Govt.

REWA ENGNEERING COLLEGE

Session-2021-2025
Internship Report
On
“Internet Of Things (IOT)”

Submitted To : Submitted By :
Prof. Ashok Dohare (HOD) Shailja Tiwari
Prof. Anirudh Sir Enoll-0301EC211050
Branch - ECE
 Acknowledgement

I have taken efforts in this internship. However , it would not have been possible without the
kind support and help of many individuals and organization’s . I would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them, The internship opportunity I had with CRISP was a great chance for
learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual
as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it .

I would like to express our deep sense of respect and gratitude towards our advisor prof.
Anirudh Singh Sir , department of Electronics and Communication Engineering , for her
visionary guidance throughout this work.

Shailja Tiwari

0301EC211050
 ABSTRACT

I am a student of REWA ENGINEERING COLLEGE REWA and studying in ECE branch 5 th semester
AS a part of our degree we have undergone in a internship process. I have complete my
internship on Internet of Things (IOT). In this internship we have been learn about react
Internet of Things (IOT), AI techniques to create a web page . I have completed training in
period of jun 2023 to July 2023 at offline of CRISP Company.

Shailja Tiwari

0301EC211050
Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. What is Internet of Things (IoT)?
3. History of IOT
4. How Iot Works?
5. Example of IOT
 Smart Home Security
 Smart Home: Heating & Cooling
 Smart Home: Kitchen
 Smart Driving
 Smart Toll Collection
 Wearables
 Healthcare
6. IOT benefits
 Achieve Customer-Centricity
 Gathering Rich Data
 Enhanced Security Measures
 Reduction in Operational Cost
 Use of Smart Devices
7. Why is IOT so important?
 Better Decision Making
 Real-time Tracking and Monitoring
 Automation
 More Efficient Personal and Business Tasks
8. IOT Applications
9. What is AI
10. Challenges and opportunities
11. Advantages
12. Disadvantages
13. Conclusion
1. Introduction

Internet has become an essential need of human life in 21St Century. With the
evolvement of the internet, various concepts have been developed to
communicate remotely between human to human and human to machine. Its
next step is to interconnect devices and systems in order to develop machine to
machine communication. Based on this, new concept called “Internet of Things
(IoT)” has introduced to the world.

Ground work of IoT was laid by Kevin Ashton in early 2000, when he was
introducing a system for Proctor & Gamble to improve business by linking Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) information to internet. In his proposal, all the
objects have been equipped with RFID tag and using RFID sensor, objects are
communicating with computers using a wireless network. However, this concept
has drawbacks at that period, due to lack of development in wireless
communication. Introduction of IPv6, small form factor of the devices and new
wireless technologies, such as Cellular (3G/ 4G), WLAN and LORA, Bluetooth
and Zig bee etc., have solve the obstacles, which have delayed the present
of IoT.

Internet of Things (IoT) use intelligently connected devices and systems to

leverage data gathered by embedded sensors and actuators in machines and
other physical objects. IoT has already penetrate and actively delivering in
consumer aspects such as security, health, education and energy. For
enterprises, IoT is able to improve decision making and productivity in
manufacturing, retail, agriculture and communication sectors. It is predicted that
50 billion connected devices in year 2020.
2. What is Internet of Things (IoT) ?

IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical

devices, such as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with software,
sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and
exchange data. This technology allows for the collection and sharing of data
from a vast network of devices, creating opportunities for more efficient and
automated systems.

Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain

electronics embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and
sense interactions amongst each other or with respect to the external
environment. In the upcoming years, IoT- based technology will offer advanced
levels of services and practically change the way people lead their daily lives.
Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities,
and smart homes are are just a very few of the categorical examples where IoT
is strongly established.

IoT is network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded

in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data.

