o \S4 From the Fnanchat pronouns V language terminology P sound-speling relationships 1 READING & SPEAKING a Do you think these statements are probably ‘rue or false? “English is supposed tobe the lingua franca, how come there's no word in English for ingua franca?” anon. Whose language is it? ¢ Before you read the second part of the article, with a partner correct the mistakes in sentences 1-6 below. Do you ever make any of these mistakes? How important do you think they are? 1 ‘Tthink the film start at 8.002 1 40% of the worlds population can communicate in English reasonably well 2. Most conversations in English today are between non-native speakers 3 In business meetings and internationel conferences conducted in English, non-native speakers prefer it when there is no native speaker present. od 2 ‘Is there restaurant in the hotel?” 3 ‘Tthink the women normally talk faster than the men’ 4 “My friend geve me some very good advices! 5 ‘Iphoned to my brother but his mobile was switched off 6 ‘We discussed about global warming in class yesterday? Now read the second part ofthe article and answer the questions. 1 Which of the mistakes in sentences 1-6 above are mentioned in the text? b Read the first part ofthe article Whose language? and check your answers to a Whose language? ‘ow many people can speak English? Some experts estimate that 25 billion people — around one-quarter ofthe world’s population - can communicate reasonably wel in English, Never in recorded history has a language been as widely spoken ‘as English is today. The reason why millions are learning itis simple: its the language of international business and therefore ‘the key to prosperity. Itis not just that multinational companies such as Microsoft, Google, and Vodafone conduct their business in English; isthe language in which the Chinese speak to Brazitians ‘and Germans ta Indonesians. David Gradol, the author of English Nex, says it ts tempting ‘o,view the story of English simply asa triumph for its native speakers in North America, Britain and Ireland, and Australasia ~ but that would be a mistake. Global English has entered a more complex phase, changing in ways that the English-speaking countries cannot control and might not like ‘An important question one might ask is: whese English will it be ‘nthe future? Non-native speakers now outnumber native English speakers by three to one. The majority of encounters in Enatish ‘today take place between non-native speakers. According to David Graddol, many business meetings held in English appear to run ‘more smoothly when there are no native English speakers present, This is because native speakers are often poor at ensuring that they are understood in international discussions. They tend to think they need to avoid longer Latin-based words, but in fact comprehension prablems are more often caused by their use of colloquial English, especially idioms, metaphors, and phrasal verbs. On one occasion, atan international student conference in Amsterdam, conducted in English, the only British representative was asked to be ‘less English’ sothat the others coutd understand her 2 Dos the writer ofthe article think that grammatical correctness matters a) in written English) in spoken English? Applied Linguistics atthe University of Vienna, records and {ranscrbes spoken English interactions between speakers of te language around the world. She says her team has noticed that non-native speakers are varying standerd English grammar in several ways. Even the most competent speakers sometimes ‘omit the‘s in the third person singular. Many omit definite and indefinite articles where they are required in standard English, or put them in where standard English does not use them Nouns that ar not plural in native-speaker English ae used as plurals by non-native speakers (eg. informations ‘knowledges, ‘advices Other variations include make a discussion, discuss ‘about something’ or ‘phone to somebody’, ‘Many native English speakers wil insist that these are not variations, they are mistakes. ‘Knowledges’ and ‘phone to somebody are simply wrong. Many non-native speakers who teach English around the word would agree. But language changes, and so do notions of grammatical correctness. Those who insist on standard English grammar remain ina powerful position. Academics who want thelr work published In iniemationa journals have to adhere tothe grammatical rules, followed by native English-speaking elites But spoken English is another matter. Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct? Their main am, after ll, isto be understood by one another, and in most cases there is no native speaker present ~ Professor Seidofer says, think that what we are looking at is the emergence of anew international attitude, the recognition and awareness that pa Barbara Seidihofer, Professor of English and ‘n many international contexts non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speckers, to. ‘compare themselves to ther, and thus always feel less good’LEXIS IN CONTEXT Being aware of register ‘When you read a formal text you will find words and phrases which the dictionary will list as formal. When you record them, make a note of the neutral {informal alternative, eg. ensure (formal), make sure (neutral). ¢ Look at the highlighted words in both parts of the text. They are all formal register. Match them to their neutral equivalents below. 