying the
equity method as a result of the increase in investment.

2020.4 Significance Implementation - Business Combination Achieved in Stages

(a.k.a. Step Acquisition) – Remeasurement
Under ASC 805 and IFRS 3 as issued by the IASB, the acquirer’s previously
held equity interest in the acquiree is remeasured at its acquisition-date fair
value with any resulting gain or loss recognized in earnings. The
remeasurement of the previously held equity interest is not included in the
asset or the investment test and the resulting gain or loss from remeasurement
would be excluded from the income test as it is not included in the registrant’s
most recently completed fiscal year.

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2020.5 Significance Implementation - Acquiring an Additional Interest in a
Consolidated Entity
(Last updated: 9/30/2011)

When a registrant increases its investment in a company that is already

reflected as a consolidated subsidiary in the audited financial statements of the
registrant for a complete fiscal year, financial statements of the acquired
investment are ordinarily not required. However, pro forma information may
be required.

The staff’s view that financial statements are ordinarily not required is
premised on S-X 3-05(b)(4)(iii) which states that separate financial statements
of the acquired business need not be presented once the operating results of
the acquired business have been reflected in the audited consolidated financial
statements of the registrant for a complete fiscal year unless such financial
statements have not been previously filed or unless the acquired business is of
major significance. Illustrative, but not all-inclusive, examples of when
historical financial statements of an acquired business may be required in a
step acquisition include:

• acquired business financial statements have not been previously filed

for the entire period for which historical financial statements of the
acquired entity would be required under S-X 3-05;
• acquired business is of major significance; or
• S-X 3-05 does not apply; such as a proxy statement or Form S-4
requirement to present the target’s financial statements for the same
periods that would be required in an annual report sent to security
holders, if an annual report was required.

Also, note that while S-X 11-01(c) states that pro forma effects of a business
combination need not be presented if the acquired business’ financial
statements are not presented, we believe such pro forma financial statements
are required pursuant to S-X 11-01(a)(8) when pro forma financial
information giving effect to the step acquisition would be material to
investors.

2020.6 Significance Implementation - Public Offering Proceeds

Registrant's assets may not be increased for purposes of the significance tests
by including the pro forma effect of public offering proceeds received after
the balance sheet date.

2020.7 Significance Implementation - Statements of Revenues and Direct

Expenses

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 A registrant that has received an accommodation from CF-OCA to present a
statement of revenue and direct expenses for the acquired business in lieu of
full financial statements (See Section 2065) should not adjust the registrant’s
pretax income (i.e., the denominator in the income test) to exclude corporate
overhead even though the target’s pretax revenues less direct expenses (i.e.,
the numerator) excludes indirect expenses. If after performing the required
significance tests using the target’s pretax revenues less direct expenses and
the registrant’s pretax income, a registrant believes that the tests specify
periods beyond those reasonably necessary to inform investors, the registrant
may make a written request to CF-OCA to waive one or more years of
financial statements.

2020.8 Significance Implementation - Related Businesses – General

(Last updated: 9/30/2012)

S-X 3-05 requires that related businesses be treated as a single business when
measuring significance. Further guidance on this requirement is included
below. If S-X 3-05 significance is met, separate financial statements of each
of the related businesses are required, except that financial statements of the
related businesses that are under common control or management may be, but
are not required to be, presented on a combined basis for any annual or
interim periods specified in S-X 3-05 for which the businesses are under
common control or management. If the registrant believes that application of
the significance tests results in a requirement to present financial statements of
one or more related businesses that are not reasonably necessary to inform
investors, the registrant may make a request to CF-OCA for relief.

NOTES:
1. If related businesses have different fiscal year ends, a registrant should not
conform the fiscal year-ends of the related businesses for purposes of the
significance tests.

2. The reference to “periods specified in S-X 3-05” is meant to clarify that in

order to present financial statements of related businesses on a combined basis for
an annual or interim period specified in S-X 3-05, the related businesses must be
under common control or management for the entirety of that annual or interim
period.

3. S-X 3-05(a)(3) states in part “Acquisitions of a group of related businesses that

are probable or that have occurred subsequent to the latest fiscal year-end for
which audited financial statements of the registrant have been filed shall be
treated under this section [emphasis added] as if they are a single business
combination.” The staff interprets this requirement to mean that S-X 1-02(w)
Computational Note 3, which indicates that entities reporting losses should not be
aggregated with entities reporting income, does not apply to the calculation of
significance for related businesses. (Last updated: 9/30/2012)

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2020.9 Significance Implementation - Related Businesses - Asset and Investment
Tests
(Last updated: 9/30/2012)

Both the asset test and the investment test should be performed for each
related business using the guidance provided in Section 2015. If either the
sum of each related business’s asset test significance or the sum of each
related business’s investment test significance exceeds the S-X 3-05
significance levels (see Section 2030), separate financial statements should be
provided for the periods required by S-X 3-05 for each related business,
except that financial statements for the related businesses that are under
common control or management may be, but are not required to be, presented
on a combined basis for any annual or interim periods specified in S-X 3-05
for which the businesses are under common control or management. See the
Notes at Section 2020.8 for further guidance.

2020.10 Significance Implementation - Related Businesses – Income Test

(Last updated: 9/30/2012)

S-X 3-05 indicates that related businesses should be treated as if they are a
single business combination. Therefore, calculate the income test significance
using the combined income or loss from continuing operations before income
taxes of all of the related businesses. The combined income or loss should be
used to measure income test significance irrespective of whether any of the
related businesses are under common control or management. If the income
test significance exceeds the S-X 3-05 significance levels (see Section 2030),
separate financial statements should be provided for the periods required by S-
X 3-05 for each related business, except that financial statements of the
related businesses that are under common control or management may be, but
are not required to be, presented on a combined basis for any annual or
interim periods specified in S-X 3-05 for which the businesses are under
common control or management. See the Notes at Section 2020.8 for further
guidance.

2025 Implementation Points – Financial Statements Used to

Measure Significance [S-X 1-02(w)]
2025.1 Significance Implementation - Discontinued Operations and Changes in
Accounting Principle
Subsequent to filing its Form 10-K, a registrant may be required to include (or
incorporate by reference) into a registration statement its audited annual
financial statements giving retrospective effect to a discontinued operation or
a change in accounting principle that was appropriately not reflected in the
audited financial statements for the most recently completed fiscal year
included in its Form 10-K. See Topic 13 for a discussion of this requirement.

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 In these circumstances, we have interpreted the guidance in S-X 3-05 to
require registrants to perform significance tests based on the registrant’s
financial statements that reflect retrospective application for the most recently
completed fiscal year for:

• Individual businesses acquired after the date the retrospectively

adjusted financial statements are filed;
• Probable acquisitions; and
• Aggregate impact of all individually insignificant businesses that have
occurred since the end of the most recently completed fiscal year.

NOTES to SECTION 2025.1

1. Solely for purposes of assessing significance of individual acquisitions

completed on or before the date the retrospectively adjusted financial
statements are filed (and not, for example, for purposes of assessing the
aggregate impact of all individually insignificant businesses that have
occurred since the end of the most recently completed fiscal year),
significance may be measured based on either (A) the registrant’s audited
financial statements for its most recently completed fiscal year that were
filed prior to the retrospectively adjusted financial statements giving effect
to the discontinued operation or (B) the registrant’s filed financial
statements for the most recently completed fiscal year that reflect
retrospective application of the discontinued operation. A registrant must
consistently use the financial statements it chooses (i.e., either (A) or (B)
above) to measure significance of all individual acquisitions completed on
or before the date the retrospectively adjusted financial statements are
filed. (Last updated: 3/31/2009)

2. The staff’s rationale for the position above follows. A registrant must
report on Form 8-K an acquisition of a significant individual business.
For purposes of measuring significance under S-X 3-05 and S-X 8-04, the
staff links the acquisition date for a significant individual business to the
date retrospectively adjusted financial statements are filed in order to
ensure that an appropriate conclusion that an acquired business was not
significant for purposes of Form 8-K will not be changed by a subsequent
discontinued operation. Such a link is not necessary for either a probable
acquisition or an acquisition of an individually insignificant business
because the registrant has no Item 2.01 Form 8-K reporting obligation for
these events.

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2025.2 Significance Implementation - Form 10-K Filed Subsequent to
Acquisition
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)
Generally, a registrant measures significance using its pre-acquisition
consolidated financial statements as of the end of the most recently completed
audited fiscal year required to be filed with the SEC. If the acquisition is
made after the registrant’s most recent fiscal year end and the registrant files
its Form 10-K for the most recent fiscal year before the date financial
statements of the acquired business would be required to be filed under Item
9.01 of Form 8-K, the registrant may evaluate significance using the
registrant’s financial statements for most recent fiscal year reported in its
Form 10-K. Alternatively, the registrant may choose to evaluate significance
using the registrant’s financial statements for the most recently completed
audited fiscal year required to be on file with the SEC as of the consummation
date.

2025.3 Significance Implementation - Pro Forma Financial Statements (S-X

Article 11) Used to Measure Significance

If the acquisition is made after reporting a previous significant acquisition or

disposition on Form 8-K or non-IPO registration statement that includes all
information required by Form 8-K, the registrant may evaluate significance
using registrant’s pro forma financial information rather than historical pre-
acquisition financial statements. For purposes of evaluating significance in
this situation:
• Income Test - Compare income from continuing operations before
income taxes for the acquired entity's latest fiscal year to the pro forma
statement of comprehensive income for the latest audited annual
period provided in the Form 8-K or registration statement.

• Investment and Asset Tests - Compare the registrant's investment in

the acquired entity and the assets of the acquired entity for the latest
fiscal year to the pro forma balance sheet comprising the latest audited
balance sheet of the registrant. That pro forma balance sheet may or
may not have been included in the Form 8-K or registration statement,
depending on when the Form 8-K or registration statement was filed.
For example: If a calendar year-end registrant filed a registration
statement containing a pro forma balance sheet as of June 30, 2007 giving
effect to an acquisition consummated on September 14, 2007 and then
made an acquisition on November 30, 2007, the asset and investment test
would be based on a pro forma balance sheet as of December 31, 2006
(the last audited balance sheet on file with the SEC).

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 NOTES to SECTION 2025.3

1. If the registrant chooses to evaluate significance of an acquisition or

disposition using the registrant’s pro forma financial information, the staff would
expect the registrant to consistently apply that methodology for evaluating
significance to all subsequent acquisitions or dispositions for the remainder of the
fiscal year.

2. If the registrant chooses to compute significance using pro forma information,

it must do so for all three significance tests.

3. The acquired entity’s total assets and income from continuing operations
before income taxes should NOT be adjusted for purchase accounting. That is,
use the acquired entity’s historical amounts and the registrant’s pro forma
amounts.

4. The registrant’s pro forma amounts should only include those pro forma
adjustments directly attributable to the transaction (e.g., purchase price allocation,
depreciation, and amortization) in the pro forma statement of comprehensive
income and balance sheet.

5. Use the registrant’s pro forma annual balance sheet to determine significance
even if that pro forma annual balance sheet is not presented or required to be
presented in the Form 8-K.

6. The registrant’s pro forma amounts should not give effect to either probable or
insignificant acquisitions. S-X 3-05(b)(3) only permits measuring significance
using the registrant’s pro forma amounts for (a) completed acquisitions that are
(b) significant and (c) for which historical financial statements have been filed on
Form 8-K.

2025.4 Significance Implementation - Exchange Transaction (Acquisition and

Disposition)

If the transaction is an exchange transaction in which the registrant and

another party each contribute businesses to a joint venture (or the “Newco”) in
exchange for an equity interest in the Newco measure the significance of the
disposition (registrant’s contributed business) and the acquisition (other
party’s contributed business) separately to determine whether pro forma
information about the disposition and receipt of an equity investment is
required, and whether audited financial statements of the business contributed
by the other party are required.
Significance of the acquisition should be based on the acquired percentage of
the other party’s business compared to the registrant’s historical financial
statements (without adjustment for the related disposition of the business

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 contributed by the registrant to the joint venture). Whether or not the
transaction is accounted for at fair value, the investment test should be based
on the fair value of the consideration given up or the consideration received,
whichever is more reliably determinable.
If reporting of both the disposition and the acquisition are required by Form 8-
K, a registrant may be unable to present a pro forma statement of
comprehensive income depicting the joint venture formation because financial
statements of the business contributed by the other party are not available.
Those financial statements and related pro forma financial statements need not
be filed until 71 calendar days after the date that the initial report reporting the
transactions on Form 8-K must be filed (that is, the sum of 4 business days
after the transaction is consummated plus 71 calendar days). Pro forma
financial statements depicting a significant disposition are ordinarily required
to be filed within 4 business days of the disposition. In these circumstances,
the initial Form 8-K reporting the transaction should include a narrative
description of the effects of the disposition, quantified to the extent
practicable, and complete pro forma information depicting the effects of the
exchange of interests should be filed at the time that the audited financial
statements of the acquired business are filed.

2025.5 Significance Implementation - In Existence for Less Than One Year

If the registrant and/or the acquiree has been in existence for less than one
year, do not annualize the historical statement of comprehensive income;
measure significance using the audited historical statement of comprehensive
income that complies with the age of financial statement requirements (see
Section 2045 for the acquiree and Section 1200 for the registrant), regardless
of the number of months it includes. If the registrant or the acquiree has been
in existence for more than one year, measure significance using income for
full 12 months; do not adjust the audited statement of comprehensive income
to equal the same number of months as acquiree or registrant that has been in
existence for less than one year.

NOTE to SECTION 2025.5

Registrants may request a waiver from CF-OCA if they believe S-X 3-05
produces anomalous results.

2025.6 Significance Implementation - Change in Fiscal Year

(Last updated: 3/31/2009)
If a registrant or acquiree has changed its fiscal year and the transition period
(See definition at Section 1360.1) is less than 9 months, measure significance
using either (A) the most recently completed audited fiscal year prior to the
change or (B) audited financial statements for the 12 months ending on the
last day of the transition period. If both the registrant and the acquiree have
changed their fiscal years, registrants should measure significance using a

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 consistent approach [either (A) or (B)] for both the registrant and the acquiree
[not (A) for one and (B) for the other]. If the transition period is greater than
9 months, use the audited financial statements for that period.

2025.7 Significance Implementation - Acquisition after a Reverse Acquisition

If an acquisition is made after a transaction accounted for as a reverse

acquisition of the registrant but before the registrant’s audited financial
statements for the fiscal year in which the reverse acquisition occurred are
filed and the audited financial statements for the accounting acquirer have
been filed with the SEC then measure significance against the accounting
acquirer’s financial statements.

2025.8 Significance Implementation - Acquisition after a Reverse

Recapitalization

If an acquisition occurs after a reverse recapitalization of the legal target (see

Topic 12) but before the registrant’s audited financial statements for the fiscal
year in which the reverse recapitalization occurred are filed and the audited
financial statements for the legal target have been filed with the SEC then
measure significance against the legal target’s financial statements.

2025.9 Significance Implementation - Acquisition after Shell Company Acquires

Predecessor

If an acquisition is made subsequent to the acquisition by a shell company, as

defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2, of an entity deemed the registrant’s
predecessor (but not accounted for as a reverse acquisition or reverse
recapitalization), then measure significance against the historical financial
statements of the registrant.

2025.10 Significance Implementation – Registrant is a Successor to a Predecessor

Company

In certain cases, a registrant that is a successor to a predecessor company may

not have a full year of statement of comprehensive income information
available to use as the denominator in the calculation of the income test. In
these cases, the significant subsidiary income test should be calculated using
only the results of operations of the successor company in the denominator.

If the results are anomalous, CF-OCA will consider a request by the registrant
to perform the significance test using pro forma amounts determined in
accordance with S-X Article 11 as if the predecessor had been acquired at the
beginning of the fiscal year being measured. The staff generally believes that
combining the historical results of the successor and predecessor without S-X

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 Article 11 pro forma adjustments is not an appropriate surrogate for the
significance test. (Last updated: 3/31/2010)

2025.11 Significance Implementation - Acquisition of a Business that is a

Successor to a Predecessor Company

For the acquisition of a business that is the successor to a predecessor

company (not the registrant), or when an acquiree’s historical financial
statements include predecessor and successor periods, the measurement of
significance under the income test will depend on the particular facts and
circumstances.

If audited successor financial statements of the acquiree include twelve

months of successor results, the income test should be applied in the normal
fashion.

If audited successor financial statements of the acquiree include less than

twelve months of successor results, it will generally be necessary to use pro
forma amounts of the successor for the year determined in accordance with S-
X Article 11. The objective of this process is to determine a surrogate for the
annual historical statement of comprehensive income of the acquired business.
Thus, the pro forma amounts would be determined using the basis of the
acquired successor business – not the registrant’s subsequent new basis. The
staff generally believes that combining the historical results of the successor
and predecessor without S-X Article 11 pro forma adjustments is not an
appropriate surrogate for the significance test. The convention of “9 months
equals 12 months” in S-X 3-06 is not applicable in this situation. In these
situations, CF-OCA should be consulted prior to filing.

If the most recent audited financial statements of the acquiree include only
predecessor results, use the historical predecessor period statement of
comprehensive income information as the numerator for calculating the
income test. Pro forma information should not be used. (Last updated:
3/31/2010)

2025.12 Significance Implementation - SAB 97 “Put-Together” Transactions

In transactions in which more than two entities combine concurrent with an

IPO, measure significance against the accounting acquirer (regardless of
whether or not the accounting acquirer is a Newco). All of the acquired
businesses are considered related under S-X 3-05(a)(3) and S-X 8-04(a)(2)
and therefore must be grouped and assessed for significance against the
accounting acquirer as a single acquisition. See Section 2015.12. Because
related businesses must be treated as a single business acquisition under S-X
3-05 and S-X 8-04, SAB 80 may not be applied to SAB 97 “put together”

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 transactions. Upon written request, the staff will consider whether relief from
the literal application of S-X 3-05 is appropriate.

2025.13 Significance Implementation - Tests of significance after a SAB 97 “put-

together” IPO

If a new acquisition takes place after an IPO but before the filing of the
registrant’s first Form 10-K, measure significance against the audited financial
statements of the accounting acquirer for the most recent fiscal year that was
included in the IPO registration statement. If a new acquisition takes place
after the filing of the registrant’s first Form 10-K, measure significance
against the audited financial statements of the registrant for the most recent
fiscal year in the Form 10-K. In some cases, such as when the IPO occurs
close to the registrant’s year end, the registrant’s financial statements
presented in Form 10-K may only include operations for a very short period of
time. Upon written request, and depending on the proximity of the SAB 97
transaction to the balance sheet date, the staff will consider whether relief
from the literal application of S-X 3-05 is appropriate.

2030 Financial Statement Periods Required Under S-X 3-05 and

S-X 8-04
2030.1 See the table below for general requirements. Below the table are exceptions to
the general requirements relating to: (Last updated: 7/1/2019)

a. Omitting Acquiree Balance Sheet

b. Form 10 and Smaller Reporting Company Registrant
c. Initial Public Offerings – Using Pre-Acquisition and Post-Acquisition
Audited Results

If the Greatest of
the Three
Calculations
Described in S-X 3-05 S-X 8-04
Section 2015
Does not exceed No financial statements No financial statements
20% required. required.

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 If the Greatest of
the Three
Calculations
Described in S-X 3-05 S-X 8-04
Section 2015
Exceeds 20% but Financial statements for the Financial statements for the
not 40% most recent fiscal year most recent fiscal year
(audited) and the latest (audited) and the latest
required interim period required interim period
(unaudited) that precedes the (unaudited) that precedes the
acquisition (See FRM 2045), acquisition (See FRM 2045),
and the corresponding interim and the corresponding interim
period of the preceding year period of the preceding year
(unaudited). (unaudited).
Exceeds 40% but Financial statements for the Financial statements for the
not 50% two most recent fiscal years two most recent fiscal years
(audited) and the latest (audited) and the latest
required interim period required interim period
(unaudited) that precedes the (unaudited) that precedes the
acquisition (See FRM 2045), acquisition (See FRM 2045),
and the corresponding interim and the corresponding interim
period of the preceding year period of the preceding year
(unaudited). (unaudited).

Exceeds 50% Financial statements for full Financial statements for the
three years (audited) and the two most recent fiscal years
latest required interim period (audited) and the latest
(unaudited) that precedes the required interim period
acquisition (See FRM 2045), (unaudited) that precedes the
and the corresponding interim acquisition (See FRM 2045),
period of the preceding year and the corresponding interim
(unaudited). period of the preceding year
(unaudited).
Exception: Financial
statements for the earliest of
the three fiscal years may be
omitted if net revenues of the
acquired business in its most
recent fiscal year are less than
$100 million. See also
exception for EGCs in Section
10220.5. (Last updated:
10/30/2020)

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2030.2 Omitting Acquiree Balance Sheet - Balance sheet of the acquired company is
not required when the audited annual balance sheet of registrant is as of a date
after consummation of the acquisition.

2030.3 [Reserved]
(Last updated: 7/1/2019)

2030.4 Initial Registration Statements – Using Pre-Acquisition and Post-

Acquisition Audited Results - Registrants filing initial registration statements
may apply the period of time in which the operations of an acquired business
are included in the audited statement of comprehensive income of the acquirer
to reduce the number of periods for which pre-acquisition statements of
comprehensive income are required. However, registrants applying such an
approach can have no gap between the audited pre-acquisition and audited post-
acquisition periods. For example, if an acquisition is consummated on April 15,
2007 and the acquiree’s highest level of significance was 45%, S-X 3-05 would
require the acquiree’s audited annual financial statements to be filed for the two
years ended December 31, 2006 (assuming both registrant and acquiree have
calendar year-ends). In lieu of financial statements for those periods, the staff
will accept audited financial statements of the acquiree for the year ended
December 31, 2006 and the period from January 1, 2007 through April 14, 2007
provided that audited financial statements of the registrant for the year ended
December 31, 2007 have been filed.

2030.5 Financial Statements in a Registration Statement of a Non-reporting

Business Acquired, or to be Acquired, when One of the Combining Entities
Meets the Smaller Reporting Company Criteria and the Other Does Not -

If the registrant/acquirer is subject to S-X 3-05, the non-reporting business’

financial statements must comply with S-X reporting requirements applicable to
entities that are not smaller reporting companies. If the registrant/acquirer is
subject to S-X Rule 8-04, the non-reporting business’ financial statements may
comply with scaled reporting requirements for a smaller reporting company.
These are the same requirements for filing financial statements of an acquired
non-reporting business in a Form 8-K (see Section 2200.2), except for reverse
acquisitions. There are different requirements for filing financial statements of
a non-reporting target in an S-4 registration statement (see Section 2200.2).
(Last updated: 12/31/2011)

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2035 Individually Insignificant Acquirees
2035.1 Applicability - The requirement under S-X 3-05 to file financial statements of
individually insignificant businesses under certain circumstances is applicable
only to registration statements and proxies. Form 8-K does not require audited
financial statements of insignificant acquirees unless they are "related
businesses" and significant on a combined basis. See Section 2015.12,
“Significance – Related Businesses”.

2035.2 Definition - The reference in S-X 3-05 to individually insignificant acquisitions

includes:

a. any consummated acquisitions whose significance does not exceed 20% that
were consummated after the balance sheet date of the most recent annual
audited financial statements included in the registration or proxy statement
through the effective date of the registration statement or the date the proxy
statement is mailed;
b. any probable acquisitions whose significance does not exceed 50%; and
c. any consummated acquisitions whose significance exceeds 20%, but does
not exceed 50%, for which financial statements are not yet required because
of the 75-day rule in S-X 3-05(b)(4). (Last updated: 10/20/2014)

NOTE TO SECTION 2035.2

Why does the staff require the inclusion of significant acquired businesses for
which financial statements are not yet required because of the 75-day rule [S-
X 3-05(b)(4)] in the test of the aggregate significance of individually
insignificant acquired businesses consummated since the most recent audited
balance sheet date? [S-X 3-05(b)(2)]

In 1996, S-X 3-05 was amended to permit the exclusion of historical financial
statements for certain significant acquisitions which did not exceed 50%
significance [S-X 3-05(b)(4)(i)]. However, S-X 3-05(b)(4) was not intended
to circumvent the requirement in S-X 3-05(b)(2) to consider the aggregate
significance of all acquired businesses which were not yet filed. Therefore,
even though a literal read of S-X 3-05(b)(4) might suggest that registrants may
omit financial statements of significant businesses for which financial
statements are not yet required because of the 75-day rule, the staff believes it
is necessary to include those significant businesses in the analysis of the
aggregate significance of individually insignificant acquisitions under S-X 3-
05(b)(2). To do otherwise could lead to the presentation of financial
statements for less than a mathematical majority of businesses acquired since
the most recent audited balance sheet that have an aggregate significance in
excess of 50%.

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2035.3 Financial Statements Required – Mathematical Majority - If the aggregate
of either the asset, investment or income significance test of all insignificant
acquisitions (i.e., (A), (B) and (C) above) exceeds 50%, provide financial
statements for the mathematical majority (combined if appropriate) for the most
recent fiscal year and the latest interim period preceding the acquisition. For
purposes of determining the mathematical majority, audited financial statements
should be provided for those probable and acquired entities that constitute more
than 50% of the aggregate asset, income, or investment test determined to be the
most significant. Consider the following example.
Example:
Example Facts: A registrant with a calendar year end files a
registration statement which is effective October 2, 2008. The
following individually insignificant business acquisitions, for which no
audited financial statements were filed on Form 8-K, and significant
businesses for which financial statements are not yet required because
of the 75-day rule in S-X 3-05(b)(4) have occurred since the
registrant’s audited financial statements were filed in its 2007 Form
10-K:
Date Investment Asset Income
Acquired Test % Test Test %
%
Business A 1/21/2008 10 19 8
Business B 2/24/2008 10 7 6
Business C 4/11/2008 11 6 5
Business D 7/7/2008 13 11 5
Business E 8/18/2008 17 10 21
Probable F N/A 9 6 4
Aggregate 70 58 49

Example Analysis: Since the investment test yields the greatest

significance on an aggregate basis (70%), financial statements of the
businesses adding up to in excess of 35% under the investment test
column must be provided. In this case, financial statements for any
combination of three businesses that includes Business E or any
combination of four businesses would meet the requirement. No
combination of three that excludes Business E would meet the
requirement. Financial statements of Business E are not yet required
to be filed because of S-X 3-05(b)(4); therefore in this fact pattern, it is
possible to use a combination of more than three businesses that
excludes Business E even though Business E is significant under the
income test. As shown in the example above, even though the
registrant is not required to file a Form 8-K with audited financial
statements of Business E until 11/3/2008, those financial statements
may need to be included in the registration statement.

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2035.4 Significance – Financial Statements Used to Measure Significance

The aggregate significance of the individually insignificant acquisitions

described in Section 2035.3 should be measured for each acquisition using the
financial statements described in Section 2015.2 at the registration statement
effective date. Measuring significance using the financial statements described
in Section 2015.2 at the registration statement effective date may require the use
of either financial statements for a more recent fiscal year than the annual
financial statements used to measure significance at the acquisition date, or
financial statements for the same fiscal year that have been retrospectively
adjusted after the acquisition date for a change in accounting principle or a
discontinued operation (see Section 2025.1). Therefore, the significance of an
individually insignificant acquisition measured using the annual financial
statements described in Section 2015.2 at the registration statement effective
date may differ from the significance of that individually insignificant
acquisition measured using the annual financial statements described in Section
2015.2 at the acquisition date. (Last updated: 3/31/2010)

NOTE TO SECTION 2035.4

An appropriate conclusion that an acquisition was not individually significant

at the acquisition date is not changed by the measurement of the aggregate
significance of individually insignificant acquisitions. For example,
measuring the aggregate significance of individually insignificant acquisitions
using the financial statements described in Section 2015.2 at the registration
statement effective date may cause an acquisition that was appropriately
determined to be individually insignificant at the acquisition date to have
significance in excess of 20%. This calculated significance is used only to
determine the aggregate significance of the individually insignificant
acquisitions in accordance with the guidance in Section 2035.3; it does not
change the conclusion of individual insignificance appropriately determined at
the acquisition date. (Last updated: 3/31/2010)

2035.5 Significance – Income Test – Entities with Pre-Tax Loss versus Entities
with Pre-Tax Income - For purposes of the income test, S-X 1-02(w)
Computational Note 3 indicates that entities reporting losses should not be
aggregated with entities reporting income. Therefore, significance must be
determined separately for both the group of individually insignificant
acquisitions with income and the group of individually insignificant acquisitions
with losses. The absolute values of the results of operations of the two groups
should not be aggregated for purposes of determining significance. If the
income test significance of either the group of individually insignificant
acquisitions with income or the group of individually insignificant acquisitions
with losses is higher than the significance computed under either the investment

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 or asset tests in S-X 1-02(w), the absolute values of the income test significance
of the two groups would be aggregated for purposes of selecting the
mathematical majority.

For example: Assume registrant has $100 of income from continuing

operations before income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2007.
Registrant made the following acquisitions in 2008 and files a
registration statement in December 2008.

Date Income Significance Aggregate Aggregate

Acquired (Loss) Acquirees Acquirees
with Income with Loss
Business A 1/18/2008 $ (8) 8% 8%
Business B 2/4/2008 9 9% 9%
Business C 3/17/2008 (13) 13% 13%
Business D 6/13/2008 16 16% 16%
Business E 7/3/2008 (11) 11% 11%
Business F 8/4/2008 10 10% 10%
Probable G N/A 18 18% 18%
Aggregate 21 21% 53% 32%

Because some individually insignificant acquirees have income and

some have losses, significance must be determined separately for both
the group of individually insignificant acquisitions with income and
the group of individually insignificant acquisitions with losses.
Aggregate significance for purposes of S-X 3-05 is 85% (i.e., the sum
of the absolute values of 53% and (32%)). Financial statements of a
mathematical majority of all individually insignificant acquisitions,
regardless of whether they had income or loss, must be filed. In this
example, in order to compute the mathematical majority, the
aggregate significance determined on an absolute value basis of the
individually insignificant acquisitions filed must be at least 42.6%
(i.e.50.1% of the 85% aggregate significance). For example, filing
separate financial statements for Business C, Business D and Probable
G would satisfy this requirement.

2035.6 Significance – Using Pro Forma Financial Statements - S-X 3-05 permits a
registrant to evaluate significance of acquirees using the pro forma financial
information filed on Form 8-K in connection with a previous significant
acquisition. However, a registrant may not circumvent the requirement to file
audited data of a majority of individually insignificant acquirees by filing a
Form 8-K containing financial statements of one or more insignificant acquirees
and testing significance of the remaining unaudited acquirees, against either the
historical or resulting pro forma financial statements. If a registrant has filed a
Form 8-K for a previous significant acquisition, the 50% aggregation test may
be applied against the pro forma financial statements included in that Form 8-K.

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 For example: A registrant files a registration statement on July 14,
2008 that includes audited financial statements for the year ended
December 31, 2007 and interim period statements for the three months
ended March 31, 2008. The registrant had total assets of $1,000 at
December 31, 2007 and reported income from continuing operations
before taxes of $100 for the year then ended. The registrant had, or
expects to have, the following acquisitions since December 31, 2007

See Date Investment Assets Income Highest

computational Acquired $ % $ % $ % Significance
note below
Significant
acquisitions:
Business A* 4/7/2008 210 21 100 10 30 30 30%
Insignificant
acquisitions:
Business B 2/4/2008 40 3 20 2 9 7 N/A
Business C 3/17/2008 60 5 40 3 13 10 N/A
Business D 6/13/2008 160 13 80 7 15 12 N/A
Business E 7/3/2008 50 4 20 2 11 9 N/A
Probable F N/A 205 17 100 8 18 14 N/A
Aggregate 515 42 260 22 66 52 52%

* Computational note: In this example, audited financial statements

and pro forma financial information were filed on Form 8-K for
Target A on 6/16/2008. Significance percentages in chart above are
based on registrant’s election to measure significance using pro forma
financial information giving effect to the acquisition of Business A.
For purposes of this example, assume the pro forma financial
information as of and for the year ended December 31, 2007 reflects
purchase accounting as follows:
Assets Income
Registrant historical $1000 $100
Adjustments 210 25
Pro forma $1210 $125

In this example, the income test yields the highest aggregate

significance test (52%). The registration statement must include
financial statements for acquired businesses that total to more than
26% (50% * 52%) to meet the S-X 3-05 requirement. Had the
aggregate significance under each test been less than 50% using pro
forma information, no financial statements for any of the individual
entities would be required in the registration statement.

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2040 When to Present Financial Statements
2040.1 Financial statements of acquired businesses are required as follows:

Form Financial Statement Requirements

Registration a) If less than or equal to 50% significant, financial statements of a
Statements and recent or probable acquisition need not be included unless the
Proxies registration statement (or post-effective amendment) is declared
effective (or proxy statement is mailed) 75 days or more after
the acquisition is consummated. Refer to Section 2015,
“Measuring Significance – Basics [S-X 1-02(w)],” and Sections
2020 and 2025, “Implementation Points” for tests of
significance. This rule does not apply to “blank check” issuers.
b) If significance exceeds 50%, financial statements of a recent or
probable acquisition must be included in a registration statement
(or post-effective amendment) at the effective date.
c) Major Significance - See Section 2040.2 for requirement to
continue to present financial statements if acquisition is of major
significance
Form 8-K a) Item 2.01, Form 8-K reporting the transaction is required within
4 business days of the consummation of any business acquisition
exceeding 20% significance or for any asset purchase exceeding
10% significance that does not meet the definition of a business.
b) A registrant that was a shell company, other than a business
combination related shell company (both as defined in Exchange
Act Rule 12b-2 and Regulation C, Rule 405) immediately before
it acquires a business, as defined in S-X 11-01(d), must file the
acquired business financial statements and related S-X Article
11 pro forma information required by Item 9.01(c) of Form 8-K
with the Item 2.01 Form 8-K reporting the acquisition. The 71
calendar day extension is not available.
c) If the required financial statements of the business acquired are
not required to be provided with the initial report, they must be
filed by amendment within 71 calendar days after the date that
the initial report on Form 8-K must be filed.
NOTE: While an Item 2.01 Form 8-K is not required for
business acquisitions at or below 20% significance,
registrants may elect to report business acquisitions at or
below 20% significance pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form 8-K
even if financial information is not provided.

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2040.2 “Major Significance” and Previously Filed Acquiree Financial Statements

Generally, previously filed financial statements of an acquired business need not

be presented once the acquired operations are included in at least nine months of
post-acquisition audited results unless the acquisition is of major significance
[S-X 3-05(b)(4)(iii)]. Although the acquisition may be of major significance at
lower thresholds due to factors specific to the registrant, the staff presumes that
the acquisition is of such major significance that investors need previously filed
financial statements of the acquired company in a registration or proxy
statement if:

• the acquired business is included in audited results of the registrant for

less than 21 months and its significance was equal to or greater than
70% and less than 80%; or
• the acquired business is included in audited results of the registrant for
less than 33 months and was significant at the 80% or greater level.

If the acquired business is of major significance, the financial statements of the

acquired business should continue to be presented in a registration or proxy
statement for the number of periods prior to the acquisition such that the
combination of pre- and post-acquisition periods presented cover the equivalent
number of periods specified in S-X 3-02. [S-X 3-05(b)(4)(iii)]. The
requirement to present the equivalent number of periods specified in S-X 3-02
does not mean that the audited periods presented must be continuous. Also,
registrants should include the complete financial statements of the acquired
business notwithstanding the reference to the statement of comprehensive
income in the example provided in S-X 3-05(b)(4)(iii); however the balance
sheets of the acquired business may be excluded by the registrant if the audited
balance sheet of the registrant is as of a date after consummation of the
acquisition.

2045 Age of Financial Statements - Basics

2045.1 This section covers three broad components:

1. 1933 Act registration statements,

2. Proxy statements, and
3. Form 8-K.

See Section 2050 for a discussion of “Age of Financial Statements - Interaction

of S-X 3-05(b)(4) and Instruction to Item 9.01 of Form 8-K”

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2045.2 1933 Act Registration Statement - Age of Financial Statements – General
(Last updated: 6/30/2009)
The registrant should comply with age-of-financial-statement rules with respect
to itself and all completed and probable acquirees at the effective date. Any
updated financial statements required to be included or incorporated by
reference as appropriate in the registration statement but which were not
required to be filed previously in a specific Exchange Act report may be filed
under cover of Form 8-K pursuant to Item 8.01.

For example: A registrant files a Form 8-K on August 6 (i.e., the 4th
business day subsequent to consummation) reporting the acquisition of a
business on July 31 that is not an accelerated filer or a large accelerated
filer. That Form 8-K included unaudited financial statements for the 3
months ended March 31. If a registration statement is filed after August
12, the financial statements of the acquired entity must be updated through
June 30 so that the acquired entity's financial statements meet the age of
financial statement requirements of Regulation S-X. If the acquisition was
consummated on or prior to June 30, updated financial statements would
not be required.

2045.3 1933 Act Registration Statement - Age of Financial Statements – Delayed

and Continuous Offerings
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)
After effectiveness, a domestic registrant has no specific obligation to update
the prospectus except as stipulated by 1933 Act Section 10(a)(3) and S-K 512(a)
with respect to any fundamental change. If an acquisition would be significant
under S-X 3-05, management should consider whether the probability of
consummation of the transaction would represent a fundamental change. It is
the responsibility of management to determine what constitutes a fundamental
change. The registrant should also consider whether individually insignificant
acquisitions occurring subsequent to effectiveness, when combined with
individually insignificant acquisitions that occurred after the most recent audited
balance sheet in the registration statement but prior to effectiveness, may be of
such significance in the aggregate that an amendment is necessary.
Notwithstanding the guidance in Section 2045.3, offerings pursuant to effective
registration statements cannot proceed if the significance of an acquisition
exceeds 50% and financial statements have not been filed. See Section 2050.3.

2045.4 1933 Act Registration Statement - Age of Financial Statements – Well-

Known Seasoned Issuers - “Well-known seasoned issuer” is defined in
Regulation C, Rule 405. Automatic shelf registration statements and post-
effective amendments of well-known seasoned issuers become effective
immediately upon filing [Regulation C, Rule 462(e) and (f)]. Immediate
effectiveness does not exempt a well-known seasoned issuer from the

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 requirement to comply with the age of financial statement requirements with
respect to itself and all completed and probable acquirees at the time of
effectiveness. Consider the following examples.

Example 1: Consummated Acquisition in Excess of 50% Significant; Probable

Acquisition in Excess of 50% Significant; or Aggregate of Individually
Insignificant Acquisitions since the End of Registrant’s Most Recently
Completed Fiscal Year is in Excess of 50% Significant
Financial statements of the acquired or to be acquired businesses for the periods
specified by S-X 3-05 must be included or incorporated in the automatic shelf
registration statement prior to filing the automatic shelf registration statement or
post-effective amendment, even if such financial statements are not yet required
to be filed on Form 8-K.

Example 2: Consummated or Probable Acquisition in Excess of 20% But Not in

Excess of 50%
Financial statements of an acquired or to be acquired business that is significant
in excess of 20% but not in excess of 50% need not be filed prior to the
effective date (i.e., the filing date) of an automatic shelf registration statement or
post-effective amendment filed by a well-known seasoned issuer if the effective
date occurs during the 4 business days plus 71 calendar day period subsequent
to consummation.

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2045.5 1933 Act Registration Statement - Age of ANNUAL Financial Statements -

Acquiree’s Filing Effective date of Acquiree Financial

Status Registration Statement Statements
NOT an Accelerated Registrant’s filing is Updating requirement
Filer, and NOT a effective after 45 days but dependent on the
Large Accelerated not more than 89 days registrant’s (not the
Filer after the acquiree’s fiscal acquiree’s) eligibility for
year end relief under S-X 3-01(c).
After a reverse acquisition
accounted for as a business
combination, consider the
accounting acquirer's
ability to meet the
requirements of S-X 3-
01(c) in determining the
need to update.
Filing is effective after Acquiree’s most recent
89th day after acquiree’s fiscal year must be audited
fiscal year end
Accelerated Filer Registrant’s filing is Updating requirement
effective after 45 days but dependent on the
not more than 74 days registrant’s (not the
after the acquiree’s fiscal acquiree’s) eligibility for
year end relief under S-X 3-01(c).
After a reverse acquisition
accounted for as a business
combination, consider the
accounting acquirer's
ability to meet the
requirements of S-X 3-
01(c) in determining the
need to update.
Filing is effective after Acquiree’s most recent
74th day after acquiree’s fiscal year must be audited
fiscal year end

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 Acquiree’s Filing Effective date of Acquiree Financial
Status Registration Statement Statements

Large Accelerated Registrant’s filing is Updating requirement

Filer effective after 45 days but dependent on the
not more than 59 days registrant’s (not the
after the acquiree’s fiscal acquiree’s) eligibility for
year end relief under S-X 3-01(c).
After a reverse acquisition
accounted for as a business
combination, consider the
accounting acquirer's
ability to meet the
requirements of S-X 3-
01(c) in determining the
need to update.
Filing is effective after Acquiree’s most recent
59th day after acquiree’s fiscal year must be audited
fiscal year end

NOTE TO SECTION 2045.5

For purposes of evaluating the financial statement updating

requirements relating to a significant acquired or probable-to-
be-acquired business, the reference in S-X 3-01(c)(2) to the
registrant’s (or in a reverse acquisition, the accounting
acquirer’s) “most recent fiscal year for which audited financial
statements are not yet available” should be replaced with “the
most recently completed fiscal year prior to the acquisition
date” irrespective of whether or not those financial statements
are available. (Last updated: 3/31/2010)

2045.6 1933 Act Registration Statement Age of Financial Statements- Requirement

to File Acquiree’s ANNUAL Financial Statements that are More Recent than
Registrant’s Financial Statements - In limited circumstances involving a
registrant that would be required to update after the 45th day, applying this rule
results in a requirement to file audited financial statements of the acquiree as of
a date more recent than is required for the registrant. If the registrant believes
providing updated audited financial statements would impose an unreasonable
burden under the circumstances, the registrant may request CF-OCA to consider
granting relief if the acquiree's financial statements are updated on an unaudited
basis through either the registrant's latest balance sheet date or the acquiree's
year-end. Requests for relief should be made in writing prior to filing.

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 For example: A registrant with a December 31, 2007 year end is
required under S-X 3-01(c) to update its audited financial
statements after February 14, 2008 in a registration statement. The
registrant is acquiring a business with a November 30, 2007 year
end. The acquired business is neither an accelerated filer nor a
large accelerated filer. If the registration statement is effective
February 1, 2008, the registration statement would require audited
financial statements of the registrant for the year ended December
31, 2006 and unaudited financial statements for the nine months
ended September 30, 2007. Unless relief is obtained, the target’s
audited financial statements would be required for the year ended
November 30, 2007 since February 1 is beyond 45 days after
target’s year end and the registrant is not eligible for relief under S-
X 3-01(c).

2045.7 1933 Act Registration Statement - Age of INTERIM Financial Statements -

For interim period financial statements in a 1933 Act registration statement, age
requirements are the same as if the acquiree were the registrant (see Section
1200), however the requirement to audit interim period information depends on
whether the acquired business is a predecessor and, if not a predecessor,
whether the registrant applied S-X 3-05 or SAB 80, which is discussed at
Section 2070.

2045.8 1933 Act Registration Statement Age of INTERIM Financial Statements -

Predecessor – If the acquired business is a “predecessor” of the registrant (See
Section 1170), and the acquisition date is on or before the registrant’s most
recent audited balance sheet required to be included in the registration
statement, then interim financial statements of the predecessor should be
presented and audited through the date of acquisition. If the acquired business
is a “predecessor” of the registrant and the acquisition date is after the
registrant’s most recent audited balance sheet required to be included in the
registration statement, then interim financial statements of the predecessor
should be presented for the same periods as if the predecessor were the
registrant and may be unaudited. In this circumstance, the predecessor period
between registrant’s latest balance sheet and acquisition date would need to be
audited in registrant’s next Form 10-K.

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2045.9 1933 Act Registration Statement Age of INTERIM Financial Statements –
S-X 3-05 Acquiree – If significance is measured using S-X 3-05, interim
financial statements of an acquired business need not be audited. Age
requirements are the same as if the acquiree were the registrant. See Section
1200. Consequently, financial statements of an acquired business need not be
updated if the omitted period is less than a complete quarter. However,
disclosure of significant events occurring during the omitted interim period may
be necessary.

For example: If an acquisition subject to S-X 3-05 or S-X 8-04

(i.e., not a predecessor) was consummated on September 29, the
staff generally would not require that the financial statements of
the acquired entity be updated past June 30. However, disclosure
of significant events occurring during the omitted interim period
may be necessary.

2045.10 1933 Act Registration Statement Age of INTERIM Financial Statements –

S-X 3-05 Acquiree and Updating Form 8-K - In some cases, the financial
statements provided in Form 8-K may need to be updated in a registration
statement to comply with the 135-day rule (for an acquired business that is
neither an accelerated filer nor a large accelerated filer) or the 130 day rule (for
an acquired business that is either an accelerated filer or a large accelerated
filer). See Section 1200.

For example: A registrant files a Form 8-K reporting an

acquisition of a business that is neither an accelerated filer nor a
large accelerated filer which occurred on July 10. The registrant
and the acquiree have calendar fiscal year ends. The Form 8-K
includes the acquiree’s interim financial statements as of March
31. The staff is likely to not accelerate the effective date of a
registration statement filed in December of the same year unless
the acquiree’s financial statements are updated through at least
June 30.

2045.11 1933 Act Registration Statement Age of INTERIM Financial Statements -

SAB 80 Acquiree - If significance is measured using SAB 80, see Section 2070,
“SAB 80: Application of S-X 3-05 in Initial Registration Statements,” and the
discussion in Section 2070.9, “Interim Financial Statements.”

2045.12 Proxy Statements - Age of Financial Statements - For purposes of proxy

statements, the staff interprets the updating requirements in the same manner as
under the 1933 Act.

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2045.13 Form 8-K Age of Financial Statements – General. The staff believes that the
age of financial statements in a Form 8-K should be determined by reference to
the filing date of the Form 8-K initially reporting consummation of the
acquisition. If no filing is made timely (on or prior to the 4th business day
following the acquisition date), the age of financial statements required to be
filed should be determined by reference to the 4th business day after the
consummation of the acquisition. See Section 2045.17 for an exception to this
position.

2045.14 Form 8-K - Age of ANNUAL Financial Statements -

• Acquired company is NOT an Accelerated Filer or Large

Accelerated Filer: For purposes of Form 8-K, the staff would not
require audited statements of the acquiree's most recently completed
year unless the Form 8-K reporting the acquisition was filed 90 days or
more after the acquired company's fiscal year-end.
• Acquired company is an Accelerated Filer: For purposes of Form 8-
K, the staff would not require audited statements of the acquiree's most
recently completed year unless the Form 8-K reporting the acquisition
was filed 75 days or more after the acquired company's fiscal year-end.
• Acquired Company is a Large Accelerated Filer: For purposes of
Form 8-K, the staff would not require audited statements of the
acquiree's most recently completed year unless the Form 8-K reporting
the acquisition was filed 60 days or more after the acquired company's
fiscal year-end.
• Acquired Company is a Foreign Private Issuer or a Foreign
Business: For purposes of Form 8-K, the staff would not require
audited statements of the acquiree's most recently completed year unless
the Form 8-K reporting the acquisition was filed more than three months
after the acquired company's fiscal year-end. [S-X 3-01(h), S-X 3-02(d),
Item 8.A.4 of Form 20-F] (Last updated: 12/31/2010)

2045.15 Form 8-K - Age of INTERIM Financial Statements –

• Acquired company is NOT an Accelerated Filer or Large

Accelerated Filer: For purposes of Form 8-K, interim financial
statements must be within 135 days of the date that the initial Form 8-K
reporting the acquisition is filed, except that a filing with the acquired
business’s year-to-date interim financial statements that include its third
quarter is timely through the 90th day after the acquired business’s most
recently completed fiscal year end.

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 • Acquired company is an Accelerated Filer or a Large Accelerated
Filer: For purposes of Form 8-K, interim financial statements must be
within 130 days of the date that the initial Form 8-K reporting the
acquisition is filed, except that a filing with the acquired business’s year-
to-date financial statements that include its third quarter is timely for an
acquired business that is an accelerated filer through the 75th day after its
most recently completed fiscal year end and for an acquired business
that is a large accelerated filer through the 60th day after its most
recently completed fiscal year end.
• Acquired Company is a Foreign Private Issuer or a Foreign
Business: For purposes of Form 8-K, interim financial statements must
be filed if the date that the initial Form 8-K reporting the acquisition is
filed is more than nine months after the end of the acquired company’s
most recently completed year. The interim financial statements must
cover at least the first six months of the year. [S-X 3-01(h), S-X 3-02(d),
Item 8.A.5 of Form 20-F] (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

2045.16 Form 8-K Age of Financial Statements - Effect of Previously Filed Financial
Statements - General Instruction B.3. to Form 8-K states in part: “If the
registrant previously has reported substantially the same information as
required by this form, the registrant need not make an additional report of the
information on this form.” Financial statements of an acquiree are not required
in Form 8-K if they were previously filed by the registrant. Examples of when
previously filed acquiree financial statements will not be deemed
"substantially the same" pursuant to this instruction include:

• the previously filed acquiree financial statements would not satisfy the
required age of financial statements in the Form 8-K because operating
results for two or more interim quarters are omitted. See Example 1
below.
• the previously filed acquiree financial statements are interim financial
statements and the Form 8-K requires filing of updated audited annual
financial statements of the acquiree. See Example 2 below.
• the previously filed acquiree financial statements were prepared in
accordance with the requirements for smaller reporting companies in
S-X Article 8, but the registrant is not a smaller reporting company.
See Example 3 below.

Example 1: Form S-4 included unaudited financial statements for the three
months ended March 31 for a business to be acquired. The business
combination was consummated on October 1, and a Form 8-K reporting the
acquisition was timely filed. No financial statements are required in the Form
8-K, unless there were significant subsequent events that would materially
affect an investor's understanding of the target company. However, if the

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 business combination had been consummated on November 20, the financial
statements would have had to be updated through September 30.

Example 2: Form S-4 contained unaudited financial statements of the entity to

be acquired for the nine months ended September 30. Updated audited financial
statements of the acquired entity are required in a Form 8-K if the business
combination is consummated, and the Form 8-K is filed after the 89th day
subsequent to December 31. Note that in a registration statement, updated
audited financial statements of the acquired entity may be required before the
90th day, if either the acquired business is an accelerated filer or a large
accelerated filer or the registrant does not meet the requirements under S-X 3-
01(c). Refer to Section 2045.5, “1933 Act Registration Statement - Age of
ANNUAL Financial Statements” regarding the requirements to provide audited
financial statements of an acquired entity.

Example 3: If a registrant included financial statements of a previously

nonpublic smaller reporting company-eligible target in a Form S-4 and those
financial statements complied with smaller reporting company reporting
requirements instead of S-X reporting requirements for companies other than
smaller reporting companies (see Section 2200.2), those financial statements
would not be deemed “substantially the same” pursuant to Form 8-K; Gen.
Instruction B.3. Financial statements that comply with S-X would need to be
filed in a Form 8-K if the S-X 3-05 significance threshold is met.

2045.17 Form 8-K Age of Financial Statements- EXCEPTION to use of the date
Form 8-K must be filed to determine age of acquired business financial
statements in a Form 8-K
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)
When the effective date of a registration statement occurs subsequent to filing
the initial Form 8-K reporting the acquisition, but within the 71 calendar day
extension to file the acquired business financial statements and the acquired
business is significant in excess of 20% but less than 50%, the age of the
acquired business financial statements presented in the Form 8-K should be
based on the effective date of the registration statement, not the Form 8-K filing
date. This is true even though S-X 3-05(b)(4) and S-X 8-04(c)(4) permit a
registrant to exclude from its registration statement financial statements of an
acquired business if its significance does not exceed 50% and the registration
statement is declared effective (or immediately effective for well-known
seasoned issuers) not more than 74 days after consummation of the acquisition.
S-X 3-05(b)(4) and S-X 8-04(c)(4) were not intended to change the age of
financial statements, simply the timing of filing them. Consider the following
example.

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 Example:
Example - Assumptions:
Acquired Business Significance: 21%
Acquired Business Most Recent Year End 12/31/2007
Acquisition consummated: 4/4/2008
Form 8-K reporting acquisition filed: 4/10/2008 (4 business days)
Registration effective date: 5/16/2008
Form 8-K with acquired business financial statements filed: 6/20/2008

Example – Analysis: If the age of financial statements were based on the date
the Form 8-K reporting the transaction was filed (i.e., 4/10/2008), acquired
business financial statements for the year ended 12/31/2007, but no interim
financial statements of the acquired business, would be required. If age of
financial statements were based on the effective date of the registration
statement, acquired business financial statements for the year ended 12/31/2007
and the three months ended 3/31/2008 and 3/31/2007 would be required. The
staff interprets the requirements of S-X 3-05 and S-X 8-04 to mean that the
acquired business financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2007
and the three months ended 3/31/2008 and 3/31/2007 would be required in the
Form 8-K.

2050 Age of Financial Statements - Interaction of S-X 3-05(b)(4) and

Instruction to Item 9.01 of Form 8-K
2050.1 Overview
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

Item 9.01 of Form 8-K requires a registrant to provide financial statements

required by S-X 3-05 for any business acquisition required to be described in
answer to Item 2.01 of Form 8-K. These financial statements may be provided
in the initial Form 8-K or by amendment not later than 71 calendar days after
the date that the initial Form 8-K is required. We refer to this as the “grace
period.”

Item 9.01 of Form 8-K permits certain offerings and sales of securities to occur
during the grace period even if the acquiree’s financial statements have not been
filed. See Sections 2050.2 through 2050.5 for a discussion of the implications
of the grace period on securities offerings and Securities Act registration
statements.

While Rule 3-13 of Regulation S-X provides for the potential omission of
certain financial statements or filing of substitution statements, it does not
provide the staff the ability to waive the timely filing requirement of Form 8-K.
If the financial statements and pro forma financial information required by Form
8-K are not filed within the grace period, then the filing will be considered

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 deficient and, therefore, not filed in a timely manner for purposes of Form S-3
eligibility. Once the registrant has filed its audited financial statements that
include the post-acquisition results of operations of the acquired entity for at
least one year, CF-OCA, at the request of the registrant, will consider a request
to accept audited financial statements for the acquired entity for a period of time
less than that required by S-X 3-05/S-X 8-04. At a minimum, CF-OCA would
expect audited pre- and post-acquisition financial statements to equal the
periods required under S-X 3-05/S-X 8-04 and to have no break between the
pre-acquisition and post-acquisition audited results.

A registrant may be unable to provide the financial statements required by Item

9.01 of Form 8-K. Sections 2050.6 and 2050.7 discuss some of the implications
of failing to file the required financial statements during the grace period on
securities offerings and Securities Act registration statements.

NOTE to SECTION 2050.1

Is “not more than 74 calendar days” in S-X 3-05(b)(4) the same as not more
than 4 business days plus 71 calendar days in Items 2.01/9.01 of Form 8-K?

The filing requirements in Item 2.01/9.01 of Form 8-K are based on 4 business
days plus 71 calendar days. The exception in S-X 3-05(b)(4) for financial
statements of an acquired business that exceeds 20%, but does not exceed 50%
significance relates to registration statements declared effective no more than 74
calendar days after consummation of the acquisition. In some circumstances,
the sum of 4 business days plus 71 calendar days may exceed 75 calendar days.
Solely for purposes of evaluating whether financial statements of an acquired
business for which the registrant timely filed an Item 2.01 Form 8-K are
required in a not-yet-effective registration statement or not-yet-effective post-
effective amendment, the staff will consider “not more than the sum of 4
business days and 71 calendar days” to be substantially equivalent to “not more
than 74 calendar days.”

2050.2 Securities Offerings During the Grace Period Using a Registration

Statement that became Effective Prior to Acquisition - Significance Does
Not Exceed 50%

If significance does not exceed 50% and the financial statements of the acquired
business have not been filed, S-X 3-05(b)(4)(i) permits use of effective
registration statements during the grace period provided that the offering is not
made by a blank check company pursuant to Regulation C, Rule 419.

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2050.3 Securities Offerings During the Grace Period Using a Registration
Statement that became Effective Prior to Acquisition – Significance
Exceeds 50%

If significance exceeds 50% and the financial statements of the acquired

business have not been filed, registrants should not make offerings pursuant to
effective registration statements, or pursuant to Rules 505 and 506 of
Regulation D if any purchasers are not accredited investors under Rule 501(a)
of that Regulation, until the required audited financial statements are filed;
provided however, that the following offerings and sales of securities may
proceed during the grace period notwithstanding that the financial statements of
the acquired business have not been filed:

a. offerings or sales of securities upon the conversion of outstanding

convertible securities or upon the exercise of outstanding warrants or
rights;
b. dividend or interest reinvestment plans;
c. employee benefit plans;
d. transactions involving secondary offerings; and
e. sales of securities pursuant to Rule 144.

2050.4 New Registration Statements or Post-Effective Amendments Filed During

the Grace Period – Significance Does Not Exceed 50%

If significance does not exceed 50% and the financial statements of the acquired
business have not been filed, then S-X 3-05(b)(4)(i) permits registration
statements and post-effective amendments to registration statements, which do
not relate to offerings by blank check companies pursuant to Regulation C, Rule
419, to become effective without financial statements of the acquired business.

2050.5 New Registration Statements or Post-Effective Amendments Filed During

the Grace Period – Significance Exceeds 50%

If significance exceeds 50% and the financial statements of the acquired

business have not been filed, registration statements and post-effective
amendments to registration statements will not be declared effective. WKSIs
should also not make offerings pursuant to registration statements that became
effective during the grace period. See Section 2045.4 which describes a
WKSI’s obligation to comply with the requirements of S-X 3-05 at the time of
filing of an S-3ASR.

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2050.6 New Registration Statements or Post-Effective Amendments Filed After the
Grace Period if Required Financial Statements Not Filed

Securities Act registration statements and post-effective amendments should

include audited financial statements reporting on the operations of the acquired
business for a time span equal to the periods for which audited financial
statements are required by S-X 3-05 and pro forma financial information is
required by S-X Article 11 at the effective date. WKSIs should also not make
offerings pursuant to registration statements that became effective during the
grace period. See Section 2045.4 which describes a WKSI’s obligation to
comply with the requirements of S-X 3-05 at the time of filing of an S-3ASR.

NOTE to SECTION 2050.6

Under S-X 3-05(b)(4) registration statements may be declared effective during
the grace period even if the financial statement of the acquired business have
not been filed provided that the significance of the acquired business does not
exceed 50%. This accommodation does not apply after this period.

2050.7 Securities Offerings After the Grace Period Using a Registration Statement
that became Effective Prior to Acquisition if Required Financial
Statements Not Filed

After the grace period, registrants should not make offerings pursuant to
effective registration statements, or pursuant to Rules 505 and 506 of
Regulation D if any purchasers are not accredited investors under Rule 501(a)
of that Regulation, until the required audited financial statements are filed;
provided, however, that the following offerings and sales of securities made
pursuant to registration statements that were effective prior to the acquisition
may proceed notwithstanding that the financial statements of the acquired
business have not been filed:

a. offerings or sales of securities upon the conversion of outstanding

convertible securities or upon the exercise of outstanding warrants or
rights;
b. dividend or interest reinvestment plans;
c. employee benefit plans;
d. transactions involving secondary offerings by parties unrelated to the
acquired business for which financial statements are not provided; and
e. sales of securities pursuant to Rule 144.

NOTE to SECTION 2050.7

During the grace period provided by Item 9.01 of Form 8-K certain
transactions involving secondary offerings, whether by related or unrelated
parties, may proceed notwithstanding that financial statements of the acquired
business have not been filed. In evaluating requests to conduct secondary

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 offerings (i.e., pursuant to an effective registration statement) subsequent to
the grace period when the acquired business financial statements have not
been filed, CF-OCA historically has limited its accommodation to secondary
offerings by parties unrelated to the acquired business.

2055 Foreign Business, Hostile Tender Offers, and Troubled

Financial Institutions
2055.1 Foreign Business – The financial statements of an acquired foreign business [as
defined in S-X 1-02(l)] presented to comply with S-X 3-05/S-X 8-04 may be
prepared on a comprehensive basis other than U.S. GAAP. If the financial
statements of an acquired foreign business are prepared in accordance with
IFRS as issued by the IASB, they need not be reconciled to U.S. GAAP. If the
financial statements of an acquired foreign business are prepared on a
comprehensive basis other than U.S. GAAP or IFRS as issued by the IASB,
they must be reconciled to U.S. GAAP only when the significance of the foreign
business to the registrant exceeds 30%. The reconciliation need only comply
with Item 17 of Form 20-F and is subject to the updating requirements under
Item 8 of Form 20-F. Reconciliation and Form 20-F updating requirements are
described at Topic 6. Measuring significance of a foreign business is discussed
in Section 2015.3, “Comprehensive Basis of Accounting Used to Measure
Significance.”

2055.2 Hostile Tender Offers - Modified registration statement requirements may

apply to some registration statements covering hostile tender offers to
shareholders of a company that will not provide its financial statements.
However, if the target of the tender offer is a public company, financial
statements of the target that are filed with the SEC may be incorporated by
reference. A consent of the auditor may be required. Registrants intending to
rely on Regulation C, Rule 409 should consider the guidance in SAB Topic 1A.
and consult with CF-OMA and CF-OCA as to whether such reliance is
appropriate in the circumstances.

2055.3 Troubled Financial Institutions - If a financial institution is acquired in a

federally assisted transaction and constitutes a significant business having
material continuity of operations, the staff will likely not object to the omission
of audited historical financial statements required by S-X 3-05 if the statements
are not reasonably available. Requests for waivers should be directed to CF-
OCA. If a waiver is granted, an audited statement of assets acquired and
liabilities assumed reflecting the purchase basis of accounting as of the
acquisition date will be required, as well as Industry Guide 3 data and various
additional disclosures. [SAB Topic 1K] (Last updated: 9/30/2010)

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2060 Flowchart Overview of S-X 3-05
(Last updated: 9/30/2009)

Are S-X 3-05 Financial Statements Required in a Registration Statement

for an Acquisition that has Occurred or is Probable?
(Excludes S-4 Target Companies)

Is the acquiree a No
“Business” under 11-01(d) S-X 3-05 does not apply
of Regulation S-X?

Yes

Is this a Form S-4 or Yes

See special rules
merger proxy statement?

No

Does the acquiree’s No

significance exceed 20%?

Yes

Have the registrant’s

Acquisition accounting or Reorg Yes The acquiree’s financial
financial statements
reorganization of entities statements are not
already been restated to
under common control? required.
reflect the reorganization?

No
Acquisition

Go to next page.

Back to Table of Contents 97

 The acquiree’s financial
Continued from prior
statements are not
page.
required.

No

Acquiree’s financial
Does the acquiree’s No Has consummation of the statements are not
significance exceed 50%? acquisition occurred? required in the
registration statement, but
Yes are required to be filed on
Form 8-K no later than
Yes
the sum of 4 business
days plus 71 calendar
Is the registration days after consummation
statement being declared of the acquisition.
effective less than 75 days
Yes
after consummation of the Have the acquiree’s
acquisition? separate financial
statements been filed
No previously and are its Yes
operating results included
in the registrant’s audited
financial statements for
9 months or more?

No
Have the acquiree’s separate No
financial statements been
filed previously?

Yes
Is the acquiree’s significance: The acquiree’s financial
statements are required.
greater than 50% but less than 70%
and are its operating results included
in the registrant’s audited financial
statements for 9 months or more?
or
greater than or equal to 70% and less
No
than 80% and its operating results
have been included in the registrant’s
audited financial statements for 21
months or more?
or
greater than or equal to 80% and its
operating results have been included
in the registrant’s audited financial
statements for 33 months or more?
Yes

The acquiree’s financial

statements are not
required.

Back to Table of Contents 98

2065 Acquisition of Selected Parts of an Entity may Result in Less
than Full Financial Statements.
(Last updated: 8/25/2017)

NOTE to SECTION 2065

S-X 3-05 applies to the acquisition of selected parts of an entity when that
acquisition represents the acquisition of a “business” as defined in S-X 11-01(d)
and the business acquired does not represent a predecessor of the registrant.

Except for acquisitions of certain oil and gas properties discussed in Section
2065.11, requests to substitute statements of assets acquired and liabilities
assumed and statements of revenues and direct expenses (abbreviated financial
statements) in lieu of full financial statements or carve-out financial statements
should be directed to CF-OCA prior to filing. In addition, requests to provide
abbreviated financial statements for an acquired business identified as a
predecessor of the registrant should be directed to CF-OCA prior to filing.

2065.1 Acquire Substantially All of an Entity - If the registrant acquires or succeeds

to substantially all of the entity's key operating assets, full audited financial
statements of the entity are presumed to be necessary in order to provide
investors with the complete and comprehensive financial history of the acquired
business. In these circumstances, elimination of specified assets and liabilities
not acquired or assumed by the registrant is depicted in pro forma financial
statements presenting the effects of the acquisition.

2065.2 Acquire Less than Substantially All of an Entity - In some circumstances, a

registrant does not acquire or succeed to substantially all of the assets and
liabilities of another entity. For example, the selling entity may retain
significant operating assets, or significant operating assets that comprised the
seller may be operated by an entity other than the registrant. In these
circumstances, financial statements of the larger entity of which the acquired
business was a part may not be informative. In that case, audited financial
statements usually should be presented for the acquired component business,
excluding the continuing operations retained by the larger entity. Registrants
should evaluate their facts and circumstances to determine whether to apply the
guidance in Section 2065.3 (carve-out financial statements) or in Sections
2065.4 through Section 2065.12 (abbreviated financial statements).

2065.3 Carve-out Financial Statements - Applicability - The staff will accept carve-
out financial statements if it is impracticable to prepare the full financial
statements required by Regulation S-X, and explanation of that impracticability
is included in the filing. Carve-out financial statements may be appropriate
when the acquired business represents a discrete activity of the selling entity for
which assets and liabilities are specifically identifiable and a reasonable basis
exists to allocate items that are not specifically identifiable to the acquired
business, such as debt and indirect expenses not directly involved in the revenue

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 producing activity. Carve-out financial statements should reflect all assets and
liabilities of the acquired business even if they are not acquired/assumed as part
of the acquisition. The staff would expect carve-out financial statements to
comply with the guidance in SAB Topic 1B.1.

2065.4 Abbreviated Financial Statements – Statements of Assets Acquired and

Liabilities Assumed and Statements of Revenues and Direct Expenses –
Applicability – The staff may allow audited statements of assets acquired and
liabilities assumed and statements of revenues and direct expenses (abbreviated
financial statements) if it is impracticable to prepare the full financial statements
required by Regulation S-X. For example, it may be impracticable to prepare
full financial statements in an acquisition of a product line where the acquired
product line is not a stand-alone entity; separate, audited financial statements of
the product line have never been prepared; and the seller has not maintained the
distinct and separate accounts necessary to present the full financial statements
of the product line. Except for acquisitions of certain oil and gas properties
discussed in Section 2065.11, requests to substitute abbreviated financial
statements in lieu of full financial statements or carve-out financial statements
should be directed to CF-OCA prior to filing.

2065.5 Abbreviated Financial Statements – Statements of Assets Acquired and

Liabilities Assumed – General Requirements – Present a statement of assets
acquired and liabilities assumed as of the end of each period required to be
provided under S-X 3-05, not just as of the end of the most recent period, on the
basis of seller’s historical GAAP carrying value. If the registrant is unable to
obtain statements of assets acquired and liabilities assumed prepared on the
basis of seller’s historical GAAP carrying value for each of the reporting dates
required by S-X 3-05 (or, if applicable, S-X 8-04), CF-OCA will consider a
registrant’s request to present a statement of assets acquired and liabilities
assumed prepared on the basis of the allocation of the registrant’s purchase
price as of the acquisition date. Registrants would still need to present the
statement of revenues and direct expenses for the periods indicated by S-X 3-05
and S-X 8-04, as applicable.