Over 9 billion ‘Things’ (physical objects) are currently connected to the Internet,
as of now. In the near future, this number is expected to rise to a whopping 20
billion.
3. History of IOT

The main concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982,
with a modified Coca-Cola vending machine at Carnegie Mellon
University becoming the first ARPANET-connected appliance, able to report its
inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold or not. Mark Weiser 's 1991
paper on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of the 21st Century", as well as
academic venues such as Ubi Comp and Per Com produced the contemporary
vision of the IOT. In 1994, Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE Spectrum as
"[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and
automate everything from home appliances to entire factories". Between 1993
and 1997, several companies proposed solutions like Microsoft's at
Work or Novell's NEST. The field gained momentum when Bill
Joy envisioned device-to-device communication as a part of his "Six Webs"
framework, presented at the World Economic Forum at Davos in 1999.

The concept of the "Internet of things" and the term itself, first appeared in a
speech by Peter T. Lewis, to the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 15th
Annual Legislative Weekend in Washington, D.C., published in September 1985.
According to Lewis, "The Internet of Things, or IoT, is the integration of people,
processes and technology with connectable devices and sensors to enable
remote monitoring, status, manipulation and evaluation of trends of such
devices."

The term "Internet of things" was coined independently by Kevin

Ashton of Procter & Gamble, later of MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999, though he
prefers the phrase "Internet for things". At that point, he viewed radio-frequency
identification (RFID) as essential to the Internet of things, which would allow
computers to manage all individual things. The main theme of the Internet of
things is to embed short-range mobile transceivers in various gadgets and daily
necessities to enable new forms of communication between people and things,
and between things themselves.

In 2004 Cornelius "Pete" Peterson, CEO of NetSilicon, predicted that, "The next
era of information technology will be dominated by [IoT] devices, and networked
devices will ultimately gain in popularity and significance to the extent that they
will far exceed the number of networked computers and workstations." Peterson
believed that medical devices and industrial controls would become dominant
applications of the technology.

Defining the Internet of things as "simply the point in time when more 'things or
objects' were connected to the Internet than people", Cisco Systems estimated
that the IoT was "born" between 2008 and 2009, with the things/people ratio
growing from 0.08 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010.
 ust a very few of the categorical examples where IoT is strongly established.

IoT is network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded

in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data.

Over 9 billion ‘Things’ (physical objects) are currently connected to the Internet,
as of now. In the near future, this number is expected to rise to a whopping 20
billion.

4. How IOT Works

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded

systems -- such as processors, sensors and communication hardware -- to
collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments.

IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway,
which acts as a central hub where IoT devices can send data. Before the data is
shared, it can also be sent to an edge device where that data is analyzed locally.
Analyzing data locally reduces the volume of data sent to the cloud, which
minimizes bandwidth consumption.

Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on
the information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work
without human intervention, although people can interact with the devices -- for
example, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-
enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.

IoT can also use artificial intelligence and machine learning to aid in making data
collection processes easier and more dynamic.

5. Example of IOT

1. Smart Home Security

Let's start with how IoT helps secure your home. Window and door
contacts, glass break and motion detectors, and heat, smoke, and water
detectors combined with security alarm pads, cameras, and smart
doorbells help secure your home against break-ins, fire, and floods.
 Readings and alarms from these sensors flow to an in-home controller
and then on to the cloud via the Internet or through battery-powered
cellular communicators.

From the cloud, you will be alerted through a mobile phone or computer
app to any untoward activity in the home. Using the app, you can check
sensor logs and cameras to determine what's happening and where. You
can arm or disarm the security system remotely to deny or allow access to
your home. For more security, you can set up personalized access codes
for specific authorized users and be informed when they enter and leave
your home.

Forgot to arm your security system? With geo fencing arming reminders,
you'll be notified if you go beyond a specified distance from your home.
You can then use your app to arm the system.

You could already open your front door using a keypad code, but now iris
scanning, voice recognition, and facial recognition may soon eliminate the
need for keys or codes.

2. Smart Home: Heating & Cooling

Programmable thermostats have long been able to detect and adjust

temperatures and humidity to suit individual preferences: daytime,
nighttime, vacations, weekends, etc. Now with smart thermostats and
sensors, a whole new set of capabilities is available.