1 ___verb to be (still) 2 ___adj. bad 3 verb todo 4 verb to follow 5 _noun idea 6 verb to leave out 7 8 9 verb toneed —— verb to look at adj. so 10 —_____verb to write down y £ Answer the questions in small groups, 1 To what extent do you agree tha...? + when non-native speakers of English tlk to each other, they should not ‘worry about making mistakes 2s long as they can communicate + non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speakers, nor should they fea inferior to them «certain grammar mistakes should be considered ‘variants of English, not ‘mistakes! 2. How important isi to you to be able to...2 + speak English accurately + write accurately in English + pass international exams in English read academic texts or literature in English communicate with native speakers of English + communicate with non-native speakers of English 2 GRAMMAR pronouns a. Are the bold pronouns (/) right or wrong (x)? Correct any mistakes. Which of the mistakes (ifany) do you think interfere with communication? 1 Can the person’ who has not switched off their phone please do so immediately? 2 It used to be 2 cinema near here, but it closed down. 3. We've known each other for years, since we were children. 4 Inever use an electric razor when I shave myself. I prefer the old-fashioned sort. 5 Two men were sitting in the caf, talking to themselves about the match, 6 David himself admitted that he should never have spoken t6 her lke that 7 ‘They have a terrible relationship. They donit understand one other 2 all. 8 One never knows what the future holds. b © p.t38 Grammar Bank 1€ Read the rules and do the exercises. 3 SPEAKING 1M Look at some useful phrases for siving your opinions in English. Underline the words) in each phrase that you think hes extra stress, Listen and check. ‘Emphasizing that something is your ‘own opinion 1 1 say that. 6 2 Ifyou ask me, 7 3 Personally, think 8 that... E 4 Personally speaking, ... 9 As far as Tm 5 In my opinion, ... concerned... ‘Read some comments from eround the ‘world about learning or using English. Compare with a partner and say if you ‘think the situation is the same or different in your country, and how you feel about it. ‘Use the expressions from a. *¥ you ask me the one thing that would real improve the level of English here would be if they stopped dubbing all the American programmes on TV and atthe cnema, and hed them in Enlsh with subtitles. But | dont think the/l ever doit. The polticians wouldnt dare! ‘Maite, Spain “in my opinion, nowadays people in public life really ought to be able to speak good English. fee! really ‘embarrassed when | hear how some ‘of our politicians or sportspeople speak! ‘Marc, Grenoble, France Personally | think that pop groups in my country shouldn't sing in English, | mean, | know i’s more universal, but they aren't English, and not everybody in Hungary understands Engish, | think they should sing in Hungarian’ Ferenc, Hungary “in some secondary schools in my couriny they are now teaching other subject like maths and scence in Engish apart from the normal English lnguage dasses. in z general think ts a realy good idea — 0 long asthe teachers! English is good, of course? Karolina, Brno, Czech Republic ‘nin they use aot of English words lke weekend, sess, OK, col know ow, words He that. | personaly ate it think we ought use ou eum words for these things, not just borow from English. And people even use some words which don't eis, Fike footing, when the English word is jogging’ “Paola, Milan, aly4 LISTENING & SPEAKING a You're going to hear Zoltan from Hungary and Cristina from Argentina, who both live in the UK, talking about their experiences of being non-native speakers of English. Before you listen, check you understand the words in the glossary. Clasgovr a large city in Scetand BRC Englich / Standard English English a spoken with a‘sandard” ‘proguncation which comesponds to the pronunciation gen in a dltonary. | General American US English as spoken with e ‘standard’ pronunciation ‘which coresponds tothe pronunciation piven ina dictionary. RP (received prenancition) the pronunciation of British English oosidored tobe ‘sat pial, ing gill he used by edustod poco in soatbern Sgn Scots 2 way of speaking English typical in Scotland Geordie 2 way of speaking Eoglish typical from the area in and around ‘Neweasle, in the nordsast of England Univesity of Michigan «university in the mid-west of the USA, ‘The Simpsons a very well-nown US cartoon series Answer the following questions with a partner. 1 Do you find it easier to understand native or non-native speakers of English? 2. How do you feel about having your English corrected? 12 Now listen to Cristina and Zoltan answer the questioris, ‘What do they say? Who do you identify with most? Why? a Se Answer the following questions with a partner. 3. Do you have any funny or embarrassing stories related to ‘misunderstanding someone? 4 Is there anything you stil find difficult about English? 18 Now listen to Cristina and Zoltén answering the questions. What anecdotes do they tell? What do they still find dificult? Do you agree with them about whats dificult? 