2065.6 Abbreviated Financial Statements – Statement of Revenues and Direct

Expenses - General Requirements -The staff would expect the statement of
revenues and direct expenses to exclude only those costs not directly involved
in the revenue producing activity, such as corporate overhead, interest and
taxes. All costs directly associated with producing revenues reflected in the
statement, including, but not limited to all related costs of sales and other
selling, general and administrative, distribution, marketing, and research and
development costs, must be included in the statement. The statement should
include a reasonable allocation of expenses incurred by the seller on behalf of
the business sold. The reasons for omitting any historical corporate overhead,
interest, or tax expense should be explained in a note to the statements. If the
type and historical amounts of these omitted expenses are known or reasonably

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 available on an unaudited basis, they should be disclosed in an unaudited
footnote. An explanation of the impracticability of preparing the full financial
statements required by Regulation S-X should be provided. Also, the notes
should describe how the financial statements presented are not indicative of the
financial condition or results of operations of the acquired business going
forward because of the omission of various operating expenses.

NOTE to SECTION 2065.6

If granted, the accommodation from CF-OCA to present abbreviated financial
statements is premised on the registrant’s ability to identify all costs directly
associated with producing revenues of the acquired product line.

2065.7 [Reserved]

2065.8 Cash Flows - When abbreviated financial statements are presented, preparation
of full statements of cash flows may not be practicable. However, registrants
are required to provide information about the business’s operating, investing
and financing cash flows, to the extent available, in the notes to the financial
statements or in unaudited supplemental disclosures.

2065.9 Abbreviated Financial Statements – Statements of Assets Acquired and

Liabilities Assumed and Statements of Revenues and Direct Expenses -
Calculating Significance - Registrants should compute all three S-X 3-05
significance tests as written. For the asset test, this will require comparing the
book value of the assets acquired to the registrant’s total assets. For the income
test this will require comparing the excess/deficiency of revenue over direct
expenses to the registrant’s pre-tax earnings. Historically, some registrants have
requested to adjust the S-X 1-02(w) income test denominator (i.e., the
registrant’s pre-tax earnings) to exclude costs not directly involved in the
registrant’s revenue producing activity, such as corporate overhead, interest and
taxes, when those costs are excluded from the numerator used to calculate
income test significance. While such a calculation may help facilitate a
registrant’s analysis of whether the application of the S-X 3-05 income test
produces anomalous results, such a calculation should not be done in lieu of the
income test specified in S-X 3-05. If a registrant’s management believes the
application of the S-X 3-05 tests as written produces anomalous results, CF-
OCA will, upon receipt of the registrant’s written request and supporting
analysis, consider a registrant’s request to waive one or more of the periods
specified by S-X 3-05. In making this request, registrants should evaluate all
relevant facts and circumstances in determining what number of periods are
necessary for an investor’s understanding of the acquired business. Generally,
CF-OCA will not waive all audited periods required by S-X 3-05.

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2065.10 Pro Forma Financial Statements and Forward-Looking Disclosures – S-X
Article 11 applies to the acquisition of selected parts of an entity.
Pro Forma Condensed Balance Sheet Guidance – If the historical financial
statements of the acquired business are full financial statements (see Section
2065.1), the pro forma balance sheet should include adjustments to remove
assets and liabilities that were not acquired or assumed provided the criteria
described in Section 3220.3 are met.

Pro Forma Condensed Statement of Comprehensive Income Guidance - The pro

forma condensed statement of comprehensive income should comply with the
criteria at Section 3230.4 and should not include forward-looking
information. If the historical financial statements of the acquired business are
abbreviated financial statements, the pro forma footnotes should explain how
the pro forma condensed statements of comprehensive income are not indicative
of the acquired business’s operations going forward because of the changes in
the business and the omission of various operating expenses.

Forward-Looking Information - If the registrant includes forward-looking

information, it should clearly be identified as forward-looking rather than as pro
forma. If the forward-looking information is in the form of an S-X 11-03
forecast, the pro forma condensed statements of comprehensive income may be
omitted (see Section 3510). If the forward-looking information provided is not
in the form of an S-X 11-03 forecast, it should nonetheless disclose how
revenues and operating efficiencies may vary given the assumptions underlying
the forward-looking information as if the business had been acquired at the
beginning of the periods presented.

2065.11 Unique Considerations for Acquisitions of Oil and Gas Properties –

General – An acquisition of an interest in a producing oil or natural gas
property is considered by the staff to be the acquisition of a business pursuant
to S-X 11-01(d) for which pre-acquisition financial statements are required if
significant. If the property acquired represents substantially all of the selling
entity’s key operating assets, see Section 2065.1. If the property acquired
represents less than substantially all of the selling entity’s key operating
assets, the registrant should provide the carve-out financial statements
described in Section 2065.3, except that the staff will accept (i.e. pre-
clearance with CF-OCA is not required) the abbreviated financial statements
described in Sections 2065.4 through 2065.8 and in Section 2065.12 if the
following three circumstances exist:

• The interest in the acquired oil or natural gas property constitutes only a
portion of the assets of the seller and is not a segment or division of an
entity or contained in a separate legal entity.

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 • Separate financial statements for the acquired business have not previously
been prepared, and the seller has not maintained the distinct and separate
accounts necessary to present the full financial statements or full carve-out
financial statements of the property.

• It is impracticable to prepare the full financial statements required by

Regulation S-X.

If abbreviated financial statements are provided, significance should be

calculated in accordance with Section 2065.9.

2065.12 Unique Considerations for Acquisitions of Oil and Gas Properties –

Additional Guidance – Registrants that present abbreviated financial
statements in the circumstances described in Section 2065.11:

• May omit the statement of assets acquired and liabilities assumed if the
business acquired consists solely of interest(s) in one or more oil or
natural gas properties (e.g. working interests, net profit interests, etc.).

• Should include in the statement of revenues and direct expenses, income

statement effects of all derivative contracts related to the property that
existed during the historical financial statement periods presented if the
registrant acquires or assumes any derivative contracts related to the
acquired oil and natural gas property.

• Should furnish the supplementary disclosures described in ASC 932-235-

50-3 through 50-11 and ASC 932-235-50-29 through 50-36 for each full
year of operations presented for the acquired property. If prior year reserve
studies were not made, the staff will not object to computing the reserves
for prior years using only production and new discovery quantities and
valuation, in which case there will be no “revision of prior estimates”
amounts. Registrants may develop these disclosures based on a reserve
study for the most recent year, computing the changes backward. If
disclosures are developed in this manner, the method of computation
should be disclosed in a footnote.

• Should consider the guidance in Section 2065.10 regarding pro forma

financial statements and forward-looking disclosures.

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2070 SAB 80: Application of S-X 3-05 in Initial Registration
Statements (SAB Topic 1J)
2070.1 Background - S-X 3-05 and S-X 8-04 identify the financial statements of
businesses recently acquired and likely to be acquired that must be included in a
registration statement. In some cases involving IPOs, strict application of S-X
3-05 or S-X 8-04 can result in provision of financial statements that are clearly
not significant. SAB 80 is an interpretation of S-X 3-05 for application in initial
registration statements of first-time registrants that have been built by the
aggregation of discrete businesses that remain substantially intact after
acquisition. First-time registrants that meet the conditions in Section 2070.2
may apply SAB 80 instead of S-X 3-05 or S-X 8-04 in their initial registration
statement. If a registrant chooses to use SAB 80 to measure significance of its
acquired and likely to be acquired businesses for purposes of its initial
registration statement, it must use SAB 80 for all such acquisitions.

2070.2 Conditions Precedent to Applying SAB 80 - A registrant must meet the

following conditions in order to apply SAB 80:

• Condition 1: The acquired and likely to be acquired businesses must be

discrete and substantially intact after the acquisition. Footnote 2 of
SAB 80, which is partially reproduced in the notes below, provides an
example to clarify. This condition exists because SAB 80 measures
significance using the acquired businesses’ post-acquisition assets and
post-acquisition pretax income.

• Condition 2: SAB 80 can only be applied by a first-time registrant in its

initial registration statement, irrespective of whether that initial
registration statement involves a public offering.

NOTES to SECTION 2070.2

1. Generally, all of the registrant’s acquired and likely to be acquired

businesses must meet the two conditions above in order to apply SAB 80.
However, footnote 2 of SAB 80 states in part that SAB 80 “does not
address all possible cases in which similar relief may be appropriate but,
rather, attempts to describe a general framework within which
administrative policy has been established. In distinguishable situations,
registrants may request relief as appropriate to their individual facts and
circumstances.”

2. As noted in Section 2070.1, if a registrant chooses to use SAB 80 to

measure significance of its acquired and likely to be acquired businesses
for purposes of its initial registration statement, it must use SAB 80 for all
such acquisitions.
NOTES to Section 2070.2 cont’d.

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 3. Condition 1: When identifying acquired businesses, related businesses
should be treated as a single business acquisition. See Section 2015.12.

4. Condition 1: Footnote 2 of SAB 80 states in part: “For example,

nursing homes, hospitals, or cable TV systems. [SAB 80] would not apply
to businesses for which the relative significance of one portion of the
business to the total business may be altered by post-acquisition decisions
as to the allocation of incoming orders between plants or locations. …”

5. Condition 2: SAB 80 only references initial public offerings, however

the staff will not object to the application of SAB 80 by first-time
registrants in an initial registration statement not related to a public
offering (e.g., a Form 10), provided Condition 1 above is met.

6. Condition 2: A subsidiary is not precluded from applying SAB 80 in

its initial registration statement simply because its parent is a public
company. (Last updated: 6/30/2010)

2070.3 Significance under SAB 80 - Basics - SAB 80 permits first-time registrants to

consider the significance of each acquired and likely to be acquired business
based on pro forma financial statements for the registrant's most recently
completed fiscal year. The registrant’s pro forma financial statements used for
purposes of measuring significance under SAB 80 should give effect to all
acquisitions that were probable or completed as of the effective date of the
registration statement as if they had been acquired at the beginning of the
registrant’s most recently completed fiscal year for the income test and at the
end of the registrant’s most recently completed fiscal year for the asset and
investment tests.

2070.4 Significance under SAB 80 -Asset Test -As described in Section 2015, the SX
3-05 and 1-02(w) asset test requires calculation of the ratio of (A) the
registrant’s and its other subsidiaries’ proportionate interest in the total assets of
the acquired or likely to be acquired business to (B) the total assets of the
registrant and its subsidiaries consolidated as of the end of the most recently
completed fiscal year. As described in Section 2070.3, under SAB 80 this ratio
is calculated separately for each acquired or likely to be acquired business using
the registrant’s pro forma financial statements.

(A) Numerator for the Asset test: Use the pro forma balance sheet for the
acquired or likely to be acquired business as of the end of its most
recently completed fiscal year that gives effect to any new cost basis
arising from acquisition accounting irrespective of whether pushdown
accounting is applied. If the fiscal year-end of the acquired or likely to
be acquired business differs from the registrant’s fiscal year-end by

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 more than 93 days, the acquired or likely to be acquired business’s
fiscal year-end should be brought up to within 93 days of the
registrant’s most recent fiscal year-end. [S-X 11-02(c)(3)] (Last
updated: 1/12/2015)

(B) Denominator for the Asset test: Use the registrant’s pro forma
balance sheet as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal
year included in the registration statement. The registrant’s pro
forma balance sheet should give effect to (A) acquisitions completed
after the most recent year end and (B) probable acquisitions.

2070.5 Significance under SAB 80- Investment Test - As described in Section 2015,
the S-X 3-05 and 1-02(w) investment test requires calculation of the ratio of (A)
the registrant’s and its other subsidiaries’ investments in and advances to the
recently acquired or to be acquired businesses to (B) the total assets of the
registrant and its subsidiaries consolidated as of the end of the most recently
completed fiscal year. As described in Section 2070.3, under SAB 80 this ratio
is calculated separately for each acquired or likely to be acquired business using
the registrant’s pro forma financial statements.

(A) Numerator for the Investment test: Use same amount as S-X 3-05
investment test.

(B) Denominator for the Investment test: Use the registrant’s pro forma
balance sheet as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year
included in the registration statement. The registrant’s pro forma
balance sheet should give effect to (A) acquisitions completed after the
most recent year end and (B) probable acquisitions.

2070.6 Significance under SAB 80-Income Test -As described in Section 2015, the
S-X 3-05 and 1-02(w) income test requires calculation of the ratio of (A) the
registrant’s and its other subsidiaries’ equity in the income from continuing
operations before income taxes of the recently acquired or to be acquired
businesses to (B) such income of the registrant and its subsidiaries consolidated
for the most recently completed fiscal year. As described in Section 2070.3,
under SAB 80 this ratio is calculated separately for each acquired or likely to
be acquired business using the registrant’s pro forma financial statements.

(A) Numerator for the Income test: Use the pro forma statement of
comprehensive income for the acquired or likely to be acquired
business for its most recently completed fiscal year that gives effect to
any new cost basis arising from acquisition accounting irrespective of
whether pushdown accounting is applied. If the fiscal year-end of the
acquired or likely to be acquired business differs from the registrant’s
fiscal year-end by more than 93 days, the acquired business’s fiscal
year-end should be brought up to within 93 days of the registrant’s

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 most recent fiscal year-end. See S-X 11-02(c)(3). (Last updated:
1/12/2015)

(B) Denominator for the Income test: Use the registrant’s pro forma
statement of comprehensive income for the most recent fiscal year
included in the registration statement. The registrant’s pro forma
statement of comprehensive income should give effect to (A)
acquisitions completed both during and after the most recent year end
and (B) probable acquisitions.

2070.7 Financial Statement Requirements - Initial Registration Statement - SAB 80

is intended to ensure that the registration statement includes:

• at least 33 months of audited financial statements of at least 60% of the

constituent businesses that will comprise the registrant on an ongoing
basis, and
• at least 21 months of audited financial statements of at least 80% of the
constituent businesses that will comprise the registrant on an ongoing
basis, and
• at least 9 months of audited financial statements of at least 90% of the
constituent businesses that will comprise the registrant on an ongoing
basis.

NOTES to SECTION 2070.7

1. Significance Thresholds - These significance thresholds are lower than

those included in S-X 3-05. In 1996, the S-X 3-05 significance thresholds
were increased from 10%, 20% and 40% to 20%, 40% and 50%. Similar
changes were made to S-X 8-04. However, to ensure sufficient inclusion of
constituent business financial statements in initial registration statements,
corresponding amendments were NOT made to SAB 80.

2. Application of S-X 3-06 - SAB 80 incorporates the concept in S-X 3-06

that a registrant may use one 9 to 12 month period to satisfy a requirement
to provide annual financial statements. Thus, financial statements will be
required for either: at least 9 to 12 months (equivalent of 1 year under S-X
3-06), at least 21 months (equivalent of 2 years under S-X 3-06), or at least
33 months (equivalent of 3 years under S-X 3-06)

3. Unaudited Interim Financial Statements- Depending on the acquisition

date, unaudited interim financial statements of the acquired or to be acquired
business may be required. See Section 2070.9.

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2070.8 Requirement for Continuous Audited Period - SAB 80 uses a combination of
pre-acquisition audited results of the acquired or likely to be acquired business
and post-acquisition audited results of the registrant to satisfy the minimum
financial statement requirements. Audited financial statements required to be
filed to satisfy the requirements of SAB 80 should be for continuous periods,
with no gap or overlap between pre-acquisition and post-acquisition audited
periods.

2070.9 Interim Financial Statements – Whether interim financial statements of an

acquired or to be acquired business measured using SAB 80 need to be audited
depends on the acquisition date. If the acquisition date is on or before the
registrant’s most recent audited balance sheet required to be included in the
registration statement, the interim financial statements of the acquired or to be
acquired business should be presented and audited through the date of
acquisition. If the acquisition date is after registrant’s most recent audited
balance sheet required to be included in the registration statement, then the
interim financial statements of the acquired or to be acquired business should be
presented for the same periods as if the acquiree were the registrant and may be
unaudited.

2070.10 Determining Number of Pre-Acquisition Historical Financial Statement Periods

Required for Completed and Probable Acquisitions: –

a. Identify for each completed and probable acquisition the highest level
of significance resulting from the asset, investment and income test.

b. Identify for which completed and probable acquisitions financial

statements are required and for what number of months by reference to
the chart in Section 2070.11 entitled “Minimum Financial Statement
Requirement” and the highest level of significance for each acquisition
identified in (A) above.

c. As noted in Section 2070.8, SAB 80 uses a combination of pre-

acquisition audited results of the acquired or likely to be acquired
business and post-acquisition audited results of the registrant to satisfy
the minimum financial statement requirements. Determine the number
of months of pre-acquisition financial statements needed for each
completed and probable acquisition identified in (B) above by
subtracting (1) the number of months the acquisition is included in the
registrant’s post-acquisition audited financial statements from (2) the
Minimum Financial Statement Requirement described in Section
2070.11.

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 d. File pre-acquisition audited financial statements for each completed
and probable acquisition for at least the number of months that the
acquisition is not included in the registrant’s audited financial
statements with no gap or overlap between pre-acquisition and post-
acquisition audited periods.

2070.11 Financial Statement Requirements – Initial Registration Statement

Minimum Financial Statement Minimum Financial Statement

Requirement Requirement
Year 1 (most recent fiscal year) Year 1 (most recent fiscal year)
Businesses not included for at least May exclude pre-acquisition
9 months in the registrant’s financial statements to the extent
financial statements: that the sum of their highest
significance levels does not exceed
10%.

Thus, identify completed and

probable acquisitions whose highest
level of significance sums to 10% or
less. If there is more than one
combination of entities whose
highest level of significance sums to
10% or less, the registrant may
choose one combination. Financial
statements for this combination may
be omitted.

For all other completed and

probable acquisitions, the registrant
must present at least 9 months of
audited financial statements for
each acquisition with no gap or
overlap between the acquired
business’ pre-acquisition audited
periods and the registrant’s post-
acquisition audited periods.

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 Minimum Financial Statement Minimum Financial Statement
Requirement Requirement
Year 2 ( preceding fiscal year) Year 2 ( preceding fiscal year)
Businesses not included for at least May exclude pre-acquisition
21 months in the registrant’s financial statements to the extent
financial statements: that the sum of their highest
significance levels does not exceed
20%.

Add to combination of acquisitions

selected by the registrant that had a
combined highest level of
significance of 10% or less
additional completed and probable
acquisitions such that the combined
highest level of significance sums to
20% or less.

For all other completed and

probable acquisitions that were not
included in the registrant’s
combination of completed and
probable acquisitions whose highest
level of significance sums to 20% or
less, present at least 21 months of
audited financial statements for
each acquisition with no gap or
overlap between the acquired
business’ pre-acquisition audited
periods and the registrant’s post-
acquisition audited periods.

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 Minimum Financial Statement Minimum Financial Statement
Requirement Requirement
Year 3 (second preceding fiscal Year 3 (second preceding fiscal
year) year)
May exclude pre-acquisition
Businesses not included for at least
financial statements to the extent
33 months in the registrant’s
that the sum of their highest
financial statements:
significance levels does not exceed
40%

Add to the registrant’s combination

of acquisitions that had a combined
highest level of significance of 20%
or less additional completed and
probable acquisitions such that the
combined highest level of
significance sums to 40% or less.

For all other completed and

probable acquisitions that were not
included in the registrant’s
combination of completed and
probable acquisitions whose highest
level of significance sums to 40% or
less, present at least 33 months of
audited financial statements for
each acquisition with no gap or
overlap between the acquired
business’ pre-acquisition audited
periods and the registrant’s post-
acquisition audited periods.

2070.12 Age of Financial Statements - Subsequent registration statements - The

updating requirements of S-X 3-05 (and S-X 8-04 for a smaller reporting
company) should be followed in subsequent registration statements. No
updating is required for 1934 Act periodic reporting. Consider the following
example.

Example:
Example Facts - A calendar year-end registrant has an IPO Form S-1
registration statement which will be effective February 1, 2008 that includes the
registrant’s audited financial statements for the three years ended December 31,
2006 and the registrant’s unaudited interim financial statements for the nine

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 months ended September 30, 2007 and September 30, 2006. The registrant
acquired the businesses identified in the chart below during 2006 and 2007.
Registrant chose to evaluate the need to include historical financial statements
for the businesses it acquired using SAB 80 and appropriately concluded that
the following annual and interim period financial statements of the acquired
businesses must be included in the IPO Form S-1 at the February 1, 2008
effective date:

Audited
Annual Unaudited Audited Interim
Fiscal Date Financial Interim Financial Financial
Entity Year End Acquired Statements Statements Statements
Registrant 12/31 N/A 12/31/2006 1/1/2007 – N/A
9/30/2007
Target A 6/30 12/15/2006 6/30/2006 N/A 7/1/2006 -
12/14/2006
Target B 6/30 1/31/2007 6/30/2006 7/1/2006-1/30/2007 N/A
Target C 12/31 3/1/2007 12/31/2006 N/A N/A
Target D 1/31 2/8/2008 1/31/2007 2/1/2007- N/A
10/31/2007

Example Analysis - In a subsequent registration statement declared effective

June 16, 2008, the following financial statements related to the same entities
would be required for the most recent fiscal year and interim period:

Audited
Annual Unaudited Interim Audited Interim
Fiscal Date Financial Financial Financial
Entity Year End Acquired Statements Statements Statements
Registrant 12/31 N/A 12/31/2007 1/1/2008 - 3/31/2008 N/A
Target A 6/30 12/15/2006 6/30/2006 N/A 7/1/2006 -
12/14/2006
Target B 6/30 1/31/2007 6/30/2006 N/A 7/1/2006 -
1/30/2007
Target C 12/31 3/1/2007 12/31/2006 N/A 1/1/2007 –
2/28/2007
Target D 1/31 2/8/2008 1/31/2008 N/A N/A

2070.13 Tests of Significance After an Initial Registration Statement in which SAB

80 was Applied – SAB 80 can only be used in an initial registration statement
of a first-time registrant. It is not used to evaluate significance for acquisitions
that occur after the effective date of the initial registration statement. However,
if the provisions of SAB 80 were used in an initial registration statement to
obtain relief from the reporting requirements of S-X 3-05, the staff would allow
that registrant to separately evaluate the significance of each acquisition that
occurs after the effective date of the initial registration statement using the pro
forma financial statements that were used to evaluate significance under SAB

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 80 in the initial registration statement. However, those pro forma financial
statements should be adjusted to eliminate:

• pro forma effects of acquisitions for which no audited financial

statements are presented in the initial registration statement,
• the pro forma effects of acquisitions that were probable at the time the
initial registration statement was declared effective but which have yet
to be consummated, and
• pro forma adjustments not directly attributable to the acquisitions.

Once the registrant files audited annual financial statements (either in a

Securities Act or Exchange Act filing) for the fiscal year following the audited
fiscal year presented in the initial registration statement on which pro forma
financial statements were based, the registrant should measure significance of
acquisitions using the audited financial statements of the registrant as required
by S-X 3-05. Upon written request, the staff will consider whether relief from
the literal application of S-X 3-05 is appropriate.

Financial statements of an individually insignificant business acquired

subsequent to the effective date of an initial registration statement (but prior to
filing audited annual financial statements for the fiscal year following the
audited fiscal year presented in the initial registration statement) may also be
required in a subsequent registration statement if the significance of that
acquisition, plus other acquisitions for which no audited financial statements
were provided in the initial registration statements, aggregate 50% or more of
adjusted pro forma financial statements described above. See Section 2035
which describes how to measure aggregate significance for individually
insignificant businesses.

2100 DISPOSITION OF A BUSINESS

(Last updated: 3/31/2010)

2110 Definitions
2110.1 “Disposition” – See Instruction 2 of Item 2.01, Form 8-K for the definition of
“disposition.” Under this definition, a disposition would include, but not be
limited to, a requirement to deconsolidate a subsidiary.

2110.2 “Business” – See S-X 11-01(d) for the definition of a “business.”

2120 When are Financial Statements Required?

2120.1 Form 8-K - Item 2.01, Form 8-K reporting the disposition is required to be filed
within four business days if either an asset disposition or a business disposition
exceeds 10% significance. (See Section 2130 for guidance on measuring

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 significance.) Historical financial statements of the disposed business are not
required in the Item 2.01 Form 8-K, but may be required in proxy statements as
described in Section 2120.2. Pro forma financial statements depicting the
disposition are required to be included in the Item 2.01 Form 8-K filed within
four business days of the disposition. The 71 calendar day grace period
described in Item 9.01 of Form 8-K does not apply to business dispositions.
[Instruction 4(ii) to Item 2.01 Form 8-K and S-X 11-01(b)(2) and C&DI for
Exchange Act Form 8-K, Question 129.01] (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

2120.2 Proxy and Information Statements - If authorization is sought from

shareholders for disposition of a significant business (including spin-offs),
unaudited financial statements of that business should be provided in the proxy
statements for the same periods as are required for the registrant (along with pro
forma information); however, audited financial statements for each of the 2
most recent fiscal years of that business should be provided if they are available.
See the Division of Corporation Finance’s July 2001 Interim Supplement to
Publicly Available Telephone Interpretations, Section H6. Also, see related
discussion in Section 1140.6.

The same financial statement content described above for proxy statements also
applies to Schedule 14C Information Statements. (Last updated: 6/30/2012)

2120.3 Registering Shares of Disposed Business - If disposition of a business is being

accomplished through the registrant’s distribution to shareholders of its
ownership interests in that business, audited financial statements of the separate
legal “spinee” (which may not be the spinee for accounting purposes) for the
same periods required for the registrant are required in a Form 10 or 1933 Act
registration statement filed in connection with the spin-off.

2130 Form 8-K - Measuring Significance of a Disposed Business

NOTES to SECTION 2130

1. See Section 2120 for a discussion of the Form 8-K reporting

requirements when a disposed business is significant.

2. Registrants may request CF-OCA interpretation or relief in

unusual situations where strict application of the rules and
guidelines results in a requirement that is unreasonable under the
circumstances.

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2130.1 General – Measure significance of a disposed business using the three
significance tests in S-X 1-02(w). If any of the three tests exceeds 10%, the
business is significant. [Instruction 4(ii) Item 2.01, Form 8-K and S-X 11-
01(b)(2)]

2130.2 Implementation Point – Investment Test [S-X 1-02(w)(1)]

a. Numerator of the Investment Test:

Use the greater of:

1. The carrying value of the disposed business (or if a portion of

the business is disposed, the carrying value of the portion
disposed) as of the end of the registrant’s most recently
completed fiscal year prior to the disposal date; or

2. The fair value of the consideration received for the portion of

the business disposed.

b. Denominator of the Investment Test:

Use the registrant’s consolidated total assets as of the end of the
registrant’s most recently completed fiscal year prior to the disposal
date.

NOTES to SECTION 2130.2

1. Numerator of the Investment Test – Impact of Noncontrolling

Interest - The numerator of the investment test should not be
impacted by the existence of or accounting for noncontrolling
interest.

2. Numerator of the Investment Test – Registrant Retains either a

Controlling or a Noncontrolling Investment in Disposed Business -
Because the numerator includes only the portion of the business
disposed, the numerator should not include either the carrying
value or the fair value of the registrant’s retained investment in the
disposed business.

3. Numerator of the Investment Test - Nonreciprocal Transfers to

Owners - In a nonreciprocal transfer to owners, whether accounted
for at fair value or based on recorded amounts, the registrant does
not receive consideration; therefore the numerator equals the
carrying value of the disposed business (or if a portion of the
business is disposed, the carrying value of the portion disposed) as
of the end of the registrant’s most recently completed fiscal year
prior to the disposal date.

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 NOTES to SECTION 2130.2 cont’d.

4. Denominator of the Investment Test – Because the denominator

of the investment test includes the registrant’s consolidated total
assets for its most recently completed fiscal year prior to the
disposal date, the accounting for the disposition does not affect the
denominator of the investment test.

2130.3 Implementation Point – Asset Test [S-X 1-02(w)(2) and Income Test
[S-X 1-02(w)(3)]
(Last updated: 9/30/2010)

Asset Test - The numerator of the asset test should be the total assets of the
disposed business as of the end of its most recently completed fiscal year prior
to disposal. The denominator of the asset test should be the registrant’s total
assets as of the end of its most recently completed fiscal year prior to disposal.
A registrant’s total assets as of the end of its most recently completed fiscal year
will include assets related to both its continuing operations and its discontinued
operations.

Income Test - The numerator of the income test should be the pre-tax income or
loss from continuing operations of the disposed business for its most recently
completed fiscal year prior to disposal. The denominator of the income test
should be the historical pre-tax income or loss from continuing operations of the
registrant for its most recently completed fiscal year prior to disposal. Because
S-X 1-02(w) specifies that the denominator equals the registrant’s pre-tax
income or loss from continuing operations, the denominator will not include the
results of a disposed business which was previously appropriately reported as a
discontinued operation.

Because the asset test and the income test include only amounts reflected in
both the disposed business’s and the registrant’s consolidated financial
statements for their most recently completed fiscal year prior to the disposal
date, the accounting in the period of disposal does not affect either the asset test
or the income test.

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2200 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF TARGET
COMPANIES IN FORM S-4
(Last updated: 6/30/2013)

2200.1 Form S-4 - General - Form S-4 registers securities being offered to security
holders of a business to be acquired. The Form S-4 requirements for target
company financial statements vary based on a number of facts and
circumstances, as summarized below. The determination of the target
company should be based on the legal form of the transaction. The fact that the
target company may be the acquiring company for accounting purposes does not
change that analysis. For example, in both a reverse acquisition between two
operating companies and the acquisition by a shell company, as defined in
Exchange Act Rule 12b-2 and Regulation C, Rule 405, of an operating
company, the target company financial statements for purposes of Form S-4 are
those of the legal target, which in these cases is also the accounting acquirer.

As described in Sections 2200.4 and 2200.5, the target company financial

statement periods to present depend on whether the:

• target is a reporting company;

• target is a non-reporting company and the issuer’s shareholders are
voting;
• target is a non-reporting company and the issuer’s shareholders are not
voting;
• target is a smaller reporting company;
• acquirer is an EGC; or
• acquirer is a shell company.

As described in Sections 2200.6 and 2200.7, the need to audit target company
financial statements depends on whether the:

• target is a reporting company; or

• target is a non-reporting company (irrespective of whether the issuer’s
shareholders’ are voting)

2200.2 Form S-4 - How Financial Statement Requirements Differ from Form 8-K
The form and number of periods of a target’s financial statements required in a
Form S-4 may differ from the form and number of periods of a target’s financial
statements required in a Form 8-K reporting consummation of the business
combination.

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 Item 17 of Form S-4 requires inclusion of the target’s financial statements that
would be required in an annual report sent to security holders if an annual report
was required. A non-reporting target that would meet the S-K 10(f)
requirements to be a smaller reporting company if it were an issuer (i.e.,
applying the revenue test) may apply the scaled reporting requirements for a
smaller reporting company (i.e., S-X Article 8) in the Form S-4 even if the
registrant is not a smaller reporting company. Similarly, a non-reporting target
that would not meet the S-K 10(f) requirements to be a smaller reporting
company if it were an issuer may not apply the scaled reporting for a smaller
reporting company in the Form S-4, but instead must comply with S-X reporting
requirements applicable to entities that are not smaller reporting companies,
even if the registrant is a smaller reporting company. See Section 10220.6
regarding financial statement requirements in a Form S-4 when the transaction
involves an EGC.

Form 8-K requires the registrant to file the acquired business’ financial
statements required by S-X 3-05 or, if the registrant is a smaller reporting
company, S-X 8-04. If the registrant is subject to S-X 3-05, the non-reporting
acquired business’ financial statements must comply with S-X reporting
requirements applicable to entities that are not smaller reporting companies in a
subsequent Form 8-K reporting the business combination. If the registrant is
subject to S-X 8-04, the non-reporting acquired business’ financial statements
may comply with scaled reporting requirements for a smaller reporting
company. [Form 8-K, Item 9.01] Registrants that qualify as EGCs may be able
to present fewer periods than those required by S-X 3-05 in the circumstances
described in Section 10220.5.

2200.3 Form S-4 - Periods to be Presented General

The determination of the number of periods for which target company financial
statements need be included in the Form S-4 should be made by reference to the
requirements of Form S-4, not S-X 3-05 or S-X 8-04. See 2200.7 below for
audit requirements.

2200.4 Form S-4 - Periods to be Presented – Reporting Target OR Non-Reporting

Target with Issuer’s Shareholders Voting
If the target is a reporting company (whether or not the issuer’s shareholders
are voting), or the target is a non-reporting company and the issuer’s
shareholders are voting, the registration statement must include:

a. Balance sheets as of the two most recent fiscal years.

b. Statements of comprehensive income and cash flows for each of the

three most recent fiscal years (two most recent fiscal years for a
smaller reporting company target (see S-K 10(f) and S-X Article 8) or
a non-reporting target who would meet the smaller reporting company
requirements if they were an issuer). See Section 10220.6 regarding

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 financial statement requirements in a Form S-4 when the transaction
involves an EGC.

c. Interim financial statement requirements differ depending on whether

the target is a reporting company or a non-reporting company. See
Items 15, 16, 17(a) and 17(b) of Form S-4.

d. Financial statements of a business recently acquired or probable of

being acquired by a reporting target under S-X 3-05. This requirement
is included in Form S-4 Item 15, which cross-references Form S-4
Item 10(b)(1); Form S-4 Item 16, which cross-references Form S-4
Item 12(a)(3); and Form S-4, Item 17(a), which cross-references Form
S-4, Item 14(e). See also 10220.5.

e. Financial statements of a business recently acquired or probable of

being acquired by a non-reporting target under S-X 3-05 if the
omission of those financial statements renders the target company’s
financial statements substantially incomplete or misleading. See also
10220.5.

2200.5 Form S-4 - Periods to be Presented – Non-Reporting Target with Issuer’s

Shareholders NOT Voting
If the target is a non-reporting company and the issuer’s shareholders are
not voting and:

Significance Financial Statement Requirement

Significance of target under S-X 3- No target financial statements required in

05 or S-X 8-04 does not exceed the registration statement, subject to the
20% following:

Registrants continue to have the obligation

under S-X 3-05 to evaluate the individually
insignificant acquisitions in the aggregate,
including the insignificant target. If, in the
aggregate, the 50% significance level is
reached, the registrant must present audited
GAAP financial statements for a
mathematical majority of those acquisitions
for the most recently completed fiscal year
and interim period.
GAAP financial statements for the periods
Significance of target under S-X 3-
required by S-X 3-05(b)(2) or S-X 8-04(b),
05 or S-X 8-04 exceeds 20% level
as applicable [Instruction 3 to Item 17(b)(7)
AND S-4 to be used for resales to

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 Significance Financial Statement Requirement
the public by any person who is of Form S-4]. See Section 10220.6
deemed an underwriter within the regarding financial statement requirements
meaning of Securities Act Rule in a Form S-4 when the transaction involves
145(c) with respect to the securities an EGC.
being reoffered.
Note: Instruction 3 to Item 17(b)(7) of
Form S-4 only references S-X 3-05,
however a non-reporting target who would
meet the smaller reporting company
requirements (i.e., S-K 10(f)) if they were
an issuer may provide the financial
statements required by S-X 8-04(b).
Significance of target under S-X 3- GAAP financial statements for the latest
05 or S-X 8-04 exceeds 20% level fiscal year and interim information as recent
AND S-4 NOT to be used for as would have been filed on Form 10-Q had
resales to the public by any person the target company been subject to the
who is deemed an underwriter Exchange Act, except that interim
within the meaning of Securities information need include only cumulative
Act Rule 145(c) with respect to the year-to-date interim information of the
securities being reoffered. target for the latest and comparable interim
periods. [Item 17(b)(7)(i) of Form S-4]
Prior years’ financial statements are also
required if the target’s GAAP financial
statements were previously furnished to its
security holders. [Item 17(b)(7)(i) of Form
S-4]. See also Section 10220.6 regarding
prior year financial statement requirements
in a Form S-4 when the transaction involves
an EGC.
Example 1: Target’s latest fiscal year
ended 12/31/07. Target previously
furnished 2006, but not 2005, GAAP
financial statements to its security
holders. Target’s 2006 and 2007
annual financial statements are
required in the Form S-4
Example 2: Target’s latest fiscal year ended
12/31/07. Target previously furnished 2005,
but not 2006, GAAP financial statements to
its security holders. Only Target’s 2007
annual financial statements are required in
the Form S-4.

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2200.6 Form S-4 - Audit Requirements - Target is a reporting company (whether or
not the issuer’s shareholders are voting) - All target company fiscal years
presented must be audited.

2200.7 Form S-4 Audit Requirements - Target is a non-reporting company (whether

or not the issuer’s shareholders are voting) - The requirement to audit depends
on whether or not the Form S-4 is to be used for resales by persons considered
underwriters under Securities Act Rule 145(c). See Item 17(b) of Form S-4.

In transactions where the registrant is a SPAC, the target’s financial statements

become those of the registrant upon consummation of the merger. In light of
this fact and the staff considers the transaction to be equivalent to an initial
public offering of the target, the staff would expect the financial statements of
the target to be audited in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. (Last
updated: 10/30/2020)

S-4 to be used for resales S-4 not to be used for resales

Required to be audited for the Latest Fiscal Year
periods specified in S-X 3- Need be audited only if practicable to do so.
05(b)(2) or S-X 8-04(b), as To determine whether an audit is practicable,
applicable.
consider the feasibility of completing the
audit on a timely basis. Since the target’s
audited financial statements will be required
to be included in a Form 8-K filed 71
calendar days after the 4th business day
following consummation of the acquisition,
the registrant should be able to explain why
audited financial statements cannot be
completed in time for the Form S-4, but can
be completed in time to meet the Form 8-K
requirements.
Fiscal years before the latest fiscal year
Need not be audited if they were not
previously audited.

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 NOTES to SECTION 2200.7

1. The relief from the audit requirement for a target company’s

financial statements applies only to merger proxies and transactions
registered on Form S-4. It is not applicable to other forms. If the
acquisition is significant, audited financial statements will ordinarily be
required in a Form 8-K after consummation.

2. Although relief from obtaining an audit of financial statements may

be available as described above, the registrant would still be required to
include all financial statements specified by Item 17 of Form S-4 on an
unaudited basis.

3. If financial statements are not audited for the periods required by S-

X 3-05 /S-X 8-04, the registrant should supplementally provide to the
staff representation that the Form S-4 will not be used for resales by
underwriters.

2200.8 Form S-4 - Updating Target Company Financial Statements

The requirement to update target company financial statements (both reporting
and non-reporting target companies) is based on the registrant’s obligation to
update under S-X 3-12 (or S-X 8-08 for a smaller reporting company). See
Section 2045.5 for target updating requirements.

2200.9 Form S- 4 – Target Company is a Foreign Business - Reconciliation

Requirement
If the foreign business is a non-reporting company and its financial statements
are prepared on the basis of a comprehensive body of accounting principles
other than U.S. GAAP or IFRS as issued by the IASB, the reconciliation to U.S.
GAAP in accordance with Item 17 of Form 20-F is not required if it is
unavailable or not obtainable without unreasonable cost or expense. If a
reconciliation is not available, the filing should contain, at a minimum, a
narrative description of all material variations in accounting principles,
practices, and methods used in preparing the non-U.S. GAAP financial
statements from those accepted in the U.S. This guidance also applies to
smaller reporting companies. Registrants should consider all relevant facts and
circumstances in determining whether the U.S. GAAP reconciliation is
unavailable or not obtainable without unreasonable cost or expense. For
example, the staff has objected to the omission of the U.S. GAAP reconciliation
in circumstances where the non-reporting target company was a subsidiary (or
investee) of a larger reporting company, and considerable reconciling

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 information for the subsidiary would have already been necessary to prepare the
parent company’s U.S. GAAP reconciliation. Registrants are encouraged to
consult with CF-OCA in advance of filing if they intend to omit the U.S. GAAP
reconciliation on the basis of unavailability or unreasonable cost.
(Last updated: 12/31/2010)

2200.10 Form S-4 - Pro forma financial information depicting the acquisition(s) is
only required if the acquisition is significant under S-X 3-05 or S-X 8-04
individually or in the aggregate.

2300 REAL ESTATE ACQUISITIONS AND PROPERTIES

SECURING MORTGAGES
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

Section Description
2305 Real Estate Operations – Overview
2310 Real Estate Operations - When to Present Financial Statements
2315 Real Estate Operations – Measuring Significance
2320 Real Estate Operations - Individually Insignificant Acquisitions
2325 Real Estate Operations - Special Requirements for "Blind Pool" Offerings
2330 Real Estate Operations - Required Financial Statements
2335 REIT Formation Transactions
2340 Properties Subject to Triple Net Lease
2345 Properties Securing Loans, which in Economic Substance Represent
an Investment in Real Estate, including Acquisition Development
and Construction (ADC) Arrangements
Properties Securing Loans that Represent an Asset Concentration [SAB
2350 Topic1I]
2355 Gains/Losses on Sales or Disposals by Real Estate Investment Trusts
2360 Proxy Statements for Acquisitions of Real Estate Operating Properties

2305 Real Estate Operations - Overview [S-X 3-14]

(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

2305.1 Applicability of S-X 3-14 - Application of S-X 3-14 is limited to the

acquisition or probable acquisition of real estate operations.

2305.2 Nature of Real Estate Operations

S-X 3-14, which is premised on the continuity and predictability of cash flows
ordinarily associated with leasing real property, applies to the acquisition or
probable acquisition of real estate operations. For purposes of S-X 3-14, the

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 term “real estate operations” refers to properties that generate revenues solely
through leasing. Examples include office, apartment and industrial buildings as
well as shopping centers and malls. “Real estate operations” excludes the
acquisition of properties that generate revenues from operations other than
leasing real property, such as nursing homes, hotels, motels, golf courses, auto
dealerships, and equipment rental operations, which are more susceptible to
variations in costs and revenues over shorter periods due to market and
managerial factors. S-X 3-05 rather than S-X 3-14 is applicable to the
acquisition of these types of businesses. Acquired properties subject to triple
net leases, whether involving leasing or other activities, should be evaluated
under Section 2340.

2305.3 Investment in a Pre-Existing Legal Entity

When a registrant acquires an equity interest in a pre-existing legal entity (such

as a partnership, LLC or corporation) that only holds real estate under lease and
related debt, financial statements of the underlying property meeting the
requirements of S-X 3-14 should be provided instead of S-X 3-05 financial
statements, if the acquisition is significant. When a registrant acquires an
equity interest in a pre-existing legal entity that engages in other activities, such
as property management or development, financial statements of that entity
meeting the requirements of S-X 3-05 generally are required if the acquisition
is significant. A registrant should consult with CF-OCA to the extent it
believes S-X 3-14 financial statements are more appropriate than S-X 3-05
financial statements due to the limited degree of operations other than leasing
real estate. If S-X 3-14 financial statements are more appropriate due to the
limited degree of operations other than leasing real estate, financial statements
are required if the 10% or more significance level applicable to S-X 3-14
financial statements is met. (Last updated: 10/20/2014)

2305.4 Investment in a Newly Formed Partnership or Corporation

For purposes of applying S-X 3-14, the staff views an investment in a newly
formed partnership or corporation (either consolidated or accounted for using
the equity method) that will acquire properties under lease simultaneous with or
soon after its formation as, in substance, the acquisition of properties by the
registrant. In these circumstances, the staff will require S-X 3-14 financial
statements of the underlying property being acquired instead of S-X 3-05
financial statements of the newly formed entity. This assumes that the new
entity has no other activities besides leasing real property.

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2305.5 Summary - 1933 Act Real Estate Financial Statements and Significance
Thresholds

The following table summarizes general financial statement requirements in

1933 Act registration statements with respect to the acquisition of real estate
operations. Refer to the sections below the summary for details in applying
these requirements:

Acquisition Type Significance Significance

Threshold % Measured Against

General Rule:

Regular Property 3-14s required at

Acquisition and 10% or more (also
Probable significant in
Acquisitions aggregate test Registrant’s assets as of
triggers) last audited balance
sheet

Triple Net Leased See Section 2340

Blind Pool Offerings Subject to Guide 5 (During Distribution

Period):

Regular Property 3-14s required at Registrant’s assets as of

Acquisition 10% or more the date of the
acquisition plus the
proceeds (net of
Triple Net Leased See Section 2340 commissions) in good
faith expected to be
raised in the registered
offering over the next
12 months

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2310 Real Estate Operations - When to Present S-X 3-14 Financial
Statements
(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

Sections 2310-2320 do not apply to “blind pool” offerings subject to Industry

Guide 5, Item 20.D Undertakings. See Section 2325 for guidance related to
“blind pool” offerings.

2310.1 Registration Statements and Proxy Statements – Requirement

(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

Financial statements of each operating real estate property (or group of related
properties) acquired or probable of acquisition that is significant individually
or in the aggregate at the 10% level or higher are required to be filed in all
transactional filings (i.e., proxy statements requiring financial information, 1934
Act registration statements, 1933 Act registration statements (except registration
statements filed under Rule 462(b)) and post-effective amendments filed to
reflect a fundamental change). The filing of a Rule 424 prospectus is not a
transactional filing. S-X 3-14 financial statements must be provided for:

a. each completed purchase of an individually significant property made

during each year presented and subsequent to the end of the most
recently completed fiscal year for which the registrant’s financial
statements have been filed, or
b. any probable acquisition of an individually significant property, or
c. completed and probable acquisitions of individually insignificant
properties that are significant in the aggregate, made or to be made
subsequent to the end of the most recently completed fiscal year for
which the registrant’s financial statements have been filed.

NOTE 1 to SECTION 2310.1

A registrant (including a WKSI) must either provide these financial statements
in the registration statement or, if permitted by the form, in a previously filed
Form 8-K that is incorporated by reference into the registration statement.
(Last updated: 3/31/2010)

NOTE 2 to SECTION 2310.1

“Related” Properties - Properties are related if they are under common control
or management, the acquisition of one property is conditioned on the acquisition
of each other property, or each acquisition is conditioned on a single common
event. (Last updated: 3/31/2013)

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2310.2 Registration Statements and Proxy Statements - S-X 3-05 Exception Does
Not Apply
(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

For registration and proxy statements, the 74-day rule in S-X 3-05(b)(4) does
not apply to S-X 3-14 financial statements. However, see Section 2325.2 for
special provisions applicable to “blind pool” registration statements during the
distribution period.

2310.3 Form 8-K

Financial statements of each operating real estate property (or group of related
properties) acquired that is individually significant at the 10% level or higher
are required to be filed in a Form 8-K.

NOTE to SECTION 2310.3

The purchase of real estate by companies engaged in real estate activities is not
considered to be an acquisition in the ordinary course of business. Item 2.01
Form 8-Ks are required to report these transactions.

2315 Real Estate Operations - Measuring Significance

2315.1 Significance – General

Compare the registrant's investment in the property to the registrant's total assets
at the latest audited fiscal year end filed with the SEC (except as noted in
Section 2320 for individually insignificant acquisitions and Section 2335 for
REIT formation transactions). The investment includes any debt secured by the
property that is assumed by the purchaser.

2315.2 Significance Implementation - In Existence for Less Than One Year

If the company has not completed its first fiscal year, use the most recent
audited balance sheet filed with the SEC.

2315.3 Significance Implementation - Form 10-K Filed Subsequent to Acquisition

If the acquisition was made after the most recent fiscal year and the registrant
files its Form 10-K for that year before the due date of the Form 8-K (including
the 71 calendar day extension), the staff has not objected if significance is
evaluated relative to the most recently completed fiscal year.

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2315.4 Significance Implementation – Using Pro Forma Financial Statements
(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

If the acquisition was made after reporting an individually significant

acquisition in an Item 2.01 Form 8-K that included historical audited S-X 3-14
financial statements, the registrant may evaluate significance using the
registrant’s pro forma financial information included in that Form 8-K for the
acquisition rather than historical pre-acquisition financial statements. The pro
forma effects of any other transaction should be excluded. If the registrant
chooses to compute significance using pro forma information, the staff would
expect the registrant to consistently apply that methodology for evaluating all
subsequent acquisitions for the remainder of the fiscal year.

2320 Real Estate Operations - Individually Insignificant Acquisitions

(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

2320.1 Individually Insignificant Acquisitions - Applicability

The requirement under S-X 3-14 to file financial statements of individually

insignificant properties that are significant in the aggregate is applicable only to
registration and proxy statements. Form 8-K does not require audited financial
statements of insignificant properties unless they are "related properties" and
significant on a combined basis. See Note 2 to Section 2310.1.

2320.2 Individually Insignificant Acquisitions - Measuring Significance

To compute significance, combine individually insignificant properties acquired

subsequent to the end of the most recently completed fiscal year for which the
registrant’s financial statements have been filed and probable acquisitions.
Property acquisitions which would not require S-X 3-14 financial statements
even if individually significant, such as triple net leased properties covered by
Section 2340 and newly constructed properties covered by Section 2330.10,
should be excluded from this calculation. Compute significance based on the
registrant’s total assets as of the latest audited fiscal year balance sheet date
preceding the acquisition except when Section 2315.4 is applicable.

2320.3 Individually Insignificant Acquisitions - Financial Statements Required

If the aggregate of all insignificant real estate properties described in Section

2320.2 exceeds 10% of the registrant’s total assets, financial statements are
required for certain of these properties. Determine what financial statements to
provide as follows:

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 a. The registrant should provide S-X 3-14 financial statements for each
property acquisition that is 5% or more significant.
b. Then it should assess whether it has provided financial statements for
the majority (> 50%) of the aggregated property acquisitions based on
the purchase price. If it has provided over 50% of the aggregate
purchase price, it need not provide additional financial statements. If
it has not provided financial statements for over 50% of the aggregate
purchase price, it should provide the S-X 3-14 financial statements of
other acquired properties below the 5% level in order to provide
financial statements for over 50% of the aggregate purchase price.
c. If the registrant is unable to obtain audited financial statements of a
property that is 5% or more significant or of properties sufficient to
provide financial statements for over 50% of the aggregate purchase
price, it should request relief from CF-OCA in writing.

2325 Real Estate Operations - Special Requirements for "Blind Pool"

Offerings
2325.1 “Blind Pool” Offerings – Overview

“Blind Pool” offerings subject to Industry Guide 5 have different 1933 and 1934
Act reporting requirements with respect to real estate acquisitions both during
and after the distribution period.

NOTE to SECTION 2325.1

Distribution Period - The distribution period is the period during which the
registrant is conducting a continuous 1933 Act registered offering through a
registration statement subject to Industry Guide 5. (Last updated: 3/31/2013)

2325.2 “Blind Pool” Offerings – During the Distribution Period - Undertakings

(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

Registration statements for "blind pool" offerings by real estate companies

subject to Industry Guide 5 are required to include undertakings to:

a. file a sticker supplement during the distribution period describing each

significant property that has not been identified in the prospectus
whenever a reasonable probability arises that a property will be
acquired (the disclosure should include the information required for
significant properties in Items 14 and 15 of Form S-11), and

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 b. consolidate all stickers in a post-effective amendment filed at least
once every 3 months during the distribution period. The post-effective
amendment must include or incorporate by reference audited financial
statements in the format described in S-X 3-14 that have been filed or
should have been filed on Form 8-K for all significant property
acquisitions that have been consummated. Pro forma information is
also required. [Guide 5, Item 20.D. Undertakings]

A post-effective amendment filed to consolidate stickers or to update the

financial statements under Section 10(a)(3) of the Exchange Act does not need
to include financial statements for significant property acquisitions during the
71-day extension period allowed by Item 9.01 of Form 8-K.
(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

A post-effective amendment filed for a fundamental change, pursuant to the

registrant’s undertakings under Item 512(a)(1) of Regulation S-K, should
include financial statements for all significant acquisitions, including any
financial statements not yet filed during the 71-day extension period provided
by Item 9.01 of Form 8-K.
(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

Post-effective amendments that consolidate supplements are not considered new

filings for purposes of updating the registrant’s financial statements if the duty
to file a post-effective amendment is triggered solely by the Item 20.D
undertakings.

The prospectus updating regime in the Item 20.D undertakings is intended

solely for real estate companies and not for other types of companies that may
be subject to other parts of Industry Guide 5. If a real estate company subject to
the Item 20.D undertakings acquires a significant property that generates
revenues from operations other than leasing rental property, such as a hotel,
motel, nursing home or medical office facility, the company should follow the
Item 20.D updating regime discussed in Section 2325, except that the
significance tests and required financial statements should be those specified in
S-X 3-05. If a real estate company subject to the Item 20.D undertakings
acquires a triple net leased property, the company should follow the Item 20.D
updating regime discussed in this Section 2325, except that the significance
threshold applied and financial information provided should be those as
described in Section 2340. (Last updated: 3/31/2013)

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2325.3 “Blind Pool” Offerings – During the Distribution Period – Significance
(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

An individual property is significant if it:

a. exceeds the 10% significance level, or

b. is one of a group of properties that together aggregate more than 10%
and are either:
• acquired from a single seller, or
• are related.

See Note 2 to Section 2310.1 regarding related properties.

Significance for purposes of the Guide 5 distribution period is computed by

comparing the registrant's investment in the property to the registrant's total
assets as of the date of the acquisition plus the proceeds (net of commissions) in
good faith expected to be raised in the registered offering over the next 12
months. The investment includes any debt secured by the property that is
assumed by the purchaser. In estimating the offering proceeds, the registrant
should consider the pace of fundraising as of the measurement date, the sponsor
or dealer-manager’s prior public fundraising experience and offerings by similar
companies. This alternative measurement is only available during the
distribution period.

2325.4 “Blind Pool” Offerings – During the Distribution Period – Form 8-K
Reporting Requirement

Registrants are required to file a current report on Form 8-K that includes S-X
3-14 financial statements and the related pro forma information for each
property acquired during the distribution period that exceeds the 10%
significance level as measured in Section 2325.3.

2325.5 “Blind Pool” Offerings – After the Distribution Period

(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

While companies do not undertake to file sticker supplements after the

distribution period is completed, they undertake to file on Form 8-K audited
financial statements of properties, in the format described in S-X 3-14, after this
period is completed. Until a company files its first annual report after the
distribution period ends, the company should file a Form 8-K with the required
S-X 3-14 financial statements for every significant property it purchases that
represents 10% or more of the company’s total assets as of the acquisition date.
The staff has not objected to the view that the undertaking to provide audited
financial statements is not applicable to individually insignificant properties. S-

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 X 3-14 financial statements may be omitted for individually insignificant
properties.

A registrant may continue to use this modified method of measuring

significance until it files its first annual report after the distribution period ends.
After that, it would measure significance in the normal manner described in
Section 2315.

2330 Real Estate Operations - Required Financial Statements

2330.1 Abbreviated Financial Statements
(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

S-X 3-14 financial statements may exclude items (such as historical mortgage
interest and depreciation) which are not comparable to the proposed future
operations of the property. (Where items are excluded, auditors ordinarily will
issue a report such as that at AU 623.15 and 623.18). Registrants may request
relief from the audit requirement for financial statements of properties with a
rental history of less than one year.

2330.2 Periods to be Presented – Properties Acquired from Related Parties

Audited three years (two years for acquisitions by certain issuers, such as
smaller reporting companies), plus the latest unaudited interim period based on
the property’s fiscal periods are required for properties acquired from a related
party. For properties held by the related party for less than three years, financial
statements are required for the greater of the period held by the related party or
one year. See Section 2330.4 “Periods to be Presented Implementation – Pre-
Acquisition Using Fiscal Year-End.” (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

2330.3 Periods to be Presented – Properties Acquired from Third Parties

Only the most recent year and most recent interim period are required if the
property was acquired from a third party. See Section 2330.4 “Periods to be
Presented Implementation – Pre-Acquisition Using Fiscal Year-End.”

2330.4 Periods to be Presented - Implementation - Pre-Acquisition Using Fiscal

Year-End

It is not appropriate to provide audited financial statements for a rolling 12-

month period prior to the acquisition in lieu of audited financial statements for
the latest fiscal year end of the property. Also, pre- and post-acquisition periods
should not be combined to produce a year’s financial statements. Only pre-
acquisition financial statements satisfy S-X 3-14.

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2330.5 Periods to Be Presented - Implementation - Application of S-X 3-06(b)

S-X 3-06(b) does not apply to financial statements of real estate properties.
(Last updated: 10/20/2014)

2330.6 Updating Requirements

The same rules for updating S-X 3-05 financial statements apply to S-X 3-14
financial statements. See Section 2045.

2330.7 Other Required Disclosure

The registrant should describe any material factors which would cause the
reported financial information not to be indicative of future operating results,
such as a change in how the property will be used, an expected material
modification to the property or a material change in property tax assessment.

2330.8 Rental History of Less Than Nine Months

(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

If a registrant acquires an operating property with a rental history of more than

three months but less than nine months, the financial statements may be
presented on an unaudited basis.

2330.9 Exception for Demolition

(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

If a registrant acquires an operating property which it will demolish and build a

new rental property, the staff would not object to the omission of the S-X 3-14
financial statements of the acquired property if the prior rental revenues and
operating costs of the property are not representative of the new property to be
built. The registrant should explain the basis for omission of the financial
statements in the filing. In other cases where the registrant believes the leasing
history is not representative, it may request relief from CF-OCA in writing.

2330.10 Exception for Properties with No or Nominal Leasing History

(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

Where a registrant acquires a property that does not have a leasing history, such
as a previously owner-occupied or newly constructed property, financial
statements of the property are not required. Where the leasing history is less
than three months, financial statements of the property are not required. See
Section 2340 with respect to triple net leased properties.

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2335 REIT Formation Transactions
(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

2335.1 Test of Significance in an IPO

A newly-formed REIT having no significant operations may acquire operating

properties immediately prior to filing an IPO, or may identify properties to be
acquired upon closing the IPO. In addition, the REIT may identify properties
that it will probably acquire soon after the IPO. The staff recognizes in these
circumstances that the literal application of S-X 3-14 could result in the
registrant providing financial statements of properties that are clearly
insignificant to investors. In identifying the financial statements required to be
included in the initial registration statement, the staff has allowed registrants to
compute significance using a denominator equal to the total cost of the
properties acquired immediately prior to filing an initial registration statement,
properties to be acquired upon closing the IPO, and properties identified as
probable future acquisitions.

2335.2 Tests of Significance After an IPO

In computing significance of any future property acquisition until the time the
registrant files its Form 10-K covering the year the IPO is consummated, the
registrant can use the same base as was used in the initial registration statement.
However, that base should be reduced for any property not acquired or no
longer probable. That base should not be reduced for probable acquisitions for
which audited financial statements were included in the registration statement
and the acquisition remains probable.

2340 Properties Subject to Triple Net Lease

(Last updated: 10/20/2014)

Financial Statements of Significant Lessees

A triple net lease typically requires the lessee to pay costs normally associated
with ownership of the property such as property taxes, insurance, utilities and
maintenance costs. Based on these attributes, the leasing arrangement is similar
to a financing arrangement for the lessee. When a registrant has triple net
leased one or more real estate properties to a single lessee/tenant (including in
the capacity as co-lessee or guarantor), and such properties represent a
“significant” portion of the registrant’s assets, an investor may need to consider
the lessee’s financial statements or other financial information in order to
evaluate the risk to the registrant from this asset concentration. An asset
concentration is generally considered “significant” if it exceeds 20% of the
registrant’s assets as of its most recent balance sheet.

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 In circumstances where a registrant acquires a property resulting in a significant
asset concentration, the registrant should generally provide full audited financial
statements of the lessee or guarantor for the periods required by S-X 3-01 and 3-
02 / S-X 8-02 and 8-03. If the lessee is a public company subject to the periodic
reporting obligations of the Exchange Act, the registrant may instead include in
the filing a statement referring investors to a publicly-available website with the
lessee’s SEC filed financial information. If a registrant with an asset
concentration related to a lessee believes that less detailed financial information
is appropriate based on the registrant’s particular facts and circumstances or the
lessee financial statements are not available, the registrant should consult with
CF-OCA on a pre-filing basis.

In an annual report, registrants may provide the lessee financial statements

based on the due dates for financial statements of a significant equity method
investee under S-X 3-09 by analogy. Refer to Section 2405.7 – 2405.11.

Registrants should consider significant asset concentrations when preparing a

Securities Act registration statement, or an Exchange Act registration statement,
annual report, or current report on Form 8-K filed in connection with a property
acquisition. If a registrant acquires a property subject to a triple net lease and
there is a rental history, the registrant should apply S-X 3-14 in situations where
there is not a significant asset concentration.

2345 Properties Securing Loans, which in Economic Substance

Represent an Investment in Real Estate, including Acquisition
Development and Construction ("ADC") Arrangements [SAB
Topic 1I]
2345.1 Overview

A registrant may make a loan that is secured by a real estate operating property.
SAB Topic1I provides that financial statements for such properties may be
required where the economic substance of the loan represents an investment in
real estate, such as in an “ADC arrangement" as defined in AICPA’s 2/10/86
Notice to Practitioners in the CPA Letter. The characteristics of these loans are
found in Exhibit I to Practice Bulletin 1. In these arrangements, a lender
participates in the expected residual profit and shares in the risk and rewards of
the owner.

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2345.2 Financial Statement Requirements in 1933 Act filings

a. Financial statements of operating properties securing such loans are

required for any single property for which 10% of offering proceeds
(or total assets at the latest audited year-end balance sheet date, if
greater) has been or will be loaned. The information required by Items
14 & 15 of Form S-11 also is required.

b. Where no single loan exceeds 10%, but the aggregate of such loans
exceeds 20%, a narrative description of the properties and
arrangements is required in a footnote to the financial statements.

2345.3 Financial Statement Requirements in 1934 Act Filings

a. If over 20% of the registrant’s total assets are invested in a single loan,
financial statements of the underlying operating property are required
(except in Annual Reports to Shareholders where only summary data
is required).

b. If over 10%, but less than 20%, of the registrant’s total assets is
invested in a single loan, summarized financial information of the
operating property is required.

c. Where individual loans are not significant but in the aggregate exceed
20% of the registrant’s total assets, narrative description of the
properties and arrangements is required in a footnote to the financial
statements.

2350 Properties Securing Loans that Represent an Asset

Concentration [SAB Topic 1I]
2350.1 Asset Concentration and Required Financial Statements - If over 20% of
offering proceeds (or total assets at the latest audited year-end balance sheet
date, if greater) have been or will be invested in a single loan (or in several
loans on related properties to the same or affiliated borrowers), financial
statements of the property securing the loan are required in both 1933 and 1934
Act filings.

2350.2 “Related” Properties - Properties are related, for example, if they are subject
to cross default or collateralization agreements.

2355 [Reserved]
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

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2360 Proxy Statements for Acquisitions of Real Estate Operating
Properties
2360.1 Proxy Statements – Applicability

The staff applies the requirements of Item 14 of Schedule 14A to the Proxy
Rules to the acquisition of real estate operating properties. S-X 3-14 financial
statements of the properties should be provided in lieu of S-X 3-05 financial
statements. In addition, registrants should comply with all of the disclosure
requirements of Item 14 of Schedule 14A in a proxy statement related to the
acquisition of real estate operating properties.

2360.2 Proxy Statements - Management’s Discussion and Analysis is required under

Item 14(c)(2). The staff expects registrants to:

a. discuss operating trends depicted by the properties’ historical financial

statements and selected financial data presented; and

b. provide applicable property information that is described under Items

14 and 15 of Form S-11, to the extent that information is not provided
elsewhere in the proxy statements.

2360.3 Proxy Statements - Roll-up Transactions - Proxy statements related to roll-up

transactions should also comply with the applicable roll-up provisions of
Regulation S-K, Items 901-915.

2360.4 Proxy Statements – Selected Financial Data

Item 14(c)(2) requires five years of selected financial data with respect to the
properties that are the subject of the shareholder vote. The staff will consider
granting relief to registrants on a case-by-case basis in circumstances where that
information is unavailable or not obtainable without unreasonable cost or
expense. Registrants may consult with CF-OCA to request this relief.

In addition, EGCs may present fewer than five years of selected financial data
in certain circumstances. See Section 10220.2. (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

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2400 EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENTS, INCLUDING
FAIR VALUE OPTION
[S-X 3-09, S-X 4-08(g), S-X 8-03, S-X 10-01(b)(1), and SAB Topic 6K.4.b.]
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

Summary
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

2400.1 S-X 3-09 and S-X 4-08(g) use the terms “subsidiaries not consolidated” and
“50% or less-owned persons.” As discussed in Section 2405.1, since the
issuance of S-X 3-09 and S-X4-08(g), U.S. GAAP has been revised to require
consolidation by a parent of all of its subsidiaries. Therefore, the remaining
discussion in Section 2400 relates to “50% or less-owned persons,” which the
staff interprets to refer to an investment accounted for using the equity method
(even if voting ownership exceeds 50%).

2400.2 S-X 3-09 requires separate annual financial statements of equity method
investees if certain significance thresholds are met for any of the registrant’s
fiscal years required to be presented in the filing using the investment and
income significance tests, which are two of the three tests described in S-X 1-
02(w). As described in Section 2410, the significance thresholds in S-X 3-09
differ from those stated in S-X 1-02(w). S-X 3-09 does not require separate
interim financial statements. Instead, S-X 10-01(b)(1) requires certain
summarized interim statement of comprehensive income information of the
investee if it is significant. S-X 3-09 does not apply to smaller reporting
companies. (Last updated: 6/30/2010)

2400.3 S-X 4-08(g) applies to annual financial statements and requires summarized
annual balance sheet and statement of comprehensive income information of
equity method investees if certain significance thresholds are met using all three
tests (the asset, investment, and income significance tests) described in S-X 1-
02(w). As described in Section 2420, the significance thresholds in S-X 4-08(g)
are the same as those stated in S-X 1-02(w) (i.e., 10%). We look to S-X 8-03 by
analogy (see Note 1 to Section 2420.9) for the requirements for smaller
reporting companies to provide summarized financial data of equity method
investees in annual financial statements. The S-X 8-03 significance threshold is
20%. The summarized financial data requirements for interim financial
statements differ in some respects from those for annual financial statements.
See the overview at Section 2420.1.

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2400.4 A registrant that accounts for an equity method investment using fair value in
accordance with “Financial Instruments”, ASC 825 must disclose the
information required by ASC 323-10-50-3c (i.e., summarized financial
information or separate financial statements). As described more fully in
Section 2435, the staff believes that the significance tests in S-X 3-09 and S-X
4-08(g), with the modifications described in Section 2435, should be used by
analogy as presumptive thresholds for when the disclosures in ASC 323-10-50-
3c should be provided for an equity method investment accounted for using fair
value in accordance with ASC 825.

2400.5 Financial statements required for the equity method investee are generally the
same as those that would be required if the equity method investee were a
registrant as described in Topic 1, except as noted in Section 2405.4, which
relates to the effect of commencing or ceasing use of the equity method, and
Section 10220.5, which relates to registrants that are EGCs. Refer to Section
2405.11 regarding age of financial statements and Section 2405.3 for audit
requirements.

Exceptions: An equity method investee that is a nonpublic entity, as that term

is defined in GAAP, need not include certain disclosures if specifically
excluded from the scope of the related FASB standard. Examples include:

a. Segment information under ASC 280 [ASC 280-10-15-3]

b. Certain disclosures about employers’ pensions and other

postretirement benefits [ASC 715-20-50-5]

c. Earnings per share under ASC 260 [ASC 260-10-05-1] (Last updated:
6/30/2013)

Section Description
2405 Required Financial Statements of Equity Method Investees [S-X 3-09]

2410 Measuring Significance of Equity Method Investees Under S-X 3-09

Combined/Consolidated Financial Statements of Equity Method Investees
2415 [S-X 3-09]
Summarized Financial Data of Equity Method Investees [S-X 4-08(g), 8-
2420 03, 10-01(b)(1)]
2425 “Foreign Business” Investees [S-X 3-09]
2430 Relief
ASC 825 Fair Value Option for an Equity Method Investment and S-X 3-
2435 09/4-08(g)

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2405 Required Separate Financial Statements of Equity Method
Investees [S-X 3-09]
2405.1 Applicability of S-X 3-09 to Smaller Reporting Company Registrants - S-X
3-09 does not apply to smaller reporting company registrants [as defined in S-K
10(f)]. However, S-X 8-03 contains requirements for smaller reporting
company registrants to provide summarized financial data of equity method
investees. See Section 2420.