First, the system can be connected by Wi-Fi to the cloud and accessed
and controlled remotely through a mobile app. From a vacation spot, the
car, or even from the couch in front of their TV, users can monitor and
adjust temperatures for their comfort. And with smart sensors in your
bathroom or workout room, the system can automatically and individually
adjust the temperature and humidity as you or another family member
shower or exercise.

If you live in an older home without central heating and air conditioning,
you can still get a smart room air conditioner. On your way home on a hot
and sticky evening? Just switch on the unit ahead of time through your cell
phone app. Or tell Google Assistant or Amazon Alexa to switch it on as
you walk in the door.
 Your heating and cooling system can be set up to send you an alarm if
something is detected outside of acceptable ranges. On a wintery day,
you certainly want to know if your heating is out before the water pipes
freeze and burst! It gives you a chance to turn off the water with your
Smart Home app, or simply disarm your security system, so a friend can
get in to do it the old-fashioned way!

The heating system may also include gas, smoke, or CO2 sensors and
check the air in your home to determine if conditions are outside set
parameters, alerting you (and your alarm service) of possible gas leaks,
fires, or water leaks.

3. Smart Home: Kitchen

One of the first commercially available IoT devices was the internet Digital
DIOS smart refrigerator announced by LG Electronics in 2000. Although
that web-enabled model was not deemed a success, it has been followed
by smart IoT products from almost every kitchen appliance manufacturer.

Today, in your kitchen you'll find Wi-Fi-enabled fridges, faucets, gas and
electric ranges, microwave ovens, coffee makers, pizza ovens, wine
coolers, dishwashers, and toasters. You'll also find Wi-Fi controlled
washer and dryer in your laundry room and even a smart toilet in your
bathroom!

Smart refrigerators have a variety of features that you can control via
mobile phone app. Some features include cameras inside the fridge, so
you can monitor what's inside, and a touch screen on which you can pull
up recipes or create shopping lists.

Often, smart appliances are compatible with industry voice assistants, so

you can ask Siri, Alexa, or Google Assistant to dispense ice, turn on your
oven, or add something to your shopping list!

4. Smart Driving

It's only a matter of a few decades before self-driving cars and delivery
trucks are the norm. But even without driverless vehicles, there are plenty
of examples of IoT technology deployed in your everyday driving life.
Think of safety services such as General Motors' On Star. Sensors in the
car can detect mechanical problems and collisions and (via a cell link)
upload details to the cloud and a 24-hour service advisor.

You've seen the TV ads. The adviser speaks directly to the driver and
takes necessary action—dispatching emergency or recovery services as
 appropriate. And, courtesy of GPS, the adviser pinpoints your vehicle's
location. If the problem is mechanical, the advisor is able to run remote
diagnostics on the car, so the responding mechanic is prepared when she
arrives.

Another widely used type of IoT application is the navigation app like
Waze, Google Maps, and Apple Maps. You either use them on your
mobile phone, or in-car dashboard variants. Using a combination of
cellular and GPS networks, these apps help you get from A to Z! Waze is
a great example of IoT. The app continuously collects vehicle position
data and sends it to the cloud, where it has position data from all other
user vehicles. By computing the relative movement of each vehicle, Waze
can determine its speed and identify traffic slowdowns and jams. It can
estimate time in traffic, redirect the driver to an alternate route that
bypasses obstructions, and recompute the driver's projected arrival time.
Waze accepts driver-submitted data on road hazards, police presence,
traffic jams, etc. that it feeds back to all users on that route!

5. Smart Toll Collection

Our next IoT driving example is electronic toll collection (ETC). This
application is common in urban areas with toll roads, bridges, and tunnels.
There are electronic toll collection systems throughout the states, with the
E-Z Pass network covering 19 states from Maine, south to Florida, and
west to Minnesota. Florida's Sun Pass is tied into that network. In
California, the FasTrak network is used by toll agencies from the Bay Area
to San Diego.

You probably know how these systems work! You have a transponder on
your vehicle windshield that is read by sensors at each smart toll booth
that you pass. The transponder ID is fed to the cloud for validation — the
booth flashes a "Toll Paid" sign — and on you go. The transponder-
reading technology is so accurate that you can go through an express
lane at 50 miles per hour.