5 VOCABULARY language terminology a Match the words to their definitions. collocation colloquiel anidiom a metaphor phrasal verb register slang a synonym 1 noun a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words, eg. to put your fot init (= to say something inappropriate and embarrassing) 2 noun a frequent combination of ‘words ina language. Often they are the only possible combination to express a concept, €g; heavy rain (not strong rain) 3 ______nown the style of written or spoken language thet is appropriate to the situation (formal, informal, neutral), eg. Can you lend me five quid? (informal) Should you require further ‘assistance... (formal) 4 ____ noun a verb combined with an adverb ‘or preposition, or sometimes both, to give a new meaning, eg. throw away, look for, make up for 5 —____noun very informal words and ‘expressions that are more common in spoken Tanguage, especially used bya particular group of people, eg. teenagers. They often go in and out of fashion very quickly. They can sometimes cause offence. Thad to walk home. I dicot have enough dosh (= money) fora taxi 6 —____ ag). (of language) words and phrases used in conversation or writing to friends but not in formal speech or writing, e.g kids (© children), you know what I mean, et. noun a word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another, eg; lately | recently ‘noun a word or phrase not used literally ut used to describe sb / sth in a more ‘graphic way and to make the description more powerful, eg. When she heard the doorbell ring, she flew to open it. (= she ran fast, she did't literally fy) Do the Language quiz on page 15 with a partner. Al the words and expressions are from File 1.BD idioms ‘Can you remember what these idioms mean? 1 Ifyou really think you're right, you should stick to your guns. talk to ‘boss, | think i coon es ‘you ought to speak your mind. 5 Itstaried to rain harder, but we See Appendix 16.3.) 3 There ‘There's a bis stop just outside the apartment block There are lots of new apartments being built in the city cnere. ‘There + be is used to introduce new information, saying that a person or thing exists, happens, or is found in a particular place. Because we use there to introduce topics, the noun after there + be often has an indefinite or non-specific meaning, so we often use a/an, no article, any(one) + noun or some(thing), no(body): ‘There's a car park behind the Canley apartment block (not Phere's-he-car-parh behind she Garley- ) There's something about parking in the information the estate agent gave us. ¢ A We can use there with a definite noun when we treat information as already familiar to © the listener / reader: If ever bought a car, there's the problem of parking at the town apartment. 2a‘We use chere, not it: @ to say or ask if people or things exist or are found in a particular plave: There's nowk park. (not I's newhoreso- perk.) Was there a dishwasher in the kitchen? (not Was-it-a-dishwasher inthe bitehen?) @ to introduce information about quantities and amounts There's a big grassy area at the back of the black. There wasn’ inuch space in the bathroom, There + be is often followed by: @ noun + that- / wh- /--ing / to-infinitive clause There's a chance (that) he might include carpets and curtains. ‘There are plans to build new apartmenss not far from the one we looked at. © bound / certain / (un)likely / supposed / sure + to be There's bound to be a regular bus service from there. ‘There is often followed by is, are, was or were. However, also common arc: © there + auxiliary / modal verb + be There must be someone we know who would redecorate it. @ there + seem / appear + to be There seem to be good and bad aspects of each dpartment. there + passive reporting verb + to be ‘There is expected to be a lot of interest in the property. Reporting verbs commonly used in this pattern include estimate, expect find, reckon, report, say, think. @ verb + there + to be I wouldn't expect there to be many people inter rested in buying the apartment. or I wouldn't expect many people to be interested ... 6. @ there + arise / emerge / exist / follow / remain / take place: F During the 1990s there emerged a tendency for young, well-paid people to buy apartments in the town centre. @ there + being: ‘Phe bus service was withdrawn, there being so few passengers using it. This pattern often introduces a reason and is ‘used mainly in formal writing. If the noun after there is singular or uncountable, the verb is singular; if the noun is plural, the verb is usually plural (although there's is often used in informal speech): There’s a supermarket within walking distance. There are so many things to think about. or informally There's so many things Ifa noun phrase after there consists of two or more nouns in a list, we use a singular verb if the first noun is singular or uncountable, and a plural verb if the first noun is plural: There was just a bed, a small wardrobe and some bookshelves. ‘There were just some bookshelves, a bed and a small wardrobe, or informally There was just some bookshelves .. 4 Common expressions with it’s no and there’s no I's no wonder they've been having problems selling the apartment; it’s in a very poor condition ‘There's no hurry to decide. (> See Appendix 16.4.)Stand there” EB Rewrite the underlined parts of the sentences where possible, beginning with there. There are some tickets leFt Some tickets are left for the concert. Do you want to go? I thought I heard voices, but when I opened the door nobody was in the room. 1 2 3 Jack's having a party this weekend even though his birthday isn’t until next month. 4 The first balloon voyage across the Atlantic Ocean was in 1978. 