2405.2 “Subsidiaries not consolidated” - Separate Financial Statements

S-X 3-09 requires that if any of the conditions set forth in S-X 1-02(w) exceed
20 percent, separate annual financial statements for each subsidiary not
consolidated should be provided. Since the issuance of S-X 3-09 and S-X 4-
08(g), U.S. GAAP has been revised to require consolidation by a parent of a
“subsidiary.” Therefore, the requirement in S-X 3-09 related to “subsidiaries
not consolidated” no longer has practical application. The remaining discussion
in this Section 2400 “Equity Method Investments, including Fair Value Option”
relates to “50% or less-owned persons,” which are discussed in Section 2405.3.

NOTES to SECTION 2405.2

1. Background - Prior to the issuance of SFAS 94, ARB 51 permitted the

exclusion from consolidation of certain non-homogenous subsidiaries (e.g., a
finance company of a manufacturer) even though the parent controlled such
subsidiaries. In these circumstances, ARB 51, paragraph 21 indicated that
summarized information or separate statements of the controlled, but
unconsolidated subsidiary may be necessary. S-X 4-08(g) and S-X 3-09
provided presumptive disclosure thresholds for these circumstances. SFAS 94
amended ARB 51 to remove the provision permitting non-consolidation on the
basis of non-homogeneity.

2. “Subsidiary”- is defined in S-X 1-02(x) as follows: a “subsidiary of a

specified person is an affiliate controlled by such person directly, or indirectly
through one or more intermediaries.”

2405.3 “50% or less-owned persons” - Separate Financial Statements of Equity

Investments Accounted for using the Equity Method
(Last updated: 6/30/2013)

• The staff interprets “50% or less-owned persons” to refer to an investment

accounted for using the equity method (even if voting ownership exceeds
50%).

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 • S-X 3-09 requires the registrant to file separate annual financial statements
for each significant equity method investee for which either the income or
the investment test set forth in S-X 1-02(w) exceeds 20 percent for any of
the registrant’s fiscal years required to be presented in the filing. See
Section 2410 for implementation points on measuring significance.

• If significance is met for any fiscal year presented, the registrant should file
the investee’s separate annual financial statements for the same periods
that would be required under S-X 3-01 and 3-02 if the investee were a
registrant, except as noted in Section 2405.4, which relates to the effect of
commencing or ceasing use of the equity method, and Section 10220.5,
which relates to registrants that are EGCs. The investee’s separate annual
financial statements must be audited for those periods where either the
income or the investment test in S-X 1-02(w) exceeds 20 percent. Other
periods presented may be unaudited. For example, if the highest
significance of an equity method investment was 15% in 2020, 30% in
2021, and 19% in 2022, the investee’s financial statements must be audited
for 2021, but may be unaudited for 2020 and 2022 (assuming that the two
exceptions noted above do not apply such that three years of the investee’s
financial statements are required).

• S-X 3-09 does not require separate interim financial statements. Instead, S-
X 10-01(b)(1) requires certain summarized interim statement of
comprehensive income information of the investee if it is significant. See
Section 2420.

NOTES to SECTION 2405.3

1. Definition - The term “50 percent-owned person” is defined in S-X 1-

02(j) in relation to ownership of outstanding voting shares and therefore
suggests that the literal meaning of “50% or less-owned person” used in S-X
3-09 and S-X 4-08(g) is also premised on ownership of outstanding voting
shares. Since the issuance of S-X 3-09 and S-X 4-08(g), the U.S. GAAP
consolidation model has changed such that it is possible to own more than
50% of the outstanding voting shares of a person, as defined in S-X 1-02(q),
and still account for that investment using the equity method. The staff
believes interpreting the phrase “50% or less-owned persons” as an
investment accounted for using the equity method is consistent with the type
of investment to which S-X 3-09 and S-X 4-08(g) were originally intended to
apply.

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 NOTES to SECTION 2405.3 cont’d.

2. Measuring Significance – Significance should be measured for each

fiscal year presented. The staff believes that the purpose of the S-X 3-09
reference to S-X 1-02(w) is to describe the mechanics of the significance tests,
not to limit application of the tests to the most recently completed fiscal year.
The asset test in S-X 1-02(w) does not apply. See Section 2410 for
implementation points on measuring significance. (Last updated: 6/30/2010)

3. Interim Financial Statements - The basis for our conclusion that S-X 3-
09 does not require interim financial statements is contained in S-X 3-09(b),
which indicates that S-X 3-09 financial statements “shall be as of the same
dates and for the same periods as the audited [emphasis added] consolidated
financial statements required by S-X 3-01 and S-X 3-02.” S-X 3-01 and S-X
3-02 do not require interim financial statements to be audited.

4. Effect of Different Fiscal Years and One Quarter (or Less) Lag – See
Section 2410.7.

2405.4 Effect of Commencing or Ceasing Use of Equity Method on S-X 3-09

Financial Statements
(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

For purposes of S-X 3-09, the investee’s separate annual financial statements
should only depict the period of the fiscal year in which it was accounted for by
the equity method. However, CF-OCA will, upon a written request, consider
accepting the investee’s financial statements for the whole year, if the registrant
demonstrates that it is an undue hardship to obtain investee’s financial
statements through the date it ceases to be accounted for under the equity
method.

NOTE to SECTION 2405.4

As noted in Section 2010.3, the acquisition of an investment accounted for
using the equity method represents the acquisition of a business for reporting
purposes. Consequently, the acquisition is subject to S-X 3-05. Under S-X 3-
05, the investee’s financial statements would be required for periods prior to the
acquisition if S-X 3-05 significance is met. (Last updated: 6/30/2010)

2405.5 Change from Cost Method to Equity Method - If a registrant’s financial

statements are retroactively adjusted in accordance with ASC 323-10-35-33
to reflect equity method accounting for an investment previously accounted for
under the cost method, S-X 3-09 financial statements, or summarized financial
information required by S-X 4-08(g), S-X 8-03, or S-X 10-01(b)(1), may be
required for periods in which the cost method was previously used if the
significance tests are met.

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2405.6 Lower Tier Investees - S-X 3-09 applies to an investee accounted for by the
equity method by an investee of the registrant. To determine whether separate
financial statements of an investee accounted for by the equity method by an
investee of the registrant are required, the significance test should be computed
based on the materiality of the lower tier investee to the registrant consolidated.
[SAB Topic 6K.4.a.]

2405.7 S-X 3-09 Financial Statement Due Date - Annual Reports - General
The filing date for S-X 3-09 financial statements differs depending primarily on
four factors:

a. whether the registrant is a domestic issuer or a foreign private issuer;

b. the investee’s fiscal year end;
c. both the investee’s and the registrant’s filing status (e.g., non-
accelerated filer, accelerated filer or large accelerated filer), and
d. whether or not the investee is a foreign business. See definition in S-X
1-02(l).

2405.8 S-X 3-09 Financial Statement Due Date - Annual Reports –

Domestic Issuer AND Domestic Investee
The financial statements required by S-X 3-09 must be filed within the
following number of days after the investee’s fiscal year-end:

• 60 days if the investee is a large accelerated filer

• 75 days if the investee is an accelerated filer; or
• 90 days for all other investees.

However, if the number of days after the investee’s fiscal year-end is before the
due date of the registrant’s Form 10-K, then the S-X 3-09 financial statements
need not be filed prior to the due date of the registrant’s Form 10-K. Also, if the
investee’s financial statements are due after the registrant’s Form 10-K is
required to be filed (e.g., registrant is an accelerated filer, but investee is non-
accelerated and both have the same year end), the financial statements required
by S-X 3-09 should be filed in an amendment to the registrant’s Form 10-K.

NOTE to SECTION 2405.8

Exchange Act Rule 12b-25(f) indicates that the 15 calendar day extension
provided for the registrant to file its Form 10-K is not applicable to S-X 3-09
financial statements to be filed by amendment to a Form 10-K. See the Division
of Corporation Finance’s C&DIs for Exchange Act Rules, Question 135.01.

2405.9 S-X 3-09 Financial Statement Due Date - Annual Reports –

Foreign Private Issuer AND Domestic Investee

Financial statements required by S-X 3-09 may be filed in an amendment to the

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 Form 20-F within the following number of days after the investee’s fiscal year
end: [S-X 3-09(b)(2)]

• 60 days if the investee is a large accelerated filer

• 75 days if the investee is an accelerated filer; or
• 90 days for all other investees.

However, if the number of days after the investee’s year-end noted above is
before the due date of the Form 20-F, then the S-X 3-09 financial statements
need not be filed prior to the due date of the Form 20-F.

NOTE to SECTION 2405.9

The 15 calendar day extension provided for the registrant to file its Form 20-F is
not applicable to S-X 3-09 financial statements to be filed by amendment to a
Form 20-F. See the analogous guidance in Exchange Act Rule 12b-25(f).

2405.10 S-X 3-09 Financial Statement Due Date - Annual Reports –

Investee is a Foreign Business
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)
S-X 3-09 financial statements of a foreign business must be filed within six
months after the investee’s year-end, but in no event earlier than the due date of
the registrant’s annual report (i.e., Form 10-K or 20-F). [S-X 3-09(b)(1) and
(b)(2)] If the investee’s financial statements are due after the registrant’s annual
report is required to be filed, the financial statements required by S-X 3-09
should be filed in an amendment to the registrant’s annual report.

NOTES to SECTION 2405.10

1. The 15 calendar day extension provided for the registrant to file its Form 10-
K/20-F is not applicable to S-X 3-09 financial statements to be filed by
amendment to a Form 10-K/20-F. [Exchange Act Rule 12b-25(f) for Form 10-
K and by analogy for Form 20-F]

2. In 2008, the SEC adopted revisions to Form 20-F. See Section 6000. As
part of those revisions, effective for fiscal years ending on or after December
15, 2011, annual reports on Form 20-F will be required to be filed within four
months after a foreign private issuer’s fiscal year end rather than six months
after fiscal year end. [General Instruction A to Form 20-F] This revision to the
annual report deadline does not change the requirement to file S-X 3-09
financial statements of a foreign business within six months after the investee’s
fiscal year end in annual reports of domestic issuers and foreign private issuers.
If the investee’s financial statements are due after the registrant’s annual report
is required to be filed, the S-X 3-09 financial statements may continue to be
filed by amendment to the registrant’s annual report on Form 20-F.

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2405.11 Updating S-X 3-09 Financial Statements - Registration or Proxy Statement

If the investee is a foreign business, S-X 3-09 financial statements may not be
older than 15 months. [S-X 3-12(f) references Item 8.A.4. Form 20-F] If the
investee is not a foreign business, S-X 3-09 financial statements must be
updated within the following number of days after the investee’s fiscal year end:
[S-X 3-09(b) references S-X 3-01 and S-X 3-02]

• 60 days if the investee is a large accelerated filer

• 75 days if the investee is an accelerated filer; or
• 90 days for all other investees.

NOTES to SECTION 2405.11

1. As noted in Section 2405.3, interim financial statements are not required

under S-X 3-09 (although S-X4-08(g) information may be required). Therefore
the updating requirements relate to annual financial statements.

2. The discussion in S-X 3-09(b) cited above relates to registration and proxy
statements. The discussion in S-X 3-09(b)(1) and (b)(2) only relate to annual
reports.

3. “Foreign business” is defined in S-X 1-02(l).

2410 Measuring Significance of Equity Method Investees Under

S-X 3-09

NOTE to SECTION 2410

With the exception of Section 2410.1, the guidance in Section 2410 also applies
to calculating S-X 4-08(g) significance. Section 2410.1 does not apply to S-X 4-
08(g) significance because the number of significance tests and the significance
thresholds used under S-X 4-08(g) can differ from the number of significance
tests and the significance thresholds used under S-X 3-09. See Section 2420.1.
(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

2410.1 General - As noted in Section 2405.3, S-X 3-09 requires the registrant to file
separate annual financial statements for each significant equity method investee
for which either the income or the investment test set forth in S-X 1-02(w)
exceeds 20% for any of the registrant’s fiscal years required to be presented in
the filing (see Note 2 to Section 2405.3). The asset test in S-X 1-02(w) does not
apply. (Last updated: 6/30/2010)

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2410.2 Amounts Used to Measure Significance Under S-X 3-09
(Last updated: 9/30/2010)

The S-X 1-02(w) income test is based on the registrant's “equity in the income
from continuing operations before income taxes of the subsidiary exclusive of
amounts attributable to any noncontrolling interests” (i.e., the numerator)
compared to "such income of the registrant and its subsidiaries consolidated for
the most recently completed fiscal year" (i.e., the denominator). Such equity in
an investee's pretax earnings or loss is not required to be shown or disclosed in
the registrant's financial statements, so the amount to be used as the numerator
and denominator in the income test must be calculated.

NOTE to SECTION 2410.2

Significance should be measured for each fiscal year presented. The staff
believes that the purpose of the S-X 3-09 reference to S-X 1-02(w) is to
describe the mechanics of the significance tests, not to limit application of the
tests to the most recently completed fiscal year. (Last updated: 9/30/2010)

2410.3 Income Test – Implementation Point 1 – Calculating the Numerator

(Last updated: 9/30/2010)

The numerator is calculated based on the registrant’s proportionate share of the

pre-tax income from continuing operations reflected in the separate financial
statements of the investee prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP for the
period in which the registrant recognizes income or loss from the investee under
the equity method adjusted for any basis differences. In determining the basis
differences that should be included for this test, the registrant should consider
ASC 323-10-35-34 and ASC 323-10-35-32A. While not an exclusive list, items
impacting net income of the registrant that should be excluded from the test are:
impairment charges at the investor level, gains/losses from stock sales by the
registrant; dilution gains/losses from stock sales by the investee, preferred
dividends.

See the related discussion about the effect of different fiscal year ends and one
quarter (or less) lags at Section 2410.7. Foreign private issuers that prepare their
financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB should use
IFRS as issued by the IASB in performing this analysis. The aforementioned
guidance does not apply if the registrant elected to use the fair value option.
See Section 2435.

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 NOTES to SECTION 2410.3

1. Numerator - ASC 323-10-45-2 states that the investor’s share of

accounting changes reported in the financial statements of the
investee shall be classified separately. Such amounts are not
included in the numerator of the income test.

2. Numerator - In the year significant influence is either attained or

lost, the registrant’s equity in the income or loss of the investee
presented in the registrant’s statement of comprehensive income
will only include results of the investee for the portion of the year
during which the investment was accounted for using the equity
method. Do not annualize these amounts when calculating S-X 3-
09 significance. (Last updated: 9/30/2010)

2410.4 Income Test – Implementation Point 2 – Calculating the Denominator

(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

Using the statement of comprehensive income presentation depicted in S-X

Article 5 as an example, the calculation of the denominator of the income test
should begin with the amount identified at S-X 5-03(b)10 (i.e., the registrant’s
income or loss before income tax expenses and other items) adjusted to:

a. Include for all investees the registrant’s equity in the earnings (or
loss) of the investee from continuing operations before income taxes
exclusive of amounts attributable to any noncontrolling interests of the
investee.

b. Exclude the portion of the registrant’s income or loss before income

tax expenses and other items identified at S-X 5-03(b)10 attributable to
any non-controlling interests in the registrant’s subsidiaries.

2410.5 Income Test – Implementation Point 3 – Income Averaging

The registrant should not exclude its equity in the income or loss of the investee
when determining whether the registrant qualifies for income averaging under
computational note 2 to S-X 1-02(w). If a registrant qualifies to use income
averaging and the tested equity method investee incurred a loss, then, pursuant
to computational note 1 to S-X 1-02(w), the registrant’s equity in the income or
loss of the investee should be excluded from the income of the registrant when
computing the registrant’s average income.

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2410.6 Income Test – Implementation Point 4 - Intercompany Transactions
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)
Because an equity method investee is not consolidated, intercompany
transactions should not be eliminated when measuring significance of an equity
method investee.

2410.7 Income Test – Implementation Point 5 - Effect of Different Fiscal Years and
One Quarter (or Less) Lag
(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

The investee’s financial statements a registrant is required to file under S-X 3-

09 may differ from the investee’s financial results used by the registrant to
calculate the registrant’s equity in the income or loss of the investee presented
in the registrant’s financial statements. This may occur when a registrant and an
investee have different fiscal years or when they have the same fiscal year, but
the registrant computes its equity in the income or loss of the investee on a
consistent one quarter (or less) lag basis. In these circumstances, the S-X 3-09
significance tests should be determined using the investee’s financial results
used by the registrant to calculate the registrant’s equity in the income or loss of
the investee presented in the registrant’s financial statements, not amounts
derived from the investee’s financial statements required to be filed under S-X
3-09. For example, consider a registrant with a December 31 year end and an
investee with a June 30 year end. Assume the registrant consistently recognizes
its equity in the income of the investee using the investee’s twelve months
ended September 30. In this case, the registrant calculates the S-X 3-09
significance tests consistent with FRM 2410.2 using the investee’s results for
the twelve months ended September 30. If the investee is significant, the
investee’s financial statements for the twelve months ended June 30 would
satisfy the requirements of S-X 3-09 because those are the annual financial
statements the investee would be required to present pursuant to S-X 3-01 and
3-02 if the investee were a registrant.

2410.8 Income Test – Implementation Point 6 - Effect of Discontinued Operations

or Retrospectively Applied Change in Accounting Principle
(Last updated: 3/17/2016)

If a registrant has a discontinued operation or a retrospectively applied change

in accounting principle subsequent to the registrant’s filing of its Form 10-K,
the staff will not object if a registrant uses its historical financial statements in
its most recent Form 10-K to determine whether S-X 3-09 financial statements
and S-X 4-08(g) financial information is required. In other words, the registrant
need not recompute significance using the financial statements that give
retrospective effect to the discontinued operation or change in accounting
principle and are included or incorporated into the registration or proxy
statement. In addition, the staff will not object if a registrant, when filing a

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 subsequent Form 10-K, does not recompute S-X 3-09 and S-X 4-08(g)
significance for periods earlier than the one during which a retrospectively
applied change in accounting principle occurred. However, for a discontinued
operation, a registrant must recompute S-X 3-09 and S-X 4-08(g) significance
for all periods presented. As a result, a previously insignificant investee may
become significant as a result of a discontinued operation.

Discontinued Operation and Change in Accounting Principle Exception for

Form 10-K for the Year of Disposal

S-X 3-09 financial statements and S-X 4-08(g) financial information for a
disposed equity method investment will not be required in the Form 10-K for
the year of disposal if (A) in the year an equity method investment is disposed,
either a different event occurs after the disposal requiring a component of the
registrant to be reported as a discontinued operation or a change in accounting
principle is adopted by the registrant in the year of the disposal; and (B) the
equity method investment is not significant for any of the registrant’s fiscal
years required to be presented in the Form 10-K, including the year of disposal,
based on the historical financial statements of the registrant that have not been
retrospectively adjusted to give effect to the discontinued operation or change in
accounting principle.

2410.9 Multiple Series Registrants - S-X 3-09 Significance Calculations

(Last updated: 9/30/2009)

a. Multiple series registrants are formed as trusts or partnerships under

state law, which establishes the registrant as a legal entity and as an
issuer. As an issuer, the registrant may conduct offerings of interests
in different series where such series are not considered registrants or
even legal entities. However, each series is considered a security.
Typically, investors will invest in one or more individual series being
offered by a registrant, and the capital raised by a particular series is
invested separately from the capital of any other series of the
registrant. For purposes of SEC reporting, the trust (or partnership) is
the sole registrant, not the individual series. However, separate
financial statements of each individual series must be provided
because an investor invests in an individual series.

b. Significance must be assessed at the individual series level for

purposes of S-X 3-09 and 4-08(g) to determine if separate financial
statements or summarized financial data of any investments made by
an individual series must be provided. Even though the trust or
partnership is the issuer, that issuer status does not negate the
requirement for series level disclosure and the provision of series level
financial statements under S-X 3-09 and 4-08(g).

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 For example: Series A is one of 5 series within a registrant and the
registrant’s Form 10-K includes the financial statements of all such
series. Series A made an investment which has a greater than 20%
significance level to Series A (but represents only 5% significance to
the registrant overall). Separate financial statements for the
investment must be provided in the registrant’s 10-K under the
provisions of S-X 3-09.

For further discussion about multiple series registrants, see the Division of
Corporation Finance’s C&DIs for Securities Act Sections, Question 104.01.

2415 Combined/Consolidated Financial Statements of Equity Method

Investees
S-X 3-09 allows for the presentation of combined or consolidated financial
statements (where appropriate) if financial statements are required for two or
more investees. Combined financial statements generally are appropriate only
for entities under common control or common management, and then only for
periods in which that condition existed. [ARB 51 paragraphs 22 and 23 / ASC
810-10-55-1B and ASC 810-10-45-10]

2420 Summarized Financial Data of Equity Method Investees

[S-X 4-08(g), S-X 8-03, S-X 10-01(b)(1), and SAB Topic 6K.4.b.]

2420.1 Overview
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

NOTE to SECTION 2420.1

With the exception of Section 2410.1, the guidance in Section 2410 also applies
to calculating S-X 4-08(g) significance. Section 2410 includes important
clarifying points, which may not be reproduced below, related to measuring S-X
4-08(g) significance. Therefore, you should refer to Section 2410 (except
Section 2410.1) as well as Section 2420 when seeking guidance on calculating
S-X 4-08(g) significance. Section 2410.1 does not apply to S-X 4-08(g)
significance because the number of significance tests and the significance
thresholds used under S-X 4-08(g) can differ from the number of significance
tests and the significance thresholds used under S-X 3-09. See further
discussion in the chart below and Note 3 to Section 2420.3.
(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

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 The requirements to present summarized financial data of the registrant’s equity
method investees in a footnote to the registrant’s financial statements apply to
all registrants. The significance tests and thresholds used to determine whether
such disclosure is required as well as the level of disclosure may differ
depending on whether:

a. The registrant is a smaller reporting company and

b. The registrant’s financial statements are for an annual or interim

period.

The following table includes an overview of the sources of these requirements

as well as the number of significance tests that must be computed and the
significance thresholds. See the Sections noted in the chart for further detail.

Registrant Annual Interim

Financial Statements Financial Statements
Other Reporting Companies
Source: S-X 4-08(g) S-X 10-01(b)(1)
Number of Significance 3 2
Tests: Exceeds 10% Exceeds 20%
Significance Threshold: See Sections 2420.3 to See Sections 2420.6
2420.5 to 2420.8
Smaller Reporting Companies
Source: S-X 8-03 S-X 8-03
Number of Significance 3 3
Tests: Exceeds 20% Exceeds 20%
Significance Threshold: See Section 2420.9 See Section 2420.9

2420.2 Definitions – The summarized financial data requirements apply to

“Subsidiaries Not Consolidated” and “50% or Less-owned Persons.” See
Sections 2405.2 and 2405.3 for definitions of these terms.

2420.3 Other Reporting Companies - Annual Financial Statements - Overview [S-X

4-08(g)]
(Last updated: 3/31/2013)

Determine significance of each investee for each of the registrant’s fiscal years
required to be presented in the filing using all 3 tests in S-X 1-02(w)
(investment, asset and income tests). Present summarized financial data
described in Section 2420.4 in the registrant’s financial statement footnotes for
all investees (not just the investee that is significant) if significance of any
individual or any combination of investee(s) exceeds 10%. See exception
below at Section 2420.5 Interaction of S-X 4-08(g) with S-X 3-09.

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 NOTES to SECTION 2420.3

1. De Minimis Exception - Annual Financial Statements - SAB Topic

6K.4.b. notes that the staff recognizes that exclusion of summarized information
for certain, but not all, investees may be appropriate in some circumstances
where it is impracticable to accumulate and the summarized information to be
excluded is de minimis.

2. Significance – Number of Tests - The requirement to determine

significance for purposes of S-X 4-08(g) using all 3 tests in S-X 1-02(w) differs
from S-X 3-09, which only requires significance to be determined based on 2
tests (investment and income tests). In 1994, S-X 3-09 was revised to delete the
asset test; however the asset test was retained for S-X 4-08(g) to ensure a
minimum level of financial information about an investee when the investment
test significance was small, but the registrant’s proportionate interest in the
investee’s assets was material, as might be the case for a highly leveraged
investee.

3. Significance – Number of Periods - Significance should be measured for

each fiscal year presented. The staff believes that the purpose of the S-X 4-
08(g) reference to S-X 1-02(w) is to describe the mechanics of the significance
tests, not to limit application of the tests to the most recently completed fiscal
year. (Last updated: 6/30/2010)

2420.4 Other Reporting Companies - Annual Financial Statements – Minimum

Disclosure [S-X 4-08(g) references S-X 1-02(bb)]
(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

If S-X 4-08(g) significance is met in any fiscal year presented, the registrant’s
financial statement footnotes for each of the registrant’s fiscal years presented
should include, at a minimum, the following summarized financial data for all
investees (not just the investees that are significant): current and noncurrent
assets and liabilities; redeemable stock and noncontrolling interests; revenues;
gross profit; income from continuing operations; and net income. The
summarized annual financial data for each investee may be aggregated, but it
should not be labeled “unaudited.”

2420.5 Other Reporting Companies - Annual Financial Statements – Interaction of

S-X 4-08(g) with S-X 3-09
SAB Topic 6K.4.b. notes that if a registrant includes separate financial
statements (i.e., S-X 3-09 financial statements) for an investee in its annual
report, then it need not include the summarized financial information required
by S-X 4-08(g) for that investee. [S-X 4-08(g) and SAB Topic 6K.4.b.] The
reason for this conclusion is that separate financial statements of an investee
would include the minimum information required by S-X 4-08(g) and therefore

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 such information need not be repeated in the registrant’s financial statement
footnotes. As noted in Section 2405, in certain circumstances S-X 3-09
financial statements may be filed after the original due date of the registrant’s
Form 10-K. If S-X 3-09 financial statements are not filed at the same time as
the Form 10-K, the registrant must include S-X 4-08(g) summarized financial
information in its audited financial statements included in the Form 10-K.

NOTE to SECTION 2420.5

SAB Topic 6K.4.b. discusses the Annual Report to Shareholders. The Annual
Report to Shareholders differs from the Annual Report on Form 10-K in certain
significant respects. See Proxy Rules 14a-3 for a discussion of the Annual Report
to Shareholders. However, CF-OCA applies the rationale in SAB Topic 6K.4.b.
to the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

2420.6 Other Reporting Companies - Interim Financial Statements – Overview

[S-X 10-01(b)(1)]
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)
Present summarized statement of comprehensive income information for each
investee for which both:

a. Investee is significant, measured using either the income or investment

tests described in S-X 1-02(w) substituting 20% for 10%; and

b. Form 10-Q financial information (i.e., Part 1 of Form 10-Q) would be

required if investee was a registrant. Examples of registrants that do
not need to file Form 10-Q Part 1 include foreign private issuers, asset-
backed issuers, mutual life insurance companies and certain mining
companies. See Exchange Act Rule 13a-13 and Exchange Act Rule
15d-13 for a complete list and explanation.

NOTE to SECTION 2420.6

Measuring Significance – See Implementation points in Section 2420.7.

2420.7 Other Reporting Companies - Interim Financial Statements – Significance

Tests Implementation Points [S-X 10-01(b)(1)]

a. Income Test: Use the year-to-date interim period statement of

comprehensive income for the current year in lieu of either the
quarterly financial statements or the financial statements for the most
recently completed fiscal year (except the first quarter where the
quarterly and year-to-date period are the same); and

b. Income Test: Omit income averaging [i.e., computational note 2 of S-

X 1-02(w)].

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 c. Investment Test: Use both the most recent balance sheet, which should
correspond to the end of the year-to-date (cumulative) interim period
used to measure significance under the income test, and the balance
sheet as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year that is
included in the quarterly report.

NOTE to SECTION 2420.7

Investment Test – It is important to use the balance sheet as of the end of
the most recently completed fiscal year that is included in the quarterly
report as it may differ from the corresponding balance sheet included in
the most recently filed Form 10-K if a transaction or event has occurred
since filing the Form 10-K that requires retrospective application in the
subsequently filed Form 10-Q, such as a change in accounting principle.

2420.8 Other Reporting Companies - Interim Financial Statements – Minimum

Disclosure [S-X 10-01(b)(1)]
(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

When interim summarized statement of comprehensive income information is

required, it need only be provided for investees that are significant. Minimum
disclosure for each significant investee, which may be aggregated with such
minimum disclosure for other significant investees, must include: revenues;
gross profit; income from continuing operations; and net income. If S-X 10-
01(b)(1) significance is met for any year-to-date (cumulative) interim period
included in a quarterly report (See Sections 2420.6 and 2420.7), then the
registrant should present the minimum disclosure for both the current and prior
year comparative year-to-date periods included in that quarterly report.

2420.9 Smaller Reporting Companies – Annual and Interim Financial Statements

[S-X 8-03]
(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

Determine significance of each investee for any of the registrant’s fiscal years
required to be presented in the filing using all 3 tests in S-X 1-02(w)
(investment, asset and income tests), substituting 20% for 10%. If significance
of any individual or any combination of investee(s) exceeds 20%, include in the
registrant’s financial statement footnotes summarized financial data for all
investees for each period presented. Summarized annual financial data should
not be labeled "unaudited." Interim financial statements need only include
summarized financial data for each investee that is significant. Summarized
financial data should quantify at a minimum the investee’s: revenues; gross
profit; income from continuing operations; and net income.

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 NOTES to SECTION 2420.9

1. Source of Requirement - The smaller reporting company requirement for

summarized financial information is located within the S-X 8-03 requirements
for interim financial statements. Notwithstanding the location of this
requirement, the staff applies the S-X 8-03 requirement for summarized
financial information to both annual and interim financial statements.

2. Significance - S-X 8-03(b)(3) states that significance should be determined

based on “a registrant’s consolidated assets, equity or income from continuing
operations.” Comparing a registrant’s investment to its equity, rather than its
total assets as required in S-X 4-08(g) and S-X 10-01(b)(1), would likely have
the unintended consequence of requiring a smaller reporting company registrant
[as defined in S-K 10(f)] to disclose summarized financial information more
often than a registrant that is not a smaller reporting company. The staff did not
intend for the disclosure requirements for a smaller reporting company to be
more onerous than those for a registrant that is not a smaller reporting company.
Therefore, the staff determines significance for purposes of reporting
summarized financial information by smaller reporting companies in a manner
consistent with S-X 1-02(w), substituting 20% for 10%.

3. De Minimis Exception - Annual Financial Statements - SAB Topic

6K.4.b. notes that the staff recognizes that exclusion of summarized information
for certain, but not all, investees may be appropriate in some circumstances
where it is impracticable to accumulate and the summarized information to be
excluded is de minimis.

2420.10 Change from Cost Method to Equity Method - If a registrant’s financial

statements are retroactively adjusted in accordance with ASC 323-10-35-33
to reflect equity method accounting for an investment previously accounted for
under the cost method, S-X 3-09 financial statements, or summarized financial
information required by S-X 4-08(g), S-X 8-03, or S-X 10-01(b)(1), may be
required for periods in which the cost method was previously used if the
significance tests are met.

2420.11 Multiple Series Registrants - Information required by S-X 4-08(g) must be

provided on an individual series level. See Section 2410.9 for more
information. (Last updated: 9/30/2009)

2425 “Foreign Business” Investees

Financial statements required by S-X 3-09 for an investee that meets the
definition of a foreign business [see S-X 1-02(l)] need only comply with the
reporting requirements of Item 17 of Form 20-F and are subject to the updating
requirements of Item 8.A.4 of Form 20-F. Reconciliation requirements are
described at Topic 6.

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2430 Relief
Registrants may request that CF-OCA grant relief in unusual situations where
strict application of the rules and guidelines results in a requirement that is
unreasonable under the circumstances. Favorable requests for relief from S-X
3-09 often do not provide a sufficient basis for also granting relief from the
disclosure required by S-X 4-08(g).

2435 ASC 825 Fair Value Option for an Equity Method Investment
and S-X 3-09 and S-X 4-08(g)
2435.1 ASC 825 Fair Value Option - Background - S-X 3-09 and S-X 4-08(g) did not
contemplate the fair value option. Those rules were put in place to provide
presumptive disclosure thresholds for separate financial statements and/or
summarized financial information of entities accounted for using the equity
method, consistent with the requirements of ASC 323-10-50-3c. ASC 825
requires, in part, that companies electing the fair value option for an investee
comply with the disclosure requirements in ASC 323-10-50-3c.

2435.2 ASC 825 Fair Value Option – Presumptive Disclosure Thresholds for
Summarized Financial Information and Separate Financial Statements of
Investees -

The staff believes that the significance tests in S-X 3-09 and S-X 4-08(g), as
modified below, provide analogous guidance for the ASC 825 requirement to
comply with the disclosure requirements in ASC 323-10-50-3c. In applying the
S-X 3-09 and S-X 4-08(g) disclosure thresholds to investments that would have
been accounted for under the equity method had the fair value option not been
elected by the registrant, the staff believes that the income test should be
computed using as the numerator the change in the fair value reflected in the
registrant’s statement of comprehensive income rather than the registrant’s
equity in the earnings of the investee computed as if the equity method had been
applied. If a registrant believes that applying the guidance in S-X 3-09 and S-X
4-08(g) by analogy as described above results in a requirement to provide more
information than is reasonably necessary to inform investors, the registrant may
request relief.

2435.3 ASC 825 Fair Value Option – MD&A Disclosure of Methods and
Assumptions Used to Determine Fair Value -

The staff also cautions registrants that investees accounted for using the fair
value option may be material at levels below the disclosure thresholds in S-X 3-
09 and S-X 4-08(g). When investees accounted for using the fair value option
are material to an understanding of results of operations, financial position, or
cash flows, registrants should consider whether qualitative and quantitative

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 analysis in MD&A is required by S-K 303, whether or not the investee’s
separate financial statements are provided and/or the registrant’s financial
statement footnotes include the investee’s summarized financial information.
Specifically, registrants should consider describing in MD&A the methods and
underlying assumptions used in determining fair value, and analyzing the effects
of any changes therein from the previous period(s). Registrants should be
mindful that such an analysis may be necessary even when material changes in
significant assumptions have offsetting effects.

2500 GUARANTORS AND ISSUERS OF GUARANTEED

SECURITIES
[S-X 3-10, S-X 13-01 and S-X 8-01(c)]
(Last updated: 12/31/2022)

Section Description
2510 Background
2515 Eligibility Conditions and Disclosure Requirements
2520 Implementation Matters
2530 Recently-Acquired Subsidiary Issuers and Guarantors
2540 Periodic Reporting by Subsidiary Issuers and
Guarantors

2510 Background
2510.1 Financial Statements of Guarantors and Issuers of Guaranteed Securities -
A debt or debt-like security (e.g., preferred stock that meets the requirements of
Rule 3-10(b)(2)) that is registered or being registered may be guaranteed by one
or more affiliates of the issuer (e.g., a parent company may issue debt securities
that are guaranteed by one or more of its subsidiaries). A guarantee of a debt or
debt-like security is a separate security under the Securities Act and, as a result,
offers and sales of these guarantees, which are typically purchased together with
the related debt security and are held together while outstanding, must be either
registered or exempt from registration. Each issuer of a registered security that
is guaranteed and each guarantor of a registered security must file the financial
statements required by Regulation S-X in registration statements and Exchange
Act reports, as applicable. However, in certain circumstances, as described in
Section 2510.2, S-X 3-10(a) provides relief from the requirement to file separate
financial statements for each issuer and guarantor.

2510.2 Conditions for Omission of Subsidiary Issuer and Subsidiary Guarantor

Financial Statements
S-X 3-10(a) permits the omission of separate financial statements of subsidiary
issuers and guarantors of guaranteed “debt or debt-like”, as defined in S-X 3-
10(b)(2), securities when certain conditions are met, including that the “parent

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 company”, as defined in S-X 3-10(b)(1), provides supplemental financial and
non-financial disclosures about the subsidiary issuers and/or guarantors and the
guarantees. S-X 3-10 specifies the conditions that must be met in order to omit
separate subsidiary issuer or guarantor financial statements, these are
summarized in Section 2515.2. S-X 13‑01 specifies the accompanying financial
and non-financial disclosure requirements, as summarized in Section 2515.3. If
any of the conditions in S-X 3-10 are not met, or the disclosures in S-X 13-01
are not provided by the parent company, separate financial statements of each
subsidiary issuer and guarantor may not be omitted. The requirements of S-X
3-10 and 3-16 were amended on March 2, 2020 in SEC Release No. 33-10762
(the “March 2020 Amendments”), which includes an appendix that summarizes
the main features of these rules, including the eligibility conditions and required
disclosures.

NOTE to SECTION 2510.2

The requirements of S-X 3‑10 and S-X 13‑01 also apply to entities that qualify
as smaller reporting companies under S-X 8-01(c) and S-X 8-03(b)(6), and to
entities offering or that have offered guaranteed securities pursuant to
Regulation A through the requirements of Forms 1-A, 1-K, and 1-SA.

2515 Eligibility Conditions and Disclosure Requirements

2515.1 Summarized Eligibility Conditions and Disclosure Requirements - Set forth

below are tables summarizing the main features of S-X 3‑10 and S-X 13‑01.
These tables are only a summary of certain requirements contained in the rules
and regulations; they are not a substitute for the rules and regulations. Refer to
the rules for the full requirements and to the description of those requirements in
the March 2020 Amendments.

2515.2 Eligibility Conditions - The following table summarizes the eligibility

conditions in S-X 3-10 that, if all have been satisfied, permit the omission of the
separate financial statements of a subsidiary issuer or guarantor:

Eligibility Condition Description Rule Reference

Parent Company Consolidated financial statements of the
Financial “parent company,” as defined at S-X 3- S-X 3-10(a)
Statements 10(b)(1), have been filed.
The subsidiary issuer or guarantor is a
Consolidated
consolidated subsidiary of the parent S-X 3-10(a)
Subsidiary
company.
The guaranteed security is “debt or debt-
Debt or Debt-Like S-X 3-10(a)(1)
like,” as defined at S-X 3-10(b)(2).

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 Eligibility Condition Description Rule Reference
The issuer and guarantor structure must
Eligible Issuer and
match one of the eligible issuer and S-X 3-10(a)(1)(i)
Guarantor
guarantor structures. See Sections 2515.4 or (ii)
Structure
and .5 below for additional information.
Supplemental
Parent company provides the supplemental
Financial and Non-
financial and non-financial disclosures S-X 3-10(a)(2)
Financial
specified in S-X 13-01.
Disclosures

2515.3 Non-Financial and Financial Disclosures - The following tables summarize

the supplemental non-financial and financial disclosures that, to the extent
material, must be provided by the parent company. Refer to Section 2520
below for additional information on the application of these requirements.

The parent company may provide the disclosures in its consolidated financial
statements and related footnotes or, alternatively, in MD&A. If a parent
company elects to provide the disclosures in its audited financial statements, the
disclosures must be audited. If not otherwise included in the consolidated
financial statements or in MD&A, the parent company must include the
disclosures in its prospectus immediately following “Risk Factors,” if any, or
otherwise, immediately following pricing information described in Item 105 of
Regulation S-K [S-X 13-01(b)].

Non-Financial
Disclosure Description Rule Reference
Requirement
Disclosures about the following:
• the issuers and guarantors;
• the terms and conditions of the
guarantees; and
• how the issuer and guarantor
structure and other factors may affect
Non-Financial payments to holders of the S-X 13-01(a)(1)
Disclosures guaranteed securities. through (3)
Disclosure of facts and circumstances
specific to particular issuers and guarantors
that are beyond what is specifically required
in S-X 13-01(a)(1) through (3) may be
necessary (see “Additional Information
Required to be Disclosed” section below).

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 Non-Financial
Disclosure Description Rule Reference
Requirement
List of each of the parent company’s
Exhibit Listing
subsidiaries that is a guarantor, issuer, or co- Exhibit 22 (Item
Each Subsidiary
issuer of guaranteed securities registered or 601(b)(22) of
Guarantor, Issuer,
being registered that the parent company Regulation S-K)
or Co-Issuer
issues, co-issues, or guarantees.

Financial
Disclosure Description Rule Reference
Requirement
Summarized financial information, as
specified in S-X 1-02(bb)(1), which includes
select balance sheet and income statement
line items, for each issuer and guarantor.
Summarized
Financial S-X 13-01(a)(4)
Disclosure of additional line items of
Information
financial information beyond what is
specified in S-X 13-01(a)(4) may be
necessary (see “Additional Information
Required to be Disclosed” section below).
An accompanying note that briefly describes
Basis of
the basis of presentation. S-X 13-01(a)(4)
Presentation Note
Transactions with
and Balances Due
An issuer’s or guarantor’s amounts due from,
To / From
amounts due to, and transactions with non-
Related Parties S-X 13-01(a)(4)(iii)
obligated subsidiaries and related parties
and Non-
must be presented in separate line items.
Obligated
Subsidiaries
The summarized financial information of
each issuer and guarantor consolidated in the
parent company’s consolidated financial
statements is permitted to be presented on a
combined basis with the summarized
financial information of the parent company.
Combined Basis S-X 13-01(a)(4)(i)
Presentation and 13-01(a)(4)(iv)
However, if information provided in
response to disclosures specified in S-X 13-
01 (e.g., one of the non-financial disclosures)
is applicable to one or more, but not all,
issuers and guarantors, separate disclosure of
summarized financial information for the

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 Financial
Disclosure Description Rule Reference
Requirement
issuers and guarantors to which the
information applies is required.

In limited circumstances (i.e., where the

separate financial information applicable to
those issuers and/or guarantors can be easily
understood), narrative disclosure may be
provided in lieu of such separate summarized
financial information.

Elimination of Intercompany balances and transactions

Certain between issuers and guarantors whose
Intercompany information is presented on a combined basis S-X 13-01(a)(4)(ii)
Balances and must be eliminated in the financial
Transactions disclosures.

The summarized financial information of

issuers and guarantors must exclude
subsidiaries that are not issuers or
Exclusion of Non-
guarantors, even if an issuer or guarantor
Obligated
would otherwise consolidate such non-issuer S-X 13-01(a)(4)(iii)
Subsidiary
and non-guarantor subsidiaries. An issuer’s
Information
or guarantor’s investment in a subsidiary that
is not an issuer or guarantor shall not be
presented.

The summarized financial information must

be provided as of and for the most recently
Periods to
ended fiscal year and year-to-date interim S-X 13-01(a)(4)(v)
Present
period, if applicable, included in the parent
company’s consolidated financial statements.

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 Financial
Disclosure Description Rule Reference
Requirement

The summarized financial information may

Non-Exclusive be omitted on the basis that it is not material
Scenarios if one of the four non-exclusive scenarios in
Permitting S-X 13-01(a)(4)(vi) is applicable and the
Omission of related scenario is disclosed. See Section S-X 13-01(a)(4)(vi)
Summarized 2520.3 for a discussion of the second non-
Financial exclusive scenario.
Information

Disclose any financial and narrative

information about each guarantor if the
Additional information would be material for investors
Information to evaluate the sufficiency of the guarantee, S-X 13-01(a)(6)
Required to be and disclose sufficient information so as to and (7)
Disclosed make the financial and non-financial
information presented not misleading.

Disclose pre-acquisition summarized

financial information specified in S-X 13-
01(a)(4) for recently-acquired subsidiary
issuers and guarantors in a Securities Act
registration statement filed in connection
Recently-
with the offer and sale of the guaranteed
Acquired
security if the parent company has acquired a
Subsidiary S-X 13-01(a)(5)
significant “business” after the date of its
Issuers and
most recent balance sheet included in its
Guarantors
consolidated financial statements and that
acquired business and/or one or more of its
subsidiaries are obligated as issuers and/or
guarantors. See Section 2530 below for
additional information.

2515.4 Eligible Issuer and Guarantor Structures Condition – Parent Company

Obligation is Full and Unconditional – The ability to provide supplemental
financial and non-financial disclosures in lieu of separate subsidiary issuer and
guarantor financial statements is only available when the parent company’s

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 obligation is full and unconditional. The parent company’s role as issuer, co-
issuer, or full and unconditional guarantor with respect to the guaranteed
security determines whether the issuer and guarantor structure is eligible. See
eligible structures at S-X 3-10(a)(1)(i) and (ii).

A guarantee is “full and unconditional,” if, when an issuer of a guaranteed

security has failed to make a scheduled payment, the guarantor is obligated to
make the scheduled payment immediately and, if it does not, any holder of the
guaranteed security may immediately bring suit directly against the guarantor
for payment of all amounts due and payable. [S-X 3-10(b)(3)].

2515.5 Subsidiary Guarantors – The categories of eligible issuer and guarantor

structures at S-X 3-10(a)(1)(i) and (ii) do not refer to subsidiary guarantors.
Although one or more other subsidiaries of the parent company may guarantee
the security, the eligibility of an issuer and guarantor structure depends on the
role of the parent company as issuer, co-issuer, or full and unconditional
guarantor with respect to the guaranteed security. Separate financial statements
of consolidated subsidiary guarantors may be omitted for each issuer and
guarantor structure that is eligible if the other conditions of S-X 3-10 are met.

Despite not affecting whether the issuer and guarantor structure is eligible, the
role of subsidiary guarantors and nature of their guarantees affect what
disclosure is required. For example, subsidiary guarantors are required to be
identified pursuant to S-X 13-01(a)(1), and disclosure of the terms and
conditions of the guarantees is required by S-X 13-01(a)(2), which includes but
is not limited to any limitations and conditions of a subsidiary’s guarantee,
whether the guarantee is joint and several with other guarantees, and any
guarantee release provisions. Further, separate disclosure of summarized
financial information applicable to subsidiary guarantors to which such
disclosures apply is required by S-X 13-01(a)(4)(iv).

2520 Implementation Matters

2520.1 Non-Issuer/Non-Guarantor Subsidiaries – The summarized financial
information required by S-X 13-01(a)(4) must exclude non-issuer/non-guarantor
subsidiaries, even if an issuer or guarantor would otherwise consolidate such
non-issuer/non-guarantor subsidiaries. Further, an issuer's or guarantor's
investment in a non-issuer/non-guarantor subsidiary shall not be presented [S-X
13-01(a)(4)(iii)]. Similarly, equity in earnings or losses of a non-issuer/non-
guarantor subsidiary shall not be presented. However, dividends that are
declared and receivable from a non-issuer/non-guarantor subsidiary should be
included.

2520.2 Combined Basis Presentation – S-X 13-01(a)(4) requires disclosure of

summarized financial information for each issuer and guarantor. S-X 13-

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 01(a)(4)(i) permits, but does not require, the summarized financial information
of each issuer and guarantor consolidated by the parent company to be
presented on a combined basis with the parent company’s summarized financial
information. Additionally, S-X 13-01(a)(4)(iv) requires separate disclosure of
summarized financial information for certain issuers and guarantors in some
circumstances. Where summarized financial information of issuers and
guarantors is presented separately:

• Intercompany balances and transactions between issuers and guarantors

should not be eliminated. Such amounts should be presented in separate
line items in the summarized financial information [S-X 13-
01(a)(4)(iii)] and the accompanying basis of presentation note [S-X 13-
01(a)(4)] should clearly explain their nature and the entities to which
they relate; and

• To avoid duplicative financial information about the same issuers and

guarantors being presented, the summarized financial information of an
issuer or guarantor should exclude its investment in a subsidiary issuer
or guarantor whose summarized financial information is presented
separately, as well as any related equity in earnings (e.g., a parent
company issuer should not present its investment in a consolidated
subsidiary guarantor whose summarized financial information is
presented separately).

2520.3 Omission of Summarized Financial Information: Non-Exclusive Scenarios

– S-X 13-01(a)(4)(vi) sets forth four non-exclusive scenarios in which the
required summarized financial information may be omitted on the basis that it is
not material, provided the scenario is applicable and disclosed. The second
scenario is that “[t]he combined issuers and guarantors, excluding investments
in subsidiaries that are not issuers or guarantors, have no material assets,
liabilities or results of operations”. [S-X 13-01(a)(4)(vi)(B)]. If this scenario is
not applicable to a combined issuer and guarantor solely because the guaranteed
debt or debt-like securities and/or related expenses (e.g., interest expense) are
material, the staff will not object if, in lieu of summarized financial information,
the parent company, discloses that the combined issuers and guarantors,
excluding investments in subsidiaries that are not issuers or guarantors, have no
material assets, liabilities or results of operations except for the guaranteed debt
or debt-like securities and/or related expenses, and also discloses the nature and
amount(s) of guaranteed debt or debt-like securities and/or related expenses.
This disclosure should clearly indicate whether amounts of debt or debt-like
securities are current or non-current.

2520.4 Trust Preferred Securities – An issuer of trust preferred securities that

satisfied all conditions under S-X 3-10 and was therefore eligible to omit its
separate financial statements prior to the March 2020 Amendments may not
satisfy the eligibility condition in S-X 3-10(a) as currently in effect because it

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 requires a subsidiary issuer to be consolidated by its parent company. However,
for issuers with this scenario, refer to the staff no-action letter dated November
10, 2020.

2530 Recently-Acquired Subsidiary Issuers and Guarantors [S-X 13-

01(a)(5)]
2530.1 Pre-Acquisition Summarized Financial Information - S-X 13-01(a)(5)
requires pre-acquisition summarized financial information of recently-acquired
subsidiary issuers and guarantors when a parent company has acquired a
significant “business” after the date of its most recent balance sheet included in
its consolidated financial statements, and that acquired business and/or one or
more of its subsidiaries are obligated as issuers and/or guarantors. Pre-
acquisition financial information of recently acquired subsidiary issuers and/or
guarantors is not required for acquisitions that occur before the date of the
parent company’s most recent balance sheet included in the parent company’s
financial statements. S-X 13-01(a)(5) only applies to a Securities Act
registration statement filed in connection with the offer and sale of the
guaranteed securities.

2530.2 Significance Test - Whether a “business” has been acquired is determined in

accordance with the guidance set forth in S-X 11-01(d), and acquisitions of
“related” businesses are treated as a single business acquisition in a manner
consistent with S-X 3-05(a)(3). An acquired business will be deemed significant
using the significance tests in S-X 1-02(w), substituting 20% for 10% each
place it appears therein, based on a comparison of the most recent annual
financial statements of the acquired business and the parent company’s most
recent annual consolidated financial statements filed at or prior to the date of
acquisition. These significance tests are the same tests used to determine
whether pre-acquisition financial statements are required for an acquired
business pursuant to S-X 3-05.

2530.3 Form and Content - The pre-acquisition summarized financial information

follows the form and content prescribed in S-X 13-01(a)(4) required for existing
issuers and guarantors. Not all entities that compose an acquired business may
be issuers and/or guarantors. Accordingly, the required summarized financial
information is only for those entities acquired that are issuers or guarantors.

2530.4 Timing Considerations - Generally, a parent company is required to provide

the pre-acquisition summarized financial information of a recently acquired
issuer or guarantor in a Securities Act registration statement for those
acquisitions where it will be required to provide pre-acquisition financial
statements of the acquired business pursuant to S-X 3-05. However, there may
be some circumstances where the pre-acquisition summarized financial
information is required in advance of when pre-acquisition financial statements
are required pursuant to S-X 3-05. For example, S-X 3-05(b)(4) in part permits,

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 in certain circumstances, pre-acquisition financial statements of an acquired
business to be omitted from a registration statement if significance does not
exceed 50% and the registration statement is declared effective no more than 74
calendar days after consummation of the acquisition, provided the pre-
acquisition financial statements are subsequently filed on Form 8-K. In those
circumstances, however, the pre-acquisition summarized financial information
of a recently acquired issuer or guarantor would still be required by S-X 13-
01(a)(5).

There may also be some circumstances where a parent company is required to

provide this pre-acquisition summarized financial information of a recently
acquired issuer or guarantor, but is not required to provide pre-acquisition
financial statements of the acquired business pursuant to S-X 3-05. For
example, a parent company that is a foreign private issuer that acquires a
significant business after the date of the most recent balance sheet presented is
required to provide pre-acquisition summarized financial information of a
recently acquired issuer or guarantor pursuant to S-X 13-01(a)(5), but may be
able to omit the pre-acquisition financial statements of a greater than 20% but
less than 50% significant acquired business from its registration statement
pursuant to S-X 3-05(b)(4) and from any subsequent Exchange Act filings.

2540 Periodic Reporting by Subsidiary Issuers and Guarantors

2540.1 Exchange Act Reporting Exemption - Subsidiary issuers and guarantors that
are permitted by S-X 3-10 to omit separate financial statements are exempt from
the periodic reporting requirements of Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Exchange
Act [Exchange Act Rule 12h-5]. If an issuer or guarantor of a guaranteed
security has a different class of securities that is registered under Section 12 of
the Exchange Act, the issuer or guarantor cannot rely on Rule 12h-5 for
reporting relief until it deregisters the other class of securities [See Division of
Corporation Finance Exchange Act Rules CDI, 254.01].

The conditions in S-X 3-10(a) must be met at the end of each annual and
quarterly reporting period for use of the Rule 12h-5 exemption.

2540.2 When Disclosure is Required – In addition to the registration statement that

registers the offer and sale of the guaranteed securities, a parent company must
continue providing the financial and non-financial disclosures in its subsequent
annual reports on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for so long as
the subsidiary issuer or guarantor has a Section 12(b) or 15(d) reporting
obligation with respect to the guarantee or guaranteed security, in order to
continue to be eligible to omit the financial statements of a subsidiary issuer or
guarantor. A parent company is permitted to cease providing the disclosures if
the corresponding subsidiary issuer’s or guarantor’s Section 15(d) reporting
obligation is suspended automatically by operation of Section 15(d)(1) of the
Exchange Act or through compliance with Exchange Act Rule 12h‑3.

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2540.3 Acquisition of Issuer or Guarantor of a Registered Guaranteed Debt
Security - S-X 3-10 applies to a registrant that acquires the issuer or guarantor
of a registered debt security and assumes or guarantees the obligation.
Assuming the conditions in S-X 3-10(a) are met, the disclosures specified in S-
X 13-01 are required in order for any pre-existing subsidiary issuers and
guarantors as well as any newly added subsidiary issuers and guarantors to
qualify for the Rule 12h-5 exemption.

2540.4 The supplemental financial disclosures are required for the periods specified in
S-X 13-01, based on the status of the subsidiaries as issuers, guarantors, or non-
guarantors as of the end of the most recent period presented. Amounts related
to the acquiree and its subsidiaries are included in the disclosures only for
periods for which they are consolidated by the new parent (i.e., subsequent to
the date of acquisition).

2540.5 A parent company that files annual reports on Form 20-F is not required to
provide quarterly supplemental financial disclosures about its subsidiary issuers
and guarantors, even if those subsidiaries are incorporated in the U.S. However,
in a registration statement under the Securities Act, a parent company that is a
foreign private issuer is required to include the supplemental financial
disclosures about issuers and guarantors for all required annual and interim
periods specified in S-X 13-01(a)(4)(v).

2600 AFFILIATE SECURITIES PLEDGED AS

COLLATERAL
[S-X 3-16, S-X 13-02 and S-X 8-01(d)]
(Last updated: 12/31/2022)

Section Description
2610 Background and Disclosure Requirements
2620 Implementation Matters
2630 Recently-Acquired Affiliates Whose Securities are Pledged as
Collateral
2640 When Disclosure is Required
2650 Collateral Release Provisions

2610 Background and Disclosure Requirements

2610.1 Background – Securities that are registered or being registered may be
collateralized by the securities of one or more of the registrant’s affiliate(s). In
general, such affiliates are consolidated subsidiaries of the registrant, and the
pledge of collateral is a residual equity interest that could potentially be

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 foreclosed upon in the event of default. If securities registered or being
registered include a pledge of affiliate securities as collateral, S-X 13-02
requires a registrant to provide supplemental financial and non-financial
disclosures about the affiliate and collateral arrangement. The requirements of
S-X 13-02, 3-10 and 3-16 were amended on March 2, 2020 in SEC Release No.
33-10762 (the “March 2020 Amendments”). This release includes an appendix
that summarizes the main features of these rules, including the required
disclosures. As a result of these amendments, separate financial statements of
such affiliates usually are not required (see Section 2620.3 - Unconsolidated
Pledged Affiliates).

While a given security may have guarantees as well as pledges of collateral, the
requirements of S-X 13-02 are separate from financial statement and disclosure
requirements related to guarantees. S-X 3-10 and S-X 13-01 apply to
guaranteed securities (see Section 2500) and do not apply to pledges of affiliate
securities as collateral - the concepts of full, unconditional, and joint and several
obligation do not apply to collateralizations.

NOTE to SECTION 2610.1

The requirements of S-X 13‑02 also apply to entities that qualify as smaller
reporting companies under S-X 8-01(d) and S-X 8-03(b)(7), and to entities
offering or that have offered collateralized securities pursuant to Regulation A
through the requirements of Forms 1-A, 1-K, and 1-SA.

2610.2 Summarized Disclosure Requirements - Set forth below are tables

summarizing the non-financial and financial disclosures specified in S-X 13‑02
that must be provided, to the extent material. These tables are only a summary
of certain requirements contained in the rules and regulations; they are not a
substitute for the rules and regulations. Refer to the rules for the full
requirements and to the description of those requirements the March 2020
Amendments. Section 2620 includes additional information on the application
of these requirements.

The registrant may provide the disclosures in its consolidated financial

statements and related footnotes or, alternatively, in MD&A. If a registrant
elects to provide the disclosures in its audited financial statements, the
disclosures must be audited. If not otherwise included in the consolidated
financial statements or in MD&A, the registrant must include the disclosures in
its prospectus immediately following “Risk Factors,” if any, or otherwise,
immediately following pricing information described in Item 105 of Regulation
S-K [S-X 13-02(b)].

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 Non-Financial
Disclosure Description Rule Reference
Requirement
Disclosures about the following:
• The securities pledged as collateral;
• the affiliates whose securities are
pledged;
• the terms and conditions of the
collateral arrangement; and
• whether a trading market exists for
Non-Financial the pledged securities. S-X 13-02(a)(1)
Disclosures through (3)
Disclosure of facts and circumstances
specific to particular affiliates or the
collateral arrangement that are beyond what
is specifically required in S-X 13-02(a)(1)
through (3) may be necessary (see
“Additional Information Required to be
Disclosed” section below).
Exhibit Listing
Each Affiliate List of each of the registrant’s affiliates
Exhibit 22 (Item
Whose Securities whose securities are pledged as collateral for
601(b)(22) of
Are Pledged & securities registered or being registered that
Regulation S-K)
the Securities also identifies the securities pledged as
Pledged as collateral.
Collateral

Financial
Disclosure Description Rule Reference
Requirement
Summarized financial information, as
specified in S-X 1-02(bb)(1), which includes
select balance sheet and income statement
line items, for each affiliate whose securities
are pledged as collateral.
Summarized
Financial S-X 13-02(a)(4)
Disclosure of additional line items of
Information
summarized financial information beyond
what is specified in S-X 13-02(a)(4) may be
necessary (see “Additional Information
Required to be Disclosed” section below).

An accompanying note that briefly describes

Basis of
the basis of presentation. S-X 13-02(a)(4)
Presentation Note

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 Financial
Disclosure Description Rule Reference
Requirement
Transactions with An affiliate’s amounts due from, amounts
and Balances Due due to, and transactions with the registrant,
To / From the any of the registrant’s subsidiaries not
Registrant, included in the Summarized Financial S-X 13-02(a)(4)(iii)
Certain Information of the affiliate(s), and related
Subsidiaries, and parties must be presented in separate line
Related Parties items.
The summarized financial information of
each affiliate consolidated in the registrant’s
financial statements is permitted to be
presented on a combined basis.

However, if information provided in

response to disclosures specified in S-X 13-
02 (e.g., one of the non-financial disclosures)
is applicable to one or more, but not all,
affiliates, separate disclosure of summarized
Combined Basis S-X 13-02(a)(4)(i)
financial information for the affiliates to
Presentation and 13-02(a)(4)(iv)
which the information applies is required.

In limited circumstances (i.e., where the

separate financial information applicable to
those affiliates can be easily understood),
narrative disclosure may be provided in lieu
of such separate summarized financial
information.

Elimination of
Intercompany balances and transactions
Certain
between affiliates whose information is
Intercompany
presented on a combined basis must be S-X 13-02(a)(4)(ii)
Balances and
eliminated in the financial disclosures.
Transactions
The summarized financial information must
be provided as of and for the most recently
ended fiscal year and year-to-date interim
Periods to
period, if applicable, included in the S-X 13-02(a)(4)(v)
Present
registrant’s consolidated financial
statements.

Non-Exclusive The summarized financial information may

S-X 13-02(a)(4)(vi)
Scenarios be omitted on the basis that it is not material

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 Financial
Disclosure Description Rule Reference
Requirement
Permitting if one of the two non-exclusive scenarios in
Omission of S-X 13-02(a)(4)(vi) is applicable and the
Summarized related scenario is disclosed.
Financial
Information
Disclose any financial and narrative
information about each affiliate if the
information would be material for investors
Additional
to evaluate the pledge of the affiliate’s
Information S-X 13-02(a)(6)
securities as collateral, and disclose
Required to be and (7)
sufficient information so as to make the
Disclosed
financial and nonfinancial information
presented not misleading.

Disclose pre-acquisition summarized

financial information specified in S-X 13-
02(a)(4) for recently-acquired affiliates
whose securities are pledged as collateral in
Recently- a Securities Act registration statement filed
Acquired in connection with the offer and sale of the
Affiliates Whose collateralized security if the registrant has
S-X 13-02(a)(5)
Securities are acquired a significant “business” after the
Pledged as date of its most recent balance sheet included
Collateral in its consolidated financial statements and
that acquired business and/or one or more of
its subsidiaries are affiliates whose securities
are pledged as collateral. See Section 2630
below for additional information.

2620 Implementation Matters

2620.1 Subsidiaries of Affiliates whose Securities are Pledged – S-X 13-02(a)(4)
requires disclosure of summarized financial information for each affiliate whose
securities are pledged as collateral. Because the securities pledged as collateral
are an equity interest in a given pledgor affiliate, the financial information of all
subsidiaries that would be consolidated by that affiliate must be included in that
affiliate’s summarized financial information presented pursuant to S-X 13-
02(a)(4), even if the securities of those subsidiaries are not pledged as collateral.
This presentation is different from the disclosures applicable to issuers and
guarantors of guaranteed securities, which require non-issuer and non-guarantor
subsidiaries of issuers and guarantors to be excluded from the financial

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 information of issuers and guarantors in order to distinguish the financial
information of entities that are legally obligated to pay from those that are not
[S-X 13-01(a)(4)(iii)].

2620.2 Guaranteed & Collateralized Securities – A registrant may register the offer
and sale of its debt securities that are: (1) guaranteed by one or more of its
subsidiaries; and (2) collateralized by the securities of the same guarantor
subsidiaries. In these circumstances, each are separate credit enhancements for
which separate and different financial and non-financial disclosures are required
by each of S-X 13-01 (see Section 2500) and 13-02. In this regard, under S-X
13-01, the summarized financial information of the registrant, as the “parent
company,” is required to be disclosed under S-X 13-01(a)(4). Dissimilarly, that
same parent company’s summarized financial information is not required to be
disclosed under S-X 13-02(a)(4), because it is not an affiliate whose securities
collaterize securities registered or being registered. Disclosures provided
pursuant to each of these rules in a registrant’s filing should be clearly
distinguished from one another.

2620.3 Unconsolidated Pledged Affiliates – In the rare circumstances where the

securities of an affiliate that is not a consolidated subsidiary of a registrant
collateralize the registered securities of that registrant, S-X 13-02(a)(6) and (7)
require the registrant to provide any financial and narrative information about
each such affiliate if the information would be material for investors to evaluate
the pledge of the affiliate’s securities as collateral and sufficient information so
as to make the financial and non-financial information presented not
misleading. Because the unconsolidated affiliate’s financial information is not
included in the registrant’s consolidated financial statements, disclosure beyond
what is specified in S-X 13-02(a)(1) through (4) may be necessary. In this
regard, separate financial statements of the unconsolidated affiliate may be
necessary to satisfy the requirements of S-X 13-02(a)(6) and (7).

2620.4 Less than 100% of Affiliate Shares Pledged as Collateral – Generally, a

pledge of an affiliate’s securities as collateral includes all of the outstanding
ownership interests in that affiliate, which are held directly or indirectly by the
entity issuing the debt securities. There may be circumstances where either the
pledge of collateral does not include all of the outstanding ownership interests
in the affiliate held by the issuing entity, or certain ownership interests in the
affiliate are held by a third party and therefore unpledged. In such cases,
disclosure of these facts and circumstances are required by S-X 13-02(a)(6) and
(7) if material for investors to evaluate the pledge of the affiliate’s securities as
collateral, or so as to make the financial and non-financial information
presented not misleading. If such circumstances are applicable to one or more,
but not all, affiliates, S-X 13-02(a)(4)(iv) requires separate disclosure of
Summarized Financial Information for the affiliates to which it is applicable.

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2630 Recently-Acquired Affiliates Whose Securities are Pledged as
Collateral [S-X 13-02(a)(5)]
2630.1 Pre-Acquisition Summarized Financial Information - In certain
circumstances, disclosure of pre-acquisition summarized financial information
is required for recently-acquired affiliates whose securities are pledged as
collateral if their historical financial information is not yet included in the
consolidated financial statements of the registrant. S-X 13-02(a)(5) requires
pre-acquisition summarized financial information of recently-acquired affiliates
whose securities are pledged as collateral when a registrant has acquired a
significant “business” after the date of its most recent balance sheet included in
its consolidated financial statements, and that acquired business and/or one or
more of its subsidiaries are affiliates whose securities are pledged as collateral.
Pre-acquisition financial information of recently acquired affiliates is not
required for acquisitions that occur before the date of the registrant’s most
recent balance sheet included in the registrant’s financial statements. S-X 13-
02(a)(5) only applies to a Securities Act registration statement filed in
connection with the offer and sale of the collateralized securities.

The requirements of S-X 13-02(a)(5) are similar to the requirement to provide

pre-acquisition summarized financial information of recently-acquired
subsidiary issuers and guarantors specified in S-X 13-01(a)(5). See related
guidance at Section 2530.2 - Significance Test and Section 2530.4 – Timing
Considerations.

2630.2 Form and Content - The pre-acquisition summarized financial information

follows the form and content prescribed in S-X 13-02(a)(4) required for existing
affiliates whose securities are pledged as collateral. Not all entities that
compose an acquired business may be affiliates whose securities collateralize
securities registered or being registered. Accordingly, the required summarized
financial information is only for those entities acquired that are pledged
affiliates.

2640 When Disclosure is Required

2640.1 Registration Statements - S-X 13-02 disclosures are required in registration
statements that register the offer and sale of securities that are collateralized by
securities of the registrant’s affiliate(s). S-X 13-02 disclosures are not required
in registration statements that register the offer and sale of securities that are not
collateralized by an affiliate’s securities, even if another collateralized security
of the registrant offered and sold on a registered basis is outstanding.

2640.2 [Reserved]

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2640.3 Periodic Reporting – S-X 13-02 financial and non-financial disclosures are
required in its annual reports on Form 10-K, and quarterly reports on Form 10-
Q for so long as the registrant has a Section 15(d) reporting obligation with
respect to the collateralized securities offered and sold on a registered basis.