Now if you're not enrolled in the ETC system, you will have to use the
"Cash Only" lanes. But what if you go through a toll booth without a
transponder? Well, the toll booths are equipped with cameras that
photograph your license plate and the photo is used in real-time to check
that your plate is registered with the system. If not, expect a toll bill and
maybe a violation notice in your US mail! And don't think that having out-
of-state plates will save you!

One final "smart" thing about electronic toll collection systems. Your
transponder is programmed for the vehicle classification you register—
maybe your SUV or pickup truck! But what if you go through a smart toll
 pulling a trailer? Well, the toll booth has sensors to count the axles, and…
1-2-3…you'll be charged the appropriate fee!

6. Wearables

The "Dick Tracy'' dream of wearable communication and computing

devices is now a reality, with numerous applications in personal fitness,
leisure, wellness, and healthcare. Biometric sensors in watches, rings, and
wristbands can detect respiration rates, temperature, heart rate and rate
variability, and glucose and blood oxygen levels. These wearable devices
collect and store the raw data, before uploading it to a cloud infrastructure
via a cellular or Internet link.

Wearable devices often contain an accelerometer, that measures steps

taken and detects movements such as golf shots, or even a fall. Using
links to global positioning satellites (GPS), the devices can determine your
precise location and compute distances traveled. Golf watches contain
GPS-based maps of each golf course and can display your position on
each hole, distances to the green, as well as hazards such as water and
bunkers, and the distance for each shot! But you must still tell it which golf
club you used…it's not that smart yet!

7. Healthcare

Many wearable devices have health and wellness applications, but there
are numerous direct healthcare applications of IoT technology. For
instance, it has been reported that smart watches were able to detect
early COVID-19 symptoms up to a week earlier than nasal swab tests.

In fact, people now talk about the Internet of Medical Things (IOMT). The
most common healthcare applications of IoT are patient monitors and
trackers. These can be for diagnostic purposes or for remote patient
surveillance. Monitoring devices can measure vital signs such as heart
rate, temperature, blood pressure, and glucose levels.

One creative IoMT application is the smart pillbox. As the patient takes
their medication, the pillbox transmits patient data and the medication
taken to a cloud server, where it is processed and stored with the patient's
record—including their prescriptions. The server will send the patient an
SMS message if they miss a dose, or when a prescription renewal is due.

The list of healthcare IoT applications is growing by the day. We even

have Wi-Fi-compatible hearing aids. Although many of the IoMT devices
are wearable, some are surgically implanted. For example, there are
Internet-enabled pacemakers, which are used to help keep alive patients
with slow or irregular heartbeats.
6. IOT benefits

Top 5 Benefits of IoT

In this current scenario, the Internet of Things technology is playing a vital role in
the enterprise for their future business. The technology has a significant impact
on both common people and professionals work. The IoT has several benefits
and perks which can help enterprise, common people to make their life easy.
Some of the benefits are highlighted below:

1. Achieve Customer-Centricity

For any business or any organization, customer satisfaction is a very

critical factor that needs to be always focused. By using advanced IoT
technology like mobile card readers or smart trackers which can be used
to enhance the customer experience. By using mobile card readers it can
help to conduct all transactions on smart phones very smoothly.

The smart tracker can help to monitor products and inventories. Many
organizations are taking help from IoT to enhance their future business
and improve the level of customer experience. Different IoT solutions are
purposed for debugging the issue of customers and solve them to improve
customer satisfaction levels.

When using the IoT technology the devices are interacted and improve
business functions. As the feedback is collected from customers by
using IoT devices help to improve services and increase the level of
customer satisfaction. The product shortcomings can be highlighted easily
and can be solved. By using the IoT technologies the qualitative data can
be collected and the quantitative data can be replaced which will benefit
the organization.

2. Gathering Rich Data

For any type of organization, the data is termed as the most important
weapon. The organizations are extensively using the IoT models and
methodologies in their businesses for gathering a huge chunk of data
about customers and company products.

