AUTHORISED ENTRANT & STANDBY

PERSON – REFRESHER
CONFINED SPACE
SAFETY PROGRAM
 M1:
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS & HAZARDS
 LEARNING OUTCOME
❖Upon completion of this chapter, participants
will be able to:

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 LEGISLATIVE
REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH ACT 1994

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 SALIENT PROVISIONS
•General Duties of Employer and Self-
Employed Persons (Section 15)

•General Duties of Employees (Section

24)

•Penalties (Section 19 & 24)

•Industry Code of Practice (Section 37)

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
AND SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS
Shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed
person to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety, health and
welfare at work of all his employees.

SECTION 15 (1)

Safety, Health, Welfare

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
AND SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS
a. Safe plant and safe system of work
• (a) the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work
that are, so far as is practicable, SAFE and without risks to health;

b. Safe use, handle, operate, transport

and store of substance or plant
• (b) the making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as is
practicable, SAFETY and absence of risks to health in connection
with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant
and substances;

c. Information, instruction, training and

supervision
• (c) the provision of such information, instruction, training and
supervision as is necessary to ensure, so far as is practicable, the
safety and health at work of his employees;

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
AND SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS
d. Maintenance of safe access to and
egress from work place

• (d) so far as is practicable, as regards any place of work under the

control of the employer or self-employed person, the maintenance
of it in a condition that is SAFE and without risks to health and the
provision and maintenance of the means of access to and egress
from it that are safe and without such risks;

e. Maintenance of working
environment and provision of welfare
facilities
• (e) the provision and maintenance of a working environment for
his employees that is, so far as is practicable, safe, without risks to
health, and adequate as regards facilities for their welfare at work.

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 GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES

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 PENALTIES

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 INDUSTRY CODE OF PRACTICE

Section 37(4) – Minister can

approve an ICOP

Section 38(a) – Admissible of

ICOP in proceeding as evidence

Section 51 – General Penalty of

not exceeding RM10,000.00 or 1
year imprisonment or both

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 LEGISLATIVE
REQUIREMENTS
FACTORIES AND
MACHINERY ACT 1967

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 FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT 1967
Section 10: Provisions relating to
safety, etc.
•(d) such means as are reasonably
practicable shall be provided, maintained,
and used so as to ensure safe access to any
place at which any person has at any time
to work;
•(e) every opening, sump, pit or fixed vessel
in a floor, or working level shall be securely
covered or fenced so as to prevent risk of
persons falling;

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 FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT 1967

Section 22: Provisions relating to

health
• (c)(i) effective and suitable provision shall
be made for securing and maintaining
adequate ventilation by the circulation of
fresh air in every part of a factory and for
rendering harmless, so far as practicable,
all gases, fumes, dust and other impurities
that may be injurious to health arising in
the course of any process or work carried
on in a factory;
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 PENALTIES
❖A fine not exceeding:

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 FMA (SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE
REGULATIONS 1970)
Where any work has to be done inside any chamber, tank,
vat, pit, pressure or other vessel or other confined space

in which dangerous fumes are liable to be present to

such an extent as to involve risk to any person being
overcome thereby;
such confined space shall, unless there is other
adequate means of egress, be provided with a
manhole;
such manhole may be rectangular, oval or circular in
shape, and

shall not be less than sixteen inches wide or not less than
eighteen inches in diameter if circular.

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 TYPES OF MANHOLE

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 TYPES OF MANHOLE

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 TYPES OF MANHOLE

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 FMA (SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE
REGULATIONS 1970)
No person shall be required to enter any confined space
UNLESS:

a) all practicable steps have been taken to remove

any fumes AND prevent any ingress of fumes;

b) It has be ascertained by suitable test that the

confined space is free from dangerous fumes
•Provided no such test cannot be carried out the person
entering confined space shall wear an efficient respiratory
protective device, suitable safety belt with attached life line

c) a reliable and competent person is stationed at

the entrance

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 SHW-REGULATION 41 (PENALTIES)

A fine not exceeding:

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 LEGISLATIVE
REQUIREMENTS
INDUSTRY CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
SAFE WORKING IN A CONFINED
SPACE 2010

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 BACKGROUND
Produced and enforced by Department of
Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)

DOES NOT apply to:

• Underground mining
• Other places not at atmospheric pressure

Organisations involved:

• DOSH, NIOSH, BOMBA, PETRONAS, Jabatan Kesihatan (DBKL),

JPP, IWK, TM, TNB, Putrajaya Holding Sdn. Bhd., Cabot
Materials Research Sdn. Bhd.