2650 Collateral Release Provisions

2650.1 Collateral Release Provisions – Prior to the March 2020 Amendments,
registrants often structured debt agreements to release affiliate securities
pledged as collateral if the separate financial statement requirements of S-X
3‑16 would be triggered. As a transitional matter, so as not to change the
amount of collateral available to investors in previously issued debt securities
that include collateral release provisions, the March 2020 Amendments did not
eliminate existing S-X 3‑16, which continues to apply to collateralized
securities offered and sold on a registered basis with collateral release
provisions issued and outstanding as of January 4, 2021, the effective date of the
amendments.

Accordingly, S-X 13-02 applies to collateralized debt securities issued on or

after January 4, 2021, and to each security offered and sold on a registered basis
issued and outstanding before January 4, 2021 for which the registrant has
previously been required to provide the financial statements required by prior S-
X 3-16. S-X 3-16, and not S-X 13-02, applies to each security offered and sold
on a registered basis issued and outstanding before January 4, 2021 for which
the registrant has not previously been required to provide financial statements
pursuant to S-X 3-16.

2700 CREDIT – THIRD PARTY FINANCIAL

STATEMENTS
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

Section Description
2705 Asset-Backed Securities - Presentation of Certain Third
Party Financial Information
2710 Third Party Credit Enhancements for Securities that are
NOT "Asset-backed Securities"

2705 Asset-Backed Securities – Presentation of Certain Third Party

Financial Information [S-K 1100]
2705.1 Regulation AB - Background - Regulation AB is the source of various
disclosure items and requirements for “asset-backed securities” filings under the
Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. “Asset-backed
security” is defined in S-K 1101(c)(1) as a security that is primarily serviced by
cash flows of a discrete pool of receivables or other financial assets, either fixed

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 or revolving, that by their terms convert into cash within a finite time period,
plus any rights or other assets designed to assure the servicing or timely
distributions of proceeds to the security holders; provided that in the case of
financial assets that are leases, those assets may convert to cash partially by the
cash proceeds from the disposition of physical property underlying such leases.
The definition of “asset-backed security” has a number of additional conditions
listed at S-K 1101(c)(2) which must be met in order for a security to be
considered an “asset-backed security.”

2705.2 Regulation AB – Requirement for Certain Third Party Financial Information

Regulation AB requires certain third party financial information for:

a. “Significant Obligors” (defined at S-K 1101(k)) of Pool of Assets [S-K

1112(b)]

b. Credit enhancement and other support, except for certain derivative

instruments [S-K 1114(b)(2)]

c. Certain Derivative Instruments [S-K 1115(b)]

2705.3 Regulation AB - Certain Third Party Financial Information for

“Significant Obligors” (defined at S-K 1101(k)) of Pool of Assets [S-K
1112(b)]

• If pool assets relating to a significant obligor represent 10% or more, but

less than 20% of the asset pool, then depending on type of significant
obligor, provide either selected financial data required by S-K 301 or net
operating income only for the most recent fiscal year and interim period.
See S-K 1112(b).

• If pool assets relating to a significant obligor represent 20% or more of the

asset pool, provide financial statements of the significant obligor meeting
the requirements of Regulation S-X (S-X 1–01 through S-X 12–29), except
S-X 3–05 and S-X Article 11. Financial statements of such obligor and its
subsidiaries consolidated [as required by Proxy Rules 14a–3(b)] shall be
filed. See details and exceptions at S-K 1112(b).

NOTE to SECTION 2705.3

Financial statements meeting all of the requirements of Regulation S-X (S-X 1-
01 through S-X 12-29) are required notwithstanding the reference to Proxy
Rules 14a-3(b), which might be read to suggest certain components of
Regulation S-X, such as financial statement schedules, need not be provided.

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2705.4 Regulation AB - Certain Third Party Financial Information for
Credit Enhancement and Other Support, except for certain derivative
instruments [S-K 1114(b)(2)]

• If any entity or group of affiliated entities providing enhancement or other

support described in S-K 1114(a) is liable or contingently liable to provide
payments representing 10% or more, but less than 20%, of the cash flow
supporting any offered class of the asset-backed securities, provide
financial data required by Item 301 of Regulation S-K for each such entity
or group of affiliated entities.

• If any entity or group of affiliated entities providing enhancement or other

support described in S-K 1114(a) of this section is liable or contingently
liable to provide payments representing 20% or more of the cash flow
supporting any offered class of the asset-backed securities, provide
financial statements meeting the requirements of Regulation S-X (S-X 1–
01 through S-X 12–29), except S-X 3–05 and S-X Article 11, of such
entity or group of affiliated entities. Financial statements of such
enhancement provider and its subsidiaries consolidated (as required by
Proxy Rules 14a–3(b)) shall be filed under this item. See details and
exceptions at S-K 1114(b)(2).

2705.5 Regulation AB - Certain Third Party Financial Information for

Certain Derivative Instruments [S-K 1115(b)]

• If the aggregate significance percentage related to any entity or group of

affiliated entities providing derivative instruments contemplated by S-K
1115 is 10% or more, but less than 20%, provide financial data required
by Item 301 of Regulation S-K for such entity or group of affiliated
entities.
• If the aggregate significance percentage related to any entity or group of
affiliated entities providing derivative instruments contemplated by S-K
1115 is 20% or more, provide financial statements meeting the
requirements of Regulation S-X (S-X 1–01 through S-X 12–29), except S-
X 3–05 and S-X Article 11, of such entity or group of affiliated entities.
Financial statements of such entity and its subsidiaries consolidated (as
required by Proxy Rules 14a–3(b)) shall be filed under this item. See
details and exceptions at S-K 1115(b).

2710 Third Party Credit Enhancements for Securities that are NOT
“Asset-backed Securities”
2710.1 Third party credit enhancements differ from guarantees. A guarantee running
directly to the security holder is a security within Section 2(1) of the Securities
Act and must be covered by a Securities Act registration statement filed by the

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 guarantor, as issuer. A third party credit enhancement is an agreement between
a third party and the issuer or a trustee that does not run directly to the security
holders. A party providing credit enhancement generally is not a co-issuer.
However, if an investor's return is materially dependent upon the third party
credit enhancement, the staff requires additional disclosure about the credit
enhancer. The disclosure must provide sufficient information about the third
party to permit an investor to determine the ability of the third party to fund the
credit enhancement. In most cases, the disclosure of the third party's audited
financial statements presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting
principles would be required. Proposed exceptions should be discussed with
CF-OCA prior to filing.

2710.2 The staff considers the following factors in assessing the sufficiency of the
disclosure in this area:

a. the amount of the credit enhancement in relation to the issuer's income

and cash flows;
b. the duration of the credit enhancement;
c. conditions precedent to the application of the credit enhancement; and
d. other factors that indicate a material relationship between the credit
enhancer and the purchaser's anticipated return.

2710.3 Financial information of a third party credit enhancement may also be required
if an investor is reasonably likely to rely on a material credit enhancement in
place for other debt (including nonpublic debt), even though the credit
enhancement does not run directly to the debt being registered.

2800 OTHER FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

Section Description
2805 General Partner, Where Registrant is a Limited Partnership
2810 Parent-Only Financial Statements (Condensed)
2815 Financial Statements of a Significant Customer
2820 Substantial Asset Concentration

2805 General Partner, Where Registrant is a Limited Partnership

(Last updated: 3/31/2010)

Historically, in certain situations the structure and relationship between the

general partner and limited partnership resulted in the staff requesting under S-
X 3-13 a balance sheet of the general partner to be filed. SAB Topic 12.A.3.d,
which indicated that the staff required that a registration statement relating to an

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 offering of limited partnership interests include the most recent year-end
balance sheet of the general partner, was removed by SAB 113, Interpretations
of Accounting Rules on Oil and Gas Producing Activities. The following is a
summary of the staff’s views with respect to providing a balance sheet of the
general partner.

Smaller Reporting Companies:

S-X 8-07 requires the balance sheet of the general partner under certain
circumstances. SAB 113 did not change S-X 8-07. Registrants should comply
with this rule or, if they believe that there is a basis, request relief in writing
from CF-OCA.

Registrants other than Smaller Reporting Companies:

a. Oil and gas companies can rely on SAB 113 and do not need to request
the staff’s concurrence to exclude the balance sheet of the general
partner; and

b. Likewise, non oil and gas companies do not need to request the staff’s
concurrence to exclude the balance sheet of the general partner.
However, there can be situations in which the relationship between the
limited partnership and the general partner can be relevant to an
investor. In these situations, the staff believes there needs to be clear
disclosure about this relationship. For example, registrants should
disclose the following about the general partner relationship:

• Any material transactions with the general partner, such as a

substantial receivable from or payable to a general partner, or any
affiliate of the general partner. Disclose the pertinent terms of
any material transactions.

• When there is a commitment, intent or reasonable possibility that

the general partner(s) will fund cash flow deficits or provide other
direct or indirect financial assistance to the registrant. Describe
the nature and extent of the any funding or financial support
arrangement.

• When an affiliate of the general partner has committed itself to

increase or maintain the general partner’s capital, if the
commitment could reasonably be expected to impact the
registrant. For example, disclose when an affiliate has committed
to maintain the general partner’s capital when there is a
commitment, intent or reasonable possibility that the general
partner will provide financial support to the registrant. Describe

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 the nature and extent of the affiliate’s commitment to the general
partner.

2810 Parent-only Financial Statements (Condensed) [S-X 5-04, 7-05

and 9-06]
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

2810.1 Parent-only Financial Statements – Requirement

GAAP requires parent-only financial statements as a supplement to the

consolidated financial statements where material. [ASC 810-10-45-11] S-X 5-
04, 7-05 and 9-06 require parent-only financial statements when the restricted
net assets of consolidated subsidiaries exceed 25% of consolidated net assets at
the most recent fiscal year-end. In these instances, registrants should present
the information required by S-X 12-04 as an S-X schedule, except bank holding
companies, which must present the S-X 12-04 information in the financial
statement footnotes. Because bank holding companies must include the S-X 12-
04 information in their financial statement footnotes, they do not have the
additional 30 days provided by Form 10-K General Instruction A(4) to file this
information.

S-X 12-04 indicates the required condensed financial information need not be
presented in greater detail than is required for condensed statements by S-X 10-
01(a)(2), (3), and (4). The condensed financial information presented should
include a total for comprehensive income presented in either a single continuous
statement or in two separate but consecutive statements..

NOTE to SECTION 2810.1

S-X 4-08(e)(3) outlines additional disclosures related to restricted
net assets required in financial statement footnotes of all registrants
subject to S-X. See Section 2810.3.

2810.2 Parent-only Financial Statements - Restricted Net Assets Defined

Restricted net assets is the amount of the registrant's proportionate share of

consolidated subsidiaries' net assets, after intercompany eliminations, (assets
less the sum of liabilities, redeemable preferred stock, noncontrolling interests)
that may not be transferred to the parent by subsidiaries in the form of loans,
dividends, etc., without a third party's consent. [S-X 1-02(dd) and SAB Topic
6K.2] Also, in certain circumstances, registrants must compute “subsidiary
adjusted net assets”. See SAB Topic 6K.2 for further discussion.

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2810.3 Restricted Net Asset Footnote Disclosures S-X 4-08(e)(3)

S-X 4-08(e)(3) requires footnote disclosure in the consolidated financial

statements about the nature and amount of significant restrictions on the ability
of subsidiaries to transfer funds to the parent through intercompany loans,
advances or cash dividends, when material. When considering materiality, a
registrant should consider its proportionate share of the net assets of its
consolidated and unconsolidated subsidiaries and its equity in the undistributed
earnings since the date of acquisition of the 50% or less owned persons
accounted for by the equity method (i.e. the same amount required to be
disclosed pursuant to S-X 4-08(e)(2)) as of the end of the most recent fiscal
year which are restricted as to transfer to the parent company because the
consent of a third party (a lender, regulatory agency, foreign government, etc.)
is required.

2810.4 Parent Company Financial Information when the Registrant has a

Consolidated Shareholders’ Deficit
(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

A registrant with a consolidated shareholders’ deficit is considered to have a net

asset base of zero for the purpose of computing its proportionate share of the
restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries. As a result, any restrictions
placed on the net assets of subsidiaries with positive equity would result in the
25% threshold being met and a corresponding requirement to provide parent
company financial information. This is viewed by the staff as consistent with
the guidance in SAB Topic 6K2.b (Question 3), which states that a subsidiary
with an excess of liabilities over assets has no restricted assets. Anomalous
results can be discussed with CF-OCA.

2815 Financial Statements of a Significant Customer

2815.1 Financial statements of a significant customer, whether affiliated or unaffiliated,
may be necessary to reasonably inform investors about the registrant’s financial
position, results of operations and/or cash flows. For example, historically
registration statements have been filed by issuers controlled by a foreign parent
who will also be the source of a substantial portion of the company’s revenues. In
some circumstances, financial statements of the parent company were publicly
available, but were not filed with the SEC and were not reconciled to U.S.
GAAP. Registrant should provide such financial statements reconciled to U.S.
GAAP if they are necessary to reasonably inform an investor about the registrant’s
financial position, results of operations and/or cash flows.

2815.2 In addition, registrants should also consider whether financial or other

information about the significant customer is necessary under other disclosure
requirements. Generally, known trends, demands, commitments, events and

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 uncertainties related to customers, whether affiliated or unaffiliated, that are
reasonably likely to have a material effect on the registrant should be identified,
quantified and analyzed by the registrant’s management in its MD&A in
accordance with Item 303 of Regulation S-K. Also, ASC 280-10-50-42 requires
certain financial statement footnote disclosures about major customers and ASC
275-10-50-18, Risks and Uncertainties, requires certain financial statement
footnote disclosures about current vulnerabilities due to concentrations in the
volume of business transacted with a particular customer. For affiliated
customers/related party transactions, ASC 850-10-50 and S-X 4-08(k) provide
additional disclosure requirements.

2820 Substantial Asset Concentration

Financial and other information may be necessary by analogy to SAB Topic 1I
where the registrant has investment risk due to substantial asset concentration.

*****

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 TOPIC 3

PRO FORMA FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Regulation S-X Article 11
This Topic describes the circumstances in which pro forma financial statements should be
presented in filings, the form of their presentation, and guidance to be considered in their
preparation. Although the specific rules of S-X Article 11 do not apply to smaller
reporting companies, those registrants can consult S-X Article 11 for guidance when
preparing pro forma financial statements required by S-X 8-05 for business acquisitions.
Smaller reporting companies should present pro forma information for other current or
probable transactions if that presentation would be material to investors.

3100 CIRCUMSTANCES REQUIRING PRO FORMA

PRESENTATIONS
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

3110 Significant Business Combination

3110.1 Pro forma financial information is required if a significant business combination
has occurred in the latest fiscal year or subsequent interim period, or is probable
(see Section 2005.4). This includes any transaction or event that results in the
registrant obtaining control over another entity. See Topic 2 for definition of a
business and tests of significance. Pro forma presentation is not required if the
transaction is already fully reflected in historical statements as a reorganization.

NOTE: While the acquisition of an investment to be accounted for under the

equity method meets the definition of a business for purposes of S-X 3-05
financial statements and S-X Article 11, full pro forma financial information
prepared under Article 11 generally is not required if the registrant elects the fair
value option for the investment under ASC 825. In this situation, we expect
registrants to include a narrative discussion explaining how the application of
ASC 825 for this investment will impact the results of operations and balance
sheet in future periods.

3110.2 Additional pro forma information also may be appropriate if an acquiree of the
registrant consummated a significant business combination of its own during the
year, if that information would be material to an understanding of the registrant
or a vote on a transaction.

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3110.3 Pro forma financial statements are not required for individually insignificant
businesses unless they are significant in the aggregate at over the 50% level. If
certain financial statements are included in the filing under S-X 3-05(b)(2)(i),
registrants should consider whether the pro forma financial information would
be misleading without giving effect to all individually insignificant acquisitions.
Also, if a registrant presents the financial statements of an individually
insignificant business, the staff encourages the registrant to also include S-X
Article 11 pro forma financial information in the filing.

3110.4 Pro forma information required by S-X Article 11 should be filed at the same
time the audited financial statements of the acquired business are filed.
Presentation of the acquiree’s financial statements without accompanying pro
forma information can be misleading, and there is an expectation that the
information required by Item 9.01 of Form 8-K will be filed as promptly as
feasible. The pro forma information presented in connection with a Form 8-K
reporting consummation of an acquisition is not expected to reflect definitive
conclusions regarding allocation of the purchase price or other effects.
However, uncertainties affecting the pro forma presentation and the possible
consequences when they are resolved, if material, should be highlighted.

3120 Disposition of a Significant Portion of a Business

3120.1 Pro forma financial information is required if a disposition either by sale,
abandonment or distribution to shareholders has occurred or is probable, and is
not fully reflected in the historical financial statements. Pro forma data may be
necessary, if the disposition is material, even if disposed operations do not
satisfy the ASC 205-20 criteria of a discontinued operation.

3120.2 Audited financial statements of the disposed entity generally are not required in
the Form 8-K reporting the disposition, however, Item 9.01(b) requires pro
forma information to be filed within 4 days after the disposition. The 71-day
extension set forth in Item 9.01(a)(4) for filing financial statements and pro
forma information for acquisitions is not available for dispositions. See the
Division of Corporation Finance’s C&DIs for Exchange Act Form 8-K,
Question 129.01.

3130 Acquisition of One or More Real Estate Operations

Pro forma financial information is required if acquisitions which are in the
aggregate significant have occurred in the latest fiscal year or subsequent
interim period, or are probable. See Section 2320 for guidance related to
aggregate significance tests for real estate acquisitions.

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3140 Roll-Up Transaction [S-K 914]
3140.1 In connection with a transaction subject to S-K 914, pro forma financial
information should be presented showing the effect on the successor entity
assuming (1) that all combining entities participate and (2) participation is
limited to those having the lowest combined net cash provided by operating
activities for the last fiscal year of such entities. Consideration should be given
to the need to present other variations of participation that are permitted by the
terms of the roll-up. The following pro forma information should be presented:

a. Balance sheet as of the later of the end of the most recent fiscal year or
latest interim period;
b. Statements of income with separate line items to reflect income (loss)
excluding and including roll-up expenses and payments, earnings per
share amounts, and ratio of earnings to fixed charges for the most
recent fiscal year and the latest interim period;
c. Statements of cash flows for the most recent fiscal year and the latest
interim period;
d. Book value per share as of the later of the end of the most recent fiscal
year or the latest interim period; and
e. Pro forma oil and gas reserve data, if applicable.

3150 Registrant Previously was Part of Another Entity

Pro forma presentation may be necessary to reflect operations and financial
position of the registrant as a stand-alone entity.

NOTE: Consider whether forward-looking information should be presented

instead of or along with pro forma information, particularly in cases where a full
set of audited financial statements of an acquired entity is not provided (e.g.,
audited statement of revenues and direct expenses). See Section 3290 below.

3160 Other
(Last updated: 12/31/2010)

3160.1 Pro forma financial information is required if events or transactions have

occurred or are probable for which disclosure of pro forma financial information
would be material to investors, such as:

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 a. Termination or revision of tax or other cost sharing agreements and
other significant changes that render the registrant’s historical financial
statements not indicative of the ongoing entity. [SAB Topic 1B.2]
b. Declaration of dividends by a subsidiary subsequent to the balance
sheet. [SAB Topic 1B.3]
c. Changes in capitalization at the effectiveness or the close of an IPO.
d. Receipt or application of offering proceeds under certain
circumstances. See Sections 3230, 3320 and 3420 for further
discussion.
e. Other events and transactions which have had or will have a discrete
material impact on a registrant’s financial statements. Possible
examples include:
• the repayment of debt
• emerging from bankruptcy and registering securities under the
1934 Act coupled with fresh start accounting, reorganization,
changes in capital structure, or other events and transactions.

3200 PREPARATION REQUIREMENTS – FORM AND

CONTENT
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

3210 Objective
3210.1 S-X Article 11 pro forma financial information is intended to provide investors
with information about the continuing impact of a transaction by showing how a
specific transaction or group of transactions might have affected historical
financial statements, illustrating the scope of the change in the registrant’s
financial position and results of operations.

3210.2 The pro forma financial information should illustrate only the isolated and
objectively measurable (based on historically determined amounts) effects of a
particular transaction, while excluding effects that rely on highly judgmental
estimates of how historical management practices and operating decisions may
or may not have changed as a result of that transaction. Information about the
possible or expected impact of current actions taken by management in response
to the pro forma transaction, as if management’s actions were carried out in
previous reporting periods, is considered a projection and not an objective of
S-X Article 11. Presentation of forward looking and projected information
should be confined to supplemental information separately identified as such
(information that is not required or contemplated by Article 11) and in MD&A.

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 NOTE: Domestic registrants should prepare their pro forma financial statements
in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Foreign private issuers should prepare their pro
formas in accordance with U.S. GAAP, IFRS as issued by the IASB, or home-
country GAAP reconciled to U.S. GAAP depending on the basis of accounting in
the primary financial statements. See Topic 6.

3220 Pro Forma Condensed Balance Sheet

3220.1 Pro forma presentation should be based on the latest balance sheet included in
the filing. A pro forma balance sheet is not required if the acquisition or
disposal is already reflected in a historical balance sheet.

3220.2 Pro forma adjustments should be computed assuming the transaction was
consummated on the date of the latest balance sheet included in the filing.

3220.3 Adjustments reflected in the pro forma adjustments column should give effect to
events that are directly attributable to each specific transaction and factually
supportable. Adjustments should include those items that have a continuing
impact and also those that are nonrecurring.

3230 Pro Forma Condensed Statement of Comprehensive Income

3230.1 Pro forma presentation should be based on the latest fiscal year and interim
period included in the filing, unless the transaction is already reflected in the
audited historical statements for the most recent full fiscal year. Unless the pro
forma information gives effect to one of the two items (in Section 3230.2)
below, a pro forma statement of comprehensive income should not be presented
for more than one complete fiscal year. In addition to the required latest fiscal
year and interim period, the staff generally does not object to a registrant
providing a pro forma statement of comprehensive income for the
corresponding prior interim period. (Last updated: 3/31/2009)

NOTE: After a change in fiscal year end in which the transition report has been
filed on Form 10-K, the registrant may present pro forma information for the
transition period and most recent fiscal year (and interim period). Alternatively,
the registrant may present a pro forma statement of comprehensive income for the
most recent annual period (9 to 12 months under S-X 3-06). In either case, the
length of the period used for the target should be identical to the period of the
registrant. (Last updated: 3/31/2010)

3230.2 Pro forma presentation of all periods is required:

a. For a business combination to be accounted for as a reorganization of

entities under common control; or

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 For example: A registrant files a registration or proxy statement that
includes financial statements that do not yet reflect a combination to
be accounted for as a reorganization of entities under common control.
Pro forma statements of comprehensive income are typically required
for each fiscal year for which the registrant’s historical financial
statements are provided and the subsequent interim period. (Last
updated: 10/20/2014)

b. For discontinued operations (ASC 205-20) that are not yet reflected in
the annual historical statements.

For example: A non-SRC non-EGC registrant files a Form 8-K to

report a significant disposition that has occurred, but has not yet been
reflected in the registrant’s historical statements as a discontinued
operation under ASC 205-20 for the three years presented in the
registrant’s most recent Form 10-K. Pro forma statements of
comprehensive income are typically required for these three most
recent fiscal years and subsequent interim period.
(Last updated: 6/30/2013)

NOTE: The staff generally objects to retroactive pro forma presentation of

transactions for periods other than the latest year and interim period, except in the
circumstances described here. In some cases, retroactive presentations of
revenues and costs of revenues may be meaningful for discussion of trends in
MD&A, but more comprehensive presentations (through operating income, for
example) can be misleading because they cannot meaningfully or accurately
depict what operating results would have been had the transaction occurred at the
earlier date. (Last updated 3/31/2009)

3230.3 Pro forma adjustments should be computed assuming the transaction occurred at
the beginning of the fiscal year presented and carried forward through any
interim period presented.

3230.4 Adjustments shall give effect to events that are:

a. directly attributable to each specific transaction,

b. factually supportable, and
c. expected to have a continuing impact.

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 Treatment in Pro Forma Financial
Nature of Item Information

1. Material nonrecurring charges or • Do not include in pro forma

credits and related tax effects statements of comprehensive
which result directly from the income.
transaction and which will be
included in the income of the • Disclose these items in a note and
registrant within the 12 months clearly indicate that they were not
following the transaction included.

2. Infrequent or nonrecurring items Do not eliminate in arriving at pro forma

included in the underlying results.
historical financial statements of
the registrant or other combining
entities and that are not directly
affected by the transaction

3. Conforming change in accounting Pro forma information should

principles adopted by registrant consistently apply the newly adopted
accounting principles to all periods
presented.

4. Discontinued operations If included in historical financial

statements, present only the portion of
the statement of comprehensive income
through “income from continuing
operations.”

5. Earnings per share • Present historical basic and diluted

per share data based on continuing
operations and pro forma basic and
diluted per share data on the face of
the pro forma statement of
comprehensive income.
• Also present the number of shares
used to compute per share data if
outstanding shares used in the
calculation are affected by the
transactions included in the pro
forma financial statements.

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 Treatment in Pro Forma Financial
Nature of Item Information

6. Use of proceeds and earnings per • The denominator in computing pro

share forma EPS should include only
those common shares whose
proceeds are being reflected in pro
forma adjustments in the statements
of comprehensive income, such as
proceeds used for debt repayment or
business acquisitions.
• Common shares whose proceeds
will be used for general corporate
purposes, for example, should not be
used in computing EPS. A company
may present “additional” EPS data
reflecting the issuance of all shares
if it considers this information
meaningful. If this additional EPS
is shown on the face of the pro
forma statement of comprehensive
income, it should be labeled
appropriately.
• The footnotes to the pro formas
should make the computation(s) of
pro forma EPS transparent to
investors.

3240 Form
3240.1 Financial information should be presented in columnar form, with separate
columns presenting historical results, pro forma adjustments, and pro forma
results. In limited cases, (where there are only a few easily understood
adjustments) a narrative description of the effects of the transaction may suffice.

3240.2 Financial information should be preceded by an introductory paragraph which

briefly describes:

a. each transaction for which pro forma effects are presented,

b. the entities involved,
c. the periods presented, and
d. an explanation of what the pro forma presentation shows.

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3240.3 Pro forma adjustments should be referenced to footnotes which clearly explain
the assumptions involved.

3240.4 Pro forma information may be in condensed form (similar to interim financial
statements required in Form 10-Q) which reflects only those numbered captions
of Regulation S-X. Any balance sheet caption less than 10% of total assets may
be combined with others; any statement of comprehensive income caption less
than 15% of average net income of the registrant for the last three years
(excluding loss years) may be combined with others. See S-X Article 11.

3240.5 If the transaction is structured in such a manner that significantly different

results may occur, additional pro forma presentations should be made that give
effect to the range of possible results. The additional results may be of equal
prominence or lesser, depending on the facts and circumstances. Additional
presentations might include the following:

a. Pro forma financial statements depicting minimum required issuances

of securities or acceptance of offers along with separate pro forma
depiction of maximum issuance or acceptance.

1. If the minimum or maximum outcome will only affect the

balance sheet, the registrant need only present an additional
pro forma balance sheet.
2. If the outcome of minimum or maximum participation does
not have a pervasive impact on the financial statements,
possible outcomes and their impacts may be discussed in a
note to the pro forma financial statements.
3. If the number of offer acceptances in a proposed business
combination may determine the accounting to be applied to
the transaction and the only factor influencing the appropriate
accounting is the number of acceptances, full pro forma
financial information should be presented assuming each
accounting method. For example, if the minimum number of
acceptances would result in application of the equity method
of accounting while the maximum number of acceptances
would result in consolidation of the target, full pro forma
financial information should be presented assuming each
accounting method. If other factors may influence the
accounting, pro formas should be based on the most likely
accounting to be applied to the transaction based on due
diligence performed by the registrant and its financial
advisors. (Last updated: 6/30/2009)

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 b. Sensitivity analysis for a change in one variable which may produce
different outcomes. Also see Section 3260 for guidance regarding
changes in interest rates.
For example: A registrant files a proxy statement requesting
shareholder approval of an acquisition. The registrant will issue a
certain number of common shares in the acquisition, the number of
which will be determined by a formula such that the total dollar
amount of the acquisition is subject to change. The registrant may
present the pro forma effects of the acquisition using a purchase price
calculated as if the acquisition was consummated at the date of filing
(by using the most current trading price of the common shares). If the
range of possible outcomes may have a material impact on the amount
of goodwill to be recorded in the financial statements, the registrant
should disclose the impact on the balance sheet of increases or
decreases in the common share trading price.

3240.6 Pro forma information for a particular acquisition or other transaction usually
should be presented separately from pro forma information for unrelated
transactions for which pro forma information may be required if:

a. The proceeds of an offering will be used to fund that acquisition,

b. Shareholders are being asked to vote on that acquisition or other
transaction, or
c. A Form 8-K is required to be filed for that acquisition or transaction.

Other transactions appropriate for inclusion in a pro forma presentation should

be accumulated in a separate column. Otherwise, if consummation of more than
one transaction has occurred or is probable, pro forma information may be
presented on either a combined or separate basis. If combined, footnote
explanation should disaggregate the various transactions in a reasonable
fashion.

3240.7 Generally, pro forma adjustments should be presented gross on the face of the
pro forma statements. Alternatively, a more detailed explanation of the
components of the adjustments may be presented in the notes to the pro forma
statements.

3240.8 An auditor’s report on pro forma financial information is not required.

However, any auditor report provided on pro forma financial information must
comply with AICPA’s guidelines as set forth in the Statement on Standards for
Attestation Engagements; Reporting on Pro Forma Financial Information (as
adopted by the PCAOB pursuant to Rule 3300T as Interim Attestation
Standards). See AT Section 401. (Last updated: 6/30/2009)

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3250 In Business Combinations
3250.1 Purchase Accounting

a. Pro forma statements that give effect to a business combination using

the purchase method of accounting generally require only two pro
forma adjustments:

1. The allocation of the purchase price, including adjusting

assets and liabilities to fair value and recognizing intangibles,
with related changes in depreciation and amortization
expense; and
2. The effects of additional financing necessary to complete the
acquisition. However, other related adjustments may be
necessary.

b. Contractual terms of the combination such as major new compensation

contracts with management would require pro forma adjustment if the
new contracts are entered into as part of the acquisition agreement.

c. Transaction costs should be recognized in the pro forma statements as

follows:

i. Direct, incremental costs of the specific acquisition which are not

yet reflected in the historical financial statements of either the
target or acquirer—No adjustment should be reflected in the pro
forma statement of comprehensive income, but the pro forma
balance sheet should reflect an adjustment (as the costs are non‐
recurring and directly related to the transaction)

ii. Direct, incremental costs of the specific acquisition which are

reflected in the historical financial statements of either the target
or acquirer— An adjustment should remove those costs from the
pro forma statement of comprehensive income (as a non‐recurring
charge directly related to the transaction)

iii. Direct, incremental costs related to one or more other acquisitions

that are reflected in the historical financial statements of either the
target or acquirer— An adjustment should remove those costs
from the pro forma statement of comprehensive income only if pro
forma effect is given to the other acquisition as well. (Last
updated: 3/31/2010)

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 d. Actions to be taken by management subsequent to a business
combination may relate to the planned disposal or termination of
revenue producing activities, as well as other business integration
activities. It is appropriate to present pro forma adjustments depicting
the recurring effects of exiting revenue producing activities. That type
of pro forma adjustment is consistent with the requirement to provide
pro forma information depicting material dispositions as discussed in
Section 3120. Only revenues and costs specifically identifiable with
that revenue-producing activity may be included in the pro forma
adjustments. Allocations of corporate costs should not be adjusted for
the disposition. (Last updated: 10/30/2020)

e. Termination of employees and closing facilities are typical actions

taken in connection with business combinations to eliminate costs
perceived by management as redundant. The timing and effects of
these actions are generally too uncertain to meet the S-X Article 11
criteria for pro forma adjustments. Management’s estimate of how
these actions (and other business integration activities not specifically
associated with the disposition of a business) are expected to impact
the operations and liquidity of the newly combined companies going
forward should be discussed in MD&A and in supplemental
information clearly identified as forward-looking information.

f. A schedule showing the calculation of the purchase price (including

the value assigned to non-cash portions) should be provided in a note,
if not otherwise reasonably apparent.

NOTE: Under ASC 805, registrants should use the most recent stock price at the
time of filing for determining the value of stock to be issued in a transaction that
has not yet consummated. In addition, the notes to the pro forma balance sheet
should include a disclosure of the date at which the stock price was determined
and a sensitivity analysis for the range of possible outcomes based upon
percentage increases and decreases in the recent stock price. The appropriate
percentages should be reasonable in light of acquirer’s volatility.

g. The purchase price should be allocated to specific identifiable tangible

and intangible assets (such as customer lists, contracts acquired,
trademarks and patents, in-process research and development) and
liabilities. If the accounting is preliminary/provisional, significant
liabilities and tangible and intangible assets likely to be recognized
should be identified and uncertainties regarding the effects of
amortization periods assigned to the assets should be highlighted.

NOTE: No adjustment should be made to the amounts of research and

development expenses historically incurred by the target.
(Last updated: 3/31/2010)

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 h. If the registrant is awaiting additional information that may impact the
measurement of a contingency of the acquired company during the
measurement period specified by ASC 805, the registrant should
disclose prominently that the purchase price allocation is
preliminary/provisional. In this circumstance, the registrant should:

1. Describe clearly the nature of the contingency;

2. Discuss the reasons why the allocation is
preliminary/provisional (e.g., identify the information that the
registrant has arranged to obtain);
3. Indicate when the allocation is expected to be finalized; and
4. Furnish other available information which will enable a
reader to understand the magnitude of any potential
adjustment.

In the absence of such disclosure, investors may assume reasonably

that the purchase price allocation is final and that all future revisions of
estimated fair values of assets and liabilities acquired will be reflected
in income.

i. If contingent consideration is issuable (see ASC 805-30-20), the

registrant should disclose the terms of the contingent consideration and
the potential impact on future earnings.

Contingent consideration classified as an asset or liability is

remeasured to fair value at each reporting date until the contingency is
resolved, and these changes in fair value are generally recognized in
earnings. Updated pro forma statements of comprehensive income
filed with a new or amended registration statement should not reflect
any pro forma adjustments to give effect to changes in the fair value of
contingent consideration in periods different than those in which such
changes were recognized in the acquirer’s post-acquisition financial
statements. Pro forma financial information should include
transparent disclosure about the contingent consideration arrangement
and known changes in fair value. (Last updated: 9/30/2010)

NOTE: Paragraph 3250.1(h) will no longer apply under ASC 805 because
contingent consideration will be recognized at the time of the transaction.

j. The expected useful lives or amortization periods of significant assets

acquired in a purchase business combination, including identified
intangibles, should be disclosed in a note to the pro forma financial
statements.

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 k. If amortization of purchase adjustments is not straight-line, the effect
on operating results for the five years following the acquisition should
be disclosed in a note, if material.

l. Either the registrant or its target may expect to dispose of certain

operations in order for a merger to gain the approval of one or more
U.S. regulatory agencies. Pro forma recognition should be given to the
impact of those disposals to the extent they are identifiable at the time
the pro formas are prepared. If operations to be disposed of are not
identifiable with any reasonable certainty at that time, the notes to the
pro forma financial information should disclose any contingencies and
the reasonably possible impact on the financial statements. Pro forma
financial information giving effect to the disposals should be filed on
Form 8-K when the disposals occur if the disposition is significant
under Item 2.01 of Form 8-K.

m. If a registrant adopts a new accounting standard as of a different date

and/or under a different transition method than a significant acquired
business, the registrant must conform the date and method of adoption
of the acquired business to its own in its pro forma financial
information. The staff will consider requests for relief from this
requirement. (Last updated: 12/1/2017)

n. A registrant retrospectively adopts a new accounting standard on

January 1, 2018 and in September 2018 it makes a significant
acquisition and later files a Form 8-K that includes pro forma financial
information for the year ended December 31, 2017 and the six months
ending June 30, 2018. The registrant does not need to apply the new
accounting policy to the pro forma information for periods prior to
adoption until it has reflected the new standard in the historical
financial statements for those periods. As such, only the 2018 pro
forma information need reflect the adoption of the new standard, while
the 2017 pro forma information is not required to reflect adoption of
the new standard. However, if the registrant believes the effect of the
new standard on 2017 historical information will be material, it should
make appropriate disclosure to that effect in the notes to the pro forma
financial information. (Last updated: 12/1/2017)

3260 Pro Forma Presentations Reflecting Debt Financing

3260.1 Generally should be based on either the current interest rate or the interest rate
for which the registrant has a commitment. If actual interest rates in the
transaction can vary from those depicted, disclosures of the effect on income of
a 1/8 percent variance in interest rates should be disclosed.

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3260.2 Although use of current or committed interest rates is appropriate in most cases,
careful consideration should be given to the facts and circumstances specific to
each presentation to determine whether the interest rate used is reasonable.
Certain limited circumstances may warrant the use of an interest rate other than
the current or committed rate. In some instances, the staff believes that the
registrant should use the interest rates that were prevailing during the period
covered by the pro forma information.

For example: If a registrant purchases a business whose assets comprise

variable rate interest earning assets financed by variable rate debt, it may be
inappropriate to use current interest rates for purposes of computing pro forma
interest expense if historical income amounts related to interest earning assets
are reflected using interest rates significantly different from current or
committed rates.

When a rate other than the current or committed rate is used, prominent
disclosure of the basis of presentation and the anticipated effects of the current
interest rate environment should appear in the introduction to the pro forma
financial statements and wherever pro forma information is provided.

3270 Tax Effects

Normally, tax effects should be calculated with reference to the statutory rate in
effect during the periods for which the pro forma statements of comprehensive
income are presented. If taxes are not calculated on that basis, or if unusual
effects of loss carryforwards or other aspects of tax accounting are depicted, an
explanation should be provided in a note to the pro forma financial statements.

Companies are allowed to use different rates if they are factually supportable
and disclosed.

3280 Effects of New Contractual Arrangements

Effects of new major distribution, cost sharing, or management agreements, and
compensation or benefit plans may be reflected only if amounts are factually
supportable, directly attributable to the transaction, and expected to have a
continuing impact on the statement of comprehensive income.

For example: In connection with a spin-off of a subsidiary, a formal

management agreement between a registrant or target subsidiary and its parent
that provides for payments intended to cover administrative costs incurred by
the parent on behalf of the subsidiary may be terminated or modified. If a new
agreement is executed with different terms or the old agreement is terminated
and no new agreement is entered into because the subsidiary or its new parent
will now perform the activities covered by the previous management agreement,

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 pro forma adjustment for the contractually modified fee may be made.

3290 “Carved Out” Businesses

3290.1 A forecast about post-acquisition results of operations may be meaningful when
provided with a pro forma statement of comprehensive income prepared in
accordance with S-X Article 11 when historical financial statements of the
acquiree are not indicative of future financial condition or results of operations
because of changes in the business and the omission of various operating
expenses in the financial statements of businesses carved out of larger entities.
If a forecast is presented, management should clearly identify it as forward-
looking. If the forward-looking information provided is not in the form of a
comprehensive forecast of revenue and net earnings, disclosure of how revenue
and operating efficiencies may vary given the assumptions underlying the
forward-looking information that is provided should be included.

3290.2 If a pro forma statement of comprehensive income is presented, management

should limit it to information that is reliably determinable and not include
forward-looking information within the pro forma statement of comprehensive
income. Management also should disclose how the pro forma statement of
comprehensive income is not indicative of operations going forward because it
necessarily excludes various operating expenses. Material assumptions also
should be fully explained in a note. If factually supportable, certain adjustments
may demonstrate the effects of the changes in operations that may have affected
historical revenues or operating expenses had they been implemented at the
beginning of the historical period. [Instruction 4 to S-X Article 11] See Section
2065 for guidance about form and content of carve out financial statements.
The limitations of the pro forma information should be explained clearly.

3300 SPECIAL PROBLEMS AND ISSUES

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

3310 Common Pro Forma Preparation Problems

The following adjustments generally are not appropriate on the face of the
respective pro forma financial statements, but could be disclosed in the
footnotes thereto.

3310.1 Interest income from the use of proceeds from an offering or asset sale.

3310.2 Statement of comprehensive income presentation of gains and losses directly

attributable to the transaction. However, such amounts should be presented as
an adjustment to pro forma retained earnings with an appropriate explanation in
the notes.

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3310.3 Pro forma adjustments that give effect to actions taken by management or
expected to occur after a business combination, including termination of
employees, closure of facilities, and other restructuring charges. Forecasts or
projections may be the most appropriate way to depict the effect of such actions.

3310.4 Alternative measures of performance or liquidity and the effect of pro forma
adjustments thereon, provided the requirements of S-K 10(e) are met.

3320 Prohibition on Assuming Offering Proceeds

3320.1 Pro forma financial statements may not reflect the receipt or application of
offering proceeds, except as follows:

a. To the extent of a firm commitment from underwriter;

b. To the extent of the minimum in a best-efforts minimum/maximum
offering;
c. In a best-efforts all-or-none offering; and
d. Certain exceptions for savings and loan conversions.

3320.2 A similar prohibition applies to pro forma capitalization tables, although the
staff has allowed the following:

a. In a minimum/maximum offering, presentation of both minimum and

maximum; and
b. In a rights offering or offerings of securities upon the exercise of
outstanding warrants, may reflect proceeds to the extent exercise is
likely in view of the current market price.

3330 Combining Entities with Different Fiscal Years

3330.1 An acquired entity’s statement of comprehensive income should be brought up
to within 93 days of the registrant’s fiscal year, if practicable, by adding subse-
quent interim results to the fiscal year’s data and deducting the comparable
preceding year’s interim results, with appropriate disclosure. [S-X 11-02(c)(3)]

3330.2 Additional quantitative and narrative disclosure about gross profit, selling and
marketing expenses, and operating income of any period excluded from or
included more than once may be necessary to inform readers about the effects of
unusual charges or adjustment in the omitted or double-counted period.

3330.3 If a domestic registrant files a Form 8-K or registration statement for a business
combination transaction and the target company is a foreign private issuer, the
age of the pro forma information must be determined by reference to S-X 3-12.

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 Depending on the fiscal year ends of the domestic registrant and the foreign
target company, application of the age of financial statement rules may require
the foreign target company to include a period in the pro forma information that
would be more current than its separate historical financial statements. S-X
Article 11 permits the ending date of the periods included for the target
company to differ from those of the registrant by up to 93 days and may provide
sufficient relief. The staff also may consider combinations of periods that
involve overlaps or gaps in the information of the target company of up to 93
days, provided that the resulting annual and interim periods are of the same
length required for the registrant, and there are no overlaps or gaps in the
registrant’s information. However, the staff would not permit a registrant to
omit an interim pro forma presentation because of different fiscal periods.
(Last updated: 3/31/2011)

3340 Historical Results Include Unusual Events [S-X 11-02(c)(4)]

If unusual events enter into the determination of operating results presented for
the most recently completed fiscal year, the effect of such unusual events should
be disclosed and the registrant should consider presenting an additional pro
forma statement of comprehensive income for the most recent 12-month period.
The effects of the unusual events ordinarily should not be eliminated from pro
forma data. The registrant may wish to consider furnishing a forecast in lieu of
pro forma data.

3400 SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

3410 Sub-Chapter S Corporations and Partnerships

3410.1 If the issuer was formerly a Sub-Chapter S corporation (“Sub-S”), partnership
or similar tax exempt enterprise, pro forma tax and EPS data should be
presented on the face of historical statements for the periods identified below:

a. If necessary adjustments include more than adjustments for taxes, limit

pro forma presentation to latest fiscal year and interim period
b. If necessary adjustments include only taxes, pro forma presentation for
all periods presented is encouraged, but not required.

3410.2 In filings for periods subsequent to becoming taxable, pro forma presentations
reflecting tax expense for earlier comparable periods should continue to be
presented for periods prior to becoming taxable and for the period of change if
the registrant elects to present pro forma information for all periods pursuant to

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 3410.1(b). Such pro forma presentations should continue to calculate the pro
forma tax expense based on statutory rates in effect for the earlier period.

3410.3 Undistributed earnings or losses of a Sub-S registrant should be reclassified to

paid-in capital in the pro forma statements. [SAB Topic 4B] Similarly,
undistributed earnings or losses of partnerships should be reclassified to paid-in
capital in the pro forma statements. That presentation assumes a constructive
distribution to the owners followed by a contribution to the capital of the
corporate entity.

3410.4 Sub-S registrants or partnerships that pay distributions to promoter-owners at

the close or effectiveness with proceeds of the offering (rather than out of
retained earnings) should consider the pro forma presentations specified in
Section 3430.3.

3420 Distributions to Promoters/Owners At or Prior to Closing of an

IPO [SAB Topic 1B.3]
3420.1 If a planned distribution to owners, regardless of whether it has been declared or
whether it will be paid from proceeds, is not reflected in the latest balance sheet
but would be significant relative to reported equity, a pro forma balance sheet
reflecting the distribution accrual (but not giving effect to the offering proceeds)
should be presented alongside the historical balance sheet in the filing.

3420.2 If a distribution to owners, regardless of whether it is declared or whether it is

reflected already in the balance sheet, is to be paid out of proceeds of the
offering rather than from the current year’s earnings, pro forma per share data
should be presented (for the latest year and interim period only) giving effect to
the number of shares whose proceeds would be necessary to pay the dividend
(but only the amount that exceeds current year’s earnings) in addition to
historical EPS. The number of shares to be added to the denominator for
purposes of pro forma per share data should not exceed the total number of
shares to be issued in the offering. For purposes of this interpretation, a
dividend declared in the latest year would be deemed to be in contemplation of
the offering with the intention of repayment out of offering proceeds to the
extent that the dividend exceeded earnings during the previous twelve months.

3430 Other Changes in Capitalization At or Prior to Closing of an

IPO
3430.1 Generally, the historical balance sheet and statement of comprehensive income
(including EPS) should not be revised to reflect modifications of the terms of
outstanding securities that become effective after the latest balance sheet date,
although pro forma data may be necessary. Depending on the facts and
circumstances, the staff may not object if the registrant and its independent

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 accountants elect to present retroactively a conversion of securities as if it had
occurred at the date of the latest balance sheet included in the filing (with no
adjustment of earlier statements). However, if the original instrument accrues
interest or accretes toward redemption value after the balance sheet date until
the conversion actually occurs, or if the terms of the conversion do not confirm
the carrying value, only pro forma presentation would be deemed appropriate.

3430.2 If terms of outstanding equity securities will change subsequent to the date of
the latest balance sheet and the new terms result in a material reduction of
permanent equity or, if redemption of a material amount of equity securities will
occur in conjunction with the offering, the filing should include a pro forma
balance sheet (excluding effects of offering proceeds) presented alongside of the
historical balance sheet giving effect to the change in capitalization.

3430.3 If the conversion of outstanding securities will occur subsequent to the latest
balance sheet date and the conversion will result in a material reduction of
earnings per share (excluding effects of offering), pro forma EPS for the latest
year and interim period should be presented giving effect to the conversion (but
not the offering).

3440 Pro Forma Requirements for Real Estate and Leasing

Operations
3440.1 Statements of estimated taxable operating results and cash to be made available
by operations are required in pro forma statements for real estate and leasing
operations. These should be pro forma statements of the registrant, rather than
of the property, giving effect to the acquisition.

a. If the property is to be operated by the registrant, the presentation

should be based on the most recent 12 month period and include only
those adjustments which are factually supportable. Annualized results
for a period less than twelve months is not appropriate.

b. If the property to be acquired is subject to one or more leases, the

presentation should be based on the rents to be paid in the first year of
those leases. Material changes in the terms that will occur pursuant to
the terms of the leases subsequent to the first year should be
prominently disclosed.

c. Registrants that are partnerships or REITs may present in tabular form

for a limited number of years, typically one year, the estimated cash
distribution per unit showing the portion thereof reportable as taxable
income and the portion thereof that is a return of capital. If taxable net
income will be greater than the cash available for distribution per unit,
this should be disclosed.

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3440.2 To the extent applicable, pro forma information required by S-X Article 11 is
also required.

3440.3 Pro forma presentations should not include the effects of real estate properties
for periods prior to actual construction since that type of adjustment would be a
forecast or projection.

3440.4 The provision of S-X 3-14 which permits estimated taxable operating results of
real estate companies to include annualization of existing lease contracts is not
applicable to equipment leasing companies or other businesses that generate
income through leases.

3500 PROJECTIONS AND FINANCIAL FORECASTS

(Last updated: 6/30/2009)

3510 Alternative to Pro Forma Statements

Financial forecasts may be presented in lieu of pro forma condensed statements
of comprehensive income. [S-X 11-03]

3520 Presentation Requirements

3520.1 All projections and forecasts must comply with the guidelines for projections in
S-K 10. S-K 10 requires that management have a reasonable basis for the
assumptions underlying their prospective financial statements. Similarly, the
AICPA’s guide, Prospective Financial Information, requires these assumptions
to be reasonable and suitably supported. The level of support should be
persuasive. [See section 6.32] Support for assumptions may include market
surveys, general economic indicators, trends and patterns developed from the
entity’s operating history (e.g., historical sales trends), internal data and
analyses (e.g., obligations under union contracts for labor rates), etc. An
absence of adequate support may preclude a registrant’s ability to include
prospective financial statements in the filing. Additionally, a company with a
limited operating history may not have a reasonable basis to present a financial
forecast beyond one year.

3520.2 Forecasts presented in lieu of pro forma financial statements must be presented
in accordance with AICPA guidelines and the following guidance:

a. Forecasts should cover a period of at least 12 months from the later of

1. the latest historical balance sheet in the filing, or

2. the date of the event.

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 b. Forecasts should include the same degree of detail as that required in
pro forma data and should clearly set forth any assumptions used.

c. Historical information of the registrant and business to be acquired (if

applicable) should be presented for a recent 12 month period in
parallel columns with the forecast.

3600 OTHER
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

3610 Pro Forma Disclosures Required by GAAP

Certain pro forma disclosures are required by GAAP (e.g., ASC 805) and
should be provided where applicable. Those presentations may differ in style
and content from the requirements of S-X Article 11.

3620 Filings Subsequent to an IPO

Pro forma basic EPS reflecting the conversion of preferred stock into common
stock at the IPO date should not be presented in financial statements issued
subsequent to the IPO.

*****

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 TOPIC 4

INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS’ INVOLVEMENT

4100 QUALIFICATIONS OF ACCOUNTANTS

(Last updated: 6/30/2009)

4110 PCAOB Registration

4110.1 PCAOB Rule 2100 requires each firm (domestic or foreign) to register with the
PCAOB that:

a. prepares or issues any audit report with respect to any issuer; or

b. plays a substantial role in the preparation or furnishing of an audit
report with respect to any issuer.

4110.2 A public accounting firm not registered with the PCAOB may be able to
perform some audit services for an issuer if the firm does not play a substantial
role in the preparation or furnishing of the audit report as defined by PCAOB
Rule 1001(p)(ii).

4110.3 In accordance with PCAOB Rule 2107(b)(1), a firm that was once registered
and then later withdrew may reissue or give consent to the use of a prior report
that it issued while registered. However, the firm cannot update or dual-date a
previously issued report after the firm is no longer registered, as that involves
additional audit work.

4110.4 Issuer financial statements audited by a nonregistered firm are considered to be

“not audited,” and any 10-K, proxy statement, or registration statement
containing or incorporating by reference such financial statements is deemed
substantially deficient. In addition, the 10-K is deemed not timely filed. The
10-K or filing should be amended immediately to remove the nonregistered
auditor’s report and label the columns of the financial statements as “not
audited.” The issuer would then need to file another amendment to file
financial statements audited by a registered firm.

4110.5 The following chart outlines the application of certain PCAOB requirements in
various filings with the SEC. (Last updated: 12/31/2022)

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 Auditor’s report on Auditor’s report
Entities for which an audit report on the financial statements on financial
financial statements is included in the in current filing must statements must
document filed with SEC1: be issued by a public refer to PCAOB
accounting firm standards?
registered with the
PCAOB?
1 Issuer2 and its predecessor Yes Yes
Entity that has filed an initial registration
2
statement Yes Yes
Operating company (predecessor) whose
financial statements are filed by a special Yes Yes
3a
purpose acquisition company (“SPAC”)
Operating company (predecessor) whose pre-
acquisition financial statements are filed by an Yes Yes
issuer that at the time the reverse merger is
3b
consummated is a public “shell company” (See
Section 12250.1)
Operating company (predecessor) whose pre-
acquisition financial statements are filed by an No, but see No, but see
issuer that at the time the reverse merger is Section 12250.2 Section 12250.2
3c
consummated is not a public “shell company”
(See Section 12250.2)
Operating company (predecessor) whose post-
acquisition audited financial statements are filed Yes Yes
3d by the issuer after consummation of a reverse
merger
Non-issuer subsidiary, division, branch,
4 component or investment for which an audit
See footnote 3 Yes4
report is filed under S-X 2-05
Non-issuer entity whose financial statements are
5 No No
filed to satisfy S-X 3-05 or 3-14

Non-issuer entity whose financial statements are

included in proxy statement or Form S-4/F-4 as
6 target (except for the target of a SPAC in Form No No
S-4/F-4, then follow 3a above)

Non-issuer entity whose financial statements are

7 See footnote 3 See footnote 5
filed to satisfy S-X 3-09
Subsidiary issuer or guarantor of guaranteed
debt or debt-like securities whose separate
8 financial statements are filed because it does not Yes 6 Yes
qualify for relief under S-X 3-10 (see Section
2500)
9 Employee benefit plan filing Form 11-K Yes 6 Yes

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1
This table describes the staff’s application of PCAOB registration requirements for an auditor whose
report is included in a filing with the SEC. There are instances, not included in the table, when a principal
auditor will use the work of another auditor and take responsibility for the other auditor’s work. In these
instances, the other auditor’s report is not included in the filing with the SEC. The determination of whether
the other auditor must be registered with the PCAOB is made by reference to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and
the PCAOB’s rules. In all such instances the principal auditor is responsible for performing the audit in
accordance with PCAOB standards.
2
The term ‘issuer’ means an issuer (as defined in Section 3 of the 1934 Act), the securities of which are
registered under Section 12 of that Act, or that is required to file reports under Section 15(d) of that Act, or
that files or has filed a registration statement that has not yet become effective under the 1933 Act, and that
it has not withdrawn. See Section 2(a)(7) of the Sarbanes Oxley Act and PCAOB Rule 1001.
3
The auditor of the financial statements of the non-issuer entity must be registered if, in performing the
audit, the auditor played a “substantial role” in the audit of the issuer, as that term is defined in PCAOB
Rule 1001(p)(ii). If the “substantial role” test is not met, the firm is not required to be registered. The
inclusion or exclusion of such a report under S-X 2-05 does not affect this determination.
4
S-X 2-02 requires that the auditor’s report state the applicable professional standards under which the
audit was conducted. Under S-X 1-02 an audit of the financial statements of an issuer means an
examination by an independent accountant in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. In the
situation identified in the chart above, the view of the SEC staff is that the applicable professional standards
in S-X 2-02, as applied to the other auditor’s report, relates to an issuer and, therefore, the other auditor’s
report must refer to the standards of the PCAOB.
5
If a principal auditor is making reference to another auditor’s report on the financial statements of the
non-issuer entity, the other auditor’s report must refer to the standards of the PCAOB. See footnote 4
above. If a principal auditor does not make reference to another auditor’s report on the financial statements
of the non-issuer entity, the other auditor’s report need not refer to the standards of the PCAOB.
6
The entity is itself an issuer and so must comply with the rules applicable to issuers.

4110.6 For purposes of Item 5 of the table above, a non-issuer entity could also be a
bidder in a Schedule TO or an acquirer in a proxy statement.

4110.7 [Reserved] (Last updated: 12/31/2022)

4110.8 The audited balance sheet of a non-issuer general partner that is included in a
transactional filing or registration statement of a limited partnership issuer is not
required to be audited by a PCAOB registered firm. The audit report also is not
required to refer to PCAOB standards.

4115 Involuntary PCAOB Deregistration

4115.1 If the PCAOB revokes the registration of an audit firm, audit reports issued by
that firm may no longer be included in a registrant’s filings made on or after the
date the firm’s registration is revoked, even if the report was previously issued
before the date of revocation. Financial statements previously audited by a firm
whose registration has been revoked would generally need to be reaudited by a
PCAOB registered firm prior to inclusion in future filings or if included in a
registration statement that has not yet been declared effective.
(Last updated: 6/30/2011)

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4115.2 In providing the information that Item 304 of Regulation S-K requires regarding
a change in accountants for a firm whose registration is revoked by the PCAOB,
a company should indicate that the PCAOB has revoked the registration of its
prior auditor. If a company previously explained the PCAOB registration
revocation in its Item 4.01 Form 8-K, it need not repeat this disclosure in its
Form 10-K.

4120 Duly Registered and in Good Standing Under the Laws of the
Accountant’s Place of Residence or Principal Office [S-X 2-01]
(Last updated: 9/30/2011)

4120.1 The SEC will not recognize any person as a certified public accountant unless
duly registered (licensed to practice) and in good standing under the laws of the
place of the accountant’s residence or principal office. [S-X 2-01(a)] However,
S-X 2-01(a) does not affect the applicability of any other registration, licensing
or qualification requirements that may apply in any State or competent
jurisdiction.

4120.2 The staff may question the location from which the audit report was rendered if
there does not appear to be a logical relationship between that location and the
location of the registrant’s corporate offices, its principal operations, its
principal assets, or where the audit work was principally conducted. The staff
will consider all relevant factors in questioning the location from which the
audit report was rendered.

4120.3 An auditor whose report is included in a domestic registrant’s filings should be

an expert in U.S. GAAP and the standards of the PCAOB (U.S. GAAS for non-
issuers).

4130 Independence [S-X 2-01(b) and (c), SOX 201]

4130.1 Questions regarding independence should be directed to OCA. Auditor reports
on financial statements that refer to PCAOB standards must comply with the
independence rules of both the SEC and the PCAOB. The SEC’s independence
rules are promulgated in S-X 2-01. The PCAOB has also issued certain
independence and ethics rules, which are part of its adopted standards. See
https://pcaobus.org/. Compliance with these rules is required to issue a PCAOB
opinion.

4130.2 S-X 2-01 is designed to ensure that auditors are qualified and independent both
in fact and in appearance. Accordingly, the rule sets forth restrictions, including
but not limited to, on financial, employment, and business relationships between
an accountant and an audit client and restrictions on an accountant providing
certain non-audit services to an audit client. These restrictions are prescribed in
paragraphs (c)(1) to (c)(8) of S-X 2-01. The general standard of independence

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 is set forth in S-X 2-01(b). The rule does not purport to, and the SEC could not,
consider all the circumstances that raise independence concerns, and these are
subject to the general standard in paragraph 2-01(b). In considering this
standard, the SEC looks in the first instance to whether a relationship or the
provision of a service: (a) creates a mutual or conflicting interest between the
accountant and the audit client; (b) places the accountant in the position of
auditing his or her own work; (c) results in the accountant acting as
management or an employee of the audit client; or (d) places the accountant in a
position of being an advocate for the audit client. See also OCA: Application of
the Commission’s Rules on Auditor Independence Frequently Asked Questions
available here. (Last updated: 10/30/2020)

4130.3 SEC Independence rules also apply to Regulation A, except for Tier 1 offerings
where the AICPA independence standards may be applied and Regulation D
filings, and when separately audited financial statements of an equity investee is
included in a filing under Rule 3-09 of Regulation S-X. [Form 1-A Part F/S and
Section O. Other Independence in OCA: Application of the Commission’s Rules
on Auditor Independence Frequently Asked Questions.] (Last updated:
10/30/2020)

4140 Principal Auditor [S-X 2-05, PCAOB AS 1205]

4140.1 When an independent auditor uses the work and reports of other independent
auditors to audit the financial statements of one or more subsidiaries, divisions,
branches, components, or investments included in the financial statements
presented, such independent auditor must decide whether it may serve as the
principal auditor. Generally, the principal auditor is expected to have audited or
assumed responsibility for reporting on at least 50% of the assets and revenues
of the consolidated entity. If it is impracticable for a principal auditor to assume
that extent of responsibility for one or more of the periods presented, the staff
will evaluate whether to accept the audit reports as sufficient for reliance in
filings with the SEC depending on the facts and circumstances.

4140.2 A principal auditor must decide whether to make reference in its report to the
audit performed by another auditor. If the principal auditor decides to assume
responsibility for the work of the other auditor insofar as that work relates to the
principal auditor’s expression of an opinion on the financial statements taken as
a whole, no reference should be made to the other auditor’s work or report.

4140.3 If a principal auditor decides not to assume responsibility for the work of the
other auditor insofar as that work relates to the principal auditor’s expression of
an opinion on the financial statements taken as a whole, the principal auditor’s
report should make reference to the audit of the other auditor and should
indicate clearly the division of responsibility between the principal auditor and
the other auditor in expressing his opinion on the financial statements.

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 Regardless of the principal auditor’s decision, the other auditor remains
responsible for the performance of its own work and for its own report.

4140.4 If a principal auditor makes reference to the work of the other auditor in the
principal auditor’s report on either the financial statements or ICFR, the
separate report of the other auditor shall be filed. [S-X 2-05]
(Last updated: 9/30/2012)

4140.5 If a principal auditor makes reference to the work of the other auditor in the
principal auditor’s report, the other auditor must comply with all requirements
with which the principal auditor must comply, with the exception of PCAOB
registration when the other auditor does not meet the “substantial role”
threshold defined in PCAOB Rule 1001(p)(ii) in the audit of the issuer. The
other auditor must register with the PCAOB if it meets the “substantial role”
threshold defined in PCAOB Rule 1001(p)(ii) in the audit of the issuer,
regardless of whether the principal auditor refers to the work of the other
auditor. (Last updated: 9/30/2012)

4200 ACCOUNTANTS’ REPORTS [S-X 2-02]

(Last updated: 6/30/2009)

4210 General – Audit Reports

4210.1 The accountant’s report must be dated, electronically signed [S-T 302(a)],
indicate the city and state where issued, and identify the financial statements
covered.

4210.2 The report should refer to any supplemental schedules presented pursuant to S-
X Article 12 (or a separate report on those schedules may be included with the
schedules).

4210.3 The report must contain clear statements as to the scope of the audit. It must
include representations that the audit is conducted in accordance with the
standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)
for issuers or applicable professional standards (that is, U.S. GAAS as issued by
the AICPA) for non-issuers (with certain exceptions noted in Section 4210.4).
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

4210.4 Audit reports on non-issuer financial statements may, but are not required to,
refer to PCAOB standards, except in certain cases. An audit of non-issuer
financial statements must be conducted in accordance with PCAOB standards if
the issuer’s principal auditor makes reference to the work performed by the non-
issuer auditor. (Last updated: 9/30/2012)

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4210.5 The report must contain a clear statement as to the auditor’s opinion that the
financial statements are presented in conformity with GAAP, and any
exceptions taken. All financial statements must be prepared in accordance with
U.S. GAAP for domestic issuers. Foreign private issuers may present their
financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB without a
reconciliation to U.S. GAAP, or in accordance with non-IFRS home-country
GAAP reconciled to U.S. GAAP as permitted by Form 20-F.

4220 Qualified Audit Reports

The audit report that an independent auditor issues under PCAOB standards (or
U.S. GAAS for non-issuers) may indicate that the financial statements do not
satisfy the requirements of the SEC’s rules or the audit procedures applied
omitted certain procedures deemed necessary by the auditor. There may be rare
instances when the staff will not object to an audit report on the financial
statements that contains a qualification. However, a waiver from CF-OCA
would need to be requested and obtained before filing. Examples of audit
reports on the financial statements that represent a substantial deficiency in the
filing are set forth in 4220.1 through 4220.4. In substantial deficiency
situations, the related filing, e.g. Form 10-K, is deemed not timely filed and
would impact compliance with certain rule and form eligibility requirements –
such as, Regulation S, Rule 144, Form S-3 and Form S-8. (Last updated:
10/30/2020)

4220.1 Disclaimer of Opinion

S-X Article 2 requires the clear expression of an opinion on the financial
statements. A report that states that the auditor is disclaiming an opinion on the
financial statements for any reason does not satisfy the requirements of S-X
Article 2.

4220.2 Adverse Opinion

An audit report that states that the financial statements taken as a whole are not
presented fairly in conformity with GAAP does not satisfy the requirements of
S-X Article 2.

4220.3 Scope Qualifications [SAB Topic 1E.2]

a. A qualification with respect to the scope of the audit of the financial

statements results in a finding by the staff that the audit of the financial
statements required by SEC rules has not been performed.

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 b. Sometimes an auditor is not present for observation of inventory. In
that case, the auditor must be able to satisfy himself or herself through
alternative procedures. No language in the report should imply a
qualification as to scope or conclusions. [FRC 607.01]

4220.4 Qualifications as to Accounting Principles or Disclosures [SAB Topic 1E.2]

Audit reports that express a qualified or “except for” opinion due to a departure
from GAAP do not meet the requirements of S-X Article 2. Financial
statements not in conformity with GAAP are presumed to be inaccurate or
misleading, notwithstanding explanatory disclosures in footnotes or in the
accountant’s report. [FRC 607.01]

4220.5 In the case of an auditor’s issuance of an adverse opinion on a company’s ICFR,

the auditor should determine the effect an adverse opinion on ICFR has on the
auditor’s opinion on the financial statements. An auditor should disclose
whether or not an adverse opinion on ICFR affected its audit opinion on the
financial statements. [AS 2201, paragraph 92]

4230 Other Report Modifications

4230.1 Going Concern Modifications [AS 2415]

a. Going concern modifications are required by PCAOB standards and

U.S. GAAS in certain circumstances.
b. Filings that include reports having going concern modifications must
also include appropriate and prominent disclosure of the financial
difficulties giving rise to that uncertainty. Discussion of a viable plan
that has the capability of removing the threat to the continuation of the
business must be included. The plan may include a “best efforts”
offering so long as the amount of minimum proceeds necessary to
remove the threat is disclosed. The plan should enable the issuer to
remain viable for at least the 12 months following the date of the
financial statements being reported on. If management has no viable
plan, the use of going concern financial statements may be
inappropriate and liquidation-basis financial statements may be
necessary or the classification and amounts of assets and liabilities
may need to be adjusted. [FRC 607.02] AU 341 does not apply to an
audit of financial statements based on the assumption of liquidation.
c. Going concern opinions that do not use the words “substantial doubt”
when referencing a going concern matter do not comply with PCAOB
standards/U.S. GAAS.

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 d. Going concern opinions that use conditional language in expressing a
conclusion concerning the existence of substantial doubt about the
entity’s ability to continue as a going concern are not appropriate.
e. A disclaimer of opinion, “except for” opinion, or an adverse opinion
resulting from going concern matters is permitted by AS 2415, but
none of these types of opinion comply with the requirements of S-X
Article 2.

4230.2 Changes in Accounting Principles [ASC 250, AS 2820, S-X 10-01]

a. A change in accounting principle that has a material effect on the

financial statements should be recognized in the auditor’s report. [AS
2820, paragraph 8]

b. The correction of a material misstatement in previously issued

financial statements should be recognized in the auditor’s report on the
audited financial statements through the addition of an explanatory
paragraph. [AS 2820, paragraph 9]

c. Preferability Letters
The presumption that an entity should not, in the absence of the
issuance of a new accounting standard, change an accounting principle
may be overcome only if the company justifies the use of an
alternative acceptable accounting principle on the basis that it is
preferable. [ASC 250-10-45-12] The registrant is required to file a
letter from its independent accountant concurring with its conclusion
as to the new method’s preferability. [S-X 10-01; SAB Topic 6G.2.b]

1. Preferability letters must be included in Form 10-Q or Form

10-K as Exhibit 18 and need only be filed once in the first
applicable 1934 Act filing following the change.
Preferability letters are not required in 1933 Act filings. A
preferability letter generally is required in Form 10-K only
when a change in accounting occurs in the fourth quarter.
Even though the independent accountant referred to the
change in its audit report as required by PCAOB standards
and concluded as to the preferability of the change, S-K 601
requires that a preferability letter be included as an exhibit to
the Form 10-K (unless it was previously filed).