By collecting this information the organizations perform different analysis

and do deep understanding so that they can improve their product quality
so that their business can be expanded and can earn more profit. It can be
understood better by example. Suppose there is an IoT enabled car tyre
which can be used to monitor the tyre condition and usage.
 It can also help to track the tyre health and inform the user when there is
any fault in a tyre. IoT technology has opened a new gate of opportunities
for new businesses and revenue. The IoT driven models help to increase
the business profit, increase return on investments and earn profit from
the business.

3. Enhanced Security Measures

The IoT enables the access control system to provide additional security
to the organization and common people. The use of IoT technology in
surveillance can help to improve security standards in the organization
and also help to track any suspicious activity. In the organization it can be
useful to track the activities of an employee, can be used to maintain their
daily record.

And with the help of the internet, it can be controlled from anywhere. By
this, the purpose of maintaining security standards in the organization can
be achieved. Using of IoT technology in the business can boost the
security standards and help to eliminate the risk of security concern. By
using advanced gears, sensors and wearable can be used in construction
type organizations so that alerts can be generated against dangers.

By using various advance IoT solutions can help to raise the security bar
and there is also a need for a device that can decide on their own. The
devices should analyze data and then take appropriate decisions. The IoT
technology can be treated as a shield between the outside world and the
business organizations and common people.

4. Reduction in Operational Cost

Advancement of IoT technologies can benefit the organization to reduce

their operational cost and other costs to earn maximum profit. Every
organization tries to reduce their operational cost but only that enterprise
becomes successful which uses maximum use of IoT solutions for their
purpose. There is a need for constant connection to the smart device and
organization so that operational costs can be reduced for the organization.

For example in manufacturing type industries, the use of IoT devices can
help to track and monitor equipment and also reduce the downtime of
equipment because by using the smart devices the future failover or errors
of equipment can be predicted easily. The power consumption can be also
reduced for the industry by using advanced IoT solutions so that the
overall cost of an industry can be reduced.

5. Use of Smart Devices

 Across all enterprises, the use of smart devices has increased the
insignificant amount and it is accepted by the organizations. There is an
advancement in smart device applications and used in different sectors
like transportation, hospitality, healthcare, and education.

All these sectors are using these devices for their business and take
maximum advantage from them. The use of smart device help to increase
productivity level which brings the surety to an organization that they will
earn profit from those devices. The use of IoT devices can be used in the
manufacturing sector where there is a need for managing the resources
and do real-time monitoring of different product stage.

The IoT devices also used to automate a daily routine task. The devices
can use to find the technical problems in the system and then eliminate
them from the system.

7. Why is IOT so important

1. Better Decision Making

Since devices have multiple sensors, they can acquire considerable data
from numerous sources, giving them more information to work with when
acting on data received.

A great example is smart phones. The device automatically tracks your

behaviors on its interface and makes suggestions based on your activity,
location, and age.

The phone can also keep tabs on various activities. This includes the
amount of screen time users spend each day, power consumption, and
sleeping patterns. Massive amounts of data are being collected and sent
back to smart phone companies each day to improve features on their
devices.

With the constant influx of big data, companies begin to see trends in the
usage of their devices and can immediately pinpoint their strengths and
weaknesses. This insight would not be possible without the help of
embedded sensors and processors which analyze the data.

2. Real-time Tracking and Monitoring

 The potential for web-based tracking and monitoring systems is
enormous. IoT tracking provides an efficient means to track and monitor
anything from vehicle fleets, stolen goods, or shipping containers.

Particular devices can even detect changes in the environment. There are
multiple industries where IoT trackers can immensely improve the
efficiency of companies. A malfunction in these products can lead to
enormous losses for the company.

IoT-based trackers need to be reliable to provide the best services. These

devices should provide the following:

● Real-time data analytics

Fast, accurate data is required in the industry to allow for quick, informed
decision-making when assets or changes in the environment are being
monitored.

● Secure communication

Companies usually track and monitor high-value assets. It is essential that

the shared data is protected and not under the threat of hackers.