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24 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.
 CONTENTS OF ICOP CS
❖ PART I: Introduction
❖ PART II: Confined Space Entry Programme
❖ PART III: Detail Requirements
➢ Permit to work
➢ Isolation requirements
➢ Hazardous Atmosphere
➢ Rescue and Emergency Services
➢ Health Requirement
➢ Training
➢ Additional Precautions
➢ Record Keeping
❖ PART IV: Duties of Responsible Persons

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 CONFINED SPACE DEFINITION
An enclosed or partially enclosed space;

Is at atmospheric pressure during occupancy;

Is not intended or designed primarily as a

place of work, AND

Is liable at any time to:

• Have an atmosphere which contains harmful
levels of contaminants;
• Have an oxygen deficiency or excess; OR
• Cause engulfment AND

Could have restricted means for entry and exit

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 SUMMARY OF ICOP CS 2010

Not apply to underground

ICOP CS 2010 is to provide
mining or works in a confined
guidance for the safety and
space other than
health of persons
atmospheric pressure

A person whose head or

upper body is within a
confined space is considered
to have entered the confined
space

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 SUMMARY OF ICOP CS 2010
❖ Post danger sign such as
DANGER – CONFINED SPACE.
DO NOT ENTER – In both
Bahasa Malaysia and English
❖ Management to develop and
implement a written confined
space program
❖ Take measures to prevent
unauthorized persons from
entering the confined space

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HAZARDS IN CONFINED SPACE
CONFINED SPACE
SAFETY PROGRAM
 LEARNING OUTCOME
Upon completion of this chapter, participants will be
able to:

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 HAZARDS IN THE CONFINED SPACE

Physical

Environmental Chemical

HAZARD

Psychosocial Biological

Ergonomics

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 PHYSICAL HAZARD
HAZARDS EFFECT(S) REMARKS

Heat Heat-induced Accelerated by poor ventilation

disorders – heat and/ or unsuitable protective
stroke, heat cramps clothing

Noise Hearing loss Depending on the intensity and

duration of exposure

Mechanical Sparks or physical Need for Lock out/ Tag out

injuries procedure

Ionizing Cancer risk Vessels holding condensate from

Radiation offshore may contain Naturally
Occurring Radioactive Material
(NORM )

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 CHEMICAL – MODES OF ENTRY

Inhalation
- Intake through the respiration system

Ingestion
- Intake through the mouth

Absorption
- Introduced through eyes and skin

Injection
- Introduction into the body by syringe or sharp object

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 CHEMICAL – HEALTH HAZARDS
Toxicity

Skin irritation

Eye damage

Corrosion

Sensitization

Carcinogen

Mutagen

Aspiration hazard

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 CHEMICAL – HEALTH EFFECTS
1. Acute or
chronic effects
✓ Skin problems
(dermatitis),
✓ Eye, nose and
throat irritation
2. Systemic
poisoning

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 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

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 ERGONOMICS HAZARDS
❖Ergonomics (or human factors) is the
scientific discipline concerned with the
understanding of interactions among
humans and other elements of a system,
and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data and methods to design in
order to optimize human well-being and
overall system performance

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 PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
❖Concerns in the workplace include
excessive working time, bullying,
claustrophobia and sexual
harassment.

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 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
❖Any situation or state of events which
poses a threat to the surrounding natural
environment and adversely affect
people's health. Incorporates pollution
and natural disasters such as storms and
earthquakes.

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 HAZARDS IN THE CONFINED SPACE
Oxygen deficiency
Toxic gases
Flammable gases
Excavation collapse
Drowning in fluids, solids
Slip and trip
Noise, electricity, radiation, etc.
Injury from use of tools and equipment
Direct contact with chemicals
Biological hazards

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WHAT IS HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE?
Source : Industry Code of Practice for Safe Working In Confined Space 2010

Oxygen content is below 19.5%

• a person can be asphyxiated @ choked to death

Oxygen level above 23.5%

• fires will burn ferociously

Accumulation of flammable or explosive gas greater than 10% of its LEL

• introduction of a spark can lead to fire or explosion

Accumulation of toxic gases equal to or exceeding its permissible exposure

limit (PEL)

• people can be poisoned

Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or

health (IDLH);

• e.g. presence of any toxic, corrosive, or asphyxiation substance

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 HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE
What gases will
be present?

How can I work Where do they

safely? come from?

What do I
NEED TO
KNOW?
Where will they Is the risk
go? acceptable?

How can I
remove the
gases?

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 OXYGEN LIMITS

AIDS EXPLOSION.
> 23.5 % VOL.
DO NOT ENTER!

NORMAL CONCENTRATION
20.8 % VOL. IN AIR.
SAFE TO ENTER

DANGER OF ASPHYXIATION.
< 19.5 % VOL.
DO NOT ENTER!

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 POINTS TO PONDER
GASES & VAPOURS

Some gases
are inert –
Some gases Some gases Some gases they are not
are just toxic are just are both toxic or
but not flammable flammable flammable
flammable but not toxic and toxic but they can
be
asphyxiate

CH4 is not toxic,

Argon,
Chlorine but it is also CO, NH3, H2S
Nitrogen
asphyxiate

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 TOXIC GASES & VAPOURS

TWA8 • NOT exceeding the eight-hour time-

weighted average

MEL • 15 minute time weighted average

which is TWA8 X 3

CEL
• Not to be exceeded during any part
of the working day, time exceeds the
ceiling limit

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 FLAMMABLE GASES

The maximum concentration of gas that can be present for an explosion

to occur

100% LEL

10% LEL

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 EXPLOSION PROOF MARKINGS
MARKING TYPE OF PROTECTION

Ex d Flameproof

Ex e Increased safety

Ex p Purged / pressurised

Ex o Oil filled

Ex q Sand/powder filled
'Epsilon-x' logo for
explosion proof
Ex m Encapsulated equipment

Ex n Non-incendive

Ex [ia] or [ib] Intrinsically safe

Ex s Special protection

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 ANY QUESTIONS?

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THANK YOU
CONFINED SPACE
SAFETY PROGRAM