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 2. The staff has objected to the change from one acceptable
method to another acceptable method if the registrant and its
independent accountants cannot demonstrate that the new
method is preferable. Conforming to industry practice may
not justify a change if industry practice is not the preferable
method.

3. Preferability letters are not required after a business

combination where changes in the acquired entity's
accounting are made to conform to those of the acquiring
entity.

4. A preferability letter is not required for a change in estimate

effected by a change in accounting principle.

5. A preferability letter is not required for changes that are

mandatory or will be mandatory.

4230.3 Clarification in Audit Report Regarding No Audit of Internal Control Over

Financial Reporting [SOX 404(b), S-K 308(b), AS 3105]
In a financial statement audit of an issuer or non-issuer that has determined it is
not yet required to obtain, nor did it request the auditor to perform, an audit of
internal control over financial reporting under SOX 404(b) and S-K 308(b), a
firm may, but is not required to, expand its audit report to clarify this fact. A
firm may include a statement that the purpose and extent of the auditor’s
consideration of internal control over financial reporting was to determine that
the nature, timing, and extent of tests to be performed are appropriate in the
circumstances, but was not sufficient to express an opinion on the effectiveness
of internal control over financial reporting. If a firm chooses to expand its
report to clarify this point, the scope paragraph in the audit report should follow
the suggested language in AS 3105.59 to .60.

4300 REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER

FINANCIAL REPORTING
[SOX 404, AS 2201 and S-K 308, SEC Interpretive
Guidance, ICFR FAQs, PCAOB Staff Guidance]
(Last updated: 6/30/2009)

4310 Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over

Financial Reporting [S-K 308]

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4310.1 S-K 308(a) requires management to provide its report on ICFR containing its
assessment of the effectiveness of ICFR as of the end of the most recent fiscal
year in its annual report on Form 10-K, 20-F, or 40-F (including transition
reports filed on such forms upon a change in fiscal year-end). If the registrant is
a non-EGC accelerated filer or a large accelerated filer, S-K 308(b) requires
management to provide the registered public accounting firm’s attestation report
on the registrant’s ICFR. Filings without the required report or reports are
deficient and considered not timely, except for the limited situation described in
Section 4310.6 below. Non-accelerated filers (both domestic and foreign) and
EGCs (both domestic and foreign) are not required to include an auditor
attestation report under S-K 308(b).

NOTE: Management’s report on ICFR and the accompanying attestation report

are not required in registration statements (whether under the 1933 Act or 1934
Act) or Forms 11-K. (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

4310.2 A non-EGC that enters accelerated filer status at the end of a fiscal year (based
upon its public float as of the end of its second fiscal quarter) is required to
include an auditor attestation report in the Form 10-K for that year. Similarly, a
company that exits accelerated filer status at the end of its fiscal year (based
upon its public float as of the end of its second fiscal quarter) would not be
required to include an auditor attestation report in the Form 10-K for that year.
(Last updated: 6/30/2013)

4310.3 The staff’s Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
and Certification of Disclosure in Exchange Act Periodic Reports, Frequently
Asked Questions (“ICFR FAQs”) is available at
http://www.sec.gov/info/accountants/controlfaq.htm.

4310.4 [Reserved]

4310.5 [Reserved]

4310.6 Pursuant to S-K 308, a newly public company need not provide management’s
report on ICFR until it either had been required to file or had filed a Form 10-K
with the Commission for the prior fiscal year. A company that historically
reported under the Exchange Act as a voluntary filer or because of registered
debt, and therefore filed annual reports up to and through the date of its IPO, in
which it was required to comply with the disclosures required by Item 308(a) of
Regulation S-K, is therefore required to provide management’s report on ICFR
in its first annual report following the IPO.

Only “accelerated filers” that are not EGCs and “large accelerated filers” are
required to provide an auditor’s attestation report on ICFR under Item 308(b) of
Regulation S-K. The definitions of “accelerated filer” and “large accelerated
filer” require that the issuer has been subject to reporting under Section 13(a) or

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 15(d) and has filed at least one annual report. Newly public companies and
companies that historically reported under the Exchange Act as voluntary filers
or because of registered debt do not satisfy the definitions of “accelerated filer”
or “large accelerated filer” for purposes of their first annual report following
their IPO, and therefore are not required to include an auditor’s attestation
report on ICFR under S-K 308(b) in that first annual report.

A registrant should include a statement in its first annual report in substantially

the following form:

“This annual report does not include a report of management’s assessment

regarding internal control over financial reporting or an attestation report of
the company’s registered public accounting firm due to a transition period
established by rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission for newly
public companies.” [Instruction 1 to S-K 308] (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

4310.7 The framework on which management bases its evaluation of ICFR must be a
suitable, recognized control framework. Many companies follow the COSO
framework, but other frameworks are also acceptable. In assessing
effectiveness, management evaluates whether its ICFR system addresses the
elements of internal control that its chosen framework describes as necessary for
an internal control system to be effective. There are no specifically required
methods or procedures for evaluating ICFR, so it will vary from company to
company. Management will have to use its best judgment. The evaluation must
be based on procedures sufficient to evaluate both the design and operating
effectiveness of ICFR. In June 2007, the SEC issued interpretative guidance
regarding management’s report on ICFR. [Release No. 33-8810] An evaluation
following this interpretative guidance is one way to satisfy the evaluation
requirements of ICFR.

Under any method of evaluating ICFR, management must attain a level of

“reasonable assurance” when making conclusions about the effectiveness of
ICFR. While “reasonable assurance” is a high level of assurance, it does not
mean absolute assurance. The term “reasonable assurance” relates to similar
language in the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. 1934 Act Section 13(b)(7)
defines “reasonable assurance” as the degree of assurance that would satisfy
prudent officials in the conduct of their own affairs. There is a range of
judgments that an issuer might make as to what is reasonable in implementing
SOX 404 and the SEC’s rules.

4310.8 S-K 308 does not specify the exact content of management’s annual report on
ICFR. Management should tailor the wording of the report to fit its company’s
particular circumstances. However, management’s annual report on ICFR must
state or disclose the following:

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 a. Management’s responsibility for establishing and maintaining
adequate ICFR for the company.
b. The framework used by management as criteria for evaluating the
effectiveness of ICFR.
c. Management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s ICFR
at year end, including a statement as to whether or not ICFR is
effective.
d. Any material weaknesses in the company’s ICFR identified by
management (See Section 4320.8 for definition of material weakness).
e. The fact that the company’s independent public accountant, who
audited the financial statements included in the annual report, has
issued an attestation report on the company’s ICFR (if applicable).

4310.9 Management must reach one of two conclusions for its assessment of ICFR –
ICFR is either effective or not effective. Management cannot conclude that its
ICFR is effective if there are one or more material weaknesses. Additionally,
management cannot qualify its conclusion by stating that its ICFR is effective
with certain qualifications or exceptions. However, management may state that
its controls are ineffective for specific reasons. Because of the substantial
overlap between ICFR and DCP, if management concludes that ICFR is
ineffective, it must also consider the impact of the material weakness on its
conclusions related to DCP. (Last updated: 9/30/2010)

4310.10 In certain circumstances, management may encounter difficulty in assessing

certain aspects of ICFR. Management must still conclude whether ICFR is
effective or not since management is not permitted to issue a report with a scope
limitation (except under the limited circumstances described in Section
4310.11). Therefore, management must determine whether an inability to
assess certain aspects of ICFR is significant enough to conclude that ICFR is not
effective.

4310.11 If management does not have the ability to assess certain aspects of ICFR,
management must conclude whether ICFR is effective or not, taking into
consideration any scope limitation. Scope limitations are not permitted in
management’s report, except for the following limited exceptions (see 4310.3
for link to FAQs referenced):

a. A variable interest entity in existence prior to December 15, 2003 that

is consolidated AND the registrant does not have the right or authority
to assess the internal controls of the consolidated variable-interest
entity and also lacks the ability, in practice, to make that assessment.
A similar exception is available for an entity accounted for via
proportionate consolidation in accordance with ASC 810-10-45-14 if
management does not have the ability to assess ICFR. [ICFR FAQ 1]

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 b. Equity method investments. [ICFR FAQ 2]
c. A current year acquisition (includes initial consolidation resulting from
becoming the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity) when it
is not possible to conduct an assessment of the acquired business’s
ICFR in the period between the consummation date and the date of
management’s assessment. The exclusion may not extend beyond one
year from the date of the acquisition nor may it be omitted from more
than one annual management report on ICFR. [ICFR FAQ 3]
(Last updated: 9/30/2010)
d. A reverse acquisition between an issuer and a private operating
company when it is not possible to conduct an assessment of the
private operating company or accounting acquirer’s ICFR in the period
between the consummation date of a reverse acquisition and the date
of management’s assessment of ICFR. See the Division of
Corporation Finance’s C&DIs for Regulation S-K, Question 215.02.

For foreign private issuers who file their financial statements in their home
country GAAP, management's evaluation of ICFR should consider, in addition
to controls related to preparation of the primary financial statements, controls
related to the preparation of the U.S. GAAP reconciliation because the
reconciliation is a required element of the financial statements. [ICFR FAQ 12]
(Last updated: 9/30/2010)

4310.12 Management should consider disclosing the following with respect to a

material weakness:

a. Describe the nature of the material weakness;

b. Describe its impact on the financial reporting and ICFR, if any; and
c. Describe management’s current plans or action already undertaken, if
any, for remediating the material weakness.

4310.13 Management must communicate all significant deficiencies and material

weaknesses it detects to the audit committee and external auditor. The SOX
302 certifications include an affirmative statement to this effect. Management
must also provide written representations to the auditor regarding its internal
controls.

4310.14 S-K 308 does not specify where management’s internal control report must
appear in the annual report on Form 10-K, but it should be located in close
proximity to the corresponding attestation report issued by the company’s
auditor. [Release No. 33-8238] Management’s report is not required to have a
title. Management’s report does not need to be dated or signed, but may include
the date and/or the names or signatures of management.

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4310.15 Our rules do not address whether the assessment of ICFR covers supplementary
financial information, Regulation S-X schedules, or ASC 932 oil and gas
disclosures. Internal controls over supplementary information do not need to be
included in an assessment of ICFR, although adequate internal controls over the
preparation of supplementary information are required. [ICFR FAQ 11]

4310.16 There is no requirement for a company to reevaluate the effectiveness of its

internal controls and/or reissue a revised management’s report on ICFR when a
company restates its financial statements to correct errors in the financial
statements. However, a company may need to consider whether or not its
original disclosures in management’s report continue to be appropriate in light
of these errors, and should modify or supplement its original disclosure to
include any other material information that is necessary for such disclosures not
to be misleading in light of the restatement. The company should also disclose
any material changes to ICFR, as required by S-K 308(c).

4310.17 If a company’s management concludes that its original assessment of ICFR was
incorrect, it should consider whether or not to revise its original report on ICFR.
A company should also reevaluate the appropriateness of its prior disclosures
regarding the effectiveness of the company’s DCP and make any necessary
revisions. For example, a company disclosed that its Chief Financial Officer
and Chief Executive Officer concluded its DCP were effective in its original
Form 10-K. Subsequently, the company filed a Form 10-K/A to restate its
financial statements for errors. In the Form 10-K/A, the company revised its
disclosures to state that the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Executive Officer
concluded its DCP were not effective, and the reasons why they were not
effective.

4320 Auditor’s Report on ICFR [AS 2201, S-X 2-02(f)]

4320.1 AS 2201 requires an auditor to perform an audit of a company’s ICFR that is
integrated with an audit of the financial statements. A report on the audit of
ICFR, which may be combined with or separate from the report on the financial
statements, must include the following:

a. A title that includes the word independent;

b. A statement that management is responsible for maintaining effective

internal control over financial reporting and for assessing the
effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting;

c. An identification of management’s report on internal control;

d. A statement that the auditor’s responsibility is to express an opinion on

the company’s internal control over financial reporting based on his or
her audit;

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 e. A definition of internal control over financial reporting as stated in AS
2201, paragraph A5;

f. A statement that the audit was conducted in accordance with the

standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United
States);

g. A statement that the standards of the Public Company Accounting

Oversight Board require that the auditor plan and perform the audit to
obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control
over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects;

h. A statement that an audit includes obtaining an understanding of

internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a
material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and
operating effectiveness of internal controls based on the assessed risk
and performing such other procedures as the auditor considered
necessary in the circumstances;

i. A statement that the auditor believes the audit provides a reasonable

basis for his or her opinion;

j. A paragraph stating that, because of inherent limitations, internal

control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect
misstatements and that projections of any evaluation of effectiveness
to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become
inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of
compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate;

k. The auditor’s opinion on whether the company maintained, in all

material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as
of the specified date, based on the control criteria;

l. The manual or printed signature of the auditor’s firm;

m. The city and state (or city and country, in the case of non-U.S.
auditors) from which the auditor’s report has been issued; and

n. The date of the audit report.

4320.2 In addition, S-X 2-02(f) requires the audit report on ICFR to identify the period
covered by the report.

4320.3 If the audit report on ICFR is separate from the audit report on the financial
statements, both reports must be dated the same. See paragraphs 87-88 of AS

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 2201 for sample Illustrative Reports on Internal Control Over Financial
Reporting.

4320.4 AS 2201 requires the auditor to modify its report on ICFR if any one of the
following five conditions exists:

a. Elements of management’s annual report on internal control are

incomplete or improperly presented;
b. There is a restriction on the scope of the engagement;
c. The auditor decides to refer to the report of other auditors as the basis,
in part, for the auditor’s own report;
d. There is other information contained in management’s annual report
on internal control over financial reporting; or
e. Management’s annual certification pursuant to SOX 302 is misstated.
[AS 2201, paragraphs C1-C15]
The report modification may be in one of the following forms, depending on the
condition:

• an explanatory paragraph;
• an adverse opinion; or
• a disclaimer of opinion.

4320.5 The auditor’s report on ICFR should clearly state whether or not it is the
auditor’s opinion that a company maintained, in all material respects, effective
ICFR at year end. It is not appropriate for the report to state that ICFR is
effective with certain qualifications or exceptions. For example, language
indicating that the company maintained effective ICFR, except for a certain
weakness in a control, is not acceptable. Language indicating that the company
maintained ICFR that are “sufficiently effective” or “adequate” is also not
appropriate.

4320.6 The auditor must express an adverse opinion on the company’s ICFR when one
or more material weaknesses in ICFR exist, unless there is a restriction on the
scope of the engagement. See Section 4320.12. An adverse opinion on ICFR
must include:

a. The definition of a material weakness; and

b. A statement that a material weakness has been identified and an
identification of the material weakness described in management’s
assessment.

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4320.7 The auditor should determine the effect an adverse opinion on ICFR has on the
auditor’s opinion on the financial statements. Also, the auditor should disclose
whether or not the adverse opinion on ICFR affected its audit opinion on the
financial statements. [AS 2201, paragraph 92]

4320.8 A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in ICFR

such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the
company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or
detected on a timely basis. [S-X 1-02(a)(4); AS 2201, paragraph A7]

4320.9 A deficiency or combination of deficiencies is an indicator of a material

weakness if the auditor determines that the deficiency or combination of
deficiencies might prevent prudent officials in the conduct of their own affairs
from concluding that they have reasonable assurance that transactions are
recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of the financial statements in
conformity with GAAP. [AS 2201, paragraph 70]

4320.10 AS 2201 lists four indicators of a material weakness in ICFR, which are:

a. Identification of fraud, whether or not material, on the part of senior

management;
b. Restatement of previously issued financial statements to reflect the
correction of a material misstatement;
c. Identification by the auditor of a material misstatement of financial
statements in the current period in circumstances that indicate that the
misstatement would not have been detected by the company’s internal
control over financial reporting; and
d. Ineffective oversight of the company’s external financial reporting and
internal control over financial reporting by the company’s audit
committee. [AS 2201, paragraph 69]

4320.11 If the material weakness was not included in management’s assessment, the
auditor’s report on ICFR should be modified to state that a material weakness
has been identified but not included in management’s assessment. Also, the
auditor’s report should include a description of the material weakness, which
should provide the users of the audit report with specific information about the
nature of the material weakness and its actual and potential effect on the
presentation of the company’s financial statements issued during the existence
of the weakness. If the material weakness was included in management’s
assessment but the auditor concludes that management’s disclosure of the
material weakness is not fairly presented in all material respects, the auditor’s
report should describe this conclusion as well as the information necessary to
fairly describe the material weakness. [AS 2201, paragraph 91]

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4320.12 Any report modification due to a scope limitation would result in a disclaimer
of opinion on the audit of ICFR. Reports that result in a disclaimer of opinion
are expected to be rare. [S-X 2-02(f)] Reports on audits of ICFR that disclaim
an opinion due to a scope limitation should be discussed with CF-OCA in
advance of filing. (Last updated: 9/30/2011)

4320.13 When disclaiming an opinion due to a scope limitation, the auditor must state
that the scope of the audit was not sufficient to warrant the expression of an
opinion. Also, the auditor’s report on ICFR should provide the substantive
reasons for the disclaimer in a separate paragraph. [AS 2201, paragraph C4]

4320.14 When the auditor plans to disclaim an opinion on the audit of ICFR due to a
scope limitation and the limited procedures performed by the auditor cause the
auditor to conclude that a material weakness existed, the auditor’s report on
ICFR should include the definition of a material weakness and a description of
any material weakness identified, as described in 4320.6. [AS 2201, paragraph
C5]

4320.15 If management discloses additional information in the report (e.g., its plans to
implement new controls, corrective actions taken after the date of assessment, or
a statement that management believes the cost of correcting a material weakness
would exceed the benefits to be derived from implementing new controls), the
auditor is required to modify its report regarding any additional information and
disclaim an opinion on this information. [AS 2201, paragraphs C1 and C12-14]

4320.16 The auditor should inquire about and examine relevant documents for events
which occurred subsequent to the date as of which ICFR is being audited but
before the date of the auditor’s report. Such subsequent events could include
changes in internal controls or other factors. If the auditor obtains knowledge
about subsequent events that materially and adversely affect the effectiveness of
the company’s ICFR as of the date specified in the assessment, the auditor
should issue an adverse opinion on ICFR. If the auditor is unable to determine
the effect of the subsequent event on the effectiveness of ICFR, the auditor
should disclaim an opinion. [AS 2201, paragraphs 93-96]

4320.17 The auditor may obtain knowledge about subsequent events with respect to
conditions that did not exist at the date specified in the assessment but arose
subsequent to that date and before issuance of the auditor’s report. If a
subsequent event of this type has a material effect on the company’s ICFR, the
auditor should include an explanatory paragraph in its report on ICFR
describing the event and its effects or directing the reader to the event and its
effects as disclosed in management’s report on ICFR. [AS 2201, paragraph 97]

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4320.18 An audit report on ICFR may be based, in part, on the work of another auditor
when another auditor has audited the financial statements and ICFR of a
subsidiary, division, branch or component of a company. The principal auditor
should determine whether or not it will make reference in its report on ICFR to
the audit of ICFR performed by another auditor. The auditor’s decision to make
reference or not is based on factors analogous to those in AU 1205 when a
principal auditor decides to make reference to the report of another auditor
when reporting on a company’s financial statements. As a result, the decision to
make reference to another auditor’s report on ICFR may differ from the
decision to make reference to another auditor in the principal auditor’s report on
the financial statements. When the auditor decides to make reference to the
report of the other auditor in its report on ICFR, the principal auditor’s report on
ICFR should refer to the report of the other auditor when describing the scope
of the audit and expressing an opinion on ICFR. [AS 2201, paragraphs C8-C11]

4320.19 If the auditor makes reference to another auditor’s report on ICFR, the separate
report of the other auditor on ICFR must also be included in the filing.
[S-X 2-05]

4320.20 AS 6115 establishes requirements and provides guidance that apply when an
auditor is engaged to report on whether a previously reported material weakness
in internal control over financial reporting continues to exist as of a date
specified by management.

4320.21 The auditor’s objective in an engagement to report on whether a previously

reported material weakness continues to exist is to obtain reasonable assurance
about whether the previously reported material weakness exists as of a date
specified by management and to express an opinion thereon. The auditor’s
opinion relates to the existence of a specifically identified material weakness as
of a specified date and does not relate to the effectiveness of the company’s
ICFR overall.

4400 REVIEW AND COMPILATION REPORTS

(Last updated: 6/30/2009)

4410 Review Reports on Interim or Pro Forma Data [AS 4105, AT

Section 401]
4410.1 Prior to filing, interim financial statements included in quarterly or transition
reports on Form 10-Q must be reviewed by an independent registered public
accountant using PCAOB standards and procedures for conducting such
reviews, as may be modified or supplemented by the SEC. If the company
states in any filing, including registration and proxy statements, that interim
financial statements have been reviewed by an independent public accountant, a

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 report of the accountant on the review must be filed with the interim financial
statements. [S-X 10-01(d)] Otherwise, the report is not required to be included
in the filing.

4410.2 If a Form 10-Q that contains a review report on pro forma data or interim
financial statements is incorporated by reference into a registration statement,
the auditor must acknowledge use of its review report in a letter filed as Exhibit
15 to the registration statement. [S-K 601]

4410.3 If the review was not performed by a registered public accounting firm, the
Form 10-Q is considered substantially deficient and not timely filed. In
addition, the Form 10-Q must include the following disclosures:

a. Identify the report as deficient;

b. Label the columns of the financial statements as “not reviewed”; and
c. Describe how the registrant will remedy the deficiency.
When the review is completed by a registered accounting firm, the registrant
must file an amendment to remove the references to the deficiency and the
financial statements as “not reviewed.”

4420 Selected Quarterly Financial Data [AS 4105]

4420.1 Selected quarterly financial data is required for all registrants except foreign
private issuers, mutual life insurance companies, and smaller reporting
companies, and in initial registration statements. If it is required to be
presented, it must be reviewed by the independent registered accountant. [S-K
302]

4420.2 No reference in the audit report to the quarterly data accompanying the annual
financial statements is necessary if the auditor’s review conformed with
applicable standards and the auditor is not aware that the interim information is
materially affected by a departure from GAAP. Otherwise, the auditor must
discuss the departures that exist.

4430 Compilation Reports

Compilation reports are not appropriate in any filings, including Regulation A
filings, because the association of the accountant provides no basis for reliance.
In addition, the presence of a compilation report may indicate a violation of
SEC independence standards under S-X 2-01(c)(4)(i)(B).

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4500 CHANGE IN ACCOUNTANTS
[S-K 304, ITEM 4.01 FORM 8-K]
(Last updated: 6/30/2009)

4510 Change in Accountants

4510.1 If a change in accountant for a registrant or a significant subsidiary on whose
report the principal accountant relied occurred within 24 months prior to or in
any period subsequent to the date of the most recent financial statements, the
registrant should provide the required information in:

a. An Item 4.01 Form 8-K within 4 business days of the change;

b. Proxy statements, even though previously disclosed in Form 8-K, if
required by Item 9 of Schedule 14A; and
c. Forms 10-K and 20-F, and registration statements, unless the change
was previously disclosed.

NOTE: The disclosures about disagreements required by S-K 304(b) must

always be provided, where required, even if previously disclosed. [Instruction 1
to S-K 304; Instruction 2 to Item 16F of Form 20-F for registrants with fiscal
years ending on or after December 15, 2009]

4510.2 Disclosure of the following items should be provided:

a. Whether the accountant resigned, declined to stand for reelection or

was discharged (one of these must be specifically stated in the filing);
b. The date of resignation or discharge;
c. Whether the decision was recommended or approved by the Board of
Directors or a committee thereof;
d. Whether the accountant had issued a report in the last two fiscal years
containing a disclaimer or adverse opinion, or that was qualified or
modified. A modified opinion includes an opinion that expresses
substantial doubt about a company’s ability to continue as a going
concern;
e. Whether in connection with audits of the two most recent years
through the date of resignation or discharge there were any
disagreements with the former accountant on any matter which, if not
resolved to the satisfaction of the accountant, would have caused the
accountant to make reference in its report to the matter. Among other
items specified in S-K 304(a)(1)(iv), the filing should describe the
subject matter of any such disagreement. Disagreements required to

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 be reported include both those resolved to the satisfaction of the
accountant and those not resolved to the satisfaction of the accountant.
f. If there were any reportable events described under S-K 304(a)(1)(v)
during the two most recent years and any interim period preceding the
former accountant’s resignation or discharge, provide the disclosures
required by S-K 304(a)(1)(iv). If the event led to a disagreement, then
it should be reported as described under Section 4510.2(e) and need
not be repeated.

4510.3 If the registrant amends the Item 4.01 Form 8-K disclosures for any reason, it
must also file an updated letter from the auditor addressing the revised
disclosures as Exhibit 16.

4520 Unusual Issues Involving Changes in Accountants

4520.1 [Reserved]

4520.2 Predecessor Auditor Refuses to Furnish Exhibit 16 Letter

If the predecessor auditor refuses to furnish an Exhibit 16 letter stating whether
it agrees with the registrant’s statements, the registrant should indicate that fact
in the Item 4.01 Form 8-K or by amendment to the original Form 8-K. See the
Division of Corporation Finance’s C&DIs for Exchange Act Form 8-K,
Question 214.01.

4520.3 Reverse Acquisition

a. Unless the same accountant reported on the most recent financial

statements of both the registrant and the accounting acquirer, a reverse
acquisition always results in a change in accountants. An Item 4.01
Form 8-K should be filed within four business days of the change in
accountants, which often occurs on the date the reverse merger is
consummated. The accountant that will no longer be associated with
the registrant’s financial statements is the predecessor accountant. If a
decision has not been made as to which accountant will continue as the
successor auditor as of the date of filing the Item 2.01 Form 8-K, an
Item 4.01 Form 8-K must be filed within four business days of the date
the decision is made.

b. The disclosures required by S-K 304 with respect to any changes in the
accounting acquirer’s auditor which occurred within 24 months prior
to, or in any period subsequent to, the date of the acquirer’s financial
statements must be provided in the filing. See Section 12230.

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4520.4 Form 11-K Plans
Staff practice is not to object if a change in accountants for an employee stock
purchase plan or similar plan filing a Form 11-K does not result in the filing of
an Item 4.01 Form 8-K.

4530 Additional Guidance

(Last updated: 12/31/2010)

4530.1 Guidance regarding changes in accountants can be found in the Division of

Corporation Finance’s Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations. Questions
are grouped into the following categories and sections:

a. Regulation S-K, Sections 111 and 211 - Item 304 Changes in and
Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial
Disclosure

• Subsequent interim period

• No reportable events
• Remediation of internal control deficiencies
• Material weakness or significant deficiency in ICFR
• Going concern
• Explanatory paragraph in report on ICFR
• Revocation of accountant’s PCAOB registration
• Time period preceding resignation, declination or dismissal

b. Exchange Act Form 8-K, Section 114 and 214 - Item 4.01 Changes in
Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

• Revocation of accountant’s PCAOB registration

• New principal accountant related to former principal
accountant
• Business combination between principal accountant and
another accounting firm
• Former accountant declines to provide agreement letter
• Requirement to use Form 8-K

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4600 NON-RELIANCE ON PREVIOUSLY ISSUED
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OR RELATED AUDIT
REPORT OR COMPLETED INTERIM REVIEW
[ITEM 4.02 FORM 8-K]
(Last updated: 6/30/2009)

4610 Non-Reliance on Previously Issued Financial Statements

[Item 4.02(a) Form 8-K]
4610.1 An Item 4.02(a) Form 8-K should be filed when a registrant’s board of
directors, committee of the board, or board authorized officer(s) concludes any
previously issued financial statements should no longer be relied upon due to an
accounting error.

4610.2 [Reserved]

4610.3 The staff believes that filing an Item 4.02(a) Form 8-K without also filing an
Item 4.02(b) Form 8-K would be acceptable unless the auditor’s conclusion that
the financial statements can no longer be relied on relates to a different error or
matter from that which triggered the registrant’s filing under Item 4.02(a) Form
8-K. See the Division of Corporation Finance’s C&DIs for Exchange Act Form
8-K, Question 115.01.

4610.4 The Form 8-K should disclose:

a. The date that the registrant concluded the financial statements should
no longer be relied upon and identify the financial statements and
years or periods covered that should no longer be relied upon;

b. A description of the facts underlying the conclusion to the extent

known to the registrant at the time of filing; and

c. Whether the audit committee, or the board of directors in the absence

of an audit committee, or authorized officer(s), discussed the disclosed
matters with the registrant’s independent accountant.

4620 Non-Reliance on Previously Issued Audit Report or Completed

Interim Review [Item 4.02(b) Form 8-K]
4620.1 An Item 4.02(b) Form 8-K should be filed if the registrant’s current or former
independent accountant advises or notifies it must disclose or take action to
prevent future reliance on a previously issued audit report or completed interim
review related to previously issued financial statements.

Back to Table of Contents 228

4620.2 The filing of an Item 4.02(b) Form 8-K may, but does not necessarily, result in
non-reliance on previously issued financial statements, and require the filing of
an Item 4.02(a) Form 8-K. It would depend upon the underlying reasons that
the accountant advised a registrant that its audit report or completed interim
review should no longer be relied on.

4620.3 [Reserved]

4620.4 The Form 8-K should disclose:

a. The date on which the accountant advised or notified the registrant;

b. The specific financial statements that should no longer be relied upon;

c. A brief description of the information provided by the accountant; and

d. A statement of whether the audit committee, or the board of directors

in the absence of an audit committee, or authorized officer or officers,
discussed the matters disclosed in the filing under Item 4.02(b) of
Form 8-K with the accountant.

4620.5 The Form 8-K should include any written notice received from the accountant
as Exhibit 7.

4620.6 A registrant should provide the accountant with a copy of the disclosures the
registrant is making in response to the Item 4.02(b) Form 8-K no later than the
day that the disclosures are filed with the SEC.

4620.7 A registrant should request the accountant furnish the registrant as promptly as
possible a letter addressed to the SEC stating whether the independent
accountant agrees with the statements made by the registrant in response to the
Item 4.02(b) Form 8-K and, if not, stating with what it does not agree. If the
letter is not available on the date the 8-K is filed, a company should amend its
previously filed Form 8-K to file the independent accountant’s letter as Exhibit
7 no later than two business days after the registrant’s receipt of the letter.

Back to Table of Contents 229

4630 Other – Prior Disclosures Regarding Disclosure Controls and
Procedures
A registrant should consider whether the disclosures provided under S-K 307 in
prior filings need to be modified, supplemented or corrected in order to explain
whether management’s previously discussed conclusions regarding the
effectiveness of DCP continue to be appropriate in light of the restated financial
statements or non-reliance on a previously issued audit report or completed
interim review. [Release No. 33-8810]

4700 “TO BE ISSUED” ACCOUNTANT’S REPORTS

(Last updated: 6/30/2009)

4710 Contingent Upon Future Event or Transaction

(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

If audited financial statements are required in a filing, the audit report should be
signed and unrestricted. Generally, the staff will not make a review
determination on or commence a review of a filing that does not meet that
requirement. In some circumstances, however, a transaction that will occur at
or immediately before the effectiveness of a registration statement is
retrospectively reflected in the annual financial statements. If the transaction
prevents the auditor from expressing an opinion on the financial statements at
the time of filing, the staff has accepted the filing of a “draft report” in the form
that it will be expressed at effectiveness. Such transactions may include, but are
not limited to:

• stock splits; and

• reorganizations in which the entities comprising an IPO registrant will

not be legally transferred to the registrant until immediately before
effectiveness.

Another transaction where the staff has accepted the filing of a “draft report” in
the form that it will be expressed at effectiveness is if there is a component that
qualifies as a discontinued operation before an initial registration statement is
filed but after the date of the latest balance sheet included in the initial filing. A
“to-be-issued” report in this circumstance may be included when:

1) The disposal of the discontinued operation has occurred;

2) The audit of the financial statements, including the retrospective

revision, is complete; and

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 3) The registrant has consulted with CF to confirm that the use of
the “to-be-issued” audit report is appropriate.

In these cases, the draft report should be accompanied by a signed preface of the
auditor stating that it expects to be in a position to issue the report in the form
presented at effectiveness. No registration statement can be declared effective
until the preface is removed and the accountant’s report finalized.

4720 Contingent upon Future Underwriting Agreement

(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

An auditor may conclude that it is appropriate to include an explanatory

paragraph about the registrant’s ability to continue as a going concern in the
auditor’s report. The auditor may believe that upon the receipt of the proceeds
from the offering that the explanatory paragraph could be removed. As the
receipt of the proceeds occurs upon closing - not at effectiveness – the auditor’s
report should include the explanatory paragraph that the auditor believed was
appropriate at the time of effectiveness. It would not be appropriate for the
report to indicate that the explanatory paragraph would be removed at closing as
that event takes place after effectiveness.

4800 OTHER MATTERS

(Last updated: 6/30/2009)

4810 Consents to the Use of Audit Reports

4810.1 Registrants must file a copy of the auditor’s consent to the use of its audit report
or an acknowledgement letter regarding the use of its review report in any filing
under the 1933 Act as an exhibit. The primary purpose of obtaining a consent
or acknowledgement letter is to assure that the auditor is aware of the use of its
report and the context in which it is used.

4810.2 The consent or acknowledgement letter must indicate the date and a conformed
EDGAR signature. A manually signed consent or acknowledgement letter must
be kept on file by the registrant.

4810.3 A new consent or acknowledgement letter is required:

a. Whenever any change, other than typographical, is made to the

financial statements;
b. For an amendment if there have been intervening events since the prior
filing that are material to the company; and

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 c. Prior to the effectiveness of a registration statement if an extended
period of time passes since the last filing. An extended time is
generally any period which is more than 30 days.
(Last updated: 12/31/2010)

4810.4 1934 Act Reports

a. Filing of a consent to the use of an audit report (or acknowledgment

letter) is not required in 1934 Act reports, other than an annual report
on Form 40-F, unless the 1934 Act report is automatically
incorporated by reference into a previously filed 1933 Act filing, such
as a Form S-3 or Form S-8. In addition, a consent is required in a
registration statement on Form 20-F [Item 10.G of 20-F] and in
registration statements and annual reports on Form 40-F.
(Last updated: 12/31/2010)

b. Periodic reports on Forms 10-K and 20-F, and 1934 Act registration
statements on Form 10 or Form 20-F must include a signed audit
report. The signature must be a conformed EDGAR signature. [S-T
302] The original manually signed report must be kept on file by the
registrant.

c. Definitive proxy statements that include financial statements must

have a manually signed audit report.

d. A reissuance of the auditor’s report is required when a previously filed

1934 Act filing is amended to include restated financial statements or
retrospectively adjusted financial statements.

e. A registrant need not file an updated consent on the annual financial

statements when the registrant forward incorporates a Form 10-Q into
a pre-effective Form S-3. However, the auditor’s Section 11 liability
extends through the effective date of the registration statement
regardless of the inclusion of the updated consent.
(Last updated: 9/30/2009)

4810.5 Waivers [Regulation C, Rule 437]

a. In rare circumstances, such as situations involving hostile takeover

attempts, a consent may be waived if the registrant submits a request
to CF-OCA for a waiver and provides an affidavit complying with
Rule 437 of Regulation C.

b. Hostile takeovers

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 1. A registrant offering its own securities in a hostile exchange
offer for a target’s stock may seek and not be able to obtain
the target’s cooperation in providing either its audited
financial statements or the target auditor’s consent to the use
of its report in the required registration statement. The
acquirer/registrant should use its best efforts to obtain the
target’s permission and cooperation for the filing or
incorporation by reference of the target’s financial statements
and the target auditor’s consent to the inclusion of its report
on the financial statements. At a minimum, a registrant is
expected to write to the target requesting these items and to
allow a reasonable amount of time for a response prior to
effectiveness of the filing.

2. If a registrant uses its best efforts but is unsuccessful in

obtaining the target’s permission and cooperation for the
filing or incorporation by reference of its financial statements
and its auditor’s consent to the inclusion of its report on the
financial statements, the registrant may request a waiver of
the consent. The affidavit included in the request should
document the specific actions taken by the registrant to
obtain the cooperation of the other party for the filing as well
as the efforts to obtain the auditor’s consent.
Correspondence evidencing the registrant’s request for these
items should accompany the affidavit.

3. Depending on the facts and circumstances, the staff may

agree to waive the requirement to include or incorporate by
reference the target auditor’s audit report in the event the
target is unwilling to cooperate. In that situation, disclosure
should be made that, although an audit report was issued on
the target’s financial statements and is included in the target’s
filings, the auditor has not permitted use of its report in the
registrant’s registration statement. The auditor should not be
named. Any legal or practical implication for shareholders of
the registrant and the target resulting from the inability to
obtain the cooperation of the target or consent of the target’s
auditor should be explained. No disclosure in the registration
statement should expressly or implicitly disclaim the
registrant’s liability for the target’s financial statements. In
the event that circumstances change, the registration
statement should be amended to include the audited financial
statements and the auditor’s consent required by the form.

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4810.6 The consent of the independent accountant is not required for a report on
financial statements which is not a part of a 1933 Act registration statement
under Rule 412(c) of Regulation C, like superseded financial statements.

4820 Accountant’s Inability to Reissue Reports

[AI 23, Interpretation 15; Regulation C, Rule 437]
4820.1 When an accounting firm ceases operations, it may be unable to reissue a prior
report or give consent to the use of a prior report. A company should submit a
consent waiver request under Regulation C, Rule 437 with CF-OCA if the
auditor does not reissue or give consent to the use of its prior report. The
guidance in Section 4810.5 regarding consent waiver requests should be
followed. If the firm still exists, although it is not practicing public accounting,
and has the ability to reissue or give consent to the use its prior report, a waiver
may not be granted.

NOTE: The footnote to Interpretation 15 of AI 23 states a firm is considered to

have ceased operations when it no longer issues audit opinions either in its own
name or in the name of a successor firm. A firm may cease operations with
respect to public entities and still issue audit opinions with respect to non-public
entities.

4820.2 If the waiver request is granted, certain disclosures should be made in any
filings or reports that include the ceased firm’s audit report. The predecessor
auditor’s latest signed and dated report on the financial statements should be
reprinted with a legend indicating that the report is a copy of the previously
issued report and that the ceased firm has not reissued the report. [AI 23.65]

4830 Successor Auditor Reports [AI 23]

4830.1 If the prior period financial statements audited by the predecessor auditor are
unchanged, the successor auditor should indicate in the introductory paragraph
of his or her report that the financial statements of the prior period were audited
by another auditor, the date of the predecessor auditor’s report, the type of
report issued by the predecessor auditor, and if the report was other than a
standard report, the substantive reasons for it. The successor auditor ordinarily
should indicate in its report that the other auditor has ceased operations. The
successor auditor should not name the predecessor auditor in the report. [AI
23.61]

4830.2 If the financial statements audited by the ceased firm are restated, the successor
auditor will need to either reaudit the financial statements, or in certain cases,
audit only the restatement adjustments. The successor’s auditor’s report should
state that the predecessor auditor reported on the prior financial statements
before restatement. [AI 23.66]

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4830.3 A full reaudit generally is necessary when the restatement adjustments include,
but are not limited to:

a. Corrections of an error;
b. Reflection of a change in reporting entity;
c. Retrospective application of change in accounting principle:

1. with significant impact on previously reported amounts, or

2. that affect previously reported net income or net assets;

d. Reporting discontinued operations; and

e. Changes affecting previously reported net income or net assets. [AI
23.70]

4830.4 If the successor auditor is engaged to audit only the restatement adjustments to
the prior period financial statements that were audited by a predecessor auditor,
the successor auditor must be able to form an opinion that the adjustments are
appropriate and have been properly applied. In determining whether he or she
can form such an opinion, the successor auditor should consider the extent of
the adjustments, the reason for the adjustments, and the cooperation of the
predecessor auditor. [PCAOB Staff Questions and Answers, “Adjustments to
Prior-Period Financial Statements Audited by a Predecessor Auditor”, Question
4]

4830.5 If the successor auditor is able to satisfy him or herself as to the appropriateness
of the restatement adjustments, he or she may report on the restatement
adjustments pursuant to the guidance in AS 3105.58. [AI 23.71]

4830.6 A successor auditor may audit the restatement adjustments in prior period
financial statements audited by a predecessor auditor that has not ceased
operations, so long as the auditor is independent and registered with the
PCAOB.

4830.7 An auditor that is subsequently determined to be no longer independent of its

client may reissue previously issued reports and consents to the use of those
previously issued reports, as long as it was independent at the time of original
issuance of the report. An auditor may perform the normal subsequent events
procedures required by AS 4101 prior to reissuing a report. Situations in which
other audit work would be necessary to reissue the report should be discussed
with OCA prior to filing.

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4840 Accountant’s Refusal to Reissue Reports
4840.1 The staff is not in a position to evaluate the reasons for an accountant’s refusal
to reissue its report and will not intervene in disputes between registrants and
their auditors. Moreover, the staff will not waive the requirements for the audit
report, the accountant’s consent to the use of its audit report, or the naming of
the accountant as an expert in filings. If a registrant is unable to reuse the
previously issued audit report in a current filing, the registrant must engage
another accountant to reaudit those financial statements.

4850 Illegal Acts

Section 10A of the 1934 Act requires that auditors report in a timely manner
certain uncorrected illegal acts to a registrant’s board of directors. It further
requires the registrant, or the auditor if the registrant fails to do so, to provide
information regarding the illegal act to OCA. For additional information, see
Notices required under Section 10A-1 of Exchange Act. (Last updated:
10/30/2020)

4860 Signatures
Wherever a signature is required, typed signatures or duplicated or facsimile
versions of the manually signed document may be used. In any of these cases,
each signatory must manually sign the document authenticating, acknowledging
or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in the filing before or at the
time that the filing is made, and the manually signed document must be retained
by the filer for five years. A copy of this document must be furnished to the
SEC upon request. [S-T 302] In certain instances, an auditor may reissue its
audit report. If the reissued report is included in a filing, it must be manually
signed as described above. (Last updated: 12/31/2010)

4870 Selected Financial Data

4870.1 An auditor may be engaged to report on selected financial data using the
guidance of AS 3315. Unless the auditor reports on selected financial data
using the guidelines in AS 3315, the information should not be labeled or
described as audited. However, it would be acceptable to state that the
information is derived from audited financial statements.

4870.2 If an auditor was engaged to report on the selected financial data, the form of
report specified by AS 3315 should be included in the filing and the auditor’s
consent to the report should make reference to its applicability to the selected
financial data.

*****

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 TOPIC 5

SMALLER REPORTING COMPANIES

Title I of the JOBS Act, which was effective as of April 5, 2012, created a category of
issuers called “emerging growth companies,” whose financial reporting and disclosure
requirements in certain areas differ from other categories of issuers. A Smaller Reporting
Company (“SRC”) can also be eligible to be an EGC. See Topic 10. (Last updated:
6/30/2013)

5100 DEFINITION AND ELIGIBILITY

(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

5110 Eligibility as a Smaller Reporting Company [S-K 10(f)(1)]

5110.1 An entity that is not an investment company, asset-backed issuer or majority-
owned subsidiary of a parent that is not a smaller reporting company qualifies as
a smaller reporting company based on the following criteria:

a. Public float of less than $250 million. An entity is a smaller reporting

company if it has a public float (the aggregate market value of the
issuer’s outstanding voting and non-voting common equity held by non-
affiliates) of less than $250 million; or

b. Annual revenues of less than $100 million and either no public float or a
public float of less than $700 million. An entity is a smaller reporting
company if it has annual revenues of less than $100 million and either
(1) no public float (because it has no public equity outstanding or no
public trading market for its equity exists) or (2) a public float of less
than $700 million.

For additional information, see the Small Entity Compliance Guide for Issuers.

5110.2 Apply the public float test as follows:

a. Reporting company [S-K 10(f)(1)(i)]

The public float test of a reporting company is computed as of the last

business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter by
multiplying the aggregate worldwide number of shares of voting and
non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates by the price at which
the common equity was last sold, or the average of the bid and asked
prices of the common equity, in the principal market for the common
equity.

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 b. Initial Registration Statement - Securities Act and Exchange Act [S-K
10(f)(1)(ii)]

The public float of a company filing an initial registration statement

for shares of its common equity shall be determined as of a date within
30 days of the date the registration statement is filed. Public float shall
be computed by multiplying the (A) aggregate worldwide number of
shares voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates
prior to the filing of the registration statement plus, in the case of a
Securities Act registration statement, (B) the number of such shares
included in the registration statement by the estimated public offering
price of the shares.

5110.3 Annual revenue is determined as follows:

a. Reporting company

Revenue in its annual audited financial statements as originally filed

with the Commission (not restated for subsequent discontinued
operations) for its most recent fiscal year completed before the last
business day of the second fiscal quarter (i.e., public float test date).

b. Initial Registration Statement - Securities Act and Exchange Act

Annual revenue in its most recent audited financial statements

available on the initial public float calculation date (as described above
in 5110.2b), which would be the most recent fiscal year for which
audited financial statements are included in the initial registration
statement. However, if, consideration of the pro forma effect of (1)
businesses acquired during the latest fiscal year and (2) consummation
of business combinations identified as probable at the time of filing the
initial registration statement would result in the issuer exceeding the
revenue limit, the issuer would not qualify as a smaller reporting
company.

c. Banks and similar financial institutions

For purposes of the test, a bank must include all gross revenues from
traditional banking activities. Banking activity revenues may include
interest on loans and investments, dividends on investments, fees from
loan origination, fees from trust and investment services, commissions,
brokerage fees, mortgage servicing revenues, and any other fees or
income from banking or related services.

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5110.4 If the issuer is a majority-owned subsidiary, the parent entity also must be a
smaller reporting company. An entity that is to be spun off from its parent
coincident with or prior to its initial registration may register as a smaller
reporting company if it will otherwise qualify as a smaller reporting company
upon consummation of the spin-off.

5110.5 Foreign companies are eligible to qualify as smaller reporting companies and
use the scaled disclosure if they file on domestic forms and provide financial
statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. [Instruction 2 to definition of
“smaller reporting company.”]

5110.6 An issuer that becomes an investment company or qualifies as an asset-backed

issuer is disqualified from being considered a smaller reporting company for its
next filing.

5120 Determination
5120.1 Status as a smaller reporting company is determined on an annual basis based
upon the definitions above for reporting companies.

a. New issuers must make the determination at the time the initial
registration statement is filed. In the case of a determination based on
an initial Securities Act registration statement, an issuer that was not
determined to be a smaller reporting company at that time has the
option to redetermine its status based on the actual offering price and
the number of shares included in the registration statement at the
conclusion of the offering. [S-K 10(f)(2)(ii)]

b. Once an issuer fails to qualify for smaller reporting company status, it

remains unqualified until it falls below a specified lower threshold for
the criterion (i.e. 80% of the initial qualification thresholds). The
issuer remains unqualified unless when making a subsequent annual
determination either:
• Its public float falls below $200 million as of the last business
day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter; or
• Its public float and its annual revenues meet the requirements
for subsequent qualification included in the following chart:

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 Prior Annual Revenues

(for the fiscal year

completed before the fiscal Prior Public Float
year in which the company
determined that it failed to (as of the last business day of the second quarter of the fiscal year in which the
qualify for SRC status) company determined that it failed to qualify for SRC status)

None or less than $700 million $700 million or more

Public float required: Less than $560
(as of the last business million; and
day of the most recently
completed second fiscal
quarter) 9
Neither threshold was exceeded;
Less than $100 million company would not fail to qualify Revenues required: Less than $100
as a SRC. (for the most recently million.
completed fiscal year
before the last business
day of the second fiscal
quarter) 10

Public float None or less than Public float required: Less than $560
required: $700 million; and (as of the last business million; and
(as of the last day of the most recently
business day completed second fiscal
of the most quarter)
recently
completed
second fiscal
quarter)
Revenues Less than $80 Revenues required: Less than $80
$100 million or more
required million. (for the most recently million.
(for the most completed fiscal year
recently before the last business
completed day of the second fiscal
fiscal year quarter)
before the last
business day
of the second
fiscal
quarter)

9
For example, for a company with a December 31 fiscal year-end making a determination on June 30,
2022, “public float required” would be as of June 30, 2022.
10
For example, for a company with a December 31 fiscal year-end making a determination on June 30,
2022, “revenues required” would be for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

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 Example: A company has a December 31 fiscal year end. Its public float as of
June 28, 2019 was $710 million and its annual revenues for the fiscal year
ended December 31, 2018 were $90 million. It therefore does not qualify as a
SRC. At the next determination date (June 30, 2020), it will remain
unqualified for SRC status unless it determines that its public float as of June
30, 2020 was less than $560 million and its annual revenues for the fiscal year
ended December 31, 2019 remained less than $100 million.

c. An issuer that no longer qualifies as a smaller reporting company at

the determination date may continue to use the scaled disclosures
permitted for a smaller reporting company through its annual report on
Form 10-K and begin providing non-scaled larger company disclosure
in the first Form 10-Q of the next fiscal year.

NOTE: Although the annual report may continue to include scaled smaller
reporting company disclosure, the due date for the annual report will be based on
the registrant’s filing status as of the last day of the fiscal year. Division of
Corporation Finance’s C&DIs for Regulation S-K, Question 102.01, clarifies that
a company can be both an accelerated filer and a smaller reporting company at the
same time.

d. An issuer newly qualifying as a smaller reporting company as of the

last business day of the second quarter may choose to reflect this
change in status in its quarterly report for that second quarter. An
issuer must reflect its SRC status no later than in its Form 10-Q for the
first fiscal quarter of the next year.

5130 Shell Company

5130.1 A reporting company that meets the definition of a shell company as defined in
Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and Regulation C, Rule 405 also will generally
qualify as a smaller reporting company and be eligible to use the scaled
disclosure. Upon a transaction that causes the reporting entity to lose its shell
company status (typically a reverse merger), the surviving entity must file a
Form 8-K. The information that must be provided is what would be required if
the registrant were filing a general form for registration of securities under Form
10. Scaled disclosure would be appropriate only if the surviving entity qualifies
as a smaller reporting company. This Form 8-K, including the financial
statements of the accounting acquirer, is due within four business days of the
completion of the transaction. Exchange Act Rule 12b-25 does not permit an
extension of the due date for filing this Form 8-K.

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5130.2 Shell companies are not eligible to use Form S-8 to register offerings of
securities in connection with employee benefit plans. A shell company that
ceases to be a shell is eligible to use Form S-8 sixty (60) days after it ceases to
be a shell company and files the information that is equivalent to the
information contained in an Exchange Act registration statement on Form 10.
See General Instruction A. to Form S-8.

5200 OTHER ELIGIBILITY ISSUES

(Last updated: 7/1/2019)

5210 Financial Statements Required Pursuant to S-X 3-05 or 3-09

(Last updated: 9/30/2009)

5210.1 A non-SRC reporting company registrant who is required to present financial

statements under S-X 3-05 or S-X 3-09 may not rely on accommodations
available to smaller reporting companies with respect to the acquired business
or investee even though that business would satisfy the tests as a smaller
reporting company (or is currently a reporting SRC) or investee.

5210.2 Financial statements of a non-reporting target company that meets the

conditions to be a smaller reporting company, or of a currently reporting SRC
target, may be filed in accordance with S-X Article 8 in a registration statement
on Form S-4 and in proxy statements. Nevertheless, the financial statements
must comply with the other S-X reporting requirements in a subsequent Form 8-
K reporting the business acquisition unless the acquirer is a currently reporting
SRC. For example, the Form 8-K could potentially require three years of
financial statements for the target company if revenues at the target company
are greater than $100 million in order to comply with other S-X reporting
requirements. (Last updated: 10/30/2020)

5220 Business Acquisitions

5220.1 A smaller reporting company continues to qualify for smaller reporting
requirements after the acquisition in a merger accounted for as a purchase of
another company that is not a smaller reporting company until the next
determination date.

5220.2 If a registrant/acquirer is subject to S-X 8-04, the financial statements of a non-

reporting business acquired or to be acquired may comply with scaled reporting
requirements for a smaller reporting company. There are different requirements
for filing financial statements of a non-reporting target in an S-4 registration
statement (see Section 2200.2). (Last updated: 12/31/2011)

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5230 Reverse Acquisitions
5230.1 In SEC Release No. 33-8587, the SEC determined that investors in operating
businesses newly merged with shell companies should obtain the same level of
information as provided for reporting companies that did not originate as shell
companies. Therefore, they are required to include equivalent information as if
they were registering under the Exchange Act. Accordingly, the staff looks to
the accounting acquirer's eligibility as a smaller reporting company at the time
of the reverse acquisition for purposes of the disclosures to be provided in the
Form 8-K.

5230.2 If a reverse acquisition occurs in which a non-public operating company is the

accounting acquirer of a smaller reporting operating company (registrant), the
registrant (the legal acquirer) would continue to qualify as a smaller reporting
company until the next determination date. (Last updated: 6/30/2011)

5230.3 In a reverse acquisition in which the registrant (legal acquirer) is a smaller

reporting shell company, the registrant would continue to qualify as a smaller
reporting company until the next determination date even if the Form 8-K
disclosure was not scaled because the non-public accounting acquirer was not
eligible at the time of the transaction as described in Section 5230.1.
(Last updated: 6/30/2011)

5230.4 If the accounting acquirer is a public operating company that is not a smaller
reporting company, the registrant will no longer be a smaller reporting company
upon consummation of the transaction. Also, scaled disclosure is not permitted
in the Form 8-K reporting the transaction because the accounting acquirer was
not eligible at the time of the transaction. (Last updated: 12/31/2011)

5300 FORM AND CONTENT DISCLOSURE REQUIRED

BY REGULATION S-X ARE NOT APPLICABLE
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

5310 General
(Last updated: 12/31/2022)

5310.1 Smaller reporting companies typically need not comply with the disclosure
requirements of Regulation S-X in its entirety, except as indicated under the
Notes to S-X Article 8. The “Notes” require that:

a. The report and qualifications of the independent accountant must

comply with S-X Article 2.
b. The description of accounting policies must comply with S-X 4-08(n).

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 c. Issuers engaged in oil and gas producing activities must follow the
financial accounting and reporting standards of S-X 4-10.
d. The requirements of S-X 3-10 are applicable to financial statements
for a subsidiary of a smaller reporting company that issues securities
guaranteed by the smaller reporting company or guarantees securities
issued by the smaller reporting company. Additionally, disclosures
about guarantors and issuers of guaranteed securities registered or
being registered must be presented as required by S-X 13-01. (See
Section 2500).
e. The requirements of S-X 13-02 are applicable if a smaller reporting
company’s securities registered or being registered are collateralized
by securities of the smaller reporting company’s affiliate. (See Section
2600). S-X 3-16 may be applicable in in certain circumstances
involving collateral release provisions. (See Section 2650)..

5310.2 Smaller reporting companies should provide all information required by the
Industry Guides, and real estate companies should also refer to Item 13
[Investment Policies of Registrant], Item 14 [Description of Real Estate], and
Item 15 [Operating Data] of Form S-11.

5320 Pro Forma Information

(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

Pro forma financial statements are required in transactional filings whenever a

significant business combination has occurred or is probable, and the transaction
has not been reflected in the historical audited financial statements of the issuer for
the most recent full fiscal year. In addition, pro forma financial information
should be presented whenever consummation of an event or transaction has
occurred or is probable for which disclosure of pro forma information would be
material to investors. Smaller reporting companies should consider the guidance
in S-X Article 11.

5330 Significant Equity Investees

5330.1 The disclosure about significant equity investees cited under S-X 8-03(b)(3) is
required in both interim and annual financial statements.

5330.2 There is no equivalent to S-X 3-09 in S-X Article 8 for the provision of separate
financial statements for significant equity investees. However, when material to
investors, equity method investee financial statements should be provided.

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5340 A la Carte Approach to Disclosure
5340.1 Smaller reporting companies may choose compliance with either the smaller
reporting company scaled disclosure requirements or the larger company
disclosure requirements on an item-by-item or “a la carte” basis for each filing.
Disclosures should be provided consistently and should be consistent with the
legal requirements under the federal securities laws, including Regulation C,
Rule 408 and Exchange Act Rule 12b-20. It is also important that disclosures
permit investors to make period-to-period comparisons.

5340.2 To the extent the smaller reporting company scaled item requirement is more
rigorous than the same larger company item requirement, smaller reporting
companies are required to comply with the more rigorous, smaller reporting
company disclosure.

5350 Restricted Net Assets

(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

Companies that qualify as smaller reporting companies are not subject to S-X 5-
04 or 4-08(e), even when the disclosure thresholds are triggered. However,
when the restricted net assets of a smaller reporting company’s consolidated
subsidiaries are a significant proportion of consolidated net assets as of the most
recently completed fiscal year end, the amount and nature of those restrictions
may be important to understanding the smaller reporting company’s liquidity
and its ability to pay interest and principal on debt or dividends. In these
circumstances, the smaller reporting company should fully discuss, in MD&A,
the nature of the restrictions on its subsidiaries net assets, the amount of those
net assets, and the potential impact on the company’s liquidity (see S-K 303(a)
and Instruction 5). Disclosures within MD&A similar to the parent company
condensed financial information specified by S-X 5-04 and 4-08(e) may be
necessary to facilitate this discussion.
*****

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 TOPIC 6

FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUERS & FOREIGN

BUSINESSES
Title I of the JOBS Act, which was effective as of April 5, 2012, created a new category
of issuers called “emerging growth companies,” whose financial reporting and disclosure
requirements in certain areas differ from other categories of issuers. A Foreign Private
Issuer can also be eligible to be an EGC. See Topic 10. (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

6000 [RESERVED]
(Last updated: 9/30/2011)

6100 DEFINITIONS AND BASIC RULES

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

6110 Definitions
6110.1 Foreign Issuer [Regulation C, Rule 405 and Exchange Act Rule 3b-4]: An
issuer which is a foreign government, a foreign national or a corporation or
other organization that is incorporated or organized under the laws of any
foreign country.

6110.2 Foreign Private Issuer [Regulation C, Rule 405 and Exchange Act Rule 3b-4]:
The term foreign private issuer means any foreign issuer other than a foreign
government except an issuer meeting the following conditions:

a. More than 50% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer are
directly or indirectly owned of record by residents of the United States;
and
b. Any of the following:

1. The majority of the executive officers or directors are United

States citizens or residents;
2. More than 50% of the assets of the issuer are located in the
United States; or
3. The business of the issuer is administered principally in the
United States. (Last updated: 9/30/2011)

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6110.3 Registrants may test for compliance with the foreign private issuer definition
once per year. The test is required to be performed as of the last business day of
the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. [Regulation C,
Rule 405 and Exchange Act Rule 3b-4] Consequences of failing to meet the
foreign private issuer definition are described in Section 6120.2. (Last updated:
9/30/2011)

6110.4 Foreign Business [S-X 1-02(l)]: A foreign business is not organized under the
laws of the U.S. or any state thereof, is majority owned by persons who are not
U.S. citizens or residents and:

a. More than 50% of its assets are located outside the U.S. or
b. A majority of its executive officers and directors are not U.S. citizens
or residents.

NOTE: In its determination of the majority ownership of a business, the staff

will consider the ultimate parent entity that would consolidate the business under
U.S. GAAP (IFRS for IFRS-IASB issuers) and that parent’s controlling
shareholders.

6120 Basic Rules

(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

6120.1 Foreign private issuers are eligible to use Form 20-F and Forms F-1, F-3, and F-
4 which provide certain financial statement and disclosure accommodations.

Question: Can a foreign private issuer elect to use the registration and reporting
forms that domestic companies use?
Answer: Yes. However, if it elects to do so, it must comply with all of the
requirements of the “domestic company” forms. A foreign private issuer that
voluntarily files on domestic forms is not required to prepare its financial
statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP (see section 6120.6).

6120.2 A foreign issuer - other than a foreign government - that does not meet the
definition of a foreign private issuer must use the same registration and
reporting forms as a domestic registrant. A foreign issuer that ceases to meet
the foreign private issuer definition becomes subject to the reporting
requirements for a domestic registrant. The test for compliance with the foreign
private issuer definition is required to be performed as of the last business day
of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (the
determination date). Reports filed or furnished during the remainder of the
fiscal year in which the registrant ceased to meet the definition may continue to
be made using forms and requirements applicable to foreign private issuers.
Beginning on the first day of the fiscal year following the determination date,

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 the registrant must use the forms and follow the requirements prescribed for
domestic registrants. [Regulation C, Rule 405 and Exchange Act Rule 3b-4]
For example, if a calendar fiscal year registrant determines on June 30, 2022
that it is no longer a foreign private issuer, it would become subject to domestic
reporting requirements on January 1, 2023. It would not be required to file
Forms 8-K or 10-Q during the period from June 30, 2022 through December 31,
2022. However, it would be required to file reports on Form 8-K for events
occurring on or after January 1, 2023, file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for
quarters ended after January 1, 2023, and file its annual report for the year
ended December 31, 2022 on Form 10-K rather than Form 20-F. The financial
statements in the Forms 10-Q and 10-K would need to be presented in
conformity with U.S. GAAP for all required periods. The due dates of the
Forms 10-Q and 10-K would be based on the issuer’s status as a large
accelerated filer, accelerated filer, or non-accelerated filer, tested as of the
determination date described above. See Section 1330 for the due dates
applicable to each category of filer.

6120.3 [Reserved]

6120.4 If the registrant is no longer eligible to file as a foreign private issuer, the
financial statements should be recast into U.S. GAAP for all periods presented
in the financial statements. Consideration should be given as to the appropriate
currency in which the registrant should report. These registrants must use the
U.S. dollar as their reporting currency, unless another reporting currency is
more appropriate (e.g., where substantially all of the registrant’s operations are
conducted in a single foreign currency). (S-X 3-20(a)(2)). (Last updated:
12/31/2022)

6120.5 With respect to Canadian registrants, IFRS has been incorporated into Canadian
GAAP for publicly accountable enterprises for fiscal years beginning on or after
January 1, 2011. Financial statement requirements for Canadian registrants are
the same as required for other registrants. If the Canadian registrant is a foreign
private issuer, it may prepare its financial statements in accordance with IFRS
as issued by the IASB, or U.S. GAAP. A Canadian company that is not a
foreign private issuer must use U.S. GAAP in filings with the SEC. (Last
updated: 12/31/2022)

6120.6 Foreign private issuers that voluntarily file on domestic forms may file financial
statements prepared under home-country GAAP and provide a reconciliation to
U.S. GAAP under Item 18 of Form 20-F. Foreign private issuers that
voluntarily file on domestic forms may file financial statements prepared under
IFRS as issued by the IASB without reconciliation to U.S. GAAP. [S-X 4-
01(a)(2)] In both cases the filings should prominently disclose that the
company meets the foreign private issuer definition but is voluntarily filing on
domestic forms. (Last updated: 9/30/2009)

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6120.7 Canadian and other foreign private issuers must provide financial statements
prepared according to U.S. GAAP in order to use scaled rules available to
smaller reporting companies. [S-X 8-01] Note that scaled disclosure rules may
be used only if the issuers file on a form available to U.S. domestic companies
(e.g., Form 10-K). [S-X 8-01, Note 1]

6120.8 Reincorporation of a foreign private issuer as a U.S. entity generally will require
a Securities Act registration statement on a domestic form (S-4) for the
exchange of shares with the new domestic issuer. All periods must be restated
to U.S. GAAP and U.S. dollars. See Section 6120.4.

6120.9 Deregistration rules differ for foreign private issuers versus domestic issuers.
Generally, foreign private issuers are permitted to deregister when trading
volume in the U.S., rather than number of U.S. shareholders, falls below
specified levels. Refer to Exchange Act Rule 12h-6.

6120.10 Foreign private issuers that file on Form 20-F and foreign private issuers who
voluntarily file on Form 10-K are not subject to executive compensation
disclosures required by S-K 402, and may, instead, follow Form 20-F executive
compensation disclosures. However, a foreign-domiciled registrant that does
not meet the foreign private issuer definition must file on 10-K and is required
to comply with S-K 402.

6200 GENERAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT

REQUIREMENTS FOR FOREIGN PRIVATE
ISSUERS
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

6210 Periods for which Financial Statements are Required

[Item 8 of Form 20-F]
(Last updated: 6/30/2011)

6210.1 Audited Financial Statements Required in a Registration Statement or Annual

Report:

Balance Statement of Shareholders’ Cash Flow

Sheet Comprehensive Income Equity Statement
2 years 3 years 3 years 3 years

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 NOTE: See Section 6410.2(c) and 10220 regarding audited periods required for
foreign issuers who have elected to provide U.S. GAAP financial statements in
their initial registration statement.

See Section 6300, 10220, and 10320 regarding audited periods required for IFRS
issuers. (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

6210.2 Unaudited Interim Financial Statements Required:

(Last updated: 12/31/2011)

a. Registration statement

General Rule - Interim financial statements are required in a

registration statement if the effective date of the registration statement
is more than nine months after the end of the last audited financial
year. In this circumstance the registration statement should contain
consolidated interim financial statements, which may be unaudited (in
which case that fact should be stated), covering at least the first six
months of the financial year. See exceptions to this general rule in
Section 6220.

Financial Statement Period Required

Balance Sheet As of an interim date that complies with the
requirements described in the paragraph preceding this
table.

Statement of For the period from the latest fiscal year end to the
Comprehensive Income interim balance sheet date and corresponding period in
and Cash Flow the prior year.
Statement

Shareholders’ Equity For the period from the latest fiscal year end to the
interim balance sheet. Presentation of the
corresponding period in the prior year is not required.

b. Periodic Interim Reports: Foreign private issuers are not subject to the
quarterly reporting requirements of Exchange Act Rules 13a-13 and
15d-13. Foreign private issuers that file annual reports on Form 20-F
are required only to furnish promptly, in a Form 6-K, material
information:
1. Distributed to stockholders or to a national exchange, if made
public by that exchange, or
2. Required to be made public by its domestic laws. [Exchange
Act Rules 15d-13(b) and 13a-13(b)]

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6220 Age of Financial Statements in a Registration Statement
[Item 8 of Form 20-F]
6220.1 Financial statements of a foreign private issuer must be as of a date within nine
months of the effective date of a registration statement. Audited financial
statements for the most recently completed fiscal year must be included in
registration statements declared effective three months or more after fiscal year-
end. Under the rule, a registration statement of a foreign private issuer may
become effective with audited financial statements as old as 15 months, with the
most recent interim statements as old as nine months. If interim statements are
required, they must cover a period of at least six months.

NOTE: Foreign private issuers use Form 20-F as both an Exchange Act
registration statement and an annual report form. The age of financial statement
requirements under Item 8 of Form 20-F applies when Form 20-F is used as a
registration statement.

6220.2 The 15-month period for audited statements is extended to 18 months, and the
nine month period for interim statements is extended to 12 months, for the
following offerings:

a. Exercise of outstanding rights granted pro rata to all existing security

holders;
b. Dividend or interest reinvestment plan; or
c. Conversion of outstanding convertible securities or exercise of
outstanding transferable warrants. [Item 8 of Form 20-F]

6220.3 Special Rule for Foreign Private Issuer IPOs - Audited financial statements in
initial public offerings must be no more than 12 months old at the time of filing
and upon the effectiveness of the registration statement. However, this rule
applies only where the registrant is not public in any jurisdiction. The registrant
may comply with the 15-month requirement if the registrant is able to represent
adequately that compliance with the 12-month requirement is not required in
any other jurisdiction and it is impracticable or involves undue hardship. The
representation must be filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. [Item 8
of Form 20-F] (Last updated: 10/30/2020)

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6220.4 The age requirements in Item 8 of Form 20-F also apply to financial statements
of (Last updated: 12/31/2022):

a. Foreign businesses acquired by both foreign and domestic registrants

under S-X 3-05, including filings by domestic registrants under Items
2.01 and 9.01 of Form 8-K (see Sections 2045.14 and 2045.15);
b. Foreign target businesses required in Form S-4 or Form F-4;
c. Foreign equity investees of both foreign and domestic registrants
under S-X 3-09; and
d. Foreign businesses that are acquired real estate operations under S-X
3-14.