● Stable connectivity

The device should securely provide helpful information on asset locations,

machine functionality, and temperatures. This is required at all times and
from anywhere on the planet.

3. Automation

A big reason for the invention of IoT is convenience. Smart devices that
automate daily tasks allow humans to do other activities. These devices
ultimately lighten people’s work load.

Smart phones allow us to connect with people from all over the world. We
can schedule when to send messages and even use dictation to avoid
typing ourselves.

Then there are smart fridges. Imagine having one that can detect when
foods are about to expire and notify the owner to eat that food before it’s
too late. Perhaps the smart fridge could even register that the milk is
nearly finished and automatically order more.
 Another example is a self-driving car, connecting to the Internet to find the
quickest route to a destination. This is the ultimate convenience for
humans. The room for innovation within IoT is massive.

4. More Efficient Personal and Business Tasks

Web-based devices save people money and time. This includes planning
work schedules, time tracking, effective communication, and setting
reminders for daily tasks.

Having IoT devices track and order things for you, turn lights off
automatically when you leave the room, and manage tasks for which you
don’t have time is the ultimate convenience!

More and more of these devices will become available for use over the
coming years, with an estimated total number of IoT connections to reach
27 billion in 2024.

It’s no secret that human productivity has gone up with the technological
age. People are busier than ever before, thanks to IoT. It’s incredible to
have the opportunity to do important things like spending time with family
while an IoT device takes care of mundane activities.

8. IOT Application
1. Creating better enterprise solutions

Large enterprises have dedicated IT staff to create, maintain, and monitor

their technology infrastructure.

 An IoT-backed security solution uses real-time data to

provide mitigation tactics and prevent cyber security attacks. It can
even prepare incident responses and security policies based on
network activity.

 Another obvious application of the Internet of Things is decision-

making based on customer analytics. Never before have enterprises
had so much real-time data to work with.

 Information technology infrastructure library (ITIL) refers to detailed

practices for IT asset and service management. These practices
focus on aligning IT services with business requirements. Enterprise
infrastructure is more complex now than ever–various devices
communicate with each other to make the system work. ITIL practices
need to be strategically considered while creating the ITIL, with IoT
eventually feeding the library itself.

2. Integrating smarter homes

The most visible application of the Internet of Things is a smart home. A

smart home uses sensors to control and maintain lighting, resource
management, and security systems. A smart home is a smaller,
independent version of a smart city.

An example of an IoT-based smart home system is Mark Zuckerberg’s

Jarvis. Zuckerberg’s smart home system uses natural language
processing for the contextual processing of voice commands. He has
internet switches to operate the appliances plugged into them. The system
takes care of lighting rooms based on occupancy and even playing
personalized music based on who is in the room. His security system
uses facial recognition to alert the family of the identity of their visitors.

3. Innovating agriculture

Agriculture, as an industry, could massively benefit from the Internet of

Things. The world’s human population is estimated to grow to around 10
billion by 2050. As such, governments are prioritizing the scaling up of
agricultural systems. This, combined with climate change, has farmers
marrying technology to cultivation.
 Sensors are used to provide details of soil chemistry and fertilizer
profiles. CO2 levels, moisture, temperature, level of acidity, and the
presence of appropriate nutrients all contribute to how good a harvest
turns out to be.

 Smart irrigation is an IoT application to regulate and efficiently use water

for farming. The IoT system only initiates the water flow when the soil
reaches a certain dryness level. It also stops the supply once a certain
level of moisture is reached. This reduces wastage caused by human
errors.

 Livestock tracking involves the use of RFID chips to keep track of an

animal’s vitals, vaccination details, and location.

 A smart greenhouse uses microclimate to raise crops instead of relying

on changing weather patterns. Sensors monitor and control all parameters
and have automated systems for light and water.

 Predication farming is the practice of using information collected over

time to hone and implement agricultural practices. The data provided by
these sensors allow farmers to decide on the ideal growth parameters and
suitable fertilizers.