5 You can find plenty of second-hand bookshops in town. In fact, one is opposite the railway station. I knew that my keys were somewhere in the house, but I couldn't find them. ua Only ten places are available on the course, so P'm going to apply as soon as. possible. : ~ When I opened the fridge I found that no milk was left. ° When I got to his office I could hear that Dr Jones was on the phone, so I waited outside. 10 Would anyone like to volunteer? 11 My hands were shaking as I walked into the exam room. 12, Something was on the radio this morning about using weeds as cooking ingredients. Add either ét or there to each sentence as appropriate. 1 When the weather is dry, (is estimated that 150,000 people cycle to work in the capital. Fraser has said he will retire from football if is thought to be no chance of his ankle injury healing in the foreseeable future. nw 3. Is a swimming pool at the hotel we're staying at? 4 Worried me to see Heather looking so thin. 5 In December 1944 took place a secret meeting between the countries’ leaders. 6 Although took hours of practice, I eventually managed to play a simple tune on the saxophone. x Most people had left the party and I decided that was time I went home, too. 8 The scientists said that is very little evidence that mobile phone use has any adverse effect on health. How far is from Paris to Berlin? ‘They travelled by bus, being no railway line in that part of the country. ° 1 Ss 213> See Unie 23 1 Verbs used in the following patterns with introductory it as subject: + i+ verb + coinfintive cause: not do, hel, hu, pay + t+ verb + object + tocnfintive clause: amaze, anmoy, Sighten, hur, scare, shock, surprise, upset, worry We can use i+ tke + object + infinitive clause when ‘We say what is or was needed in a particular activity: (took (them) a week to mend our roof) + i+ verb + that clause: appear; come about, emerge, follow, seem, transpire, curn out ‘Alternatives with the that clause in inital position axe not possible: Te rurned out that T wes wrong. not Feat Eves sereng sumed-out + 8+ verb + object + shatclause: dawin on, strike (ll ‘meaning ‘occur to); and also the verbs listed shove for the pattern it verb + object + toinfinitive danse. 2 Verbs used in the following reporting patterns with introductory it as subject + i+ passive verb + hat louse: agree, aleg, announce, assure, belie, calculate, claims, consider, decide, demonstrate, discover, establish, estimate, expecs feel find, hope, intend, know, mention, lan, propose, recommend, reveal, say, show, suggest suppose, think, understand (but not: encourage, inform, persuade, reassure, remind, sll, warn) + passive verb + wh. clause discover, establish, explain find, know, reveal, show, understand ‘These verbs can also be used in the pattern i+ passive ‘verb + that clause. 3. Verbs used in the following patterns with, introductory i as objects + verb + it-+ehar./ for wh clause: can't bear, hate ke, love, resent, can' stand + verb + i+ if or whe cause: distke, enjoy, prefer, understand + verb + (¥) + thar clause: accept, admit, deny, euarantee, mention + verb + i+ adjective + that, wh- or eninfinitive clause: believe, consider, fol, find (= discover fromm experience), make, think + verb + +05 + adjective + that, or when- clause: accept, regord, see, take (= interpret something in 2 particular way), view May other verbs that can be followed by a thar, wh, {f, or to‘infnitive clause are not used with introductory ft as object: argue discover, emphasise, noice, predict, recall, remember. = 4 Common expressions with i's no and shere's no: 485 no see thas, it no surprise thas, t' no use / good ‘ing, is no coincidence / acident tas its no longer necessary fo, 8 no bad thing to, is no daube rue that ‘88 no doube the case that, is no exaggeration to say thai, ‘here’ no doubs that, here's no chance / denying that, there’ no choice / alternative but to, there's no chance / hope of ting, theres no need i, there’ no point in ing, ‘there's no question of ing, there's no reason 1, chere’s no harm in ting caepronouns a) Was it enjoyable at the beach, Joe? Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same. b) We really need a new fridge. What o) There’s alot of fog today. Irs... 5 4) People who believe in ghosts are a bit crazy! Anyone e) Just call me any time you need me. Whenever f) Iwas very interested in our conversation. Te was interesting .... j) These bookshelves are my own work. Imade 4) like this painting but I don’t think much of those ,.C.,. Complete each A)rest B)other c)ones _p)besides sentence with the b) What would....... like to do this morning? most suitable A)someone B)one C)yourself D)you wordor phrase. ¢) Did you enjoy wane ? ‘A)atthe party B) the party C) yourself the party ) with yourself at the party 4) -snnunothing much to do in this town. A)There’s B)Ie'snot c)There’s not D)Ie’s ©) summa you do, don’t tell Harry that we've lost his camera A)anything 3)what C)whatever D) it’s better f) One prefers to shop at Harrods, ‘)doesn’tone B)isn’tit ¢)don’tyou' D)isn’t one didn’t you tell me that you felt too ill to work? oever B)whateyer C)however D) why ever . the face! 8) A) h) Then George punched the policeman “"a)at Bon C)to D)in i) Harry shook my hand and said, ‘Pleased ...... you. ‘A)tomeet B)tointroduce C)toshake p) to acquaint j) Please invite on like to the reception. A)one B)anyone C)ones D)all =d6—