6220.5 A foreign private issuer that has been in existence less than a year must include
an audited balance sheet that is no more than nine months old. If the foreign
private issuer has commenced operations, audited statements of comprehensive
income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the period from the date of
inception to the date of the audited balance sheet also are required.

6220.6 More Current Published Information

a. If financial information reporting revenues and income for an annual

or interim period more current than otherwise required by Item 8 of
Form 20-F is made available to shareholders, exchanges, or others in
any jurisdiction, that information should be included in the registration
statement. The more current information is not required to be
reconciled to U.S. GAAP. However, a narrative explanation of
differences in accounting principles should be provided, and material
new reconciling items should be quantified. Differences between
foreign and U.S. GAAP can be identified by cross-reference to U.S.
GAAP reconciliation footnotes elsewhere in the filing. Note that the
reconciliation requirements do not apply to issuers filing audited
financial statements prepared under IFRS as issued by the IASB. See
Section 6300.
b. Occasionally, the interim information that is publicly distributed in the
issuer’s home country will be prepared using accounting standards that
are different from those used in the U.S. registration statement. For
example, a foreign issuer may use U.S. GAAP in its primary financial
statements in filings with the SEC, but reports in a foreign GAAP in its
home country. The company releases more recent earnings
information in its home country in foreign GAAP. Item 8.A.5 requires
that information to be included in the prospectus. In this instance, the
U.S. investor has not had the benefit of knowing the reconciling items
between home-country GAAP and U.S. GAAP. Therefore, the
information disclosed pursuant to Item 8.A.5 would need to be

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 supplemented with a description and quantification of differences in
accounting principles. In this situation, an issuer may either (a)
reconcile the Item 8.A.5 information to U.S. GAAP or (b) provide a
reconciliation from U.S. GAAP to foreign GAAP (reverse
reconciliation) for at least the most recent fiscal year required in the
registration statement. (Last updated: 9/30/2009)
c. Inclusion of published information under Item 8.A.5 does not
ordinarily trigger a requirement to include full interim financial
statements more recent than otherwise required. For example, if
complete financial statements related to the most recent quarter (but
not the comparative period) are distributed in a foreign issuer’s home
country, that information must be included in the U.S. registration
statement. Comparative prior period information is not required
because the information provided is included only because of Item
8.A.5. In order to avoid confusing U.S. readers, the registrant should
include disclosure explaining why the information is provided
particularly when the information is placed with other financial
statements and may look incomplete. (Last updated: 12/31/2009)
d. However, if the information provided contains a reconciliation to U.S.
GAAP, the staff believes that inclusion of reconciled information for
the comparative prior periods generally will also be necessary to
prevent the current period information from being misleading. A
foreign private issuer is not ordinarily required to provide U.S. GAAP
information in its home jurisdiction. Accordingly, when a foreign
private issuer presents more current U.S. GAAP information, it
effectively has decided to present interim financial statements, and is
also required to present comparatives as required by Item 8.A.5 of
Form 20-F. In these circumstances, the current and comparative
interim period would need to be covered by MD&A and pro forma
information would need to be updated to that date.
(Last updated: 12/31/2009)

6220.7 Acquired and to be Acquired Foreign Businesses under S-X 3-05

a. Financial statements of acquired and to be acquired foreign businesses

required under S-X 3-05 must comply with the age of financial
statement requirements at the time the registration statement is
declared effective. For a calendar year-end entity, this means that if a
registration statement were to become effective prior to October 1,
20XX, financial statements for any interim period would not be
required under S-X 3-05 for a foreign business.
b. However, interim financial statements for the period preceding the
acquisition date may not be omitted solely on the basis that the
acquisition occurred during the first nine months of the current year;
consideration must be given to the requirements of Item 8.A.5. of

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 Form 20-F. The financial statements generally need not be updated if
the omitted period is less than six months, and the acquired business
does not prepare quarterly financial statements under its home-country
reporting requirements.

6220.8 Age of Pro Formas in Cross-border Business Combinations

NOTE: See Section 6360 for additional guidance on preparation of pro forma
financial information.

a. The age of the pro forma financial information included in a

registration statement is based on the age of financial statements
requirement applicable to the registrant. If a foreign private issuer
files a Form F-4 and the target company is a U.S. domestic registrant,
the age of the pro forma information may be determined by reference
to Item 8 of Form 20-F. By contrast, if a U.S. domestic registrant
files a Form S-4 and the target company is a foreign private issuer, the
age of the pro forma information must be determined by reference to
S-X 3-12.

b. Application of the age of financial statement rules may require the

foreign target company to include in a Form S-4 a period in the pro
forma information that would be more current than its separate
historical financial statements. However, S-X Article 11 permits the
ending date of the periods included for the target company to differ
from those of the registrant by up to 93 days. Registrants are
permitted to use combinations of periods that involve overlaps or gaps
in the information of the target company of up to 93 days, provided
that the resulting annual and interim periods are of the same length
required for the registrant, and there are no overlaps or gaps in the
registrant’s information. However, registrants are not permitted to
omit an interim pro forma presentation because of different fiscal
periods.

6220.9 In certain circumstances, the staff will consider special processing needs for
cross-border offerings which involve special problems of coordination among
several national jurisdictions. Foreign issuers should direct requests for special
processing to the Division’s Office of International Corporate Finance in
advance of filing.

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6230 Updating of Financial Statements in Delayed or Continuous
Offerings
6230.1 Foreign private issuers must file a post-effective amendment to registration
statements to include any financial statements required by Item 8.A of Form 20-
F at the start of a delayed offering or throughout a continuous offering under
Regulation C, Rule 415. [S-K 512(a)(4)] For this purpose, delayed or
continuous offerings include business combination transactions registered on
Form F-4, and takedowns from effective shelf registration statements. For these
types of offerings, Item 8.A. of Form 20-F ordinarily requires the annual audited
financial statements to be not more than 15 months old, and the unaudited
interim financial statements to be not more than nine months old. Takedowns
from existing shelf registration statements may not be commenced, and
continuous offerings must be suspended, during periods when the financial
statements are not current. This means, for example, that the financial
statements must remain current throughout the entire time that an exchange
offer is outstanding. It also means that the financial statements must remain
current in a merger or acquisition transaction until shareholder approval has
occurred. However, this provision does not apply to a registration statement for
a typical firm commitment underwritten offering priced under Regulation C,
Rule 430A or for listing on an exchange.

6230.2 The requirement for current financial statements includes all required financial
statements, including those required under S-X 3-05, 3-09, 3-10 and 3-14, target
company financial statements on a Form F-4, as well as disclosures required by
S-X 13-01 and 13-02. However, the staff may consider requests for relief in
circumstances where this would result in the need to provide financial
statements of other entities more current than those that would be provided by a
similarly-situated domestic registrant. (Last updated: 12/31/2022)

6230.3 S-K 512(a)(4) does not require in a post-effective amendment the inclusion of
financial statements of entities that were not required in the original effective
registration statement (for example, subsequently acquired businesses).
However, the “fundamental change” provisions of S-K 512(a)(1) may require
such financial statements.

6230.4 F-3 eligible issuers filing on Form F-3 or F-4 may incorporate by reference reports
filed or furnished to the SEC that contain the updated financial statements rather
than file a post-effective amendment. [S-K 512(a)(4)]

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6240 Due Date for Annual Reports on Form 20-F
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

6240.1 General Rule:

(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

a. An annual report on Form 20-F is required to be filed within four

months after the foreign private issuer’s fiscal year-end.
b. If the audited financial statements for the most recently completed
fiscal year have been included in a registration statement before the
four month due date of the annual report on Form 20-F, the due date of
the Form 20-F remains at four months. While many companies in this
situation file the Form 20-F early, there is no requirement to do so.

6240.2 Special Report on Form 20-F Triggered by an Initial Registration Statement

(Last updated: 9/30/2011)

When a registration statement is declared effective or becomes effective by

operation of law within 3 months after a foreign private issuer’s fiscal year-end
and the audited financial statements of the just recently completed year are not
included, the following reporting requirements apply:

If the registrant is subject only A Special Report on Form 20-F must be filed
to the Exchange Act reporting by the later of 90 days after the registration
requirements of Section statement is declared effective or four
15(d): months after fiscal year-end. A complete
annual report on Form 20-F is not required
until the following fiscal year. [Exchange Act
Rule 15d-2]
If the registrant has registered An annual report on Form 20-F must be filed
a class of securities under within four months after the most recent
Section 12: fiscal year end for which the registrant filed
financial statements. [Exchange Act Rule
13a-1; Form 20-F]

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6250 Changes in Fiscal Year [Exchange Act Rule 15d-10(g) & 13a-
10(g)]
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

6250.1 Transition reporting is described in Sections 1360 and 1365. Transition reports
for foreign private issuers are filed on Form 20-F as follows:
(Last updated: 9/30/2011)

Transition In a transition report on Form 20-F, File the transition report

period is: include: within:
More than • Audited financial statements Later of four months after
6 months either the end of the
• All information required to be filed
transition period or the
when Form 20-F is used as an annual
date the issuer elected to
report.
change its fiscal year-end.

6 months • Unaudited financial statements Later of 3 months after

or less, but either the end of the
• Information required by Items 5, 8.A.7,
more than transition period or the
13, 14, and 17 or 18 of Form 20-F. 11
one month date the issuer elected to
change its fiscal year-end.

One month No separate filing is required. The one- No separate filing is

or less month or less transition period must be required.
audited and included in the next annual
report on Form 20-F.

6250.2 The staff may consider requests for a transition period of more than 12 months
if a longer period is accepted by the issuer's home-country regulator. Issuers
that receive an accommodation are required to provide complete unaudited
financial statements with all of the applicable (i.e., Article 5 level) disclosures
for both the 12-month period and the remaining portion of the transition period.

6250.3 Foreign private issuers filing a registration statement after electing to change
their fiscal year end may need to provide more current audited financial
statements than are required under the Exchange Act transition reporting rules
in order to comply with the age of financial statement requirements in the
registration statement. A foreign private issuer’s most recently audited financial
statements cannot exceed the age specified by Item 8 of Form 20-F (generally
15 months) at the registration statement’s date of effectiveness.

11
The next annual report on Form 20-F must include audited financial statements for this transition period.

Back to Table of Contents 257

6260 [Reserved]
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

6270 Capitalization Table

(Last updated: 9/30/2009)

Item 3.B of Form 20-F literally requires a capitalization table prepared as of a

date within 60 days of the effectiveness of a registration statement. However,
Item 8 permits the most recent balance sheet (from which a capitalization table
is ordinarily derived) to be as much as 9 months old. As written, the Item 3.B
age requirement for the capitalization table would be considerably more
stringent than the 135-day window customarily used by U.S. issuers in their
registration statements. The staff will not object if a foreign private issuer
presents its capitalization table as of the same date as the most recent balance
sheet required in its registration statement.

6300 IFRS
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

6310 Acceptance of IFRS as Issued by the IASB without

Reconciliation to U.S. GAAP
6310.1 A foreign private issuer that files using IFRS as issued by the IASB is not
required to reconcile to U.S. GAAP. [Release No. 33-8879]

6310.2 Eligibility to omit reconciliation: The accounting policy footnote must state
compliance with IFRS as issued by the IASB and the auditor’s report must
opine on compliance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. The foreign private
issuer may state, and the auditor may opine on, compliance with both IFRS as
issued by the IASB and home-country accounting standards (e.g., IFRS as
endorsed in the EU) if there is no difference. [Item 17c of Form 20-F]

6310.3 Foreign private issuers that comply with another basis of reporting (e.g., home-
country GAAP) are not eligible to omit the U.S. GAAP reconciliation. In
addition, foreign issuers that are not foreign private issuers or domestic
subsidiary issuers of foreign companies must continue to provide the U.S.
GAAP reconciliation.

6320 Implementation Issues – IFRS Filers

6320.1 IFRS financial statements must be presented for all periods required to be
presented.

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6320.2 Reconciliation to IFRS as issued by the IASB in lieu of full compliance with
IFRS as issued by the IASB is not permitted. (Last updated: 9/30/2011)

6320.3 [Reserved]
(Last updated: 9/30/2011)

6320.4 Certain transactions and industry-specific issues, for example, insurance

contracts, extractive activities, common control mergers, reorganizations, and
recapitalizations are not addressed by specific IASB standards. Consistent with
IAS 1 and IAS 8, the registrant must provide full and transparent disclosure
about the accounting policies selected and the effects of those policies on the
IFRS financial statements.

6320.5 IFRS filers need not apply SABs that related specifically to U.S. GAAP (e.g.,
SAB 104). However, in selecting accounting policies under IAS 8, a registrant
may apply SABs that relate to U.S. GAAP and otherwise meet the IAS 8
requirements. Note that SABs related to IFRS, filing requirements, and auditing
apply. [Release No. 33-8879]

6320.6 Applicability of Regulation S-X Form and Content Requirements - Foreign

private issuers that file financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS
as issued by the IASB must comply with IASB requirements for form and
content within the financial statements, rather than with the specific presentation
and disclosure provisions in Articles 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10 of Regulation S-X.
However, foreign private issuers must comply with all other applicable S-X
requirements including, but not limited to, the applicable Article 12 schedule
requirements and the Article 3 requirements of financial statements of other
entities. ( See Release No. 33‐8879, footnote 136) (Last updated: 12/31/2012)

6330 Interim Financial Statements Presented by IFRS Filers

6330.1 For pre-effective registration statements and post-effective amendments with
annual financial statements less than nine months old, published interim
information need not be reconciled to U.S. GAAP if the basis of the annual
financial statements and published interim information is IFRS as issued by the
IASB. Note: The annual statements must also be prepared using IFRS as issued
by the IASB. [Instruction 3 to Item 8.A.5 of Form 20-F]

6330.2 For pre-effective registration statements and post-effective amendments with

annual financial statements more than nine months old, reconciliation is not
required for an interim period where the issuer complies with and explicitly
states compliance with IAS 34. Note: The annual statements must also be
prepared using IFRS as issued by the IASB. [Instruction 4 to Item 8.A.5 of
Form 20-F]

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6340 First-time Adopters of IFRS
6340.1 One Time Accommodation:
In a foreign private issuer’s first year of reporting in IFRS, the registrant may
file two years rather than three years of statements of profit or loss and other
comprehensive income, changes in shareholders equity and cash flows prepared
in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, with appropriate related
disclosure. As a reminder, IFRS 1 requires an entity’s first IFRS financial
statements to include at least three statements of financial position. [General
Instruction G(a) to Form 20-F] (Last updated: 12/31/2010)

6340.2 The one-time accommodation available for first-time IFRS implementers and
the guidance found in Instruction G to Form 20-F apply not only to registrants,
but also to foreign businesses whose financial statements are required under S-X
3-05, 3-09, 3-10, and 3-14. (Last updated: 12/31/2022)

6340.3 All first-time adopters of IFRS are required to provide certain expanded
disclosures about their use of elective transitional treatments under IFRS 1, as
well as meet certain presentation requirements with respect to their transitional
reconciliation from previous (home-country) GAAP to IFRS under the
disclosure requirements of IFRS 1, First-time Adoption of International
Financial Reporting Standards. [Instruction 4 to Item 5 of Form 20-F]

6340.4 During the period an issuer is changing the body of accounting standards used
to prepare its financial statements from previous GAAP to IFRS, a situation
may arise in which the most recent annual financial statements are prepared
under previous GAAP and any interim financial statements might be prepared
under IFRS. Because the most recent annual and interim periods may not be
comparable, financial statements in transitional registration statements for first-
time adopters may be prepared under one of three options:

a. 3 years of previous GAAP annual financial statements, and previous

GAAP interim statements for the current and comparable prior
period, all with reconciliation to U.S. GAAP;

b. 2 years of IFRS annual financial statements and IFRS interim

statements for the current and comparable prior period; or

c. 3 years of previous GAAP financial statements, including

reconciliations to U.S. GAAP, IFRS interim statements for the
current and comparable prior period, and U.S. GAAP condensed
information for the most recent year, current interim period, and the
comparable prior interim period.

[General Instruction G. (f)(2) to Form 20-F] (Last updated: 6/30/2011)

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 NOTE: Under the IFRS alternative described in b. above, the U.S. GAAP
reconciliation is not required if all other conditions for eligibility have been met
(see Section 6310).

6340.5 A first-time adopter that is unable to provide information that complies with one
of the three options noted above should contact the Office of International
Corporate Finance in the Division of Corporation Finance if it has comparable
financial information based on a combination of previous GAAP, IFRS as
issued by the IASB and U.S. GAAP available. [Instruction to General
Instruction G.(f)(2) to Form 20-F] The first-time adopter should develop an
approach specific to its facts and circumstances that provides a bridge between
the annual previous GAAP financial information reconciled to U.S. GAAP and
the IFRS financial information. First-time adopters should clearly set forth their
proposed approach when consulting the staff. While not considered inclusive of
all acceptable alternatives, the following are examples of approaches that could
provide an appropriate level of information to achieve a bridge between these
annual and interim periods.

a. Bridging forward to IFRS:

• Previous GAAP annual financial statements with a U.S. GAAP
reconciliation for the three most recent fiscal year ends.
• IFRS interim financial statements (including comparative periods
and cumulative year to date periods), compliant with IAS 34 and
enhanced with IFRS 1 reconciliations and disclosures typically
included in an annual set of IFRS first-time adoption financial
statements.

b. Bridging back to U.S. GAAP:

• Previous GAAP annual financial statements with a U.S. GAAP
reconciliation for the three most recent fiscal year ends.
• IFRS interim financial statements compliant with IAS 34
reconciled to U.S. GAAP (including comparative periods and
cumulative year to date periods). (Last updated: 6/30/2011)

6345 First-time Adopters that Previously Used U.S. GAAP for the
Primary Financial Statements in SEC Filings
(Last updated: 9/30/2009)

6345.1 Some registrants have presented financial statements in more than one GAAP
prior to their first-time adoption of IFRS as issued by the IASB; for example, in
home-country GAAP in their local market and in U.S. GAAP in their SEC
filings. These registrants need to determine whether home-country GAAP or

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 U.S. GAAP is their “previous GAAP” for purposes of applying IFRS 1. If they
determine that U.S. GAAP is the previous GAAP, their IFRS 1 reconciliation of
previous GAAP to IFRS as issued by the IASB will be U.S. GAAP. If they
determine that home-country GAAP is the previous GAAP, however, the staff
does not believe the IFRS 1 reconciliation of previous GAAP (home-country
GAAP) to IFRS as issued by the IASB is sufficient for SEC filings that have
previously only presented U.S. GAAP information. In this instance, the staff
believes an additional reconciliation from U.S. GAAP to IFRS as issued by the
IASB should be provided to reasonably inform U.S. investors about the changes
in the basis of presentation. This reconciliation could be presented directly from
U.S. GAAP to IFRS as issued by the IASB in a note to the audited financial
statements, or if impracticable in an audited financial statement schedule, for the
same dates and periods that the IFRS 1 reconciliation is presented. The
reconciliation would be presented in a level of detail consistent with Item 17 of
Form 20-F. Alternatively, the reconciliation could be presented in the notes to
the audited financial statements as part of a two-step reconciliation that includes
the IFRS 1 reconciliation – from U.S. GAAP to previous GAAP, and then from
previous GAAP to IFRS as issued by the IASB.

6345.2 Some registrants have adopted IFRS as issued by the IASB in the past in the
financial statements presented in their local market, while continuing to present
U.S. GAAP in their SEC filings. These registrants would have included the
IFRS 1 reconciliation from previous GAAP (home-country GAAP) to IFRS as
issued by the IASB in their local market financial statements in the past, but not
in the U.S. GAAP financial statements included in SEC filings. If the registrant
subsequently decides to present IFRS as issued by the IASB financial
statements in its SEC filings, it is not required to present the reconciliation from
previous GAAP specified by IFRS 1 because it is no longer a first-time adopter
subject to IFRS 1. However, since the historical SEC filings have presented
only U.S. GAAP information, bridging disclosures in the form of reconciliation
from U.S. GAAP to IFRS as issued by the IASB are generally necessary to
inform U.S. investors about the changes in the basis of presentation. This
bridging can best be presented by providing a reconciliation directly from U.S.
GAAP to IFRS as issued by the IASB in a note to the audited financial
statements, or if impracticable, in an audited financial statement schedule, for
the comparative balance sheet date and comparative income statement periods
preceding the most recent fiscal year. Generally, this reconciliation would be
presented in a level of detail consistent with Item 17 of Form 20-F and included
as part of the audited financial statements.

6350 IFRS Filers - Financial Statements of Other Entities

6350.1 S-X 3-05, 3-09, 3-10, and 3-14 permit the inclusion of financial statements of
foreign businesses presented in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB
without reconciliation to U.S. GAAP, regardless of significance. (Last updated:
12/31/2022)

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6350.2 Significance testing is based on the accounting used by the issuer. This means
that the amounts used in the tests for the acquiree or investee (the numerator)
must be based on the same basis of accounting as that of the issuer. For
example, if the issuer presents its financial statements in home-country GAAP
with reconciliation to U.S. GAAP, then the amounts for the acquiree or investee
in the numerator of the tests must be based on U.S. GAAP. In some cases,
amounts from the acquiree’s or investee’s historical financial statements will
need to be converted to the issuer’s basis of accounting. The following table
illustrates the basis of accounting on which the tests are based under typical
scenarios.

Significance Testing for S-X 3-05 and 3-09

Foreign Acquiree US Acquiree
Home w/ IFRS - no
Issuer US GAAP US GAAP
Reconciliation Reconciliation
FPI - Home w/
US GAAP US GAAP US GAAP US GAAP US GAAP
Reconciliation
FPI – US
US GAAP US GAAP US GAAP US GAAP
GAAP
FPI – IFRS no
IFRS IFRS IFRS IFRS
Reconciliation
US US GAAP US GAAP US GAAP US GAAP

6350.3 Separate Financial Statements of Other Entities: Is Reconciliation to U.S.

GAAP Required?

By contrast, the basis of accounting permitted or required in the acquiree’s or

investee’s historical financial statements is based on whether that entity meets
the definition of a foreign business. A foreign business may present its financial
statements using the requirements applicable to a foreign private issuer. The
following table illustrates whether an acquiree or investee must reconcile its
financial statements to U.S. GAAP under typical scenarios.

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 Separate F/S of Other Entities:
Is Reconciliation to US GAAP Required?
Foreign Acquiree US Acquiree
Issuer Home US GAAP IFRS / IASB US GAAP
FPI - Home w/
US GAAP Yes N/A No N/A
Reconciliation
FPI - US GAAP Yes N/A No N/A
FPI – IFRS /
Yes N/A No N/A
IASB
US Yes N/A No N/A

6360 IFRS Filers – S-X Article 11 Pro Forma Information

6360.1 As with significance testing, S-X Article 11 pro formas are based on the
accounting used by the issuer. Amounts from the acquiree’s or investee’s
historical financial statements presented in accordance with home-country
GAAP or U.S. GAAP will need to be converted to the issuer’s basis of
accounting. This may be true even if the acquiree’s or investee’s historical
financial statements are not required to be reconciled to U.S. GAAP because its
significance falls below the 30% level specified in Item 17 of Form 20-F. The
following table illustrates the basis of accounting on which the pro formas are
presented under typical scenarios.

IFRS Filers
S-X Article 11 Pro Forma Information
Foreign Acquiree US Acquiree
Home w/
Issuer US GAAP IFRS/IASB US GAAP
Reconciliation
FPI - Home w/
Home w/ Home w/ Home w/ Home w/
US GAAP
Reconciliation Reconciliation Reconciliation Reconciliation
Reconciliation
FPI - US GAAP US GAAP US GAAP US GAAP US GAAP
FPI – IFRS /
IFRS / IASB IFRS / IASB IFRS / IASB IFRS / IASB
IASB
US US GAAP US GAAP US GAAP US GAAP

6360.2 The staff generally has not objected if an issuer, that otherwise would present its
pro formas based on home-country GAAP with a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP,
elects to present the pro formas directly in U.S. GAAP.

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6400 REQUIREMENT FOR RECONCILIATION TO
U.S. GAAP
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

NOTE: Foreign private issuers are allowed to prepare the primary financial
statements filed with the SEC in accordance with a comprehensive body of GAAP
other than U.S. GAAP. To assist U.S. investors in understanding the nature of the
accounting differences and their effects on financial statements, foreign issuers that
do not prepare statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB (see
Section 6300) are required to provide a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP.

6410 Requirement for Reconciliation

6410.1 General
(Last updated: 9/30/2011)

a. A reconciliation is required for each annual and interim period

required to be included in a registration statement or annual report.
[Item 17(c) of Form 20-F]

b. Form 20-F provides two levels of reconciliation to U.S. GAAP - Item

17 and Item 18. Item 18 requires the same information as Item 17 plus
all of the disclosures required by U.S. GAAP and Regulation S-X.

c. Compliance with Item 18 rather than Item 17 is required for all issuer
financial statements in all Securities Act registration statements,
Exchange Act registration statements on Form 20-F, and annual
reports on Form 20-F.

d. Item 17 is permitted for pro forma information pursuant to S-X Article

11.

e. Item 17 compliance is permitted for non-issuer financial statements

such as those pursuant to S-X 3-05, 3-09, 3-14, and 8-04 for smaller
reporting companies, as well as non-issuer target company financial
statements included in Forms S-4, F-4 and proxy statements. [Release
No. 33-8959] (Last updated: 12/31/2022)

f. Non-issuers using Item 17 that are required to provide MD&A (e.g.,

target companies in Forms S-4, F-4, and proxy statements) should
consider the need to provide certain additional information in the
MD&A to assist the U.S. investor in understanding the financial
statements. [SAB Topic 1D]

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6410.2 First-time Entrants to U.S. Reporting System

a. If a foreign registrant has not previously filed financial statements with

the SEC on a reconciled basis, it is only required to provide
reconciliations of the financial statements and selected financial data
to U.S. GAAP for the two most recently completed fiscal years and for
any interim periods required in the registration statement. In each
subsequent year, on a prospective basis, an additional year of the
reconciliation is required. This also applies to any other required
financial statements where the entity is a foreign business such as
those filed pursuant to S-X 3-05, 3-09, 3-10 and 3-14, as well as target
company financial statements in Forms F-4, Forms S-4, and proxy
statements. Published financial information that is included because it
is more current (see Section 6220.6) is ordinarily not required to be
reconciled. (Last updated: 12/31/2022)

b. The U.S. GAAP reconciliation (compliant with Item 17 of Form 20-F)

must be included for non-reporting foreign target companies in Forms
F-4, Forms S-4 and proxy statements unless a reconciliation is
unavailable or not obtainable without unreasonable cost or expense. In
these cases, a narrative description must be provided of all material
variations in accounting principles, practices and methods used in
preparing the non-U.S. GAAP financial statements from those
accepted in the U.S. [See Instruction 2 to Item 17 of Form S-4,
Instruction to paragraphs (b)(5) and (b)(6) of Item 17 of Form F-4,
Item 14 of Schedule 14A]

NOTE: While reconciliations to U.S. GAAP initially are required only for two
years, the registrant’s financial statements still need to be presented in the
registration statement for all of the periods required by Item 8 of Form 20-F (see
Section 10220.1 for EGCs). Similarly, non-EGCs must present selected financial
data for five years, even though the oldest three years need not be reconciled to
U.S. GAAP. (See Section 10220.2 for exception for EGCs.)

c. First-time registrants that elect to prepare the financial statements in

accordance with U.S. GAAP may provide statements of
comprehensive income and statements of cash flows for only their two
most recent fiscal years. However, selected financial data still needs
to be presented for five years under home-country GAAP if U.S.
GAAP financial data is not available for the oldest three years, unless
the registrant qualifies as an EGC (see Section 10220.2). MD&A need
only discuss the two years presented in the financial statements. [Item
8 of Form 20-F]

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 d. Predecessor financial statements and selected financial data must be
presented in the same comprehensive body of accounting as the
registrant. A foreign entity that is a predecessor of a U.S. domestic
company must present financial statements in U.S. GAAP and U.S.
dollars. (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

6410.3 [Reserved]. (Last updated: 9/30/2011)

6410.4 “Backdoor” Listings by Foreign Companies

a. Foreign companies sometimes obtain a “backdoor” listing through a

reverse recapitalization with a U.S. public shell. Even though
substantially all of the operations are conducted outside of the U.S.,
the registrant would not be considered a foreign private issuer.
b. In this situation, the transaction, including financial statements of the
foreign company, must be reported on a Form 8-K within four
business days of the completion of the transaction. The Form 8-K that
is filed must include the same information as a registration of
securities on Form 10. For example, the accommodations in Form 20-
F that in certain circumstances permit two years of financial statements
rather than three years are not applicable. [Item 2.01 of Form 8-K and
Item 5.06 of Form 8-K] Refer to Topic 12. (Last updated: 9/30/2010)
c. The financial statements included in the Form 8-K must be prepared
using U.S. GAAP for all periods presented, including those prior to the
reverse recapitalization. Financial statements prepared using IFRS as
issued by the IASB or in a home-country GAAP reconciled to U.S.
GAAP would not be acceptable. (Last updated: 10/20/2014)

6410.5 Transactions that Result in a Foreign Private Issuer Ceasing to be a Shell

Company

a. A foreign private issuer may cease to be a shell company as a result of a

reverse acquisition or merger. In this situation, the transaction, including
financial statements of the other party to the transaction, must be reported
on a Form 20-F within four business days of the completion of the
transaction. The Form 20-F that is filed must include the same
information as a registration of securities on Form 20-F. For example, the
accommodations in Form 20-F that in certain circumstances permit two
years of financial statements rather than three years are applicable. Refer
to Topic 12. [Exchange Act Rules 13a-19 and 15d-19, and Instruction
A(d) to Form 20-F]

b. If the foreign private issuer shell company engages in a transaction that

causes it to lose its status as a foreign private issuer at the same time it
ceases to be a shell company, reports filed or furnished during the

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 remainder of the fiscal year may continue to be made using forms and
requirements applicable to foreign private issuers. See Sections 6110.3
and 6120.2. (Last updated: 10/20/2014)

6410.6 Financial Statements of Foreign Acquired Businesses or Foreign Equity

Investees in Filings by Domestic Issuers or Foreign Private Issuers

a. The reporting requirements of Form 8-K do not apply to foreign

private issuers. Financial statements under Rule 3-05 are also not
required when filing Form 20-F as an annual report. However, foreign
private issuers must comply with S-X 3-05 in registration statements
under the 1933 Act (e.g., Form F-1, F-3) and in registration statements
on Form 20-F.

b. If financial statements are required to be filed for foreign acquirees or

foreign equity investees, these statements may be prepared on a
comprehensive basis other than U.S. GAAP or IFRS as issued by the
IASB. Reconciliations to U.S. GAAP must be provided when the
significance of the foreign acquiree or foreign equity investee to the
registrant exceeds 30%. Refer to Topic 2 for the tests of significance.
[Item 17(c)(2)(v) and (vi) of Form 20-F]

When determining whether a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP is required,

if the foreign equity investee is significant to the registrant at the 30%
level or greater in any of the years being tested, a reconciliation is
required for all periods. Whether the U.S. GAAP reconciliation is
required to be audited is based upon the audit requirements applicable
to the underlying financial statements of the foreign acquiree or equity
investee.

For example, take a foreign equity investee that had previously been
significant at a 30% level in prior periods, was significant at the 20%
level in 2005, was not significant in 2006, and is significant at the 30%
level in 2007. The financial statements provided for the foreign equity
investee in the registrant’s 2007 filing must include a U.S. GAAP
reconciliation for all years. The financial statements, including the
reconciliation, must be audited for 2005 and 2007, but not for 2006.

Note that if this had been the first time the financial statements of the
foreign equity investee were significant at a 30% level, the
reconciliation of the financial statements could be provided only for
the two most recent years.

c. The 30% significance test does not apply to non-reporting foreign

target companies provided in Forms S-4, Forms F-4 and proxy
statements.

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 d. Financial statements of acquired businesses or equity investees that
meet the definition of a foreign business may be prepared under
International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium‐
sized Entities (“IFRS for SMEs”), published by the IASB in July 2009,
with reconciliation to U.S. GAAP as described in b and c above. The
staff would not accept financial statements prepared under IFRS for
SMEs for issuers, predecessors of issuers, domestic acquired
businesses, or domestic equity method investees.
(Last updated: 6/30/2010)

NOTE: The accommodation to not reconcile separate financial statements of less

than 30% significant equity investees does not affect a domestic issuer's
measurement of earnings or disclosures under Regulation S-X. ASC 323 requires
equity investees to be accounted for using U.S. GAAP. Further, summarized data
under S-X 4-08(g) must be presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. [Release
No. 33-7118] (Last updated 9/30/2009)

6410.7 If reconciliation is required, the financial statements of foreign acquirees or

foreign investees need only comply with the reconciliation requirements of Item
17 of Form 20-F, rather than Item 18. Even though the significance level of an
acquisition may require the presentation of three years of audited financial
statements in a registration statement or other transactional filing, if the acquiree
or investee’s financial statements have not previously been required in a SEC
filing, the U.S. GAAP reconciliation only needs to be provided for the most
recent two years and any required interim period.

6410.8 If three years of audited financial statements of an acquired foreign business

would be required based on the level of significance, a registrant may elect to
present the acquired business’ statements for only two years if they are prepared
using U.S. GAAP, rather than home-country GAAP with a reconciliation. The
registrant’s primary financial statements must also be prepared in accordance
with U.S. GAAP if post-acquisition periods are considered in determining the
years presented.

6410.9 If a foreign incorporated acquiree or investee does not qualify as a foreign

business and financial statements are required under S-X 3-05 or 3-09, those
financial statements must be presented in conformity with U.S. GAAP, or:
• home-country GAAP reconciled to U.S. GAAP in accordance with Item
18 of Form 20-F; or
• IFRS as issued by the IASB reconciled to U.S. GAAP in accordance
with Item 18 of Form 20-F. If the acquiree or investee does not qualify
as a foreign business, but does meet the definition of a foreign private
issuer, CF-OCA will consider requests for relief from the reconciliation
requirement.

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 NOTE to SECTION 6410.9
For the financial statements referenced in the bullets above, the 30% test
discussed in 6410.6(b) does not apply. See footnote 31 to Release No. 33-
7118. (Last updated: 12/31/2012)

6410.10 A foreign or domestic registrant may apply SAB 80 in determining the periods
for which audited financial statements of acquired foreign businesses are
required in an IPO. Assuming that the businesses acquired are reporting in the
U.S. for the first time, financial statements of foreign businesses required to be
presented under the SAB for three years need only be reconciled to U.S. GAAP
for the two most recent fiscal years. Financial statements required to be
presented under the SAB for two years must be reconciled to U.S. GAAP for
both years. Most recent interim period and corresponding prior year financial
statements also would be reconciled to U.S. GAAP.

6410.11 If pro forma financial statements are required, they should be prepared in
accordance with U.S. GAAP or reconciled to U.S. GAAP. See Section 6360.1
and 6360.2.

6410.12 [Reserved]. (Last updated: 12/31/2022)

6420 Selected Financial Data [Item 3A of Form 20-F]

(Last updated: 6/30/2013)

6420.1 Selected financial data should also include amounts under U.S. GAAP, if the
primary financial statements are presented using home-country GAAP. Non-
EGCs should provide the selected data for 5 years. See Section 10220.2 for
exception for EGCs.

6420.2 A non-EGC’s selected data for the earliest two years of the five-year period may
be omitted if the registrant represents that the information cannot be provided
without unreasonable effort or expense, and states the reasons for the omission
in the filing. [Item 3.A of Form 20-F and Instruction 2 to Item 3.A] See
Section 10220.2 for guidance regarding selected financial data disclosure for
EGCs.

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6500 CONTENT OF RECONCILIATION TO U.S. GAAP
(Last updated: 12/31/2022)

NOTE: Form 20-F provides two levels of reconciliation from a comprehensive

basis of accounting other than U.S. GAAP to U.S. GAAP- Item 17 and Item 18.
Item 17 requires quantification of the material differences in the principles, practices
and methods of accounting. Item 18 requires satisfaction of the requirements of
Item 17, as well as provision of all other information required by U.S. GAAP and
Regulation S-X. (Last updated: 9/30/2011)

NOTE: Compliance with Item 18 rather than Item 17 is required for all issuer
financial statements (including those for subsidiary issuers/guarantors that are not
eligible for relief under S-X 3-10) in all Securities Act registration statements,
Exchange Act registration statements on Form 20-F, and annual reports on Form
20-F.

Item 17 is permitted for pro forma information pursuant to S-X Article 11.

Item 17 compliance is permitted for non-issuer financial statements such as those

pursuant to S-X 3-05, 3-09, and 3-10(i), as well as non-issuer target company
financial statements included in Forms S-4, F-4 and proxy statements. [Release
No. 33-8959]

Non-issuers using Item 17 that are required to provide MD&A (e.g., target
companies in Forms S-4, F-4 and proxy statements) should consider the need to
provide certain additional information in the MD&A to assist the U.S. investor in
understanding the financial statements. [SAB Topic 1D]

6510 Item 17(c) of Form 20-F - Basic Requirements

6510.1 A discussion of material variations in accounting principles, practices and
methods used in preparing the financial statements between home-country
GAAP and U.S. GAAP

6510.2 A quantified description of balance sheet differences under home-country

GAAP in comparison to U.S. GAAP. Most companies elect to present this
information in the form of a reconciliation of shareholders’ equity, but they may
also provide restated balances of individual balance sheet line items, or
describe, in numerical terms, how balance sheet line items would specifically
change under U.S. GAAP.

NOTE: The reconciliation of shareholders’ equity should be in sufficient detail

to allow an investor to determine the differences between a balance sheet prepared
using home-country GAAP and one prepared using U.S. GAAP.

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6510.3 Common deficiencies include:

All reconciling items should be

a. Recording reconciling items
presented gross with a separate
net of taxes.
adjustment for taxes.

Disclose the impact on each

b. Presenting adjustments that
caption for adjustments that
impact several balance sheet
impact several captions, such as
captions as one reconciling item.
purchase accounting.

c. Presenting different items Disclose the impact for each

that impact the same caption as difference, even if it impacts the
one adjustment. same caption.

Each GAAP adjustment should

be made at the appropriate
d. Not reflecting adjustments at subsidiary level to determine the
the subsidiary level. impact on items such as minority
interest, taxes and the currency
translation adjustment.

e. Recording adjustments for These adjustments should be

items such as property & presented gross with separate
equipment or intangible assets disclosure of the amounts of
net of depreciation and accumulated depreciation and
amortization expenses. amortization.

NOTE: Registrants should consider preparing supplemental statements of

changes in shareholders’ equity using amounts determined under U.S. GAAP to
confirm that the reconciliation balances and that it provides appropriate disclosure
on changes in the equity accounts on a U.S. GAAP basis. Many registrants elect
to include these statements, prepared using U.S. GAAP amounts, as part of their
U.S. GAAP reconciliation.

6510.4 A reconciliation of net income from home-country GAAP to U.S. GAAP that
quantifies and describes each significant difference.

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6510.5 Disclosure of basic and diluted EPS calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP,
if materially different from home-country GAAP. (Last updated: 9/30/2011)

6510.6 A cash flow statement prepared under U.S. GAAP or IAS 7, or a reconciliation
of a cash flow statement or statement of changes in financial position that
quantifies the material differences in the statement presented as compared to
U.S. GAAP. Some of the more common deficiencies in this disclosure include:

a. Failure to identify noncash investing and financing activities;

b. Presentation of items on a net rather than gross basis;
c. Inadequate discussion of the differences in the definitions of “cash”
and “cash equivalents”; and
d. Differences in classification.

6510.7 Issuers are encouraged to prepare a supplemental statement of cash flows

prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP to confirm the adequacy of the
disclosure of the reconciling items.

6510.8 Information required by supplemental schedule may be presented in accordance

with either home-country GAAP or U.S. GAAP. A reconciliation from the
home-country GAAP to U.S. GAAP is not required.

6510.9 S-X Article 11 pro forma financial statements either should be prepared on a
U.S. GAAP basis or be accompanied by reconciliations to U.S. GAAP prepared
in a manner consistent with Item 17. Reconciliations of pro forma information
to U.S. GAAP are required even if the historical financial statements of the
acquired business are not required to be reconciled. See Section 6220.8 for
guidance concerning age of pro forma information. A method consistent with
ASC 830 should be used to translate currencies.

6510.10 Disclosure of the accounting method used in the reconciliation to U.S. GAAP
for stock-based compensation given to employees and to non-employees. Other
than this information, non-issuer financial statements under Item 17 are not
required to provide the disclosures set forth in ASC 718.
(Last updated: 9/30/2011)

6510.11 [Reserved] (Last updated: 6/30/2011)

6510.12 [Reserved] (Last updated: 10/20/2014)

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6510.13 Certain GAAPs do not require the restatement of previously issued financial
statements upon discovery of an error that relates to prior periods. For example,
some GAAPs permit or require cumulative adjustment in the current period
statement of comprehensive income, which would ordinarily cause comparative
periods to continue to be materially misstated. That treatment would not be
acceptable in SEC filings. (Last updated: 12/31/2010)

6520 Item 18 of Form 20-F – Basic Requirements

6520.1 Certain information is required to be disclosed under Item 18, but not Item 17.
For example (list not all inclusive):
a. Reconciliations of the numerators and denominators used in
computing basic and diluted EPS, and other EPS-related disclosures
(ASC 260)
b. Segment information (ASC 280)
c. Fair value information (ASC 825)
d. Concentrations of credit risk (ASC 825-10-50-20)
e. Information about investment securities (ASCs 320, 321, and 326)
f. Information about off-balance sheet financial instruments ( ASC 815)
g. Disclosures about stock-based compensation to employees and non-
employees (ASC 718, as appropriate)
h. Components of pensions and benefits other than pensions (ASC 715)
i. Components of tax expense and deferred tax liability/asset (ASC 740)
j. Statement of comprehensive income classification differences
k. Information about equity method investments (ASC 323 and S-X 4-
08(g))

6520.2 Pervasive Impact of Differences Between Home-Country and U.S. GAAP

a. If differences between home-country and U.S. GAAP have such a

pervasive impact on the financial statements that they render a normal
reconciliation (as described above) confusing to investors, full or
condensed financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S.
GAAP may be necessary in order for the reader to fully understand the
impact of the differences in accounting.
For example: A business combination accounted for as a purchase of
another company by the registrant under home-country GAAP but as a
reverse acquisition under U.S. GAAP (the registrant is acquired by
another company) would most easily be understood if the registrant
included, in addition to a description of the differences in accounting,
audited financial statements prepared under U.S. GAAP. Those

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 financial statements would reflect the change in basis of the registrant
on the acquisition date and present the financial statements of the
accounting acquirer prior to the date of acquisition as the financial
statements of the registrant. See Topic 12 for additional guidance
related to reverse acquisitions.

b. Similarly, expanded presentation formats and disclosures may be

necessary in other circumstances, such as differences between home-
country and U.S. GAAP in the application of pooling versus purchase
accounting, in the non-consolidation versus consolidation of an entity,
or in the classification of a business as continuing operations versus
discontinued operations. (Last updated 9/30/2009)

6530 Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Last updated: 6/30/2011)

6530.1 Statements of comprehensive income prepared using either U.S. GAAP or

home-country GAAP are required under both Item 17 and Item 18. These
statements may be presented in either format permitted by ASC 220.
Reconciliation to U.S. GAAP is encouraged, but not required.

6530.2 ASC 220-10-45-14A requires the presentation of the changes in the

accumulated balance for each of the components of other comprehensive
income either on the face of the financial statements or in the footnotes. This
requirement does not apply to financial statements under Item 17.
(Last updated: 9/30/2011)

6530.3 In certain countries, equity components under home-country GAAP are

included in retained earnings and are not separately tracked. Reconstruction of
these amounts may not be practical. Depending on the facts and circumstances,
the staff will generally not object if an issuer concludes, and discloses in its
filings, that it is not practical to present the changes in the accumulated balance
for each of the components of its other comprehensive income specified by
ASC 220-10-45-14A.

6540 Accommodations Permitted by Form 20-F

6540.1 Cash Flow Statement
The SEC will allow without reconciliation to U.S. GAAP a foreign issuer's cash
flow statement that is prepared in accordance with IAS 7, "Cash Flow
Statements," as amended. [Item 17(c)(2)(iii) of Form 20-F] A reconciliation of
home-country cash flow presentation to IAS 7 does not meet the requirements
of the form.

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6540.2 Accounting for Effects of Hyperinflation

a. A foreign private issuer that accounts in its primary financial

statements for its operations in a hyperinflationary economy in
accordance with IAS 21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange
Rates, as amended, may omit quantification of any differences that
would have resulted from application of the U.S. standard, ASC 830.
[Item 17(c)(2)(iv)(B) of Form 20-F]

b. IAS 21 requires that amounts in the financial statements of the

hyperinflationary operation be restated for the effects of changing
prices in accordance with IAS 29, Financial Reporting in
Hyperinflationary Economies, and then translated to the reporting
currency. The accommodation is only available if the issuer uses the
historical cost/constant currency method of IAS 29. This
accommodation relates to financial statements prepared in a stable
reporting currency, not to financial statements price-level adjusted for
inflation.

6540.3 [Reserved] (Last updated: 9/30/2011)

6540.4 Effects of Proportional (Pro Rata) Consolidation

a. Foreign private issuers that use proportional consolidation under

home-country GAAP for investments in joint ventures that would be
equity method investees under U.S. GAAP may omit reconciling
differences related to classification or display and instead provide
summarized footnote disclosure of the amounts proportionately
consolidated, such as:

1. Current assets/liabilities;
2. Noncurrent assets/liabilities;
3. Net sales;
4. Gross profit;
5. Net income; and
6. Cash flow information resulting from operating, financing,
and investing activities.
[Item 17(c)(2)(vii) of Form 20-F]

b. The disclosure should allow a reader to reconstruct a U.S. GAAP

balance sheet. Summarized totals from the investee financial
statements (rather than the amounts proportionally consolidated by the
registrant) do not satisfy this condition.

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 NOTE: This accommodation for proportionately consolidated joint ventures only
applies if 1) the joint venture is an operating entity, and 2) its significant financial
operating policies are, by contractual arrangement, jointly controlled by all parties
having an equity interest in the entity.

c. Separate financial statements of a joint venture being proportionally

consolidated are not required.

6600 SELECTION OF A REPORTING CURRENCY

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

NOTE: S-X 3-20 allows a foreign private issuer to file financial statements
prepared in any currency that management believes is appropriate.

6610 Currency of Measurement

6610.1 While there is free choice in the selection of the reporting currency for a foreign
private issuer, there is not free choice in the selection of the currency used for
measurement. All operations, including those of the parent company, that do
not operate in a hyperinflationary environment should be measured using the
currency of the primary economic environment to measure transactions. While
not specifically referring to ASC 830, S-X 3-20 is designed to be conceptually
consistent with that standard. Assets and liabilities are translated at the period
end exchange rate and the statement of comprehensive income is translated at
the weighted average annual exchange rate. The translation effects of exchange
rate changes are included as a separate component of equity. (Last updated:
10/30/2020)

6620 Disclosures, if the U.S. Dollar is Not the Reporting Currency

[S-X 3-20]
6620.1 The currency used to prepare financial statements of a foreign private issuer
must be displayed prominently on the face of the financial statements.

6620.2 The currency in which dividends are declared, if different from the reporting
currency, must be disclosed.

6620.3 A description of material exchange restrictions or controls relating to the

reporting currency, and the currency of the issuer's domicile or the currency in
which the issuer will pay dividends, if different, must be provided.

6620.4 [Reserved]. (Last updated: 10/30/2020)

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6620.5 Dollar equivalent or convenience translations are generally not permitted,
except that a convenience translation may be presented only for the most recent
fiscal year and any subsequent interim period. Translation should be made at
the exchange rate on the balance sheet date or most recent date practicable, if
materially different. The rate used for the convenience translation should
generally be the rate that the issuer would use if dividends were to be paid in
U.S. dollars.

6620.6 An issuer filing a registration statement on Form F-3 that incorporates financial
statements previously filed on Form 20-F does not need to amend or otherwise
modify these statements to reflect a more current exchange rate in presenting
the convenience translation.

6620.7 While S-X 3-20 allows foreign private issuers to prepare financial statements in
the currency it believes is appropriate, it does not address financial statements of
acquirees or equity investees. However, these financial statements can be
prepared either in the same currency as the issuer or in the currency that
normally is used for preparation of such entities’ financial statements.
Accordingly, a domestic issuer can prepare financial statements of an acquiree
or investee in U.S. dollars. (Last updated: 12/31/2010)

NOTE: Amendment or other modification is not necessary even if the company

has presented a convenience translation on interim data in the registration
statement or by reference to Form 6-K. In this situation, the issuer should
disclose in the interim data provided on the Form 6-K that different exchange
rates have been used for the convenience translation.

6630 Change in Reporting Currency

6630.1 Financial information for all periods presented in the filing should be recast into
the new reporting currency using a methodology consistent with ASC 830 (IAS
21 for IFRS filers). Statements of comprehensive income should be translated
from the old reporting currency into the new reporting currency using a
weighted average exchange rate for the applicable period. The balance sheet
should be translated using the applicable period end exchange rate. The
objective of this procedure is to present financial statements as if the issuer had
always used the new reporting currency.

6630.2 If the reporting currency used in a registrant’s financial statements is different

from that of its predecessor, the predecessor’s financial statements should be
recast using the registrant’s reporting currency.

6640 Reporting Currency for Domestic Registrants and Non-Foreign

Private Issuers

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 (Last updated: 10/30/2020)

S-X 3-20(a)(2) requires that a U.S.-incorporated registrant will present its

financial statements in U.S. dollars. In limited instances, the staff has not
objected to the use of a different reporting currency. Those instances have been
limited to situations where the U.S.-incorporated registrant had little or no assets
and operations in the U.S., substantially all the operations were conducted in a
single functional currency other than the U.S. dollar, and the reporting currency
used was the same as the functional currency. The staff has also not objected
when a foreign issuer who does not meet the definition of a foreign private
issuer applies this approach in similar circumstances.

6700 PRICE-LEVEL ADJUSTED FINANCIAL

STATEMENTS AND EFFECTS OF
HYPERINFLATIONARY ENVIRONMENTS
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

6710 Requirements
6710.1 An issuer in a hyperinflationary economy must either comprehensively include
the effects of price-level changes in the primary statements or, alternatively,
present supplemental information to quantify the effects of changing prices
using the historical cost/constant currency or current cost/replacement cost
approach. [S-X 3-20 and Form 20-F Item 17(c)(2)(iv)]

6710.2 The quantified effects of applying price-level accounting are not eliminated in
the reconciliation to U.S. GAAP. In other words, registrants that apply price-
level accounting are not required to quantify and remove the effects of inflation
as part of the reconciliation to U.S. GAAP. This accommodation applies to all
issuers who price-level adjust in conformity with their home-country GAAP
even if the currency of the primary economic environment is not
hyperinflationary as defined under U.S. GAAP. [Form 20-F Item 17(c)(2)(iv)]

Question: What is a hyperinflationary environment?

Answer: A hyperinflationary economy has cumulative inflation of
approximately 100% or more over the most recent three-year period. See ASC
830 for further guidance.

NOTE: Inflation rates are multiplied in computing cumulative inflation. For

example, 1.26 x 1.26 x 1.26 = 2.00. Inflation of at least 26% for three years would
result in cumulative inflation of 100%.

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6710.3 Issuers in a hyperinflationary economy that elect to report in accordance with
U.S. GAAP can report in either the hyperinflationary currency or a stable
currency.

Reporting Currency Requirement

Selected
Hyperinflationary currency Present general price-level financial statements.
See ASC 255-10-45.
Stable currency, such as the Apply the remeasurement principles of ASC
U.S. dollar 830. The stable currency’s average annual rate
should be used for purposes of the statement of
comprehensive income. [S-X 3-20(c)]

6720 Preparation of Price-level Adjusted Financial Statements

6720.1 All price-level adjusted financial information in a foreign private issuer’s
registration statement should be presented in equivalent purchasing power units
of the reporting currency. For each period presented, all measurements are
retroactively restated to the purchasing power unit as of the date of the most
recent balance sheet information in the filing.

6720.2 If a company updates a registration statement to include interim financial

information, the prior annual financial information must be recast in equivalent
purchasing power units. A company that incorporates by reference a prior
annual report on Form 20-F need not amend the prior filing, but must file
restated financial statements in the registration statement or under cover of a
Form 6-K that is incorporated by reference.

6720.3 If the rate of inflation during the interim period is very low such that the effect
of restatement does not materially affect apparent trends and is clearly
immaterial, the staff has not insisted that prior period financial information be
restated. If the information is not restated, the rate of inflation and the reason
why restatement was not considered to be necessary should be disclosed.

6720.4 The cash flow statements of issuers that prepare price-level adjusted financial
statements should present the effects of inflation on cash flows separately from
their operating, investing and financing activities. The presentation of a
“fourth” cash flow statement category, which separately captures these effects,
meets this objective. Price-level adjusted cash flow statements that include the
effects of inflation in the line items comprising the three major categories may
make the presentation less meaningful and possibly misleading.

Example of a Potentially Misleading Presentation: The financing activities

section of the cash flows statement, if price-level adjusted for inflation, may

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 depict reductions of foreign-currency denominated debt because of the recasting
of prior balance sheet amounts, even though no cash repayments may have
actually occurred.

6720.5 If interim financial information more current than otherwise required by SEC
rules is included in a registration statement solely to comply with Instruction 3
to Item 8.A.5 of Form 20-F, the staff encourages, but will not insist, that prior
periods be restated. The staff expects companies to provide disclosure
necessary to prevent the updated data from being misleading in relation to prior
period financial information. For example, the registrant should provide
supplemental selected financial data recast in equivalent purchasing power
units, accompanied by disclosure of the rate of inflation that would be used to
restate all prior financial information in equivalent purchasing power units.

6800 FOREIGN AUDITOR MATTERS

(Last updated: 6/30/2009)

6810 Qualifications and Independence

6810.1 In certain instances where the independent accountant is not licensed in the U.S.
and not familiar to the staff, OCA may request information about the
accountant's qualifications to audit financial statements that are filed with the
SEC.

6810.2 Auditors licensed outside the U.S. must comply with all requirements of S-X 2-
01, including SEC and PCAOB rules on auditor independence. S-X 2-01
permits a foreign auditor, solely for purposes of a foreign private issuer’s initial
registration statement, to be independent under SEC and PCAOB rules for at
least the most recent audited fiscal year, provided that auditor is independent
under local standards for all periods presented. The auditor must remain
independent under SEC and PCAOB rules for all subsequent periods.

6810.3 The staff may question the location from which the audit report was rendered if
there does not appear to be a logical relationship between that location and the
location of the registrant’s corporate offices, its principal operations, its
principal assets, or where the audit work was principally conducted. The staff
will consider all relevant factors in questioning the location from which the
audit report was rendered. (Last updated: 9/30/2011)

6810.4 Auditors may be permitted or required by home-country regulations to render

reports on the fairness or adequacy of consideration in an audit client’s planned
merger or non-monetary transaction. The services performed to render these
reports may violate U.S. independence rules.

6810.5 Effective January 1, 2000, AICPA SEC Practice Section (“SECPS”) rules
established minimum requirements for the review of SEC filings by a

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 designated “filing reviewer” within the independent accountant’s U.S. firm or
international organization knowledgeable about U.S. GAAP, U.S. GAAS, U.S.
auditor independence and SEC reporting requirements. Although the SECPS no
longer exists, the PCAOB has adopted the requirements of Appendix K, SECPS
§1000.45 pursuant to PCAOB Rule 3400T, through its adoption of Interim
Quality Control Standard 1000.08(n), which cross references SECPS § 1000.45.
Prior to commencing review of initial registration statements, the staff may
request confirmation that Appendix K was applied to the filing, as well as the
name of the designated filing reviewer that the staff may contact with any
questions concerning the application of those policies and procedures to the
registration statement. The purpose of the procedure is to ensure that foreign
auditors appropriately involve their designated filing reviewer prior to
submission of registration statements. The staff will consider deferring the
review of a registration statement where the application of the firm’s established
policies and procedures to that registration statement cannot be confirmed.

6810.6 The Appendix K requirements also apply to annual reports.

6820 Reports
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

6820.1 The report of the independent accountant must comply with all requirements of
S-X 2-02.

6820.2 The report of the independent accountant, except for MJDS filers in Canada,
should include a statement that the audit was conducted “in accordance with the
standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).”
The staff will not object if the report also refers to compliance with home-
country applicable professional standards. [Instruction 2 to Item 8.A.2 of Form
20-F]

6820.3 Reports of independent accountants issued for MJDS filers may still refer solely
to Canadian GAAS when filed on MJDS forms. [Release No. 33-6902]
However, if financial statements of an MJDS filer are included in a non-MJDS
form, such as Rule 3-05 financial statements in a domestic registrant’s Form 8-
K or a foreign private issuer’s Form F-3, then the audit must be conducted, at a
minimum, in accordance with, and the audit report must refer to, applicable
professional standards for non-issuers.

6820.4 The reconciliation to U.S. GAAP must be audited. The staff recommends that
the report of the independent accountant refer explicitly to the reconciliation,
but the absence of that reference does not relieve the auditor of its responsibility
to examine the reconciliation. The reconciliation footnote may not be labeled
"unaudited." Pursuant to SEC rules and auditing standards, omission of a
material item that is required to reconcile the financial statements to U.S. GAAP
pursuant to Item 17 or Item 18 of Form 20-F, or any otherwise inaccurate

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 presentation of that reconciliation, would require a clear reference in the
auditor's report identifying the omission or inaccuracy. [Release No. 33-7119]

6820.5 The correction of a material misstatement in a previously filed U.S. GAAP

reconciliation should be recognized in the auditor’s report through the addition
of an explanatory paragraph. [AS 6, paragraph 9] (Last updated: 12/31/2010)

6820.6 The staff expects that there would be no material difference between net income
and shareholders’ equity amounts reported in a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP
and the corresponding amounts that would be reported if the financial
statements were presented directly in U.S. GAAP. Accordingly, neither the
auditor’s report nor the notes to the financial statements should characterize
U.S. GAAP net income or shareholders’ equity amounts as “estimated” or
“approximated.” (Last updated: 12/31/2010)

6820.7 If the report includes reference to another accountant, the separate audit report
of that accountant must be included. Financial statements of subsidiaries or
investees of a foreign private issuer are sometimes prepared in differing GAAPs
than that of the registrant. The audit report should be clear as to which auditor
is taking responsibility for auditing the conversion of the GAAP of the
subsidiary or investee to the GAAP of the issuer, as well as auditing the U.S.
GAAP reconciliation.

6820.8 Some foreign private issuers or acquired foreign businesses are jointly audited
by more than one firm. Both auditors sign the report and take full responsibility
for the audit. Each auditor must comply with all requirements of S-X 2-01,
including the U.S. independence requirements. In certain cases, one of the
firms may be a U.S. firm.

6830 Disclosure of Change in Accountants and Disagreements

(Last updated: 9/30/2011)

Foreign private issuers are required to provide disclosures in the event of a

change in their independent accountants. The disclosure requirements are
contained in Item 16F of Form 20-F. The required disclosures are substantially
the same as those required for domestic issuers by S-K 304. However, the
disclosures and related auditor’s letter must be filed as part of the annual report
on Form 20-F and any registration statements, rather than in a Form 8-K.
[Release No. 33-8959]

6900 [RESERVED]
(Last updated: 9/30/2010)

*****

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 TOPIC 7

RELATED PARTY MATTERS

7100 [RESERVED]

7200 EXPENSES INCURRED ON BEHALF OF

REGISTRANT (Last updated: 9/30/2008)
7210 Reflect All Costs of Doing Business
All costs of doing business, including costs incurred by parent and others,
should be reflected in historical financial statements. Allocation of common
expenses may be required. A registrant is not required to impute costs, if they
were not incurred by its parent or others. Footnote disclosure should include
management’s assertion that the allocation method is reasonable and
management’s estimate of what the expenses would have been on a stand-alone
basis, if materially different. See also Section 7400 “Components of Larger
Entities” below.

7210.1 Organizational and offering costs paid for by a related party should be reflected
in the financial statements of the registrant where those costs will be directly or
indirectly reimbursed. [SAB Topic 5D] In the absence of an obligation or intent
to reimburse directly or indirectly, the staff will not insist on inclusion of these
amounts in the issuer’s financial statements.

7210.2 Obligations paid by parent or principal shareholder on behalf of the registrant

must be reflected in the registrant’s financial statements. [SAB Topic 5T]

7220 Compensation Arrangements

7220.1 Contributed services
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

a. Financial statements might not include compensation at fair market

levels where charges were not made or were relatively low, or if
amounts owed for services were forgiven and accounted for as a
contribution to capital. If so, the notes to the historical financial state-
ments should provide quantified disclosure of the significant
compensation arrangements with related parties that resulted in below-
market compensation expense.

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 b. If historical statements reflect compensation that will be materially
different from the compensation expense expected after the offering or
in the future, disclosure of the salary commitment should be made and
pro forma data for the latest year and interim period may be necessary.
In addition, consider whether additional disclosure is warranted in the
MD&A discussion of liquidity.

7220.2 Other forms of compensation provided by a related party or other holder of an

economic interest in the entity to an employee for services should also be
reflected in the registrant’s financial statements.

7300 TRANSFERS AND RECEIVABLES TO OR FROM

SHAREHOLDERS [SAB TOPIC 5G] (Last updated:
9/30/2008)

7310 Transfer of Nonmonetary Assets

7310.1 In most circumstances, transfers of nonmonetary assets for stock or other
consideration of the registrant prior to an initial public offering are recorded at
predecessor cost as determined in accordance with GAAP. Where the registrant
gives monetary consideration for property conveyed by promoters, the excess
over predecessor cost is treated as a reduction of equity (i.e., a special
distribution).

7310.2 Promoters: persons founding or organizing the entity; persons who receive 10%
or more of the stock of the entity in connection with its founding or
organization. [S-X 1-02(s)]

NOTE: The guidance in SAB Topic 5G is not intended to modify the

requirements of SFAS 141. The combination of two or more businesses should
be accounted for in accordance with SFAS 141 and its interpretations and SAB
Topic 2A.8.

7320 Receivables
7320.1 Receivables from affiliates which are the equivalent of unpaid subscriptions
receivable or capital distributions should be reflected as a deduction from
equity. [SAB Topic 4G]

7320.2 Receivables from an officer or director need not be deducted from equity if the
receivable was paid in cash prior to the publication of the financial statements
and the payment date is stated in a note to the financial statements. [SAB Topic
4E]

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7330 Distributions to or from Major Shareholders Prior to Offering
[SAB Topic 1B.3]
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

7330.1 Refer to Topic 3 for detailed discussion of pro forma requirements.

7330.2 Distributions should be given retroactive effect in latest balance sheet or

reflected in pro forma balance sheet alongside of historical balance sheet.

7330.3 If the distribution is compensation for prior services or consideration for prior
conveyances, only retroactive presentation would be acceptable.

7340 Offering Proceeds

7340.1 In addition to historical EPS, if a material portion of the proceeds of an offering
will be distributed to shareholders, present pro forma EPS for the latest year and
interim period reflecting dilution equivalent to the number of shares whose
proceeds will be used to pay dividends.

7340.2 Even if the distribution is not clearly to be paid from offering proceeds, pro
forma EPS is required if the distribution exceeds current year’s earnings.

7400 COMPONENTS OF LARGER ENTITIES

[SAB TOPIC 1B] (Last updated: 9/30/2008)
7410 Financial Statement Requirements
Registrants that are components of larger entities should consider SAB Topic
1B when preparing financial statements. Also, retained earnings should not be
separately reported by a non-corporate entity. The residual interest should be
presented as a single component, such as “parent’s equity in division.” (Last
updated: 1/12/2015)

7420 Statements of Revenues and Direct Expenses

Refer to Section 2065 for a discussion of when less than full financial
statements are appropriate as well as form and content requirements.

7430 Pro Forma Financial Statement Requirements

Refer to Section 3290 for guidance on pro forma financial information related to
acquisitions of components of larger entities.

7500 COMPENSATION ISSUES (Last updated: 6/30/2009)

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7510 Stock Compensation
7510.1 In evaluating whether a stock issuance is in fact a compensation arrangement or
only a restructuring of non-employee ownership rights prior to an offering, the
staff will evaluate the circumstances of the issuance and the extent of employee
participation.

7520 Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued

as Compensation
7520.1 In the evaluation of the assumptions used in and the results of applying an
appropriate valuation methodology to estimate the fair value of the stock, the
registrant should consider the proximity of the issuance to the offering,
intervening events, transfer restrictions and exercise dates, and profitability and
financial condition of the company at the date of the valuation. If the estimated
fair value of the stock is substantially below the IPO price, the registrant should
be able to reconcile the difference between them (for example, explain the
events or factors that support the difference in values). The reliability of a
valuation specialist’s fair value determination may be affected by the timing of
the valuation (contemporaneous versus retrospective) and the objectivity of the
specialist (unrelated versus related-party).

7520.2 Nominal Issuances [SAB Topic 4D]

a. Nominal issuances of shares are considered in-substance

recapitalization transactions. Issuances of shares for which
compensation or other expense has been appropriately recorded under
ASC 718 ordinarily would not be considered nominal issuances since
consideration received for issuance of shares may include goods or
services. However, even if goods or services are received, it may still
be necessary to compare the consideration received, as accounted for
in the financial statements, to the fair value of the shares issued to
determine whether the consideration is nominal. Also, issuances of
shares in exchange for assets (for example, SAB 48 transactions)
would not be considered nominal issuances, unless the fair value of the
assets is nominal.
b. In an IPO, and in subsequent filings, nominal issuances of common
stock and potential common stock (for example, options and warrants)
should be reflected in the calculation of earnings per share for periods
prior to their issuance in a manner similar to a stock split or stock
dividend for which retroactive treatment is required. [ASC 260-10-55-
12]
c. Nominal issuances should be limited to certain issuances to investors
or promoters.
*****

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 TOPIC 8

NON-GAAP MEASURES OF FINANCIAL

PERFORMANCE, LIQUIDITY, AND NET WORTH

8100 USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

8110 Applicable Guidance

(Last updated: 12/31/2009)

8110.1 Authoritative guidance regarding the use of non-GAAP financial measures can
be found in:
a. Regulation G
b. S-K 10(e)
c. Exchange Act Release No. 47226, Conditions for Use of Non-GAAP
Financial Measures

8110.2 Staff guidance regarding the use of non-GAAP financial measures can be found
in the Division of Corporation Finance’s Compliance and Disclosure
Interpretations, Non-GAAP Financial Measures. The questions are grouped
into the following categories:
a. Section 100 – General
b. Section 101 – Business Combination Transactions
c. Section 102 – Item 10(e) of Regulation S-K
d. Section 103 – EBIT and EBITDA
e. Section 104 – Segment Information
f. Section 105 – Item 2.02 of Form 8-K
g. Section 106 – Foreign Private Issuers
h. Section 107 – Voluntary Filers
i. Section 108 – Compensation Discussion and Analysis/Proxy
Statement (Last updated: 11/9/2016)

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8120 Definition of a Non-GAAP Financial Measure
8120.1 A non-GAAP financial measure is a numerical measure of a registrant’s
historical or future financial performance, financial position, or cash flow that:
a. excludes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of
excluding amounts, that are included in the most directly comparable
measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP in the
statement of comprehensive income, balance sheet or statement of
cash flows of the issuer; or
b. includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of
including amounts, that are excluded from the most directly
comparable GAAP measure so calculated and presented.