Cainthus, a Dublin-based vision company, uses predictive imaging to

monitor livestock. It tracks key data such as food and water intake,
behavior patterns, and heat detection. Farmers can use this information to
decide milk output, reproduction management, and overall animal health.
It even boasts proprietary software to recognize animals based on hide
patterns and facial recognition.

4. Building smarter cities

A smart city is an urban city that uses sensors and cellular or wireless
technology placed in ubiquitous places such as lamp posts and antennae.
There are multiple facets in which one can incorporate IoT into the
functioning of a city:

 Traffic management: Sensors on roads and traffic signals send data to

the IoT systems. This data, accumulated over time, allows officials to
analyze traffic patterns and peak hours. It also helps create solutions for
bottlenecks.
Commuters can use this information to determine which areas are
congested and what alternate routes can be used. A version of this
already exists in third-party map services such as Google Maps.
 Pollution monitoring: A pressing problem faced by every country in the
world is air pollution. With existing sensors, one can easily measure
parameters such as temperature, CO2 levels, smoke, and humidity. Smart
cities leverage this to gather data about air quality and develop mitigation
methods.

 Resource management: The biggest factors in deciding a city’s livability

are waste, water, and electricity management.
With water management, sensors are attached internally or externally to
water meters. These sensors provide information to understand
consumption patterns. They detect faults in supply and automatically
begin the necessary course of action. Trends in water wastage can be
used to develop an efficient water recycling system.

IoT-enabled wate management systems produce a geographical mapping

of waste production. These systems trigger the clearance process
themselves; for example, by generating alerts when a trash bin is full.
They also provide more insights into waste segregation and how people
can improve waste processing.
Electricity management comes in the form of a smart grid, covered in
detail in this article.

 Parking solutions: Parking woes, while sounding insignificant, play a big

part in traffic management. Smart parking solutions provide drivers with
real-time information about empty spaces available.

 Infrastructure management: Public infrastructure such as street lamps,

roads, parks, and gas supply lines cost a lot to maintain. Repair work in
any of these causes disruptions to everyday functioning. IoT-based
maintenance and monitoring systems lookout for signs of wear and tear
while analyzing patterns. This proactive approach can save a city a lot of
money.

 Disaster management: The Internet of Things can be used to hook up

disaster-prone areas to a notification system. A forest fire, for example,
can be detected and curbed before it grows beyond control.

5. Upgrading supply chain management

Supply chain management (SCM) is a process that streamlines the flow

of goods and services from raw material procurement to the customers. It
involved inventory management, fleet management, vendor relationships,
and scheduled maintenance.
During the pandemic, many businesses were affected by supply chain
issues, especially when it caused a global shutdown in early 2020. As
 operations switched to being remote, it made sense for organizations to
consider integrating IoT into their SCM processes.

 The Internet of Things is used at multiple layers in the SCM process.

Shipping companies use trackers to keep an eye on assets. They also
analyze shipping routes to figure out the fastest and most fuel-efficient
routes. Other parameters such as container temperature and humidity can
also be monitored and controlled using IoT.
 The IoT system allows managers to overhaul the supply chain process
by enabling smart routing choices. This means that businesses can be
confident in supply chain resilience.
 Real-time and remote management of fleets ensures a smooth
experience for managers and customers. Any delay or issues with
transportation can automatically notify the appropriate personnel.

6. Transforming healthcare

The pandemic has accelerated the use of IoT in the healthcare industry.
The Internet of Things provides a much more efficient link between
patients, doctors, and pharmaceuticals. The traditionally reactive medical
cycles can now be proactive.
 Attaching sensors to a patient at home allows doctors to monitor them
remotely. Continuous abnormality of parameters immediately alerts the
doctor, creating preemptive action. Doctors can use this to monitor at-risk
patients such as the elderly and those suffering from chronic diseases.
 Besides monitoring, the Internet of Things can also streamline patient
medical records and access, making real-time data available across
departments.
 Medical research, till today, has always been based on data created in a
controlled environment or data generated after the fact. Such real-time
data amassed in large quantities can substantially improve research.
 IoT is being used to optimize the manufacturing process at the
pharmaceutical end. The direct result of this is lower drug prices. It is
also used for intelligent inventory management.
 The Internet of Things was significantly used in many capacities while
dealing with the COVID pandemic. Telemedicine and vaccine cold
chain monitoring were two of IoT’s implementations.
 Zipline is a medical product delivery company that used drones to deliver
medication and instruments to rural healthcare centers, such as those
located in Rwanda and Ghana.
 Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) such as Medtronic and Dexcom
monitor diabetic patients with the aid of sensors inserted into the skin.
These systems provide a bird’s eye view of glycemic patterns in pregnant
women with diabetes. These systems’ real-time and continuous data allow
doctors to alter medications and recommend changes if necessary.
9. What is AI?