8120.2 Some common examples of measures that meet the definition of non-GAAP
measures include the following: (Last updated: 3/31/2013)
a. Funds from operations (FFO) (Non-GAAP C&DI Questions 102.01
and 102.02)
b. EBIT / EBITDA / adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP C&DI Questions
102.09, 103.01 and 103.02)
c. Adjusted revenues
d. Broadcast cash flow (BCF)
e. Free cash flow (FCF) (Non-GAAP C&DI Question 102.07)
f. Core earnings
g. Measures presented on a constant-currency basis (e.g., revenues,
operating expenses, etc.) (Non-GAAP C&DI Question 104.06)

8120.3 Measures of operating performance or statistical measures that fall outside the
scope of the definition set forth above are not “non-GAAP financial measures”.
Additionally, “non-GAAP financial measure” excludes financial information
that does not have the effect of providing numerical measures that are different
from the comparable GAAP measure. Examples of measures that are not non-
GAAP financial measures include:
a. Operating and statistical measures (such as unit sales, number of
employees, number of subscribers).
b. Measures of profit or loss and total assets for each segment that are
consistent with disclosures made in accordance with ASC Topic 280.
(Non-GAAP C&DI Questions 104.01 through 104.06)
c. Disclosure of expected or contracted indebtedness.
d. Disclosure of amounts of repayments that have been planned but not
yet made.

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 e. Disclosure of estimated revenues or expenses of a new product line (so
long as the amounts were estimated in the same manner as would be
computed under GAAP). (Non-GAAP C&DI Question 104.05)
f. Financial measures that are required to be disclosed by a system of
regulation of a governmental authority or self-regulatory organization
that is applicable to the registrant (such as different levels of capital
required by banks). (Non-GAAP C&DI Question 102.12) (Last
updated: 10/30/2020)
g. Ratios or statistical measures that are calculated using exclusively one
or both of:
1. financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP
(such as earnings per share); and
2. operating measures or other measures that are not non-GAAP
measures (such as dollar revenues per square foot for hotels,
same store sales, and revenues per slot machine for casinos,
assuming that sales/revenues for each measure is based on
GAAP numbers).

8130 General Applicability and Requirements of Regulation G and

S-K 10(e) (Last updated: 12/31/2011)

Applicability Requirements Prohibitions

Applies whenever a • A presentation of the most • Reg G prohibits any
Reg G registrant required to directly comparable GAAP registrant (or person
file reports under measure; and acting on the registrant’s
Section 13(a) or 15(d) of • A reconciliation of the behalf) from making
the Exchange Act (other differences between the non- public a non-GAAP
than a registered GAAP measure disclosed or financial measure that,
investment company), released with the most directly taken together with any
or a person acting on the comparable GAAP measure. information
registrant’s behalf, With regard to forward-looking accompanying it,
discloses or releases information, a quantitative contains an untrue
publicly any material reconciliation is only required to statement of material
information that the extent available without fact or omits to state a
includes a non-GAAP unreasonable efforts. If all of material fact necessary
financial measure. the information necessary is not in order to make the
Typically, this available without unreasonable presentation of the non-
information is furnished efforts, the registrant must GAAP financial
under Item 2.02 of Form identify the information that is measure, in light of the
8-K. 12 unavailable and disclose circumstances under
probable significance. which it is presented,
not misleading.

12
Per Instruction 2 to Item 2.02 of Form 8-K, the requirements of S-K 10(e)(1)(i) apply to disclosures
(furnished or filed) under Item 2.02 of Form 8-K.

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 Applicability Requirements Prohibitions

S-K Applies to a registrant’s • Presentation, with equal or • Excluding charges or

10(e) filings with the SEC greater prominence, of the most liabilities that required,
directly comparable GAAP or will require, cash
Ex: 10-K, 10-Q, 20-F, measure; settlement, or would
S-1, F-1 • A reconciliation of the have required cash
differences between the non- settlement absent an
GAAP measure and the most ability to settle in
directly comparable GAAP another manner, from
measure; non-GAAP liquidity
• A statement disclosing the measures. This
reasons why management prohibition does not
believes the presentation of the apply to EBIT and
non-GAAP measure provides EBITDA used as
useful information to investors liquidity measures.
regarding the registrant’s • Adjusting a non-GAAP
financial condition and results performance measure to
of operations; and eliminate or smooth
• To the extent material, a items identified as non-
statement disclosing the recurring, infrequent, or
additional purposes, if any, for unusual, when (1) the
which management uses the nature of the charge or
non-GAAP measure. gain is reasonably likely
to recur within 2 years
or (2) there was a
similar charge or gain
within the prior 2 years.
• Presenting non-GAAP
financial measures on
the face of the GAAP
financial statements or
in the notes.
• Presenting non-GAAP
financial measures on
the face of any pro
forma information
required to be disclosed
by Article 11.
• Using titles or
descriptions of non-
GAAP measures that are
the same or confusingly
similar to GAAP titles.

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 8140 General Application of Regulation G and S-K 10(e) to Foreign
Private Issuers

Regulation G S-K 10(e)

Foreign FPIs are exempt from Regulation G if three FPIs are subject to S-K 10(e) requirements
Private conditions are met: with respect to use of non-GAAP measures
Issuers in filings on Form 20-F or 1933 Act
• The securities of the FPI are listed or registration statements. However, a non-
quoted on a securities exchange or inter- GAAP measure that would otherwise be
dealer quotation system outside the U.S.; prohibited under S-K 10 (e)(1)(ii) will be
• The non-GAAP financial measure is not permitted in a filing if the measure is:
derived from or based on a measure
calculated and presented in accordance • Required or expressly permitted by the
with U.S. GAAP; and standard-setter that establishes the GAAP
• The disclosure is made by or on behalf of principles used in the registrant’s
the FPI outside the U.S., or is included in primary financial statements; and
a written communication that is released • Included in the foreign private issuer’s
by or on behalf of the FPI outside the annual report or financial statements
U.S. used in its home-country jurisdiction or
market.
Regulation G will not apply to disclosures
made by or on behalf of the FPI The exemption from the prohibitions under
notwithstanding the existence of one or more S-K 10(e)(1)(ii) does not cover situations
of the following circumstances: where the measure is merely not prohibited
by the foreign standard setter; it only applies
• Disclosure is included in a written where the standard-setter affirmatively acts
communication released in the U.S. as to require or permit the measure. Note that
well as outside the U.S., as long as the these measures are still subject to the
communication is released remaining requirements of S-K 10(e). (Non-
contemporaneously with or after its GAAP C&DI Question 106.01).
release outside the U.S. and is not
otherwise targeted at persons located in
the U.S.;
• Foreign or U.S. journalists or other third
parties have access to the information;
• Disclosures appear on one or more of a
registrant’s websites, so long as the
websites, taken together, are not available
exclusively to, or are targeted at, persons
in the U.S; or
• After disclosure of the information
outside the U.S., the information is
included in a submission on Form 6-K.

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 NOTE: With respect to foreign private issuers whose primary financial
statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS or a home-country GAAP,
references to “GAAP” in the definition of a non-GAAP financial measure refer to
the principles under which those primary financial statements are prepared.
However, if a foreign private issuer calculates a non-GAAP measure derived from
or based on a measure calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, then for
purposes of the application of the non-GAAP rules, GAAP for that measure
would be defined as U.S. GAAP.

The reference to “generally accepted accounting principles in the United States”

in the FPI exemption from Regulation G refers to U.S. GAAP regardless of the
accounting principles used in the primary financial statements.
(Last updated: 12/31/2011)

8200 [RESERVED]
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

8300 TANGIBLE BOOK VALUE PER SHARE

[S-K 506]
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

8310 Presentation of Net Tangible Book Value per Share

In IPOs of common stock where there is substantial disparity between the public
offering price and the offering price previously paid by officers, directors,
promoters and affiliates (dilution), presentation of net tangible book value per
share is required as part of the dilution table.

8320 Definition
There are no rules or authoritative guidelines that define tangible book value.
Tangible book value per share is used generally as a conservative measure of
net worth, approximating liquidation value. The staff believes generally that
tangible assets should exclude any intangible asset (such as deferred costs or
goodwill) that cannot be sold separately from all other assets of the business,
and should exclude any other intangible asset for which recovery of book value
is subject to significant uncertainty or illiquidity.

8330 Staff Practice

In some cases, the staff allows dual calculations of tangible book value. For
example, some intangible assets (such as patents) may be sold separately, but
the ability to recover their carrying value may be indeterminable. Also, some

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 material deferred costs are accounted for as adjustments to the yield on specific
assets or liabilities (debt costs or policy acquisition costs). The staff has
allowed tangible book value per share calculations made with and without those
assets, with appropriate explanation.

*****

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 TOPIC 9

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL POSITION AND RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS (MD&A)

9100 MD&A OBJECTIVES

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

9110 Overall Objectives

9110.1 MD&A is a narrative explanation of the financial statements and other statistical
data that the registrant believes will enhance a readers’ understanding of its
financial condition, changes in financial condition and results of operation.

The objectives of MD&A are:

a. To provide a narrative explanation of a company’s financial statements

that enables investors to see the company through the eyes of
management;
b. To enhance the overall financial disclosure and provide the context
within which financial information should be analyzed; and
c. To provide information about the quality of, and potential variability
of, a company’s earnings and cash flow so that investors can ascertain
the likelihood that past performance is indicative of future
performance.

9110.2 MD&A should not consist of generic or boilerplate disclosure. Rather, it should
reflect the facts and circumstances specific to each individual registrant. S-K
303 is a “principles-based” disclosure requirement. It is intended to provide
management with flexibility to describe the financial matters impacting the
registrant.

9200 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

The annual requirements with respect to MD&A are set forth in S-K 303(a). S-
K 303(b) sets forth the requirements for MD&A related to interim periods, and
the safe harbor provisions are set forth in S-K 303(c). See Section 10220.4 for
MD&A requirements for EGCs.

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 Release No. 33-8350 provided some suggested ways to improve MD&A. These
suggestions included adding an overview section to MD&A, presenting the
most material information early in the discussion, using headers, bullets or
tabular presentations to improve the overall readability and omitting information
that is no longer material or necessary. It should be noted these suggestions are
not part of the requirements set forth in S-K 303. (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

9210 Liquidity and Capital Resources [S-K 303(a)(1) and (2)]

9210.1 These represent two separate requirements of S-K 303(a). The majority of
registrants combine their discussion of these two items due to the degree of
overlap which exists among the requirements. A key objective of the liquidity
and capital resources discussion is to provide a clear picture of the company’s
ability to generate cash and to meet existing known or reasonably likely future
cash requirements.

9210.2 Liquidity is the ability of the registrant to generate adequate amounts of cash to
meet its needs for cash. Any known trends, or any known demands,
commitments, events or uncertainties that will result in or are likely to result in
the registrant’s liquidity increasing or decreasing in a material way should be
discussed. To the extent a material deficiency is identified, the registrant should
disclose the steps taken to remedy the deficiency. The discussion should also
evaluate the amounts and certainties of cash flows, as well as whether there has
been material variability in historical cash flows.

9210.3 The requirements of the disclosures related to capital resources include a

discussion of material commitments for capital expenditures, the general
purpose of any commitments and how these commitments will be funded, and
material trends in the registrant’s capital resources, including expected changes
in the mix (equity, debt and any off-balance sheet financing arrangements) and
their relative cost.

9210.4 The liquidity and capital resources discussion should address:

a. Material cash requirements;

b. Sources and uses of cash, including cash provided by/used in
operations, as well as cash provided by/used in investing and financing
activities; and
c. Material trends and uncertainties related to a company’s flexibility in
determining when and how to use the available cash flows to satisfy
obligations and make other capital expenditures.

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9210.5 It may be necessary for the liquidity and capital resources discussion to address
debt instruments, guarantees and related covenants. Disclosure is likely to be
necessary if:

a. The registrant is, or is reasonably likely to be, in breach of debt

covenants or
b. Debt covenants impact the registrant’s ability to obtain additional debt
or equity financing.

9210.6 Improving Liquidity and Capital Resources

a. One of the most common deficiencies is when registrants simply

repeat items reported in the statement of cash flows. Registrants
should focus on the primary drivers of and other material factors
necessary to an understanding of the registrant’s cash flows and the
indicative value of historical cash flows.
b. Registrants should describe cash flows from operating, investing and
financing activities associated with discontinued operations separately
from continuing operations if that information is not apparent from the
cash flow statement. Additionally, registrants should describe how the
company’s liquidity is likely to be affected by the absence of cash
flows (or negative cash flows) associated with discontinued
operations.

9220 Results of Operations [S-K 303(a)(3)]

9220.1 The discussion that is provided with respect to the results of operations should
not consist merely of numeric dollar and percentage changes measured from
period to period of various line items on the statement of comprehensive
income. The focus should be on an analysis of the factors that caused these
changes to occur. In providing this analysis, registrants may find it helpful to
include a discussion of key variables and financial measures management is
utilizing in managing the business. These variables may be non-financial in
nature or may represent industry specific metrics.

9220.2 The following disclosures are required by S-K 303(a)(3):

a. Any unusual or infrequent event or transaction or any significant

economic change that materially affected the amount of reported
income from continuing operations;
b. Significant components of revenues and expenses that are necessary in
order to understand the results of operations (e.g., segmental
information);

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 c. Any known trends or uncertainties that have had or that the registrant
reasonably expects will have a material favorable or unfavorable
impact on net sales or revenues or income from continuing operations;
d. If events that are likely to cause a material change in the relationship
between costs and revenues (increases in labor costs or raw materials
for example), the change in the relationship should be disclosed; and
e. To the extent there is a material increase in net sales, discuss the price
vs. volume mix (whether the overall increase is attributable to
increases in prices or increases in the volume of goods and services
being sold).

9220.3 In order to comply with the requirement to discuss significant components of

revenue and expenses, registrants will often provide a discussion along
segmental lines (as determined under ASC 280). Segment analysis is usually
necessary to enable a reader to understand the consolidated amounts, but it
should not result in repetitive disclosure that lengthens MD&A unnecessarily, or
obscures salient information. The discussion and analysis of segments may be
integrated with the discussion of the consolidated amounts to avoid unnecessary
duplication. The discussion and analysis should be comprehensive. All
components of the registrant’s results of operations, including those that may
not be allocated to the segments in determining the segmental profit or loss
(such as certain corporate overhead items or income taxes for example) should
be discussed.

9220.4 Registrants should consider discussing and analyzing the tax implications
related to material transactions, trends and other important items impacting their
business as disclosed elsewhere in MD&A. A discussion of the nature and
impact of significant tax rate reconciling items should also be considered. For
example, discuss the tax rate reconciling item resulting from a change in
assumptions related to an unrecognized tax benefit or a different final resolution
related to the unrecognized benefit. Similarly, when uncertain tax positions are
a critical accounting policy, MD&A should address why the assumptions were
changed or why the actual resolution differed from management’s assumption.
(Last updated: 9/30/2010)

9220.5 Registrants should address the underlying reasons for changes in the price
versus volume mix. For example, if sales declined because the volume of goods
sold decreased by 20%, but this was offset by a 10% increase in price, the
discussion in MD&A should not stop once it identifies the price and volume
components. In this example, the underlying factors that contributed to the
decline in volume as well as the increase in selling prices should also be
discussed. In addition, discussions about changes in the price vs. volume mix
should consider changes in foreign currency fluctuations.

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9220.6 The results of operations may not always be prepared on a consistent basis.
This will occur, for example, when there has been a change in basis in the
underlying financial statements. This might occur in the following situations:

a. When there has been a material acquisition (either the acquisition of a

target entity that is significant to the registrant or
predecessor/successor step-up in basis) during the period;
b. When pushdown accounting has been applied; or
c. When the registrant has adopted fresh-start accounting upon its
emergence from bankruptcy.

9220.7 When events such as those described in 9220.6 occur, registrants should
consider whether the discussion of the results of operations and financial
condition set forth in the audited financial statements included in the filing
should be supplemented by a discussion based upon pro forma financial
information. This supplemental discussion may be meaningful in the case of a
material acquisition, but generally would not be appropriate in the case of fresh-
start accounting. A determination as to whether a discussion of the audited
financial statements should be supplemented by a discussion based on pro forma
information should take into consideration all of the facts and circumstances
surrounding the transaction, the nature of the pro forma adjustments to be made,
and the overall meaningfulness of any such supplemental pro forma discussion.

9220.8 If it is determined that a supplemental discussion in MD&A based on pro forma

financial information is appropriate, then the pro forma financial information
may be presented in a format consistent with S-X Article 11. Other formats,
such as the footnote pro forma information specified by ASC 805, may also be
appropriate depending on the particular facts and circumstances. It would be
inappropriate to merely combine information for the pre-and post-transaction
periods without reflecting all relevant pro forma adjustments required by S-X
Article 11. Pro forma financial information should only be prepared for the
most recent fiscal year and interim period prior to the transaction occurring
(although the staff will not object to the registrant providing a pro forma
statement of comprehensive income for the corresponding prior interim period).
If pro forma results are discussed in MD&A, they should not be discussed in
isolation. Supplemental discussions based on S-X Article 11 pro forma
financial information should not be presented with greater prominence than the
discussion of the historical financial statements required by S-K 303. (Last
updated: 9/30/2010)

For example, assume a material acquisition occurs on August 31, 2007, and the
registrant is a calendar year-end company. In accordance with the Form 8-K
requirements, pro forma financial information prepared in accordance with S-X
Article 11 is prepared for the year ended December 31, 2006 and the interim
period ended June 30, 2007 and filed on the Form 8-K. When preparing its

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 MD&A for the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, the registrant
could elect to supplement the discussion of its historical results with a
discussion based on S-X Article 11 pro forma information for the year ended
December 31, 2007 that gives effect to the August 31, 2007 acquisition. The
pro forma December 31, 2007 information would then be compared to the pro
forma information for the year ended December 31, 2006 previously filed via a
Form 8-K. This discussion would be in addition to a comparison of the audited
financial statements, which would reflect the acquisition occurring in mid-2007.
A supplemental discussion based on pro forma financial information in more
detail than revenues and costs of revenues for the year ended December 31,
2005 would not be appropriate. The comparison of results of operations and
financial condition for the year ended December 31, 2005 to December 31,
2006 would be on an as reported (and audited) basis and would not reflect any
impact of the acquisition. In its Form 10-K for the year ended December 31,
2008, the registrant may carry forward the discussion of the pro forma results
for the year ended December 31, 2006 and 2007 as a supplement to the
discussion of the audited financial statements. No adjustments would be
appropriate or necessary to the year ended December 31, 2008 as the acquisition
would be reflected in the audited financial statements for the entire year.

NOTE: S-X 11-02(c)(2)(i) ordinarily prohibits the disclosure of pro forma

information for annual periods prior to the most recent fiscal year preceding the
August 2007 acquisition (i.e., fiscal year 2005 and prior years are
prohibited). This prohibition differs from the above example, in which the
company is simply including previously filed pro forma information for the
purpose of providing a supplemental comparison of pro forma results in the 2007
Form 10-K. The staff would not object to the presentation in the above example
even if the pro forma information had not been previously filed (e.g., in an IPO
situation, where the company did not have an obligation to file pro forma
information related to the August 2007 acquisition; the staff would look to what
the company’s pro forma disclosure obligation would have been, had it filed a
registration statement at that time).

In the above example, because the business combination occurred in August

2007, pro forma information for 2005 (the annual period prior to the most recent
fiscal year), is not permitted. Companies may provide pro forma information
related to 2005 in MD&A, provided that such information is not in more detail
than revenues and cost of revenues. If a company believes that in its unique
situation the presentation in a greater level of detail is necessary to understand the
implications of the transaction, the company is encouraged to discuss the issue
with the staff prior to filing. (Last updated: 3/31/2012)

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9220.9 Disclosure should be provided to explain how the pro forma presentation was
derived, why management believes the presentation to be useful, and any
potential risks associated with using such a presentation (the potential that such
results might not necessarily be indicative of future results for example,
depending on how the information has been prepared, and the period that it
covers). Typically, the presentation of complete pro forma financial
information (reflecting the adjustments) in MD&A will be necessary in order to
facilitate an understanding of the basis of the information being discussed. (In
the circumstances described in the example in Section 9220.8, this presentation
would include both 2006 and 2007.) However, there may be situations where
the pro forma adjustments are limited in number and easily understood so that
narrative disclosure of the adjustments alone will be sufficient.

9220.10 MD&A should fully explain the results of operations. For example, MD&A
should not merely state that the increase in revenues and costs of revenues is
due to a significant acquisition. Rather, the contribution of the recent
acquisition to total revenues should be quantified to the extent possible, and any
increase or decrease in the underlying revenues of the pre-existing business
should then be addressed

9220.11 There are two assessments that management must make where a trend, demand,
commitment, event or uncertainty is known:

a. Is the known trend, demand, commitment event or uncertainty likely to

come to fruition? If management determines that it is not reasonably
likely to occur, no disclosure is required.
b. If management cannot make that determination, it must evaluate
objectively the consequences of the known trend, demand,
commitment, event or uncertainty, on the assumption that it will come
to fruition. Disclosure is then required unless management determines
that a material effect on the registrant’s financial condition or results
of operations is not reasonably likely to occur.

Note that “reasonably likely” is a lower threshold than “more likely than not”
but a higher threshold than “remote”. The concept of “reasonably likely” is
used in the context of disclosure for MD&A purposes and is not intended to
mirror the tests in ASC 450 established to determine when accrual is necessary,
or when disclosure in the footnotes to the financial statements is required.

9230 Off-balance Sheet Arrangements [S-K 303(a)(4)]

9230.1 Off-balance sheet arrangements are any transaction, agreement or other
contractual arrangement to which an entity not consolidated with the registrant
is a party, where the registrant has:

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 a. Any obligation under a guarantee contract that has any of the
characteristics set forth in ASC 460-10-15-4;
b. A retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an
unconsolidated entity or similar arrangement that serves as credit,
liquidity or market risk support to the entity for the asset;
c. Any obligation (including contingent obligations) under a contract that
would be accounted for as a derivative instrument, except that it meets
the scope exception (being both indexed to the company’s own stock
and classified in stockholder’s equity) in ASC 815-10-15-74;
d. Any obligation (including contingent obligations), arising out of a
variable interest entity as defined in ASC 810-10-15 where the entity
provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to, or
engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with
the registrant, and such activities are material.

Note that equity-linked instruments (such as warrants, convertible debt or

convertible preferred stock) where the criteria set forth in ASC 815 are met and
therefore classification of either the warrant or the conversion option within
stockholder’s equity is appropriate (meaning that the instrument is eligible for
the scope exception in ASC 815-10-15-74) meet the definition of an off-balance
sheet arrangement as defined in (c) above, and should be assessed for
materiality to determine whether disclosure is required. We would expect the
assessment of materiality to include an analysis of the potential dilutive effect of
such instruments, as well as an analysis of the likelihood that the scope
exception will no longer be available with respect to the instrument (loss of the
scope exception could occur as the result of modification to the terms of the
instrument, or the issuance of new instruments that can be converted into an
unlimited number of shares, thereby tainting other previously issued
instruments), which would result in the instrument being treated as a derivative,
brought on to the balance sheet at fair value, and marked to market at every
period end. The disclosure requirements of this section are set forth in more
detail below, but in this situation, the disclosure to be provided could include a
discussion of why the registrant chose to issue that type of equity-linked
instrument, the potential dilutive effect if the instrument were to be converted,
and, depending on the likelihood of the registrant continuing to be able to meet
the scope exception, the impact of a change in classification upon the
registrant’s financial statements.

With respect to (d) above, in this context a variable interest refers to an

investment in an unconsolidated entity that would meet the ASC 810-10-15
definition of a variable interest because the investment absorbs expected losses
and residual returns that occur in the unconsolidated entity. However, the entity
in which the interest is held does not need to meet the ASC 810-10-15 definition
of a variable interest entity in order to qualify as an off-balance sheet
arrangement requiring disclosure.

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9230.2 For the registrant’s off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably
likely to have a current or future effect on the registrant’s financial condition,
changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations,
liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to investors,
disclosure should be provided that addresses:

a. The nature and business purpose of the off-balance sheet arrangement;

b. The importance to the registrant of the off-balance sheet arrangement
to their liquidity, capital resources, market risk support, credit risk
support or other benefits;
c. The amounts of revenues, expenses and cash flows of the registrant
arising from such arrangements; the nature and amounts of any
retained interests, securities issued and other indebtedness incurred in
connection with such arrangements; the nature and amounts of other
obligations or liabilities of the registrant that are or are reasonably
likely to become material and the triggering events that could cause
them to arise;
d. Any known event, demand, commitment, trend or uncertainty that will
result in or is reasonably likely to result in the termination or material
reduction in availability to the registrant of the off-balance sheet
arrangements that provide material benefits, and the course of action
that they have taken or propose to take in such circumstances.

These requirements are intended to elicit disclosure about why the registrant
engages in the off-balance sheet arrangement, the magnitude and importance of
the arrangement and the circumstances that would cause the registrant to
recognize material liabilities or losses related to the arrangement.

9230.3 In December 2007, the Division of Corporation Finance sent an illustrative

letter to certain public companies identifying a number of disclosure issues they
may wish to consider in preparing Management’s Discussion and Analysis for
their upcoming annual reports on Form 10-K or 20-F. The full letter is available
at: http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/cfoffbalanceltr1207.htm.

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 9240 Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Arrangements
[S-K 303(a)(5)]

Payments due by period

Less More
than 1 1-3 3-5 than 5
Contractual Obligations Total year yrs yrs yrs

Long-Term Debt Obligations

Capital (Finance) Leases
Operating Lease Obligations
Purchase Obligations
Other Long-Term Liabilities
Total

9240.1 Overview
As an aid to understanding other liquidity and capital resources disclosures in
MD&A, the contractual obligations tabular disclosure should be prepared with
the goal of presenting a meaningful snapshot of cash requirements arising from
contractual payment obligations. Registrants are encouraged to develop a
presentation method that is clear, understandable and appropriately reflects the
categories of obligations that are meaningful in light of its capital structure and
business. Registrants should highlight any changes in presentation that are
made, so that investors are able to use the information to make comparisons
from period to period. (Last updated: 9/30/2010)

9240.2 Presentation
The table should be in substantially the format shown above. Disaggregating
the specific categories shown above is appropriate, particularly if the categories
used are specific to the underlying business. Therefore, the captions may be
changed, and the number of line items expanded, as long as it is clear what is
included within each line item. However, to the extent that the registrant has
obligations that fall within the above categories, they should be reflected in the
table.

9240.3 Purchase obligations

Purchase obligations are defined as agreements to purchase goods and services
that are enforceable and legally binding, that specify all significant terms,
including the quantities to be purchased, price provisions and the approximate
timing of the transactions. Additional guidance has not been issued by the staff
with respect to what should be included within this category. However,
registrants should undertake reasonable effort and expense to assess and

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 aggregate outstanding purchase obligations. Disclosure should accompany the
table to clarify how the purchase obligations amount has been calculated.

9240.4 [Reserved]. (Last updated 12/31/2010)

9240.5 [Reserved].

9240.6 Other considerations

a. A registrant should evaluate whether or not it can reasonably estimate
the amount and/or timing of payments it will be obligated to make
under interest rate swap agreements to determine whether it can
provide meaningful information in the table for these agreements. In
some cases, market interest rates may have moved such that a
registrant is in a position of receiving cash rather than paying cash
under an interest rate swap; cash receipts under interest rate swaps
should not be included in the table. If the swap is structured in such a
way as to be a fixed rate loan, then the registrant should provide the
information.
b. Bank certificates of deposits are contractual payment obligations on
the part of the bank. Therefore, principal and interest payments should
be included in the table.
c. The information disclosed in the table in respect of long-term debt
obligations, capital (finance) leases and operating lease obligations
should be consistent with the disclosures provided in the financial
statements.

9240.7 Footnotes
The table of contractual obligations may be accompanied by footnotes to
describe provisions that create, increase or accelerate obligations, or other
pertinent data to the extent necessary for an understanding of the timing and
amount of the registrant’s specified contractual obligations. The footnote
disclosure permits management to apply its judgment in determining what items
should be included or excluded from the table. If management’s judgment
results in items being excluded from the table, accompanying footnotes should
describe the nature of items excluded and why they are excluded. Management
should also consider disclosing the prior year actual spending or budgeted
amounts in cases where those purchase orders are not otherwise tracked by the
registrant. Disclosure of the dollar amount up to which employees are
authorized to make purchases could also be disclosed to help clarify the
significance of amounts that may not be tracked by the registrant.

9240.8 Smaller reporting companies are NOT required to provide a tabular disclosure
of contractual arrangements.

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9250 Interim Period Requirements [S-K 303(b)]
9250.1 In preparing the interim discussion, the registrant may presume that the reader
has access to the discussion and analysis required by S-K 303(a) for the
preceding fiscal year. The focus should therefore be on material changes in
financial condition and results of operations. If disclosure in earlier reports does
not adequately foreshadow subsequent events or if new information is available
that impacts a known trend, demand, commitment, event or uncertainty,
additional disclosure is likely to be necessary in the interim period.

9250.2 [Reserved]. (Last updated: 10/30/2020)

9250.3 There may also be circumstances where information was not material in the
context of the annual results of operations but is material in the context of the
interim results, and therefore that information should be discussed (e.g. seasonal
aspects of the business).

9250.4 The tabular disclosure of contractual obligations is only required annually, and
is not required on an interim basis. If there are material changes to information
contained in the table, they may be discussed in the narrative during the interim
period.

9260 Safe Harbor Provisions [S-K 303(c)]

The safe harbor provisions are intended to protect forward-looking statements
against certain private legal actions alleging material misstatements or
omissions. Statutory safe harbors are available for the disclosures required with
respect to off-balance sheet arrangements and aggregate contractual obligations,
as all information required by S-K 303(a)(4) and (5) (excluding statements of
historical fact) are considered to fall within the definition of forward-looking.

9270 SAB Topic 11M (SAB 74)

(Last updated: 6/30/2013)

9270.1 SAB Topic 11M provides disclosure guidance for registrants regarding recently
issued accounting standards that have not yet been adopted. The SAB
highlights the types of disclosures that should be considered by registrants in
MD&A and in the financial statements. It is generally not necessary to provide
duplicative disclosure in the MD&A and financial statements, nor is it necessary
to provide disclosure for accounting standards that will not apply to a
registrant’s financial statements. Registrants should exercise judgment
consistent with the SAB in determining the nature, extent, and location of the
disclosure.

9270.2 EGCs should also follow Section 10230.3.

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9300 [RESERVED]

9400 FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUERS

[ITEM 5 OF FORM 20-F]
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

9410 Foreign Private Issuers [Item 5 of Form 20-F]

9410.1 The requirements for MD&A are set forth in Item 5 of Form 20-F, under
Operating and Financial Review and Prospects (sometimes referred to as the
OFR). This Item calls for the same disclosure as S-K 303, so the overall
objectives of MD&A are consistent with those set forth above.

9410.2 The requirements of Item 5 of Form 20-F are as follows:

a. Operating results – Item 5.A.

b. Liquidity and capital resources – Item 5.B.
c. Research and development, patents and licenses, etc. – Item 5.C.
d. Trend information – Item 5.D.
e. Off-balance sheet arrangements – Item 5.E.
f. Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations – Item 5.F.
g. Safe harbor – Item 5.G.

9410.3 The discussion should focus on the primary financial statements in the
document. References to the reconciliation to U.S. GAAP and a discussion of
differences between home-country GAAP and U.S. GAAP should be provided
to the extent they are necessary for an understanding of the financial statements
as a whole. [Instruction 2 to Item 5 of Form 20-F]

9410.4 Issuers that file financial statements under IFRS as issued by the IASB without
a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP are not required to address U.S. GAAP in their
MD&A. Where Item 5 refers to a specific FASB pronouncement, the issuer
should provide disclosure that satisfies the objective of the disclosure
requirement. [Release No. 33-8879]

9410.5 The instructions to Item 5 of Form 20-F specifically refer to the SEC’s 1989
interpretive release on MD&A disclosure. [Release No. 33-6835] The SEC’s
2003 interpretive release on MD&A [Release No. 33-8350] indicates that it
applies to Form 20-F filers as well.

9410.6 The requirement under Item 5.C. of Form 20-F is the only one that does not
have a direct correlation to the requirements in S-K 303. For research and

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 development (R&D), disclosure should be provided in Form 20-F of the R&D
policies over the last three years. (Last updated: 10/30/2020)

9500 CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

(Last updated: 12/31/2009)

9510 Goodwill Impairment

9510.1 Registrants should provide disclosure about critical accounting estimates
pursuant to the guidance in Release 33-8350. Disclosure is appropriate when:

a. The nature of the estimates or assumptions is material due to the levels

of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain
matters or the susceptibility of such matters to change; and
b. The impact of the estimates and assumptions on financial condition or
operating performance is material.

9510.2 Estimates related to goodwill impairment testing are commonly considered

critical by registrants. As a result, the staff has developed guidance regarding
these disclosures with the objective of ensuring that investors are provided with
information that allows for an assessment of the probability of a future material
impairment charge. Registrants should consider providing the disclosures
outlined in Section 9510.3 in order to comply with the requirements of S-K
303(a)(3)(ii), which requires a description of a known uncertainty. Additional
guidance appears in Section V of Release 33-8350, which states that under the
existing MD&A disclosure requirements, a company should address material
implications of uncertainties associated with the methods, assumptions and
estimates underlying the company's critical accounting measurements.

9510.3 Registrants should consider providing the following disclosures for each
reporting unit that is at risk of failing step one of the impairment test (defined in
ASC 350):

a. The percentage by which fair value exceeded carrying value as of the

date of the most recent test;
b. The amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit;
c. A description of the methods and key assumptions used and how the
key assumptions were determined;
d. A discussion of the degree of uncertainty associated with the key
assumptions. The discussion regarding uncertainty should provide
specifics to the extent possible (e.g., the valuation model assumes
recovery from a business downturn within a defined period of time);
and

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 e. A description of potential events and/or changes in circumstances that
could reasonably be expected to negatively affect the key assumptions.

NOTE: A reporting unit may be at risk of failing step one of the impairment test
if it had a fair value that is not substantially in excess of carrying value as of the
date of the last impairment test. Whether or not the fair value was “substantially”
in excess of carrying value is a judgment based on the facts and circumstances
including, but not limited to, the level of uncertainty associated with the methods
and assumptions used for impairment testing.

9510.4 A registrant need not provide these disclosures if the registrant asserts and
discloses that material goodwill does not exist at reporting units that are at risk
of failing step one or that no reporting units are at risk. Registrants should
consider disclosing the supporting rationale if material goodwill is allocated to a
reporting unit that is at risk, but disclosure is deemed unnecessary.

9520 Share-based Compensation in IPOs

(Last updated: 2/6/2014)

9520.1 Estimates used to determine share-based compensation are often considered

critical by companies going public. In particular, estimating the fair value of the
underlying shares can be highly complex and subjective because the shares are
not publicly traded. The staff will consider if a company performing these
estimates is providing the following critical accounting estimate disclosures in
its IPO prospectus:

a. The methods that management used to determine the fair value of the
company’s shares and the nature of the material assumptions involved. For
example, companies using the income approach should disclose that this
method involves estimating future cash flows and discounting those cash
flows at an appropriate rate.
b. The extent to which the estimates are considered highly complex and
subjective.
c. The estimates will not be necessary to determine the fair value of new
awards once the underlying shares begin trading.

Companies may cross-reference to the extent that this, or other material

information relevant to share-based compensation, is provided elsewhere in the
prospectus.

9520.2 The staff may issue comments asking companies to explain the reasons for
valuations that appear unusual (e.g., unusually steep increases in the fair value
of the underlying shares leading up to the IPO). These comments are intended
to elicit analyses that the staff can review to assist it in confirming the
appropriate accounting for the share-based compensation, not for the purpose of

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 requesting changes to disclosure in the MD&A or elsewhere in the prospectus.

9520.3 The staff will also consider other MD&A requirements related to share-based
compensation, including known trends or uncertainties including, but not
limited to, the expected impact on operating results and taxes.

9600 RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

9610 Related Party Transactions [FR 61]

9610.1 In January 2002, an SEC Statement was issued which addressed several aspects
of MD&A, including disclosures related to the effects of transactions with
related and certain other parties. As discussed in ASC 850-10-50-5,
transactions involving related parties should not be presumed to be carried out
on an arm’s-length basis, as the requisite conditions of a competitive market
may not exist. Accordingly, where material, the disclosure requirements of S-K
404 with respect to certain relationships and transactions with related parties
should be supplemented by additional discussion within MD&A.

9610.2 Disclosure of the following may be necessary, where related party transactions
are material:

a. The business purpose of the arrangement;

b. Identification of the related parties transacting business with the
registrant;
c. How transaction prices were determined by the parties;
d. If disclosures represent that transactions have been evaluated for
fairness, a description of how the evaluation was made; and
e. Any ongoing contractual or other commitment as a result of the
arrangement.

9610.3 Consideration should also be given to whether disclosure is necessary about

parties that fall outside of the definition of “related parties” set forth in ASC-
MG, but with whom the registrant has a relationship that enables the parties to
negotiate terms of material transactions that may not be available for other,
more clearly independent, parties on an arm’s-length basis. An example of this
type of entity might be a company established and operated by former
management of the registrant.

Disclosure should be provided when an investor might not be able to understand

the registrant’s reported results of operations without a clear explanation of
these arrangements and relationships.

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9700 FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

In March and September 2008, the Division of Corporation Finance sent

illustrative letters to certain public companies that reported significant amounts
of asset-backed securities, loans carried at fair value or the lower of cost or
market, and derivative assets and liabilities in their recent 10-K filings. The
letters highlight disclosure matters relating to ASC 820, and suggest disclosures
that companies may consider in preparing their MD&A. The full letters are
available at:
http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/fairvalueltr0308.htm and
http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/fairvalueltr0908.htm.

9800 OTHER ITEMS

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

9810 S-X 3-05 and 3-09

MD&A is not required for financial statements filed to comply with S-X 3-05
and 3-09. However, MD&A of companies being acquired may be required in
registration and proxy statements under the Form requirements (for example,
Items 15-17 of Form S-4 and F-4 and Item 14 of Schedule 14A).

9820 S-X 3-10 and 13-01

(Last updated: 12/31/2022)

9820.1 S-X 3-10 (a)permits the omission of separate financial statements of subsidiary
issuers and guarantors of guaranteed debt or debt-like securities when certain
conditions are met, including that the parent company provides supplemental
financial and non-financial disclosures about the subsidiary issuers and/or
guarantors and the guarantees (see Section 2500). There is no requirement for
the results of operations as presented in these supplemental financial disclosures
to be discussed. However, S-X 13-01 requires certain information about the
issuers, guarantors, and guarantees to be disclosed. If, for example, there are
factors that may affect payments to holders of the guaranteed security, such as
contractual or statutory restrictions on dividends, or if the information presented
in the supplemental financial disclosures indicates that trends for the issuers and
guarantors are materially different than that of the consolidated entity, this
should be discussed in the liquidity section of MD&A.

9820.2 If separate financial statements of an issuer or guarantor are filed because it

does not qualify for relief under S-X 3-10, then MD&A is required.

9820.3 [Reserved].

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9830 Registration and Proxy Statements
9830.1 Registration and proxy statements that include annual financial statements that
have been retroactively revised to report discontinued operations occurring after
the year-end balance sheet date should include a revised MD&A based on the
revised financial statements. MD&A should describe the events or
circumstances that led to the discontinued operation, the material terms of that
termination, and the impact on the issuer’s operating results and business. For
example, the registrant should discuss the results of operations from continuing
operations, and related trends based on the restated financial statements. In
addition, the registrant should discuss any contingent obligations, financial
commitments, or continuing relationship with the discontinued operation, and
any impact on the company’s liquidity and capital resources. Management
should also describe the likely effect the discontinued operation will have on the
registrant’s continuing business and financial health. This discussion may be
included in the registration or proxy statement or in a Form 8-K that includes
the restated annual financial statements incorporated by reference.

9830.2 Similarly, registration and proxy statements that include annual financial
statements that have been retroactively revised to reflect revised segment
reporting, with the revision taking place after the year-end balance sheet date,
should include a revised MD&A based on the revised segmental footnote
disclosure. MD&A should address the change in segmental presentation, and
explain why the chief operating decision maker has changed how they make
decisions about the allocation of resources or the assessment of performance.
The registrant should discuss the results of operations on a segmental basis and
related trends based on the revised segmental disclosures included in the
restated financial statements.

9830.3 Registration and proxy statements that include annual financial statements that
have been retroactively revised to reflect the application of a different
accounting principle in accordance with ASC 250 should also include a revised
MD&A if the changes are material to the previously reported results of
operations.

9900 ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE

(Last updated: 12/31/2010)

9910 Additional Guidance Provided in Respect of MD&A Includes:

• Concept Release on MD&A (No. 33-6711) issued in 1987
• Interpretive Release (No. 33-6835) issued in 1989, portions of which were
codified into FRC 501
• Cautionary Advice about Critical Accounting Policies issued in 2001 (FR
60)

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 • SEC Statement about Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations (No. 33-8056) issued in 2002 (FR 61)
• Summary by the Division of Corporation Finance of Significant Issues
Addressed in the Review of the Periodic Reports of the Fortune 500
Companies issued in 2003
• Final Rule: Disclosure about Management’s Discussion and Analysis about
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations
(No. 33-8182) issued in 2003. Available at:
http://www.sec.gov/rules/final/33-8182.htm
• SEC Interpretive Release on MD&A (No. 33-8350) issued in 2003 (FR 72).
Available at: http://www.sec.gov/rules/interp/33-8350.htm
• Report and Recommendations Pursuant to Section 401(c) of the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act of 2002 on Arrangements with Off-Balance Sheet Implications,
Special Purpose Entities, and Transparency of Filings by Issuers issued in
2005. Available at: http://www.sec.gov/news/studies/soxoffbalancerpt.pdf
• Sample Letter Sent to Public Companies That Have Identified Investments
in Structured Investment Vehicles, Conduits or Collateralized Debt
Obligations (Off-balance Sheet Entities) issued in December 2007.
Available at:
http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/cfoffbalanceltr1207.htm
• Sample Letter Sent to Public Companies on MD&A Disclosure Regarding
the Application of SFAS 157 (Fair Value Measurements) [ASC 820] issued
in March 2008. Available at:
http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/fairvalueltr0308.htm
• Sample Letter Sent to Public Companies on MD&A Disclosure Regarding
the Application of SFAS 157 (Fair Value Measurements) [ASC 820] issued
in September 2008. Available at:
http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/fairvalueltr0908.htm
• Sample Letter Sent to Public Companies Asking for Information Related to
Repurchase Agreements, Securities Lending Transactions, or Other
Transactions Involving the Transfer of Financial Assets issued in March
2010. Available at:
http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/cforepurchase0310.htm
• SEC Interpretive Release on Presentation of Liquidity and Capital
Resources Disclosures in Management’s Discussion and Analysis (No. 33-
9144) issued in September 2010 (FR 83). Available at:
http://sec.gov/rules/interp/2010/33-9144.pdf
• Sample Letter Sent to Public Companies on Accounting and Disclosure
Issues Related to Potential Risks and Costs Associated with Mortgage and
Foreclosure-Related Activities or Exposures issued in October 2010.
Available at:
http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/cfoforeclosure1010.htm
*****

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 TOPIC 10

EMERGING GROWTH COMPANIES

(Last updated: 6/30/2013)

Title I of the JOBS Act, which was effective as of April 5, 2012, created a new category of
issuers called “emerging growth companies, or EGCs” whose financial reporting and
disclosure requirements in certain areas differ from other categories of issuers. The Fixing
America’s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act, enacted on December 4, 2015, amended
certain of the requirements that apply to EGCs.

Until the Commission amends the form requirements, Regulation S-X, and Regulation S-K
to be consistent with the disclosure provisions for EGCs as set forth in Title I of the JOBS
Act (as amended by the FAST Act), an EGC may comply with the disclosure provisions
therein in its registration statements, periodic reports, and proxy statements, even if doing
so would be inconsistent with existing rules and regulations. The disclosure provisions in
Title I supersede, in relevant part, existing rules and regulations. On January 13, 2016, the
Commission adopted interim final rules that revised Form S-1 and Form F-1 for certain
provisions of the FAST Act.

Refer to the Division of Corporation Finance’s FAST Act guidance at

http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/fast-act-interps.htm and revised JOBS Act
guidance at http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/guidance/cfjjobsactfaq-title-i-
general.htm.

10100 ELIGIBILITY
10110 Eligibility as an EGC
10110.1 An issuer is an EGC if it meets all of the following criteria:

• It had total annual gross revenues of less than $1.235 billion during its
most recently completed fiscal year. See Section 10110.2.

• It has either (1) not yet had or (2) had after December 8, 2011, its first sale
of common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement
under the Securities Act of 1933. See Section 10110.3.

• It has not met any of the disqualifying provisions. See Section 10110.4.
(Last updated 12/31/22)

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10110.2 Revenue Test: The phrase “total annual gross revenues” means total revenues as
presented on the statement of comprehensive income under U.S. GAAP (or
IFRS as issued by the IASB, if used as the basis of reporting by a foreign
private issuer). The term “most recently completed fiscal year” is the most
recent annual period completed, regardless of whether the financial statements
for the period are presented in the registration statement.

• Foreign private issuers

If the financial statements of a foreign private issuer are presented in a
currency other than U.S. dollars, total annual gross revenues should be
calculated in U.S. dollars using the exchange rate as of the last day of the
most recently completed fiscal year.

• Banks and similar financial institutions

A bank must include all gross revenues from traditional banking activities.
Banking activity revenues may include interest on loans and investments,
dividends on investments, fees from loan origination, fees from trust and
investment services, commissions, brokerage fees, mortgage servicing
revenues, and any other fees or income from banking or related services.
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

• Predecessor
If the financial statements for the most recently completed fiscal year are
those of the predecessor of the issuer, the predecessor’s revenues should be
used when determining if the issuer meets the definition of an EGC.

10110.3 First sale of common equity securities: This phrase is not limited to a
company’s initial primary offering of common equity securities for cash. It
could also include registered offerings of common equity pursuant to an
exchange offer, merger, employee benefit plan on a Form S-8, and selling
shareholder’s secondary offering on resale registration statements.

10110.4 Disqualifying Provisions

An issuer retains its status as an EGC until the earliest of:

a. The last day of the fiscal year in which its total annual gross revenues are
$1.235 billion or more. For example, a calendar year-end company whose
total annual gross revenues exceed $1.235 billion on October 31, 2013
would cease to be an EGC on December 31, 2013. (Last updated: 12/31/22)

b. The last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of
the first sale of common equity securities of the issuer under an effective
Securities Act registration statement as an EGC.

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 • This date is determined by looking to the fiscal year during which the
fifth anniversary occurs. The last day of this fiscal year will be the first
day that the issuer is a non-EGC, provided no other disqualifying
provisions have been triggered at an earlier date.

c. The date on which it has issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt
in the previous three years.

• “Non-convertible debt” means any non-convertible security that

constitutes indebtedness, whether issued in a registered offering or not.
Bank debt generally does not constitute a debt security.

• For purposes of assessing the amount of non-convertible debt securities

issued as of any date, an issuer should look at the immediately preceding
rolling three-year period. An issuer does not look at non-convertible debt
issued in relation to fiscal or calendar years.

• All non-convertible debt securities issued over the prior three-year

period, whether outstanding or not, are required to be counted against
the $1 billion debt limit. A company does not have to count debt
securities issued in an A/B exchange offer. These debt securities are
identical to (other than the fact that they are not restricted securities) and
replace those issued in the non-public offering and the staff views the
A/B exchange offer as, in effect, the completion of the capital-raising
transaction.

d. The date on which it becomes a large accelerated filer. Note: the

determination of whether a company is a large accelerated filer is made on
the last day of the company’s fiscal year. See Section 1340.2.

10110.5 Losing Eligibility Prior to Effectiveness – If a company was an EGC at the

time it submitted a draft registration statement or publicly filed a registration
statement, but ceases to qualify as an EGC while undergoing the confidential
review of its draft registration statement or the review of its publicly filed
registration statement – for example, since the initial submission or filing date,
a fiscal year has been completed with revenues over $1.235 billion – the
company will continue to be treated as an EGC for the purposes of disclosure
requirement accommodations in its initial registration statement until the earlier
of:
(a) The date on which the issuer consummates its initial public offering, or

(b) The end of the one-year period beginning on the date the company ceased to
be an EGC. (Last updated 7/1/2019)

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10110.6 Losing Eligibility Between Initial Filing Date and Effectiveness – Securities
Act Rule 401(a) provides that the “form and content of a registration statement
and prospectus shall conform to the applicable rules and forms as in effect on
the initial filing date of such registration statement and prospectus.”
Accordingly, the ability to use in a registration statement the scaled disclosure
provisions applicable to EGCs depends on whether the company qualifies as an
EGC at the initial public filing date of the registration statement. If a company
qualifies as an EGC on the initial date that it publicly files a registration
statement, the scaled disclosure provisions related to EGCs would continue to
apply through effectiveness of the registration statement even if the issuer loses
its EGC status during the registration process.

10110.7 Losing Eligibility After First Sale – If an issuer loses its EGC status after it
has conducted its first sale of common equity securities pursuant to an effective
registration statement as an EGC, it cannot regain EGC status.

10110.8 Effect of Prior Exchange Act Reporting Obligation that No Longer Exists -
If an issuer would otherwise qualify as an EGC but for the fact that its initial
public offering of common equity securities occurred on or before December 8,
2011, and such issuer was once an Exchange Act reporting company but is not
currently required to file Exchange Act reports, then the staff would not object
if such issuer takes advantage of all of the benefits of EGC status for its next
registered offering and thereafter, until it triggers one of the disqualifying
provisions. This position is not available to an issuer that has had the
registration of a class of its securities revoked pursuant to Exchange Act Section
12(j).

Based on the particular facts and circumstances, the staff may question EGC
status of an issuer if it appears that the issuer ceased to be a reporting company
for the purpose of conducting a registered offering as an EGC. Issuers with
questions relating to taking advantage of the benefits of EGC status after
ceasing to be an Exchange Act reporting company should contact the Division’s
Office of the Chief Counsel.

10110.9 Effect of Predecessor Ineligibility on Successor - If an issuer completes a

transaction through which it becomes the successor to its predecessor’s
Exchange Act registration and reporting obligations and the predecessor is not
eligible to be an EGC because its first sale of common equity securities
occurred on or before December 8, 2011, then similarly the issuer (successor) is
not eligible to be an EGC.

10120 Other Eligibility Issues

10120.1 Transactions Related to a Subsidiary of the Registrant - A parent may: (1)
spin-off a wholly-owned subsidiary, (2) register an offer and sale of the wholly-
owned subsidiary’s common stock for an initial public offering, or (3) transfer a

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 business into a newly-formed subsidiary for purposes of an initial public
offering of that subsidiary’s common stock. In these circumstances, the analysis
to determine whether an issuer is an EGC focuses on whether the subsidiary,
and not the parent, meets the requirements of an EGC. See also Section
10120.3.

10120.2 Assessing Eligibility Subsequent to a Merger Transaction - Eligibility as an

EGC will vary subsequent to a merger transaction.

Example:

Example 1: Company A acquires Company B for cash or stock, in a forward

acquisition. Company A is both the legal acquirer and the accounting acquirer.

Example 2: Company C undertakes a reverse merger with Company D, an

operating company. Company D is presented as the predecessor in the post-
transaction financial statements.

In each example, the companies’ fiscal year is the calendar year; the
transactions occur on September 30, 2012; and Section 10110.9 on succession
does not apply.

The evaluation of Company’s A’s and Company’s C’s eligibility as an EGC

post-transaction, should be considered as follows. See also Section 10120.3.

Example 1: Forward Acquisition Example 2: Reverse Merger

Look to Company A’s revenues, which Look to Company D’s revenues, which
Annual
will include Company B’s revenues will include Company C’s revenues from
revenues test
from Oct. 1, 2012. Oct. 1, 2012.
Five-year
Look to Company A’s date of first sale. Look to Company C’s date of first sale.
anniversary test
Issued debt Look to Company A’s debt issuances, Look to Company D’s debt issuances,
during previous which will include Company B’s debt which will include Company C’s debt
three years test issuances from Oct., 1, 2012. issuances from Oct. 1, 2012.
At Dec. 31, 2012, look to Company A’s At Dec. 31, 2012, look to Company C’s
market value at June 30, 2012. market value at June 30, 2012.
Large
accelerated filer
At Dec. 31, 2013, look to Company A’s At Dec. 31, 2013, look to Company C’s
test
market value (which will include market value (which will include
Company B’s) at June 30, 2013. Company D’s) at June 30, 2013.

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 NOTE:

The above table should be considered in conjunction with Section 10110.9.

For example, assume a shell company files its initial public offering of common
equity securities on or before December 8, 2011 and thus, is not an EGC. Two
years later, it undertakes a reverse merger with another company that qualifies as
an EGC. Post-transaction, notwithstanding the above table, the registrant is not
an EGC and may not take advantage of any scaled disclosure provisions.

10120.3 Disallowing Emerging Growth Company Status - Based on the particular

facts and circumstances, the staff may question EGC status of a company if it
appears the company is engaging in a transaction for the purpose of converting a
non-EGC into an EGC, or for the purpose of obtaining the benefits of EGC
status indirectly when it is not entitled to do so directly.

10200 SCALED DISCLOSURE PROVISIONS

10210 General
10210.1 An EGC is not required to apply all scaled disclosures; it may choose to follow
some scaled disclosures, but not others. However there is one exception related
to accounting standards, which is discussed in Section 10230.1b.

10220 Financial Reporting Accommodations

10220.1 Number of Years of Registrant Financial Statements to be Presented

a. Initial Public Offering of Common Equity Securities

An EGC is not required to present more than two years of audited financial
statements in a Securities Act registration statement for an initial public
offering of its common equity securities.

Foreign private issuers that file using IFRS as issued by the IASB may need
a third balance sheet in certain circumstances. See Section 10320.

b. Initial Public Offering of Debt Securities

An EGC must present three years of audited financial statements in its initial
public offering of debt securities, unless Section 10220.1c applies.

c. Securities Act Registration Statements Filed Subsequent to the Initial Public

Offering of Common Equity Securities

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 An EGC is not required, in subsequent filings, to include audited financial
statements for any periods prior to the earliest audited period presented in
connection with its initial public offering of common equity securities.

d. Exchange Act Registration Statements

EGC Exchange Act registration statements require the presentation of three
years of financial statements unless the company qualifies as a smaller
reporting company.

e. Annual Report on Form 10-K or 20-F

For an EGC that is not a smaller reporting company, three years of audited
financial statements are required to be included in its Form 10-K or Form
20-F.

f. Omission of Financial Information for Historical Periods

See the Division of Corporation Finance’s C&DIs for Securities Act Forms,
Question 101.04. Note that Question 101.05 addresses similar matters for
non-EGC issuers. (Last updated 8/25/2017)

10220.2 Selected Financial Data

In the initial registration statement under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act
and in subsequent filings, an EGC is not required to present selected financial
data in accordance with Item 301 of Regulation S-K for any period prior to the
earliest audited period presented in that initial registration statement.

A company that has lost EGC status does not need to present, in subsequently
filed registration statements and periodic reports, selected financial data for
periods prior to the earliest audited period presented in its initial Securities Act
or Exchange Act registration statement.

10220.3 [Reserved]. (Last updated: 10/30/2020)

10220.4 Management Discussion and Analysis (Last updated 3/17/2016)

An EGC may limit its MD&A discussion to cover the periods presented in the
financial statements included in its registration statements filed or submitted for
its initial public offering.

10220.5 Financial Statements of Entities Other than the Registrant and Pro Forma
Financial Information (Last updated: 11/9/2016)

a. If the significance tests result in a requirement to present three years of

financial statements for entities other than the registrant, such as acquired
businesses under Rule 3-05, acquired real estate operations under Rule 3-14

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 or equity method investees under Rule 3-09, an operating company EGC
may present two years of financial statements for these other entities in the
registration statement for its initial public offering of common equity
securities.

b. If an operating company EGC voluntarily presents a third year of its

financial statements in its initial public offering of common equity
securities, it may limit the financial statements of these other entities to two
years instead of three in that registration statement.

c. See the Division of Corporation Finance’s C&DIs for the FAST Act,
Question 2 for guidance regarding the omission of financial statements of
other entities. (Last updated 8/25/2017)

d. An EGC may be required to file a Form 8-K pursuant to Items 2.01 and 9.01
for the acquisition of a significant business. If the significance tests result in
a requirement to present three years of financial statements, an operating
company EGC may present two years of financial statements for the
acquired business in its Form 8-K during the period subsequent to the
EGC’s initial public offering of common equity securities, but prior to the
earlier of the filing or the filing deadline of its first Form 10-K.

For example, assume a non-SRC operating company that qualifies as an

EGC presents two years of its financial statements in the registration
statement for its initial public offering of common equity securities. Two
years later, it acquires a company that also qualifies as a non-SRC EGC.
Assume that post-transaction, based on the application of Section 10120.2,
the post-merger company is an EGC. Post-transaction, the Form 8-K must
present three years of the accounting acquirer’s financial statements, even
though the post-merger company is an EGC. The reason is that the Form 8-
K is not: (1) a registration statement for an initial public offering of common
equity securities or (2) filed subsequent to the EGC’s registration statement
for an initial public offering of common equity securities, but prior to the
earlier of the filing or the filing deadline of its first Form 10-K. However,
because the post-merger company is an EGC, it may take advantage of
scaled disclosure provisions other than those related to the number of years
to present in a filing.

10220.6 Financial Statements of a Target Company in Form S-4

The staff will not object if an operating company EGC presents two years of the
target’s financial statements and interims in a Form S-4 that constitutes an EGC’s
initial public offering of common equity securities or in a Form S-4 filed
subsequent to the EGC’s initial public offering of common equity securities but
prior to the earlier of the filing or the filing deadline of its first Form 10-K.

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 See related discussion in Section 2200.1 to 2200.5 for the periods for which
target financial statements need to be presented in a Form S-4 and Sections
2200.6 and 2200.7 for when target financial statements need to be audited in an
S-4.

10220.7 Financial Statements of a Target Company in a Proxy Statement

(Last updated: 11/9/2016)

To the extent that target financial statements are required in a proxy statement
(see Section 1140.3), the staff will not object if two years of the target’s annual
financial statements and interim financial statements are presented in a proxy
statement filed after the legal acquirer’s initial public offering of common
equity securities but prior to the filing or the filing deadline of the legal
acquirer’s first Form 10-K only if:

• The legal acquirer is an EGC that is not a shell company, or

• The legal acquirer is a shell company EGC (such as a SPAC EGC) and the
target would be an EGC if it were conducting an initial public offering of
common equity securities.

10230 Accounting Standards Transition Period Accommodation

10230.1 An EGC may elect to defer compliance with new or revised financial
accounting standards until a company that is not an issuer (as defined under
section 2(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) is required to comply with such
standards, if such standards apply to companies that are not issuers. The term
new or revised financial accounting standards refers to any update issued by the
FASB to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012, the date of
the enactment of the JOBS Act. See Section 10300 for companies filing under
IFRS as issued by the IASB.

a. An EGC must make such choice at the time the company is first required to
file a registration statement, periodic report, or other report and must notify
the Commission of such choice.

b. An issuer must comply with the transition provisions for all new or revised
accounting standards in the same manner. In other words, it may not apply
some new and revised financial accounting standards at the same date a non-
EGC is required to comply, but defer the adoption of other standards.

c. An EGC may choose not to take advantage of the “extended transition

period” exemptions for EGCs and instead comply with the requirements that
apply to an issuer that is not an EGC. Any decision to forego the extended
transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards is
irrevocable.

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 d. If an EGC chooses to take advantage of the extended transition period, the
company can later decide otherwise (i.e., “opt in” by complying with the
financial accounting standard effective dates applicable to non-EGCs), so
long as it complies with the requirements in Sections 107(b)(2) and (3) of
the JOBS Act, which state that an EGC may not select some standards to
comply with and not others, and must continue to comply with such
standards to the same extent as a non-EGC is required to comply for as long
as the company remains an EGC. This decision should be disclosed in the
first periodic report or registration statement following the company’s
decision and is irrevocable.

e. An EGC that has elected to take advantage of the extended transition period
provision may early adopt a new or revised accounting standard if permitted
by the standard, without being deemed to have “opted in” for purposes of
subsequent new or revised financial accounting standards.

f. EGCs that take advantage of an extended transition period provision are

encouraged to review their plans to adopt accounting standards upon losing
EGC status and to discuss with the staff any issues they foresee in being
able to timely comply. Generally, if an EGC loses its status after it would
have had to adopt a standard absent the extended transition, the issuer
should adopt the standard in its next filing after losing status. However,
depending on the facts and circumstances, the staff may not object to other
alternatives. (Last updated: 12/1/2017)

10230.2 Nonpublic entities are specifically excluded from the scope of certain financial
accounting standards. The provisions regarding the extended transition periods
available to EGCs do not exempt EGCs from compliance with accounting
standards applicable to public entities. Rather, EGCs, like non-EGCs, must
evaluate the scope of each financial accounting standard.

10230.3 SAB Topic 11M provides disclosure guidance with respect to recently issued
accounting standards that will be adopted by the registrant in a future period.
SAB Topic 11M specifies that one of the disclosures that should generally be
considered by a registrant is the effective date of such standards. For each
recently issued accounting standard that will apply to its financial statements, an
EGC that chooses to take advantage of the extended transition periods should
disclose the date on which adoption is required for non-EGCs and the date on
which the EGC will adopt the recently issued accounting standard, assuming it
remains an EGC as of such date.

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10240 Internal Control Over Financial Reporting [SOX 404]
Accommodation
10240.1 Section 103 of the JOBS Act provides that an EGC is not required to comply
with the requirement to provide an auditor’s report on ICFR under Section
404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for as long as it qualifies as an EGC.

10240.2 An EGC is not exempt from the requirement to perform management’s

assessment of internal control over financial reporting (SOX 404(a) and the
disclosure requirement of Item 308(a) of Regulation S-K). For EGCs that are
newly public companies, see Section 4310.6.

10300 FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUERS

10310 General
10310.1 A foreign private issuer that qualifies as an EGC may comply with the scaled
disclosure provisions available to EGCs to the extent relevant to the form
requirements for foreign private issuers.

10310.2 A foreign private issuer that qualifies as an EGC and reconciles its home
country GAAP financial statements to U.S. GAAP may take advantage of the
extended transition period discussed in Section 10230 for complying with new
or revised financial accounting standards in its U.S. GAAP reconciliation.

10310.3 EGCs that are foreign private issuers may not report under IFRS for Small and
Medium-sized Entities or a separate set of local GAAP standards for nonpublic
entities.

10320 Number of Years of Registrant Financial Statements to be

Presented under IFRS
10320.1 First Time Adoption of IFRS as Issued by the IASB - Paragraphs 6 and 21 of
IFRS 1, First-time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards,
require a first-time adopter of IFRS to present an opening IFRS statement of
financial position at the date of transition to IFRS. In order for a first-time
adopter to assert that its financial statements are prepared in accordance with
IFRS as issued by the IASB, it must include three statements of financial
position, even if the first-time adopter is an EGC.

10320.2 Retrospective Changes and Reclassifications under IFRS as Issued by the

IASB - A foreign private issuer that is not a first-time adopter of IFRS is
required by paragraph 10(f) of IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements, to
provide three statements of financial position when it applies an accounting
policy retrospectively, makes a retrospective restatement, or reclassifies items in

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 its financial statements. In order to assert that its financial statements are
prepared in compliance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, a foreign private
issuer must include three statements of financial position, even if it is an EGC.

10330 Multi-Jurisdictional Disclosure System (“MJDS”)

10330.1 A Canadian issuer filing under MJDS may qualify as an EGC. While the
disclosure requirements for the Canadian issuer would continue to be
established under its home country standards in accordance with the MJDS,
other provisions of Title I, such as the deferral of compliance with Section
404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, would be available to an MJDS filer that
qualifies as an EGC.

************

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 TOPIC 11

REPORTING ISSUES RELATED TO ADOPTION OF

NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
11100 [RESERVED] (Last updated: 12/31/2022)

11200 NEW LEASING STANDARD (FASB ASC TOPIC 842)

(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842).
Public entities must apply Topic 842 to annual reporting periods beginning after
December 15, 2018, including interim reporting periods within that reporting
period. 13 Earlier application is permitted.

All other entities, including EGCs that have appropriately elected to defer
compliance with new or revised financial accounting standards until a company
that is not an issuer (as defined under section 2(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002) is required to apply such standards, must apply Topic 842 to annual
reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim reporting
periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020.
ASU No. 2020-05 further delayed adoption of ASC 842 for all other entities for
financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021,
and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022.
Earlier application is permitted.

The IASB also issued IFRS 16, Leases, in February 2016. For most companies,
the effective date will be the same as under U.S. GAAP.

Companies will transition to Topic 842 using a modified retrospective approach

where they will recognize and measure all leases within the scope of the
standard that exist as of the beginning of the earliest comparative period
presented. The entity will adjust equity at the beginning of the earliest
comparative period presented as if the standard had always been applied,
subject to certain practical expedients and other transition relief prescribed by
the standard.

13
A public business entity that otherwise would not meet the definition of a public business entity except
for a requirement to include or inclusion of its financial statements or financial information in another
entity’s filing with the Commission may apply Topic 842 for annual reporting periods beginning after
December 15, 2020, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after
December 15, 2021. See ASU No. 2020-02. The dates in this ASU corresponded with the “all other
entities” adoption dates and as a result of ASU No. 2020-05 these dates have changed as discussed above.

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11210 Registrant Financial Information
11210.1 Date of Initial Application

Question
A calendar year-end registrant adopts the new leasing standard on January 1,
2019, with an initial application date of January 1, 2017. In May 2019, the
registrant files its first quarter 10-Q, which reflects the adoption of the new
standard. The next month, the registrant files a registration statement on Form
S-3 that includes financial statements for the years ending December 31, 2018,
2017, and 2016, as well as the quarters ending March 31, 2019 and 2018.

Item 11(b)(ii) of Form S-3 requires retrospective revision of the pre-event

audited financial statements that were incorporated by reference in the Form S-3
to reflect a subsequent change in accounting principle. Does the reissuance of
the registrant’s financial statements change the date of initial application to
January 1, 2016 because it is the beginning of the earliest comparative period
presented?

Answer
No. The reissuance of the financial statements in Form S-3 accelerates the
provision of the retroactively restated financial statements for the years ended
December 31, 2018 and 2017, but it does not change the date of initial
application.

11300 NEW DISCLOSURES ABOUT SHORT-DURATION

CONTRACTS FOR INSURANCE ENTITIES (FASB
ASC TOPIC 944)
(Last updated: 11/9/2016)

In May 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-09, Disclosures about Short-
Duration Contracts (the ASU). The ASU applies to all insurance entities that
issue short-duration contracts as defined in Topic 944, Financial Services –
Insurance, and requires additional disclosures including incurred and paid
claims development information by accident year.

Public business entities must apply the ASU to annual reporting periods
beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim reporting periods within annual
periods beginning after December 15, 2016.

All other entities, including EGCs that have elected to defer compliance with
new or revised financial accounting standards until a company that is not an
issuer (as defined under Section 2(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) is
required to apply such standards, must apply the ASU to annual reporting

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 periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim reporting periods
within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017.

Companies will transition to the ASU retrospectively by providing comparative

disclosures for each period presented, except for those requirements that apply
only to the current period. Early application is permitted.

11310 Registrant Financial Information

11310.1 Question
A registrant adopts the ASU for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016. The
new guidance requires the presentation in the notes to the financial statements
of disaggregated claims development tables, at a minimum for each reportable
segment, depicting, in part, re-estimates of claims by accident year for up to ten
years. Securities Act Industry Guide 6 and Exchange Act Industry Guide 4
(collectively, “Industry Guide 6”) identify a consolidated ten-year loss reserve
development table to be provided by Property and Casualty insurers in either the
Business or MD&A section. Must the registrant continue to present the
Industry Guide 6 table in its filings?

Answer
No. A registrant must provide the claims development tables required by the
ASU. It does not have to separately provide the ten-year loss reserve
development table identified in Industry Guide 6, but may opt to do so.

11400 TARGETED IMPROVEMENTS TO THE

ACCOUNTING FOR LONG-DURATION
CONTRACTS FOR INSURANCE ENTITIES (FASB
ASC TOPIC 944)
(Last updated: 12/31/2022)

On August 15, 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-12, Financial Services —
Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-
Duration Contracts. The ASU applies to insurance entities that issue long-
duration contracts as defined in Topic 944, Financial Services – Insurance.

Public business entities that meet the definition of a Securities and

Exchange Commission (SEC) filer, excluding entities eligible to be smaller
reporting companies, must apply the ASU to fiscal years beginning after
December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The one-time
determination of whether an entity is eligible to be a smaller reporting company
is based on an entity’s most recent determination as of November 15, 2019.

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 All other entities, including smaller reporting companies and EGCs that have
elected to defer compliance with new or revised financial accounting standards
until a company that is not an issuer (as defined under Section 2(a) of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002), are required to apply the ASU to fiscal years
beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within fiscal years
beginning after December 15, 2025.

Early application of the amendments is permitted. If early application is elected,

the transition date shall be either the beginning of the prior period presented or
the beginning of the earliest period presented. If early application is not elected,
the transition date shall be the beginning of the earliest period presented.

11410 Registrant Financial Information

11410.1 Date of Initial Application

Question
A calendar year-end registrant adopts ASU No. 2018-12 on January 1, 2023,
with a transition date of January 1, 2021. In May 2023, the registrant files its
first quarter 10-Q, which reflects the adoption of the new standard. The next
month, the registrant files a registration statement on Form S-3 that includes
financial statements for the years ending December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, as
well as the quarters ending March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Item 11(b)(ii) of Form S-3 requires “restated financial statements” of the pre-
event audited financial statements that were incorporated by reference in the
Form S-3 to reflect a subsequent change in accounting principle that requires a
material retroactive application. Does the reissuance of the registrant’s financial
statements in accordance with Item 11(b)(ii) change the transition date to
January 1, 2020 because it is the beginning of the earliest period presented?

Answer
No. The reissuance of the financial statements in Form S-3 accelerates the
requirement to provide the financial statements for the years ended December
31, 2022 and 2021 with retroactive application, but does not change the
transition date of the accounting standard.

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 TOPIC 12

REVERSE ACQUISITIONS AND REVERSE

RECAPITALIZATIONS
12100 GENERAL
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

The acquisition of a private operating company by a non-operating public shell

corporation typically results in the owners and management of the private
company having actual or effective voting and operating control of the
combined company. The staff considers a public shell reverse acquisition to be
a capital transaction in substance, rather than a business combination. That is,
the transaction is a reverse recapitalization, equivalent to the issuance of stock
by the private company for the net monetary assets of the shell corporation
accompanied by a recapitalization. The accounting is similar to that resulting
from a reverse acquisition, except that no goodwill or other intangible assets
should be recorded.

12200 REPORTING ISSUES

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

12210 General
12210.1 SEC rules do not directly address a registrant’s financial reporting obligations in
the event that it acquires another entity in a transaction accounted for as either a
reverse acquisition or reverse recapitalization. For accounting purposes, the
legal acquiree is treated as the continuing reporting entity that acquired the
registrant (the legal acquirer). Reports filed by the registrant after a reverse
acquisition or reverse recapitalization should parallel the financial reporting
required under GAAP—as if the accounting acquirer were the legal successor to
the registrant’s reporting obligation as of the date of the acquisition. The level
of significance is irrelevant as the accounting acquirer is considered to be the
registrant’s predecessor.

12210.2 Registrants should assure that:

a. filings with the SEC result in timely continuous reporting, with no

lapse in periodic reports filed, and
b. no audited period exceeds 12 months.

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12220 Form 8-K
12220.1 Reverse Recapitalization with a Shell Company

a. A shell company is a registrant (other than an asset-backed issuer) that

has no or nominal operations and either has:

1. no or nominal assets,
2. assets consisting solely of cash and cash equivalents, or
3. assets consisting of any amount of cash and cash equivalents
and nominal other assets.

b. For transactions between a shell company and a private operating

company whereby the registrant ceases to be a shell company, a Form
8-K that includes Items 2.01, 5.01, 5.06 and 9.01 must be filed no later
than four business days after the consummation of the acquisition.
The Form 8-K must include for the private operating company all
content required by a Form 10 initial registration statement. The
financial statement periods required in the Form 8-K are based on the
earlier of the filing date of the 8-K or the due date of the 8-K reporting
the transaction. (Last updated: 3/31/2009)

As noted in Section 5230.1, the staff looks to the accounting acquirer’s

eligibility as a SRC at the time of the reverse acquisition for purposes
of the disclosures to be provided in the Form 8-K. Accordingly, if the
accounting acquirer meets the definition of a smaller reporting
company, the age of its financial statements required to be included in
the Form 8-K is determined by applying S-X 8-08. An accounting
acquirer not meeting the definition of a smaller reporting company,
however, should comply with the updating requirements of S-X 3-12.
(Last updated: 3/31/2012)

c. In certain circumstances, the due date or filing date of the Form 8-K,
whichever is earlier, occurs after the end of the private company’s
most recently completed annual or quarterly period, but before
financial statements for that annual or quarterly period would be
required to be presented in a Form 10. In these circumstances the
financial statements of the private operating company required by
Items 2.01(f) and 9.01 of Form 8-K may not include the private
company’s most recently completed annual or quarterly period.

The registrant, however, remains subject to Exchange Act Rules 13a-1

and 13a-13, or 15d-1 and 15d-13, requiring annual and quarterly
reports, respectively. The registrant must file its applicable annual and
quarterly reports. Additionally, the registrant must file an amended

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 Form 8-K with the financial statements of the private operating
company’s most recently completed annual or quarterly period prior to
the date of the reverse recapitalization, as applicable, within the
number of days applicable based on the shell company’s filing status
(60, 75, and 90 days for annual periods and 40, 40, and 45 days for
interim periods for large accelerated, accelerated, and non-accelerated
filers, respectively) after the private operating company’s period end.
(Last updated: 12/31/2011)

For example, assume a non-accelerated shell and private operating

company both have a calendar year end and the reverse
recapitalization takes place on February 1, 20X2. Within four business
days of the transaction, the audited financial statements of the private
operating company for the year ended December 20X0 and the
unaudited financial statements for the interim period ended September
30, 20X1 and comparable prior period would be filed on Form 8-K, in
addition to the other information required by Items 2.01, 5.01, 5.06,
and 9.01, as described above. The registrant would file its annual
report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20X1 within 90
days after December 31, 20X1. In addition, the registrant would file
the same information that would be required in a Form 10-K of the
private operating company in an amended Form 8-K by the same Form
10-K due date – 90 days after December 31, 20X1.
(Last updated: 3/31/2011)

d. There is no 71 day extension of time available to file the content for

the private operating company, the pro forma information, or other
required information.

e. For transactions between a shell company that is a foreign private

issuer and a private operating company whereby the registrant ceases
to be a shell company, a Form 20-F should be filed no later than four
business days after the consummation of the acquisition that includes
all of the information for the private operating company that Form 20-
F requires for registration of securities. Foreign private issuers that
elect to report on domestic issuer forms should file the required
information on a Form 8-K and not Form 20-F.

f. Rule 13a-1 applies to a foreign private issuer shell company that

ceases to be a shell company upon consummating a transaction with a
private operating company. In certain circumstances where the due
date or filing date, whichever is earlier, of the Form 20-F reporting the
transaction is within three months after year end, the financial
statements of the private operating company required by Rule 13a-19
may not include the most recent full fiscal year. In these cases, the
surviving entity shall file the information that would be required to be

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 included in an annual report for the private operating company for the
most recent fiscal year. The surviving entity shall file the required
information on a Form 20-F within the time period required.

g. There is no Exchange Act Rule 12b-25 extension of the time available

to file a reverse acquisition with a shell company reported on Form
20-F.

h. If the legal acquirer/registrant previously filed the required

information, such as in a proxy statement or Form S-4/F-4, the
registrant may identify in the Form 8-K or 20-F the previous filing in
which all the disclosures are included, instead of repeating the
disclosures in the 8-K or 20-F.

NOTE: If a public shell that is a smaller reporting company enters into a reverse
acquisition with a public or non-public operating company, refer to Topic 5,
Smaller Reporting Companies, for a discussion of smaller reporting company
eligibility requirements.

12220.2 Reverse Acquisition with a domestic registrant that is not a shell company
(Last updated: 6/30/2012)

a. Report the acquisition in an Item 2.01 Form 8-K no later than 4

business days after the consummation of the reverse acquisition. If
the accounting acquirer’s financial statements are not included in that
Form 8-K, the registrant should so indicate in the Form 8-K and state
when the required financial statements will be filed. That Form 8-K
also should include disclosures under Item 4.01 about any intended
change in independent accountants, under Item 5.01 about any change
in control of the registrant, and under Item 5.03 about any changes in
fiscal year end from that used by the registrant prior to the acquisition,
as applicable. Most typically, registrants adopt the fiscal year and
auditor of the accounting acquirer, but that is not required.

b. Financial statements of the accounting acquirer (the legal acquiree)

and S-X Article 11 pro forma financial information giving effect to the
reverse acquisition should be filed in an Item 9.01 Form 8-K when
available, but no later than 71 calendar days after the date that the
initial Form 8-K reporting the transactions must be filed (that is, the
date which is 4 business days after the transaction is consummated
plus 71 calendar days). If the required financial statements and pro
forma financial information are not available to be provided with the
initial Form 8-K, they must be filed by amendment to that form. After
consummation, the accounting acquirer’s financial statements become
the financial statements of the registrant under U.S. GAAP. The Form

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 8-K should include the following with respect to the accounting
acquirer:

1. Audited financial statements for the three most recently

completed fiscal years; or two years, if the registrant is a
smaller reporting company; and

2. Unaudited interim financial statements for any interim period

and the comparable prior year period.

NOTE: See Section 10120.2 to determine whether the registrant qualifies as an

EGC for purposes of filing its Form 8-K subsequent to the merger transaction.

See Section 10220.5 regarding financial statement requirements in a Form 8-K

when the transaction involves an EGC operating company. (Last updated:
6/30/2013)

c. S-X 3-06 that permits the filing of financial statements of an acquired

business for nine to twelve months to satisfy one year would not apply
to the financial statements of the accounting acquirer/legal acquiree in
a reverse acquisition. The financial statements of the accounting
acquirer are deemed to be predecessor financial statements, which
should be filed for the periods required by S-X 3-01 through 3-04.

d. Even though an issuer complies with Exchange Act requirements

following a reverse acquisition, Securities Act form provisions may
require it to provide more current audited financial statements and
MD&A of the accounting acquirer/legal acquiree in a Securities Act
registration statement. In other words, the requirement to file audited
financial statements and MD&A of the accounting acquirer/legal
acquiree may be accelerated when a Securities Act registration
statement is filed. (Last updated: 12/31/2011)

12230 Change in Accountants

(Last updated: 6/30/2009)

12230.1 Unless the same accountant reported on the most recent financial statements of
both the registrant and the accounting acquirer, a reverse acquisition always
results in a change in accountants. A Form 8-K filed in connection with a
reverse acquisition should provide the disclosures required by S-K 304 under
Item 4.01 of Form 8-K for the change in independent accountants, treating the
accountant that no longer will be associated with the registrant’s financial
statements as the predecessor accountant.

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12230.2 The disclosures required by S-K 304 with respect to any changes in the
accounting acquirer’s auditor which occurred within 24 months prior to, or in
any period subsequent to, the date of the accounting acquirer’s financial
statements must be provided in the first filing containing the accounting
acquirer’s financial statements.

12230.3 In a reverse recapitalization with a shell company, any change in accountants

during the two most recent fiscal years and interim period for the accounting
acquirer must be reported in the Form 8-K, as it is required by Item 14 of Form
10. Any change must be reported even if a successor accountant reaudits all of
the periods of the financial statements contained in the Form 8-K.

12240 Change in Fiscal Year

12240.1 A Form 8-K filed in connection with a reverse acquisition should disclose under
Item 5.03 of the Form 8-K any intended change in fiscal year from the fiscal
year end used by the registrant prior to the acquisition.

12240.2 A change in fiscal year end cannot result in the lapse in reporting any periods of
financial statements for either the registrant or the operating company whose
financial statements become those of the registrant after consummation of the
acquisition.

12240.3 For example, assume a reverse acquisition between 2 public reporting

companies occurs on July 15. The legal acquirer has a July 31 year-end and the
accounting acquirer has a December 31 year-end. The legal acquirer changed
its year end to December 31 in conjunction with a reverse acquisition. The
accounting acquirer should still file a Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30
even if it were technically eligible to file a Form 15 to cease its reporting prior
to the due date of the Form 10-Q. Otherwise, there would be a lapse in periodic
reporting for the accounting acquirer for the three and six months ended June
30. It is not sufficient to file a Form 8-K that includes these financial statements
and related information.

The legal acquirer would continue to file all periodic reports as they become due
for periods ending prior to the consummation of the merger. If the merger is
consummated after the latest Balance Sheet date but prior to the due date of the
latest periodic report, a subsequent events footnote to the financial statements
should describe the reverse merger.

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12240.4 Transition Reports
(Last updated: 6/30/2011)

If the registrant adopts the fiscal year of If the registrant continues the fiscal year of
the accounting acquirer (operating the legal acquirer (registrant):
company):

• If the accounting acquirer is a public • File periodic reports for periods ending
reporting company, file periodic reports prior to the consummation of the
for periods ending prior to the acquisition as they become due in the
consummation of the acquisition as they ordinary course of business.
become due in the ordinary course of
business. Starting with the periodic • If the accounting acquirer also is a public
report for the quarter in which the company, it should file all reports due for
acquisition was consummated, file periods ending prior to the acquisition to
reports based on the fiscal year of the avoid any lapses in reporting, despite its
accounting acquirer. Those financial ability to file a Form 15.
statements would depict the operating
results of the accounting acquirer, • File a transition report on Form 10-K,
including the acquisition of the registrant 10-Q or 20-F containing the audited
(legal acquirer) from the date of financial statements of the accounting
consummation. This report should also acquirer for the necessary transition
include financial statements of the period (generally, from the end of the
accounting acquirer for any subsequent accounting acquirer’s most recently
interim periods that were not included in completed fiscal year to the next
its S-X 3-05 financial statements following date corresponding with the end
previously filed on Form 8-K or 20-F, to of a fiscal year of the legal acquirer). For
avoid any lapses in reporting. example, a legal acquirer has a 7/31 FYE
and an accounting acquirer has a 12/31
• If the accounting acquirer is a private FYE. A seven month transition period
operating company, file a Form 8-K or would result and need to be filed on Form
20-F if the original Form 8-K or 20-F 10-K.
filed for the reverse acquisition did not
include audited financial statements of • The transition report on Form 10-K is due
the accounting acquirer for the latest no later than 90 days (45 days for
fiscal year end or quarter that already transitional report on Form 10-Q) after the
passed. The surviving entity should file consummation of the acquisition for non-
the required information on an amended accelerated filers; and no later than 75
Form 8-K or 20-F within the time period days for accelerated filers and 60 days for
specified in the appropriate annual or large accelerated filers (40 days for
quarterly report form from the transitional report on Form 10-Q). The
accounting acquirer’s fiscal year or Form 10-Q for the combined entity should
quarter end. be filed within the required time period
after the end of the quarter during which
• For example, a legal acquirer has an 8/31 the acquisition was consummated (45
year end and the accounting acquirer has days for non-accelerated filers and 40
a 10/31 year end. The acquisition took days for accelerated filers).

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 place on 11/10/X5. The 8-K included
financial statements of the accounting • The transition report on Form 20-F for a
acquirer for the three years ended transition period more than six months is
10/31/X4 and interim period ended due no later than six months after the
7/31/X5. A Form 8-K or 20-F for the consummation of the acquisition. The
year ended 10/31/X5 should be filed to transition report on Form 20-F for periods
include the financial statements of the of six months or less (but more than one
accounting acquirer for the year ended month) is due no later than three months
10/31/X5, to avoid a lapse in reporting. after consummation of the acquisition.

• This would apply to both a shell reverse

• For both bullet points above, no transition
acquisition and a reverse acquisition
report is required if the transition period is
between two companies that have a
one month or less.
business.

If the accounting acquirer is also a public

company, it should file all reports due for
periods ending prior to the acquisition to
avoid any lapses in reporting, despite its
ability to file a Form 15.

12250 Auditor Issues

(Last updated: 6/30/2009)

12250.1 Reverse Recapitalization with a Public Shell Company

a. In a reverse recapitalization by a non-public company (accounting

acquirer) with a public shell company, the financial statements of the
accounting acquirer filed in the 8-K or 20-F must be audited by a
public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB.
b. The auditor of the accounting acquirer would need to be independent
under PCAOB/SEC independence rules for all years required to be in
the filing because the Form 8-K must contain Form 10 content, and
Form 10 requires financial statements meeting the requirements of
Regulation S-X. For Form 20-F, the auditor of an accounting acquirer
that is a foreign private issuer must comply with SEC/PCAOB
independence rules at least for the latest fiscal year as long as the
auditor is independent in accordance with home-country standards for
earlier periods. [S-X 2-01(f)(5)(iii)]

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12250.2 Reverse Acquisition with a Registrant that is Not a Shell Company

a. Reverse acquisitions involving two operating companies in which the

accounting acquirer is a non-public company may result in
PCAOB/SEC auditor issues once the acquisition is consummated and
the financial statements of the non-public company become those of
the registrant.

b. The auditor of the S-X 3-05 or S-X 8-04 financial statements of an

accounting acquirer/legal acquiree that is a non-public company need
not be registered with the PCAOB because the pre-consummation
financial statements are not those of an issuer on the date of the filing.
A nonregistered accountant could reissue its opinion on the pre-
acquisition financial statements of the accounting acquirer after
consummation of the acquisition. A nonregistered accountant could
also audit a restatement of the accounting acquirer’s financial
statements for periods ended prior to the consummation of the
acquisition up until the date that the first periodic report is filed that
contains post-merger financial statements. Once the post-acquisition
financial statements are filed, a nonregistered accountant could not
perform the work on the restatement of or retrospective application of
a change in accounting principle in the pre-acquisition financial
statements or otherwise update or dual date its report on those
financial statements because those financial statements become the
registrant’s financial statements on the date the post-acquisition
financial statements are filed. (Last updated: 12/31/2011)
c. After consummation of the acquisition, a PCAOB registered auditor
must audit or review the post-acquisition financial statements of the
registrant because the non-public company’s financial statements
become the issuer’s financial statements.
d. Normally, auditors of S-X 3-05 financial statements of non-public
companies need not comply with the independence standards of the
PCAOB or SEC as long as the auditors comply with the AICPA
independence standards. However, after consummation of a reverse
acquisition between two operating companies, the auditor of the
registrant’s financial statements (previously those of the accounting
acquirer) must be independent in accordance with PCAOB/SEC
independence rules for all periods presented because the non-public
company’s financial statements become the issuer’s financial
statements. This may require a reaudit of prior period financial
statements of the accounting acquirer. A registrant should consult
with OCA in advance of the reverse acquisition if it believes there may
be an independence issue between the auditor and the accounting
acquirer under PCAOB/SEC rules.

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 For example: A public company that is not a shell merged with a
private operating company on November 1, 20X1. Both companies
have a December 31 year-end. The Form 8-K filed by the registrant
included audited financial statements for the three years ended
December 31, 20X0 and unaudited interim financial statements for the
nine months ended September 30, 20X1 for the non-public operating
company. The financial statements could be and were audited by a
nonregistered accountant. The December 31, 20X1 Form 10-K would
reflect the financial statements of the accounting acquirer for the three
years ended December 31, 20X1, for which the auditor(s) must be
independent under PCAOB/SEC rules for all years. A PCAOB
registered accountant would need to audit the year ended December
31, 20X1 and future years and review any interim financial statements
filed on Form 10-Q beginning in 20X2.

12260 Registration and Proxy Statements for Mergers, Acquisitions

and Similar Transactions
For purposes of applying the Item 14/Schedule 14A and Form S-4/F-4 financial
statement requirements to a reverse acquisition transaction, follow the legal
form of the transaction. For example, the accounting acquirer/legal target is the
“target” for purposes of applying these rules, and Part C of Form S-4 or F-4
should be followed for the target company. This is due to the fact that the
merger has not been consummated yet, so the additional disclosures required for
an issuer do not yet apply to the legal target.

*****

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 TOPIC 13

EFFECTS OF SUBSEQUENT EVENTS ON

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS REQUIRED IN
FILINGS

13100 GENERAL
(Last updated: 9/30/2009)

Certain events that occur after the end of a fiscal year will require retrospective
revision of that year’s financial statements (the “pre-event financial statements”)
if they are reissued after financial statements covering the period during which
the event occurred have been filed. Such events include reporting a
discontinued operation, a change in reportable segments, or a change in
accounting principle for which retrospective application is either required or
elected.

13110.1 Reissuance of the pre-event financial statements is required if those financial

statements are required to be included or incorporated by reference into a
registration or proxy statement (with the exception of Form S-8 as noted below)
along with financial statements covering the period during which the event
occurred (the “post-event” financial statements).

13110.2 In the case of a registration statement on Form S-3, Item 11(b)(ii) of that form
would specifically require retrospective revision of the pre-event audited
financial statements that were incorporated by reference to reflect a subsequent
change in accounting principle (or consistent with staff practice, discontinued
operations and changes in segment presentation) if the Form S-3 also
incorporates by reference post-event interim financial statements. If post-event
financial statements have not been filed, the registrant would not revise the pre-
event financial statements in connection with the Form S-3, however, pro forma
financial statements in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X may, in
certain circumstances, be required. In contrast, a prospectus supplement used to
update a delayed or continuous offering registered on Form S-3 (e.g., a shelf
takedown) is not subject to the Item 11(b)(ii) updating requirements. Rather,
registrants must update the prospectus in accordance with S-K 512(a) with
respect to any fundamental change. It is the responsibility of management to
determine what constitutes a fundamental change.

13110.3 If the pre-event financial statements are not reissued in connection with any
filing under the Securities Act or Exchange Act, annual information does not

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 need to be retrospectively revised until that information is included in the
registrant’s next Annual Report on Form 10-K.

13110.4 Retrospectively revised quarterly information is required in Form 10-Qs filed

with post-event financial statements.

13110.5 For the information of investors, once post-event financial statements have been
filed with the SEC, a registrant may elect (if reissuance is not required) to file
under cover of Form 8-K (Item 8.01) audited retrospectively revised financial
statements for the pre-event periods.

NOTE to SECTION 13100:

The requirement to revise financial statements for Form S-3 and the exception
for Form S-8 noted below are derived from the Division of Corporation
Finance’s Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations August 14, 2009,
Securities Act Forms Q126.40:

After its Form 10-K is filed, a registrant has a change in accounting principles
(or changes in segment presentation or discontinued operations), which will
cause the financial presentation in its subsequent Form 10-Qs to differ from
that in the Form 10-K. In this situation, Item 11(b)(ii) of Form S-3 would
require the annual audited financial statements filed in the Form 10-K to be
restated to reflect the change in accounting principles (or changes in segment
presentation or discontinued operations). Would General Instruction G.2 of
Form S-8, which requires that “material changes in the registrant’s affairs” be
disclosed in the registration statement, also require such restatement?

Not necessarily. Form S-8 does not contain express language similar to Item
11(b)(ii) of Form S-3, requiring the restatement of financial statements to
reflect specified events. The fact that financial statements eventually will be
retroactively restated does not necessarily mean that there are “material
changes in the registrant’s affairs,” thereby requiring the financial statements
to be restated for inclusion, or incorporation by reference, in a Form S-8. In
other words, financial statements for which Item 11(b)(ii) of Form S-3 would
require restatement may not necessarily need to be restated for incorporation
by reference in a Form S-8. The registrant is responsible for determining if
there has been a material change and, if so, the related information that is
required to be disclosed in a Form S-8. Correspondingly, it is the auditor’s
responsibility to determine if it will issue a consent to use of its report in a
Form S-8 if there has been a change in the financial statements in a
subsequent Form 10-Q where the financial statements in the Form 10-K have
not been retroactively restated.

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13110.6 Form 10-K/A ordinarily should not be used to file retrospectively revised
financial statements that reflect a subsequent change in accounting principle,
discontinued operations or change in segment presentation. However, the staff
will not object if a registrant, in a Form 10-K/A filed to correct a material error,
also reflects the retrospective effects of accounting changes (or consistent with
staff practice, discontinued operations and changes in segment presentation) that
have been reflected in filings with the SEC subsequent to the original Form 10-
K. If the Form 10-K/A is incorporated by reference into a registration
statement, then the correction of the error and the accounting change would be
required to be presented in the Form 10-K/A. In these circumstances, the
financial statements in the Form 10-K/A should clearly distinguish the effects of
the material error from those of any subsequent accounting change.
(Last updated: 9/30/2010)

13200 DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

13210.1 If financial statements as of a date on or after the date a component of the

registrant has been disposed of or classified as held for sale are required in a
registration or proxy statement, retrospective reclassification of all prior periods
to report the results of that component in discontinued operations in accordance
with ASC 205-20 is required. This guidance is applicable even where the filing
incorporates by reference annual audited financial statements issued prior to the
classification of the component in discontinued operations. The auditor’s
consent to incorporation of those financial statements in a registration or proxy
statement is deemed a reissuance that requires consideration of the effects of
subsequent events. Moreover, the financial statements prepared by management
and included in the filing are required to comply with U.S. GAAP at the date of
effectiveness or mailing, necessitating retrospective reclassification pursuant to
ASC 205-20.

13210.2 Predecessor financial statements are required to be retrospectively reclassified

to reflect the impact of a successor’s discontinued operations. Registrants
should contact the staff if unusual facts and circumstances may prohibit the
company’s ability to reclassify predecessor fiscal periods.
(Last updated: 3/31/2010)

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13300 CHANGES IN SEGMENTS
(Last updated: 3/31/2009)

13310.1 If management changes the structure of its internal organization in a manner

that causes the composition of its reportable segments to change, the
corresponding information for prior periods should be retrospectively revised if
practicable in accordance with ASC 280. If annual financial statements are
required in a registration or proxy statement that includes subsequent periods
managed on the basis of the new organization structure, the annual audited
financial statements should include a revised segment footnote that reflects the
new reportable segments. The registrant’s Description of Business and MD&A
should be similarly revised. The revised annual financial statements and related
disclosures may be included in the registration or proxy statement or in a Form
8-K incorporated by reference.

13400 CHANGE IN THE REPORTING ENTITY OR A

BUSINESS COMBINATION ACCOUNTED FOR IN A
MANNER SIMILAR TO A POOLING OF
INTERESTS
(Last updated: 3/31/2010)

13410.1 ASC 250 requires that a change in the reporting entity or the consummation of a
transaction accounted for in a manner similar to a pooling of interests, i.e., a
reorganization of entities under common control, be retrospectively applied to
the financial statements of all prior periods when the financial statements are
issued for a period that includes the date the change in reporting entity or the
transaction occurred.

13410.2 If a change in the reporting entity or a reorganization occurs for a currently

reporting registrant after a year-end balance sheet date but before that year-end
Form 10-K is filed, the financial statements in the Form 10-K should not be
retrospectively revised to reflect the change in reporting entity or the
reorganization. However, the issuer may elect to provide supplemental audited
combined financial statements of the entities to be reorganized. Unusual
situations can be discussed with CF-OCA.

13410.3 In an initial registration statement, if a change in the reporting entity or a

reorganization will occur at or after effectiveness of the registration statement
but no later than closing of the IPO, the staff will consider requests to present
consolidated or combined financial statements as the primary financial
statements of the registrant in lieu of the separate financial statements of the
registrant and of the entities to be reorganized based on the particular facts and
circumstances.

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13500 STOCK SPLITS
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

Stock splits also require retrospective presentation. Ordinarily, the staff would
not require retrospective revision of previously filed financial statements that
are incorporated by reference into a registration or proxy statement for reasons
solely attributable to a stock split. Instead, the registration or proxy statement
may include selected financial data which includes relevant per share
information for all periods, with the stock split prominently disclosed.

13600 MEASUREMENT PERIOD ADJUSTMENTS

(Last updated: 9/30/2009)

13610 Financial Statement Requirements in Registration Statements

Pursuant to Retrospective Adjustments to Provisional Amounts
in a Business Combination
If a registrant determines it must make a material retrospective adjustment to
provisional amounts it previously reflected in its financial statements pursuant
to the requirements of ASC 805-10-25 and this adjustment has not yet been
reflected in any historical financial statements, the registrant should provide or
incorporate by reference revised financial statements reflecting the retrospective
adjustment if the adjustment is material. If this retrospective adjustment has
been reflected in subsequent interim historical financial statements, but the
acquisition occurred in the preceding fiscal year and the adjustments are not
reflected in the annual financial statements, the registrant should provide revised
audited financial statements for the year of acquisition reflecting the
adjustments. The revised financial statements are generally filed via Form 8-K.

*****

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 TOPIC 14

TENDER OFFERS

14100 REGULATORY SCHEMES

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

14110.1 Tender offers may be made by either the issuer of the securities or by a third
party. The essence of the tender offer is that the offeror, or bidder, can go
directly to security holders of the target company with an offer to buy their
shares. The term “tender offer” has never been defined in any statutory
provision or rule. Instead, courts and the staff of the SEC generally consider a
number of factors to determine whether a particular acquisition program
constitutes a tender offer.

14110.2 In a tender offer, the offeror may offer cash, securities, or a combination of cash
and securities. If the consideration consists wholly of or partly of registered
securities, the offeror generally will have to register them under the Securities
Act unless an exemption from registration is available. The information
required to be sent to the security holders of the target varies based on the type
of consideration offered and other factors.

14110.3 The Division selectively reviews tender offer materials. The following
summarizes the regulatory process for tender offers:

a. Cash tender offer – a tender offer by either the issuer of the subject
securities or by a third party where the offer consideration is cash only.
The bidder commences the offer by sending tender material to security
holders, including a request that they tender their shares. On the same
day, the bidder files this material publicly with the SEC, along with a
tender offer schedule that contains additional information. The offer
must remain open for at least 20 business days, and then the bidder can
purchase the tendered shares if all conditions to the offer have been
satisfied or waived. Unlike in most stock tender offers, the SEC staff
does not have the opportunity to review cash tender offer materials
until after the tender offer has begun. If the staff decides to review the
filed material, the staff gives comments to the bidder during the tender
offer period and the bidder addresses the comments appropriately. For
example, the bidder may need to send additional information to the
security holders of the target and the offer may have to be extended in
order for the security holders to have time to consider the information.

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 b. Exchange offer (stock tender offer) – a tender offer by the issuer of the
subject securities or by a third party, where the offer consideration is
wholly or partially securities. The bidder files a Securities Act
registration statement containing a prospectus covering the securities it
is offering to security holders of the target in exchange for their shares.
The prospectus also contains the information about the exchange offer
required by the tender offer rules. This is a public document. The
bidder may send the preliminary prospectus to security holders of the
target, but it usually does not do so because it cannot request tenders or
buy any shares until the registration statement is declared effective
(but see discussion of early commencement exchange offers below).
The Division selectively reviews tender offer materials. Unless the
exchange offer commences early, the staff gives comments to the
bidder before the tender offer commences. Commencement of an
offer occurs when the bidder publishes, sends or gives to security
holder the means by which to tender into the offer, such as by filing a
letter of transmittal. After these comments are resolved, the bidder
requests that the staff declare the registration statement effective.
Once the registration statement is effective, the tender offer may
commence, the bidder sends the combined final prospectus/tender
offer document to security holders and requests that they tender their
shares. The bidder also may commence the offer before effectiveness
of the registration statement under specified circumstances (“early
commencement”). If this early commencement option for an exchange
offer is chosen, then on the day the offer begins, bidder files with the
SEC the registration statement containing the prospectus and the same
tender offer materials that would be filed for a cash tender offer. For
both kinds of exchange offers, the offer must remain open for at least
20 business days from commencement and the registration statement
must be effective before the bidder can purchase any shares.

14110.4 Bidders in a tender offer may also communicate about the transaction before or
after a registration statement is filed and effective, provided such written
communications are filed with the SEC and contain an appropriate legend
urging investors to read the relevant documents filed or to be filed with the
SEC.

14200 DOCUMENTS FILED

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

14210.1 The primary 1934 Act document used to file tender offers is Schedule TO.
EDGAR tags to Schedule TO are TO-I, Tender Offer/Issuer; TO-T, Tender
Offer/Third Party; and TO-C, Tender Offer/Communications. Schedule TO-I
must be filed when an issuer that has a class of equity securities registered
pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act is offering to buy back any class of

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 its own equity securities (including debt that is convertible into equity
securities). Schedule TO-T must be filed when a third party is offering to buy
equity securities that are registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act
(including Section 12 registered debt that is convertible into equity securities) in
a transaction that would result in the third party owning greater than 5% of the
class of securities subject to the offer if the offer is fully subscribed. Schedule
TO-C must be filed for written communications about the transaction before the
offer commences.

14210.2 A tender offer may be a “going private” transaction, in which case Schedule
13E-3 must be filed as well. To be subject to Rule 13e-3, a going private
transaction must involve a purchase of an equity security, a tender offer or
specified kind of solicitation by an issuer or an affiliate. It must also be
intended to or reasonably likely to cause a class of equity securities registered
under the Exchange Act to: 1) become eligible for termination of registration
under Rule 12g-4 or Rule 12h-6 or suspension under Rule 12h-3; or 2) be de-
listed from a securities exchange or inter-dealer quotation system. Rule 13e-3
covers single transactions, as well as a series of transactions, where the elements
of the rule are met. A party engaged in a going private transaction must file and
disseminate to security holders the information specified in Schedule 13E-3.
This Schedule requires detailed information addressing whether the filing
person believes the transaction is fair to unaffiliated security holders and why.
Schedule 13E-3 can be combined with Schedule TO, in which case the Rule
13e-3 box on the cover page to Schedule TO must be checked.

14300 CASH OFFER FINANCIAL STATEMENT

REQUIREMENTS
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

14310 Financial Statement Requirements of Schedule TO

NOTE: If the tender offer consideration includes registered securities, the

financial statement requirements of Forms S-4 or F-4 should be followed.

14310.1 Instructions to Item 10 of Schedule TO provide the following:

a. If material, the financial information required by Item 1010(a) and (b)

of Regulation M-A for the issuer in an issuer tender offer and for the
offeror in a third-party tender offer must be filed. See Section 14400.

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 b. Other guidance included in Instructions to Item 10:

1. Financial statements must be provided when the offeror's

financial condition is material to a security holder's decision
whether to sell, tender or hold the securities sought. The facts
and circumstances of a tender offer, particularly the terms of
the tender offer, may influence a determination as to whether
financial statements are material, and thus required to be
disclosed.

2. Financial statements are not considered material when:

i) the consideration offered consists solely of cash;

ii) the offer is not subject to any financing condition; and
either:
iii) the offeror is a public reporting company under Section
13(a) or 15(d) of the 1934 Act that files reports
electronically on EDGAR, or
iv) the offer is for all outstanding securities of the subject
class.

3. The filer may incorporate by reference financial statements

contained in any document filed with the SEC, solely for the
purposes of this schedule, if:

i) the financial statements substantially meet the

requirements of this item;
ii) an express statement is made that the financial
statements are incorporated by reference;
iii) the information incorporated by reference is clearly
identified by page, paragraph, caption or otherwise; and
iv) if the information incorporated by reference is not filed
with this schedule, an indication is made where the
information may be inspected and copies obtained.

Financial statements that are required to be presented in

comparative form for two or more fiscal years or periods may
not be incorporated by reference unless the material
incorporated by reference includes the entire period for
which the comparative data is required to be given.

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 4. If the offeror in a third-party tender offer is a natural person,
and that person's financial information is material, the net
worth of the offeror must be disclosed. If the offeror's net
worth is derived from material amounts of assets that are not
readily marketable or there are material guarantees and
contingencies, the nature and approximate amount of the
individual's net worth that consists of illiquid assets and the
magnitude of any guarantees or contingencies that may
negatively affect the natural person's net worth must be
disclosed.

5. Pro forma financial information is required in a negotiated

third-party cash tender offer when securities are intended to
be offered to remaining target security holders in a
subsequent merger (two-tier transaction) and the acquisition
of the target company is significant to the offeror. The offeror
must disclose the financial information specified in Item 3(f)
and Item 5 of Form S-4 in the schedule filed with the SEC,
but may furnish only the summary financial information
specified in Item 3(d), (e) and (f) of Form S-4 in the
disclosure document sent to security holders. When pro
forma financial information is required, then the bidder’s
historical financial statements for all periods stipulated in
Item 1010(a) are required as well.

6. The materials sent to security holders may contain the

summarized financial information specified by Item 1010(c)
instead of the financial information required by Item 1010(a)
and (b). In that case, the full financial information required
by Item 1010(a) and (b) must be incorporated by reference or
disclosed in the Schedule TO. If summarized financial
information is sent to security holders, instructions on how
more complete financial information can be obtained must be
disclosed. If the summarized financial information is
prepared on the basis of a comprehensive body of accounting
principles other than U.S. GAAP or IFRS as issued by the
IASB, the summarized financial information must be
accompanied by a reconciliation as described in Instruction 8
below.

Note: When financial information is considered material and

the offeror elects to incorporate that information by
reference, the disclosure materials disseminated to security
holders must nonetheless contain at least summarized
financial information specified by Item 1010(c). In addition,

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 when that summarized financial information is disseminated
to security holders instead of full financial information
required by Item 1010(a) and (b), the full financial
information must be provided in the Schedule TO or
incorporated by reference. See the Division of Corporation
Finance’s July 2001 Interim Supplement to Publicly
Available Telephone Interpretations, Section H7.

7. If the offeror is a non-reporting company, the financial

statements required need not be audited if audited financial
statements are not available or obtainable without
unreasonable cost or expense. A statement to that effect and
the reasons for their unavailability must be disclosed.

8. If the financial statements required by this Item are prepared

on the basis of a comprehensive body of accounting
principles other than U.S. GAAP or IFRS as issued by the
IASB, a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP in accordance with
Item 17 of Form 20-F must be provided, unless a
reconciliation is unavailable or not obtainable without
unreasonable cost or expense. At a minimum, however, when
financial statements are prepared on a basis other than U.S.
GAAP or IFRS as issued by the IASB, a narrative description
of all material variations in accounting principles, practices
and methods used in preparing those financial statements
from U.S. GAAP must be presented.

Note: If a bidder's financial statements prepared on a basis

other than U.S. GAAP or IFRS as issued by the IASB are not
required to be filed in conjunction with an all-cash tender
offer based on Reg. M-A, but the bidder includes its financial
statements anyway (for example, in order to comply with a
foreign jurisdiction's rules and regulations), a U.S. GAAP
reconciliation is required unless it is not available. If a U.S.
GAAP reconciliation is not provided in this circumstance, the
following disclosures should be provided:

i) The headnote to those financial statements should

explain why the bidder's financial statements are
included, that they are not required to be filed under the
SEC's rules, and that they don't include all the
disclosures that would be required under the SEC's
rules, such as a U.S. GAAP reconciliation.

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 ii) Narrative description of the GAAP differences that
normally would be required under Instruction 3 to Item
8.A.5 of Form 20-F is encouraged but not required.

This guidance is included in the Division of Corporation

Finance’s July 2001 Interim Supplement to Publicly
Available Telephone Interpretations, Section H10.

14310.2 A manually signed copy of the accountant’s report is not required to be filed
with the SEC in connection with a Schedule TO. See the Division of
Corporation Finance’s July 2001 Interim Supplement to Publicly Available
Telephone Interpretations, Section H11. (Last updated: 6/30/2009)

14310.3 Previously issued historical financial statements of the issuer (in an issuer tender
offer) or of the bidder (in a third-party tender offer) to be included in a Schedule
TO (because they are considered material under 14310.1 (b.1) and 14310.1 (b.2)
above) are not required to be recast to reflect a subsequent discontinued
operation or a subsequent organizational change causing a change to its
reportable segments. This is because previously issued financial statements are
not considered to be “reissued” merely by disclosure included in a Schedule TO.
However, sufficient information about the subsequent discontinued operation or
change in reportable segments must be provided in the Schedule TO so that
security holders are informed of those changes and their impact on the reported
financial statements. The effect of the discontinued operation should be
reflected through pro forma financial information prepared in accordance with
S-X Article 11. Segment information under both the old basis and the new basis
of segmentation should be presented, to the extent practicable, for all periods for
which a statement of comprehensive income has been filed in the Schedule TO.

14310.4 During the tender offer period, an issuer’s periodic report on Form 10-K or
Form 10-Q may become due and be filed in the normal course. There is no per
se requirement to amend the Schedule TO to update information previously
disclosed based on current information derived from the newly filed Form 10-K
or 10-Q. However, management must evaluate whether the newly filed Form
10-K or 10-Q contains a “material change in information” previously
disseminated to security holders. If that newly filed periodic report contains a
material change in information, such as, for example, a significant change in the
company’s business or a material event, the registrant should file an amendment
to the Schedule TO in order to summarize the nature of the material change
and/or incorporate the newly filed Form 10-K or 10-Q. Because the SEC
generally has required that at least five business days remain in the offer period
after disseminating information about a material change, the registrant may need
to extend the offer period to allow security holders time to receive and consider
the new information. If the newly filed periodic report does not contain a
material change in information, the registrant may nevertheless choose to file an
amendment to the Schedule TO.

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14320 Financial Statement Requirements of Schedule 13E-3
14320.1 The financial information required by Item 1010(a) and (b) of Regulation M-A
for the issuer of the subject class of securities must be filed. See Section 14400.

14320.2 Instructions to Item 13 provide the following:

a. The disclosure materials sent to security holders may contain the

summarized financial information required by Item 1010(c) instead of
the financial information required by Item 1010(a) and (b). In that
case, the financial information required by Item 1010(a) and (b) must
be disclosed directly or incorporated by reference in the Schedule 13E-
3. If summarized financial information is sent to security holders,
instructions on how more complete financial information can be
obtained must be disclosed. If the summarized financial information is
prepared on the basis of a comprehensive body of accounting
principles other than U.S. GAAP or IFRS as issued by the IASB, the
summarized financial information must be accompanied by a
reconciliation to U.S. GAAP in accordance with Item 17 of Form 20-
F.
b. If the financial statements required are prepared on the basis of a
comprehensive body of accounting principles other than U.S. GAAP
or IFRS as issued by the IASB, a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP in
accordance with Item 17 of Form 20-F must be provided.
c. The filer may incorporate by reference financial statements contained
in any document filed with the SEC, solely for the purposes of this
schedule, if:

1. the financial statements substantially meet the requirements

of this Item;
2. an express statement is made that the financial statements are
incorporated by reference;
3. the matter incorporated by reference is clearly identified by
page, paragraph, caption or otherwise; and
4. if the matter incorporated by reference is not filed with this
Schedule, an indication is made where the information may
be inspected and copies obtained.

Financial statements that are required to be presented in comparative

form for two or more fiscal years or periods may not be incorporated
by reference unless the material incorporated by reference includes the
entire period for which the comparative data is required to be given.

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 Issuers that incorporate financial statements by reference must
disseminate to security holders the summarized financial information
required by Item 1010(c).

14400 ITEM 1010 OF REGULATION M-A: FINANCIAL

STATEMENTS
(Last updated: 10/30/2020)

14410 Financial Information – Item 1010(a)

14410.1 Audited financial statements for the two fiscal years required to be filed with the
company's most recent annual report under Sections 13 and 15(d) of the 1934
Act;

a. For a bidder that is not subject to the periodic reporting requirements

of the Exchange Act, audited financial statements for its most recently
completed fiscal year must be included in a Schedule TO if the mailing
date is beyond 90 days after the end of the fiscal year. If the proposed
mailing date falls within 90 days after the end of the fiscal year, that
Schedule need not include financial statements more current than as of
the end of the third fiscal quarter of the most recently completed fiscal
year unless the financial statements for the most recently completed
fiscal year are available. See the Division of Corporation Finance’s
July 2001 Interim Supplement to Publicly Available Telephone
Interpretations, Section H8.

b. For a bidder that is a foreign private issuer, the audited year-end

financial statements must be included in a Schedule TO if the mailing
date is beyond four months after the end of the fiscal year, unless the
financial statements for the most recently completed fiscal year are
available.

14410.2 Unaudited balance sheets, comparative year-to-date statements of

comprehensive income and related earnings per share data, and statements of
cash flows required to be included in the company's most recent quarterly report
filed under the 1934 Act.

For a bidder that is a foreign private issuer, quarterly or other interim financial
statements need not be included in a Schedule TO unless it has filed such
information in a report on Form 6-K or made it publicly available in its home
jurisdiction. This also applies to a foreign private issuer filing a Schedule 13E-
3. If the foreign private issuer prepares its financial statements on the basis of a
comprehensive body of accounting principles other than U.S. GAAP or IFRS as

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 issued by the IASB, the quarterly or other interim financial information should
include disclosures consistent with the guidance in Instruction 3 to Item 8.A.5
of Form 20-F. See the Division of Corporation Finance’s July 2001 Interim
Supplement to Publicly Available Telephone Interpretations, Section H9.
(Last updated: 9/30/2012)

14410.3 [Reserved].

14410.4 Book value per share as of the date of the most recent balance sheet presented.

14420 Pro Forma Information – Item 1010(b)

14420.1 If material, pro forma information must be filed disclosing the effect of the
transaction on:

a. The company's balance sheet as of the date of the most recent balance
sheet presented under Section 14410.
b. The company's statement of comprehensive income and earnings per
share for the most recent fiscal year and the latest interim period
provided under Section 14410.2; and
c. The company's book value per share as of the date of the most recent
balance sheet presented under Section 14410.

14430 Summary Information – Item 1010(c)

14430.1 A fair and adequate summary of the information specified in Sections 14410
and 14420 must be filed for the same periods specified. A fair and adequate
summary includes:

a. The summarized financial information specified in S-X 1-02(bb)(1);

b. Income per common share from continuing operations (basic and
diluted, if applicable);
c. Net income per common share (basic and diluted, if applicable);
d. [Reserved];
e. Book value per share as of the date of the most recent balance sheet;
and
f. If material, pro forma data for the summarized financial information
specified in Section 14430.1(a) through (e) disclosing the effect of the
transaction.

*****

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 TOPIC 15

EMPLOYEE STOCK BENEFIT PLANS

15100 FILING REQUIREMENTS OF FORM S-8 AND

FORM 11-K
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

15110 Employee Benefit Plan a Separate Registrant

Where an employee benefit plan (Plan) registers Plan interests as separate
securities from the issuer’s securities offered under the Plan, the Plan incurs a
separate reporting obligation under §15(d) of the Exchange Act. This obligation
requires the Plan to file an annual report on Form 11-K. Late or incomplete
filings on Form 11-K by the Plan do not adversely affect the issuer’s ability to
use Form S-3 or rely on Rule 144 because the Plan is a separate issuer.

15120 Financial Statement Requirements

15120.1 The financial statement requirements in Form 11-K are specified by the Form
and S-X Article 6A, which follow generally the form and procedures as in
Topic 1, Section 1110.

15120.2 In addition, consider ERISA requirements:

Plans Subject to ERISA Plans Not Subject to ERISA

a. May file the financial information prepared Must provide the schedules
in accordance with ERISA requirements in required by S-X 6A-05.
lieu of the financial statements required by S-
X Article 6A.
b. To the extent required by ERISA, such
financial statements shall be audited.
However, the “limited scope exemption”
contained in Section 103(a)3(C) of ERISA
shall not be available. [Paragraph 4 of Form
11-K Required Information]
c. If the financial statements filed with ERISA
do not require an opinion of the independent
accountant, no opinion is required for Form
11-K.

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15120.3 Audit Requirement

Audit reports on financial statements of the Plan included in a Form 11-K must
be issued by a firm registered with the PCAOB.

15120.4 Registrations on Form S-8, for a New Plan

a. Any registrant that is required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or

15(d) of the Exchange Act is eligible to use Form S-8 provided:

1. Registrant is current in reporting obligations with respect to

all reports and other materials required to be filed during the
preceding 12 months, or such shorter time as registrant was
required to report under the Exchange Act [General
Instruction A.1], and
2. Registrant is not a shell company and has not been a shell
company for the previous 60 calendar days; and if it has been
a shell company at any time previously, has filed current
Form 10 information at least 60 calendar days previously
reflecting its status as an entity that is not a shell company.
[General Instruction A.1] A business combination shell
company may use Form S-8 immediately after it ceases to be
a shell company and files Form 10 information reflecting its
status as an entity that is not a shell company. [General
Instruction A.1(a)(7)] (Last updated: 6/30/2013)

b. Form S-8 is effective upon filing [Regulation C, Rule 462] and

incorporates by reference filings made under Sections 13, 14 and 15(d)
of the Exchange Act. Other than a resale prospectus permitted by
General Instruction C, no prospectus is filed in Form S-8. Instead,
prospectus delivery is accomplished by delivery of the documents
specified in Rule 428. There is no separate requirement for financial
statements required by Regulation S-X.

c. Registrant information is updated by the filing of Exchange Act

reports, which are incorporated by reference. Any material changes in
the registrant’s affairs required to be disclosed in the registration
statement, but not required to be included in a specific Exchange Act
report, are reported on Form 8-K pursuant to Item 8.01 of that form.
[General Instruction G.2]

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 1. Form S-8 is not subject to the same financial statement
updating requirements as other registration statements. For
example, the sponsor’s financial statements incorporated by
reference into Form S-8 need not comply with the 45-day
year-end rule. See Section 1220.3.

d. Form S-8 requires the following for both the sponsor (the registrant)
and the Plan.

1. For the registrant, which must be current in its reporting

obligations, incorporate by reference [Item 3 of Form S-8]:

i) The registrant’s most recent annual report under the

Exchange Act (or the registrant’s filing under cover
of Form 10) or the most recent Rule 424(b)
prospectus filed under the Securities Act (if that
prospectus contains the registrant’s financial
statements for the most recent fiscal year),
ii) All other reports filed by the registrant pursuant to
Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act since
the end of the fiscal year covered by the most recent
annual report, Form 10, or prospectus in
15120.4(d)(1)(i) above, and
iii) All documents subsequently filed by the registrant
pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, and 15(d) of
the Exchange Act prior to the filing of a post-
effective amendment indicating that all securities
offered have been sold or deregistering all securities
then remaining unsold.

2. For the Plan, if interests in the Plan are being registered

[General Instruction A.2]:

i) Incorporate the Plan’s latest annual report filed

pursuant to Section 15(d) (Form 11-K), or
ii) If the Plan has not previously been subject to the
reporting requirements of Section 15(d), file an
annual report for the Plan’s latest fiscal year, in the
form required under Section 15(d) (Form 11-K) at the
same time the Form S-8 is filed.

• If the plan has not yet completed its first fiscal

year, file an annual report for a period ending
not more than 90 days prior to the filing of the

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 registration statement at the same time the
Form S-8 registration statement is filed.

• If the plan has not been in existence for at

least 90 days prior to the filing date, the
requirement to file an employee plan annual
report at the same time the Form S-8
registration statement is filed shall not apply.
For this purpose (General Instruction A.2), a
plan is considered “not to have been in
existence for 90 days” if it is either a new plan
or for the first time is offering employer
securities as an investment option for
employee contributions.

iii) If financial statements of the plan are required to be

filed, they should be prepared in accordance with S-X
Article 6A and for the periods specified in S-X 3-01
and 3-02. However, if employer securities are added
as an investment option to an existing plan that
previously had not been required to report to the SEC
and a “new plan” is deemed to have come into
existence for purposes of General Instruction A.2.,
such financial statements need only be presented from
the date that the new plan is deemed to have come
into existence.

15200 EXCHANGE ACT AGE OF FINANCIAL

STATEMENTS REQUIREMENTS
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

15210 General Requirement

Form 11-K is required to be filed within 90 days after the end of the fiscal year
of the Plan, except for plans subject to ERISA [General Instruction A to Form
11-K]. If the issuer of the securities offered by the Plan files annual reports on
Form 10-K, the Plan may file its financial statements in the issuer’s Form 10-K.
[Rule 15d-21 of the Exchange Act] If this procedure is followed, the Plan’s
financial statements (as required by Form 11-K) should be filed within 120 days
after the end of the Plan’s fiscal year (either as a part of the Form 10-K, or as an
amendment to the Form 10-K). However, if the Plan’s fiscal year ends within
62 days prior to the end of the fiscal year of the issuer, such information may be
filed as a part of the issuer’s next annual report.

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15220 Plans Subject to ERISA
Form 11-K for a plan subject to ERISA is due within 180 days after the Plan’s
fiscal year end [General Instruction A to Form 11-K]. If the Plan subject to
ERISA elects the option permitted by Rule 15d-21 (see 15210 above), the
financial statements required by Form 11-K should be filed within 180 days
after the Plan’s fiscal year end.

15230 Form 8-K Requirements

Filing the Form 11-K satisfies the Section 15(d) reporting requirements of the
plan. Rule 15d-21 provides that separate other reports need not be filed
pursuant to Section 15(d) with respect to any plan that elects to rely on the Rule
15d-21 reporting option. See Section 15210. The Division does not object
when plans filing Form 11-K do not file any other Exchange Act reports.
Accordingly, plans are not subject to any Form 8-K reporting requirements,
including Item 4.01 regarding changes in the plan’s certifying accountant.

*****

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 TOPIC 16

MULTIJURISDICTIONAL DISCLOSURE SYSTEM

16000 GENERAL
(Last updated: 6/30/2013)

Effective July 1, 1991, the SEC adopted a multijurisdictional disclosure system

(“MJDS”) for Canadian issuers. The MJDS adopted by the SEC allows eligible
Canadian issuers to register securities under the Securities Act and to register
securities and report under the Exchange Act by use of documents prepared
largely in accordance with Canadian requirements.

NOTE: In 2008, the SEC adopted revisions to Form 20-F and related rules and
forms. The revisions can be found in Foreign Issuer Reporting Enhancements,
(Release No. 33-8959) at http://www.sec.gov/rules/final/2008/33-8959.pdf.
Most of these revisions do not apply to Form 40-F and do not change the
requirements for issuers under MJDS. However, an MJDS filer is required to test
its status as a foreign private issuer only as of the last business day of its second
fiscal quarter under the new rules. See Section 6110.2.

A Canadian issuer filing under the Multi-Jurisdictional Disclosure System

(“MJDS”) may qualify as an EGC. While the disclosure requirements for the
Canadian issuer would continue to be established under its home country
standards in accordance with the MJDS, other provisions of Title I, such as the
deferral of compliance with Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, would be
available to an MJDS filer that qualifies as an EGC. See Topic 10.

16100 MJDS OFFERINGS – ELIGIBILITY

REQUIREMENTS
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

16110 Rights Offer

16110.1 To encourage Canadian issuers to extend rights offers to their U.S. shareholders
(rather than cash them out in order to avoid U.S. registration), MJDS Form F-7
is available for Securities Act registration in connection with such offers. Form
F-7 acts as a wraparound for the relevant Canadian offering documents. No

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 reconciliation to U.S. GAAP is required for financial statements included under
cover of that Form.

16110.2 To be eligible, an issuer must:

a. be incorporated or organized in Canada and be a foreign private issuer;

b. have been reporting for the preceding 36 months to Canadian
securities regulatory authorities;
c. have been listed for the preceding 12 months on the Montreal or
Toronto Stock Exchange or the Senior Board of the Vancouver Stock
Exchange 14; and
d. be currently in compliance with its reporting and listing obligations.

In addition:

e. the rights may not be transferable other than in accordance with

Regulation S, and
f. the rights must be granted to U.S. holders on terms no less favorable
than those extended to any other holder of the same class of securities.

16120 Exchange Offers

16120.1 To encourage Canadian offerors to extend exchange offers for Canadian target
companies to U.S. shareholders, MJDS Forms F-8 and F-80 are available in
specified circumstances to register the securities to be issued by the offeror. In
the case of an exchange offer, those Forms consist primarily of the relevant
Canadian offering documents. No reconciliation to U.S. GAAP is required for
financial statements included under cover of those Forms.

16120.2 To be eligible to use Form F-8 or F-80, the offeror in an exchange offer must:

a. be incorporated or organized in Canada and be a foreign private issuer;

b. have been reporting for the preceding 36 months to Canadian
securities regulatory authorities;
c. have been listed for the preceding 12 months on the Montreal or
Toronto Stock Exchange or the Senior Board of the Vancouver Stock
Exchange;
d. be currently in compliance with its reporting and listing obligations;
and

14
The Vancouver Stock Exchange is now called the TSX Venture Exchange.

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 e. have a public float (an aggregate market value held by non-affiliates)
of at least (CN) $75 million, unless the issuer is making an exchange
offer for its own securities.

In addition:

f. the issuer of the securities that are the subject of the exchange offer
must be incorporated or organized in Canada and be a foreign private
issuer;
g. less than 25% (in the case of Form F-8) or 40% (in the case of Form F-
80) of the securities that are the subject of the exchange offer are held
by U.S. holders;
h. the securities must be offered to U.S. holders on terms no less
favorable than those offered to any other holder of the same class of
securities; and
i. derivative securities may not be registered on Form F-8 or F-80
except:

1. warrants, options and rights, if they and the underlying

securities to which they relate are issued by the registrant, its
parent or an affiliate of either, and
2. convertible securities, if they are convertible into only
securities of the registrant, its parent or an affiliate of either.

16130 Business Combinations

16130.1 Registration of securities is allowed on MJDS Forms F-8 and F-80 in
connection with Canadian statutory amalgamations, mergers, arrangements and
other reorganizations requiring the vote of shareholders of the participating
companies (“business combinations”). In the case of a business combination,
those Forms consist of primarily the information prepared for distribution under
Canadian proxy requirements. No reconciliation to U.S. GAAP is required for
financial statements included under cover of those forms.

16130.2 Registration in connection with a business combination is allowed on those

forms if:

a. each participant is organized or incorporated in Canada and is a

foreign private issuer;
b. the predecessor participants have been reporting for the preceding 36
months to Canadian securities regulatory authorities;

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 c. the predecessor participants have been listed for the preceding 12
months on the Montreal or Toronto exchange or the Senior Board of
the Vancouver Stock Exchange;
d. each predecessor participant has a public float of (CN) $75 million;
e. U.S. holders would hold less than 25% (in the case of Form F-8) or
40% (in the case of Form F-80) of the class of securities being
registered by the successor upon completion of the business
combination; and
f. the securities must be offered to U.S. holders on terms no less
favorable than those offered to any other holder of the same class of
securities.

16140 Offerings of Investment Grade Non-Convertible Debt or

Preferred Securities
16140.1 Offerings by issuers of investment grade debt and preferred stock may be
registered under the Securities Act on Form F-9. The debt or preferred stock
must be rated investment grade (typically, the four highest ratings) by a
nationally recognized statistical rating organization or by a securities rating
organization recognized by Canadian securities regulators as an “Approved
Rating Organization” in order to qualify. Securities registered on the Form
must either be non-convertible or convertible only after one year from the date
of issuance. Like the other MJDS forms, Form F-9 is primarily a wraparound
form for the Canadian disclosure documents. No reconciliation of financial
statements to U.S. GAAP is required.

16140.2 To be eligible, an issuer must:

a. be incorporated or organized in Canada and be a foreign private issuer

or a crown corporation;
b. have been reporting for the preceding 12 months to Canadian
securities regulatory authorities;
c. be currently in compliance with its reporting obligations; and
d. have a public float of at least $75 million, unless the securities being
registered are not convertible.

16150 Offerings of Other Securities

16150.1 Securities Act registration of other securities, including equity securities, is
permitted on Form F-10. The content of a Form F-10 includes the Canadian
disclosure documents plus certain additional disclosures specified by SEC rules.
See Section 16500. Inclusion of financial statements is specified by Canadian

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 rules, but reconciliation of those included financial statements to U.S. GAAP,
following Item 18 of Form 20-F, is required. However, the staff has not
objected to Item 17 reconciliation of non-issuer financial statements where
Form 20-F permits Item 17 reconciliation, such as those for acquired businesses
and equity method investees.

16150.2 To be eligible, an issuer must:

a. be incorporated or organized in Canada and be a foreign private issuer

or a crown corporation;
b. have been reporting for the preceding 12 months to Canadian
securities regulatory authorities;
c. be currently in compliance with its reporting obligations; and
d. have a public float of at least $75 million.

16150.3 In addition, derivative securities may not be registered on Form F-10 except:

a. warrants, options and rights, provided that such securities and the
underlying securities to which they relate are issued by the registrant,
its parent or an affiliate of either, or
b. convertible securities, provided that such securities are convertible
only into securities of the registrant, its parent or an affiliate of either.

16150.4 The registration of securities by eligible issuers in connection with exchange

offers is specifically accommodated in Forms F-9 and F-10, and registration in
connection with business combinations is accommodated in Form F-10.

16200 REGISTRATION AND PERIODIC REPORTING

UNDER THE EXCHANGE ACT
(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

16210 Forms 40-F and 6-K

16210.1 These forms are available for use by certain Canadian issuers to register
securities under Section 12(b) or 12(g) or report under Section 15(d) of the
Exchange Act. Information to be filed on Form 40-F includes the issuer’s
annual information form and audited annual financial statements with
accompanying management’s discussion and analysis, all as prepared in
accordance with Canadian requirements. For example, the number of periods
for which financial statements are required for Canadian issuers that file on
Form 40-F is based on the Canadian requirements. The Canadian requirements
ordinarily require two years of audited annual financial statements in annual

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 reports, unlike Form 20-F that requires most other foreign private issuers to file
three years of audited annual financial statements [refer to Section 6210.1].
Reconciliation as specified in Item 17 of Form 20-F is required in connection
with any Form 40-F filed unless the obligation to file arises because of
registration on Form F-7, F-8, F-9, or F-80 or the Form 40-F is filed with
respect to securities that could have been registered under the Securities Act on
Form F-9. Form 6-K information is that which the issuer has made public in its
home jurisdiction, filed with a stock exchange where its securities are traded, or
distributed to its shareholders. (Last updated: 3/31/2012)

16210.2 Canadian issuers that list securities on a U.S. stock exchange or whose
securities are authorized for quotation on NASDAQ or that exceed the Section
12(g) threshold of equity securities held of record by U.S. residents are eligible
to use Forms 40-F and 6-K to satisfy such registration or continuous reporting
obligations under the Exchange Act if:

a. the issuer is eligible to use Form F-10, or

b. the issuer is eligible to use F-9 and the securities to which the
reporting obligation relates were registered or could have been
registered on Form F-9.

16210.3 Canadian issuers that otherwise would incur an obligation to report under
Section 15(d) by registering securities on Form F-7, F-8, or F-80 are exempt
therefrom if the issuer is exempt from the obligations of Section 12(g) by virtue
of Rule 12g3-2(b). Rule 12g3-2(b) contemplates the submission of home
jurisdiction disclosure documents to the SEC by the issuer. Reporting
obligations otherwise arising under Section 15(d) solely as a result of an issuer
having filed a registration statement on Form F-7, F-8, F-9, F-10, or F-80 may
be satisfied by filing on Forms 40-F and 6-K.

16210.4 The exemption from reporting provided by Rule 12g3-2(b) encompasses a

Canadian issuer that has in the past eighteen months registered securities under
the Securities Act on Form F-7, F-8, F-9, F-10 or F-80.

16300 TENDER OFFERS

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

To encourage such offers to be made to U.S. investors, tender offers that are
primarily Canadian in character are able to comply with the provisions of the
Williams Act by complying with applicable Canadian tender regulations.
Schedules 13E-4F (issuer tender offer), 14D-1F (third-party or affiliate tender
offer), and 14D-9F (recommendation by an issuer, or director or officer of the
issuer with respect to a tender offer filed on Schedule 14D-1F) may be used in
connection with offers made in both jurisdictions for a class of securities of a
Canadian issuer.

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16310 Eligibility Requirements
16310.1 Offers must be extended to all holders of the class of securities in the United
States and Canada upon terms and conditions no less favorable than those
offered to any other holder of the same class of securities.

16310.2 The transaction must be covered by and not be exempt from substantive
provisions of Canadian law governing the terms and conditions of the offer.

16310.3 U.S. holders must hold less than 40 percent of the subject securities.

16320 U.S. Ownership Ceiling

16320.1 The percentage ceiling on U.S. ownership for cash and exchange offers made
pursuant to the MJDS is calculated by reference to securities held by persons
with U.S. addresses in the records of the issuer and other specified records.
U.S. affiliates of the Canadian company are not excluded from the calculation
of the U.S. ownership ceiling.

16320.2 The date used for calculating U.S. ownership is the end of the subject
company’s last quarter or, if such quarter terminated within 60 days of the filing
date, as of the end of the subject company’s preceding quarter. In addition, the
date of the initial bid, in the case of competing bids, will be used for
determining MJDS eligibility for all subsequent competing bids. Subsequent
competing bids are permitted to look back to the initial commencement date, so
long as the initial offer was eligible to use the MJDS, regardless of whether the
initial offer took advantage of the MJDS.

16320.3 Third-party bidders, whether solicited or unsolicited, are permitted to rely upon
a conclusive presumption that less than the threshold percentage of securities is
held by U.S. holders and that the target is a foreign private issuer, absent
published trading volume data, disclosure in public filings or actual knowledge
to the contrary.

16400 CANADIAN REGULATION

(Last updated: 9/30/2008)

A condition to the use of MJDS to effect cross-border tender and exchange

offers is that the offer be subject to a Canadian regulatory scheme governing the
conduct of tender offers. Consequently, transactions that are not subject to
Canadian tender offer regulation, such as offers for non-convertible debt
securities and non-convertible, non-voting preferred stock, would not be eligible
for the MJDS. Also, offers exempted from Canadian tender offer regulation
likewise would not qualify.

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16500 SARBANES-OXLEY
(Last updated: 6/30/2013)

As noted above, MJDS allows eligible Canadian issuers to comply with the U.S.
securities laws by use of documents prepared largely in accordance with
Canadian requirements. However, various SEC rules adopted as a result of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act require MJDS issuers to provide disclosures in their
Exchange Act reports beyond those that may be required in Canada. The
additional disclosure requirements, which are similar to those required for other
domestic and foreign private issuers, are found in General Instruction B(6)
through B(12) of Form 40-F. The principal additional disclosures include:

• Section 302 and 906 certifications

• Disclosure controls and procedures
• Internal control over financial reporting and, for non-EGC accelerated filers
and large accelerated filers, the related auditor attestation (effective for
fiscal years ending after July 15, 2006)
• Audit committee financial experts
• Officer code of ethics
• Auditor fees and services
• Off-balance sheet arrangements
• Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations

In addition, filings of MJDS issuers are subject to staff review under the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act like any other registrant.

16600 AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE

(Last updated: 3/31/2010)

Auditors of MJDS issuers must comply with all SEC and PCAOB rules on
auditor independence. General Instruction C (1) to Form 40-F permits a foreign
auditor, solely for purposes of an MJDS issuer’s initial registration statement, to
be independent under SEC and PCAOB rules for at least the most recent audited
fiscal year, provided that auditor is independent under local standards for all
periods presented. The auditor must remain independent under SEC and
PCAOB rules for all subsequent periods.

*****

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