Artificial intelligence leverages computers and machines to mimic the problem-

solving and decision-making capabilities of the human mind.

While a number of definitions of artificial intelligence (AI) have surfaced over the
last few decades, John McCarthy offers the following definition in this
2004 paper (link resides outside ibm.com), " It is the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is
related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence,
but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable."

However, decades before this definition, the birth of the artificial intelligence
conversation was denoted by Alan Turing's seminal work, "Computing Machinery
and Intelligence"(link resides outside ibm.com), which was published in 1950. In
this paper, Turing, often referred to as the "father of computer science", asks the
following question, "Can machines think?" From there, he offers a test, now
famously known as the "Turing Test", where a human interrogator would try to
distinguish between a computer and human text response.

10. Challenges and opportunities

Through this article today, we are here to share with you the various challenges
in the internet of things.

 Security challenges

The first and foremost on the list of challenges is security. As the backbone of
IoT is data storage and sharing, the biggest question arises about the security of
data. Enabling every small physical object with the feature of sharing information
may attract multiple raised brows.

 Lack of encryption

Encryption sounds like the ultimate answer to security issues. But hackers may
manipulate these algorithms and turn a protective system into the most serious
loophole.

 Lack of sufficient testing and updating

 With the increasing market of IoT, production has to be faster. To compete in the
race of production, manufacturers lack tests and updates. The main focus of IoT
manufacturers now seems to be production, not security. Thus products lack
proper and regular testing and updates. This makes IOTs prone to being
attacked by hackers.

 Weak login details

With every device asking for login details, it may at times turn difficult to produce
tough credentials. This leads to easy hacking, wherein the user, out of leniency,
fills in weak credentials and login details.

 Design challenges

Moving on to another challenge in the internet of things, we come to the design

challenges IoT faces.

 Battery sizes

Providing users with extended battery life and smaller, handy product is a great
challenge for the manufacturers of IoT products. Manufacturers continuously face
the challenge of delivering the best in the smallest and lightest products.

 System Security

It is also essential to create a design that is robust and reliable. The strength of
the product must be maintained from its modeling stage till its deployment.

 Increment in cost

With the deployment of sensors in ordinary daily objects, the price shoots up.
Although attractive the IOTs are still considered a luxury thus the customers
willing to pay large amounts for these products are small. Manufacturers have to
keep this aspect in mind while designing a product. They have to manage to
keep the pricing of the products under a certain limit to keep it open to a bigger
market base.

 Timing of launch

It is also essential to solve design problems within the required time frame so that
the manufacturer can launch its product onto the market at the right time. Timing
plays a crucial role when you are competing in a niche filled with several other
companies delivering similar assets and services.
11. Advantages & Disadvantages

 Real-time asset/resource visibility.

 Time management

 Technology enhances services

 Easy and quick communication

 Has increased people's safety

 Improved storage

 Technology makes teaching easier

 End-to-end, remote monitoring and management of assets/resources.

Disadvantages

 IoT can create privacy concerns

 IoT can create security risks

 IoT can be expensive

 IoT can be unreliable

 IoT can be difficult to manage

 Complexity

 Data Overload

 Huge dependency on the internet

12. CONCLUSION

The Internet of Things has come a long way, revolutionizing the way we live and
work. Its ability to connect devices and enable data-driven insights is
transforming industries and driving us towards a more connected future.