IMPLEMENTATION OF DOPPLER EFFECT USING

LabVIEW

A Minor Project work submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
by

K.Abhiram (20211A0496)
G.Abhishek (20211A0461)
T.Vani (20211A04M4)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. S. Munavvar , M. Tech (Ph.D.)

Asst. Professor

B.V. Raju Institute of Technology

UGC- AUTONOMOUS
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Vishnupur, Narsapur, Medak . (Dt)
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
2021-2022

I
 B V Raju Institute of Technology
(UGC Autonomous)
Vishnupur, Narsapur, Medak, Telangana

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Embedded Automation Laboratory

This is to certify that K.Abhiram, G.Abhishek and T.Vani bearing Roll nos. 20211A0496,
20211A0461 and 20211A04M4 successfully completed their training program on Lab VIEW, NI
hardware modules and implemented a Project titled “IMPLEMENTATION OF DOPPLER
EFFECT USING LabVIEW” In virtual Instrumentation laboratory, BVRITN during the period
2022 to 2023.

COORDINATOR HOD
Dr.M.C.Chinnaiah Dr.Sanjay Dubey
M.Tech, Ph.D., MISTE, MIEEE M.E, Ph.D, MISTE, MIEEE
Professor Professor
Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Over a span of 2 years, BVRIT has helped us transform ourselves from mere
amateurs in the field of Electronics and Communication into skilled engineers
capable of handling any given situation in real time. We are highly indebted to
the institute for everything that it has given us.
We would like to express our gratitude towards the principal of our institute,
Dr. K. Laxmi Prasad and the Head of the Electronics and Communication
Engineering Department, Dr. Sanjay Dubey for their kind cooperation and
encouragement which helped us complete the project in the stipulated time.
Although we have spent a lot of time and put in a lot of effort into this
project, it would not have been possible without the motivating support and help
of our project guide Mr. S. Munavvar Hussain We thank him for his guidance,
constant supervision and for providing necessary information to complete this
project, also we thankful to Mr. P. Subramanyam Raju for support to
complete the project in time. Our thanks and appreciations also go to all the
faculty members, staff members of BVRIT, and all our friends who have helped
us put this project together.

III
 B.V.Raju Institute of Technology
Vishnupur, Narsapur, Medak.(Dt) Pin:502313
(Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

CERTIFICATE

LabVIEW

Virtual Instrumentation Laboratory

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

This is to certify that, bearing roll numbers K. ABHIRAM(20211A0496),

G.ABHISHEK(20211A0461), T.VANI(20211A04M4) successfully completed their training
program on LabVIEW, NI hardware modules, and implemented a project titled
“IMPLEMMENTATION OF DOPPLER EFFECT USING LabVIEW” in the virtual
instrumentation laboratory, BVRIT’N, during the period 2021 to 2022.

Lab Coordinator Head of The Department

Dr .Chinnaiah Dr .Sanjay Dubey, M.Tech ,Ph.D
M.Tech , Ph.D Professor & HOD
Professor ECE Department
IV
Declaration

We hereby declare that the project entitled" IMPLEMENTATION OF

DOPPLER EFFECT USING LABVIEW" submitted to B. V. Raju Institute of
Technology, affiliated with Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad, for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics and Communication Engineering is a result of original research done
by us. It is further declared that the project report or any part thereof has not
been previously submitted to any University or Institute for the award of a
degree or diploma.

K. ABHIRAM

Signature

G. ABHISHEK

Signature

T. VANI

Signature
 ABSTRACT

V
In general Doppler effect is change in frequency of a wave in relation to an
observer who is moving relevant to the source. For waves which do not require a
medium, such as electromagnetic waves, only the relative difference in velocity
between the source and observer need to be considered. We are implementing
Doppler effect in stationary conditions. So, we must use electromagnetic waves,
so we are using a radar system.

In this the radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or

microwaves, which bounce off any objects in their path. This radar system
consists of an ultrasonic sensor and servo motor. The basic working of this
system is that it must detect objects in its defined range. An ultrasonic sensor is
attached to the servo motor. It rotates about 180 degrees and gives visual
representation in the software tool “LabVIEW”. This “LabVIEW” gives
graphical representation, and it also gives the angle of the object.

This system is controlled by Arduino. Arduino is a single-board

microcontroller to make using electronics in multidisciplinary projects more
accessible.

This project aims at making a radar that is efficient, cheaper and reflects all
the possible techniques that a radar consists of. The main applications of this
radar system come in different fields of navigations, military, air traffic control,
and different applications.

Key terms- Arduino, Ultrasonic, obstacle detection, radar.

VI
 CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT III
LAB VIEW CERTIFICATE IV
DECLARARION V
ABSTRACT VI
CONTENTS VII
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES VIII

1.Introduction 1-7
1.1 Introduction to Lab VIEW 1
1.2 Initial purpose of Radar system 6
1.3 Motivation 7
1.4 Objectives 7
2. Literature survey 8-9
2.1 Existing model 9
2.2 Proposed model 9
3. Components 10-15
3.1 Arduino Uno 10
3.2 Ultra sonic HC-SR04 Sensor 12
3.3 Servo motor 13
3.4 Bread board 15
3.5 Jumper wires 15
4. Analysis & Designing 16-18
4.1 Circuit Diagram 17
4.2 Working of Project 17
5. Implementation 19-21
5.1 Flow Chart 19
5.2 Software Implementation 20
5.3 Hardware Implementation 21
6. Result 22-23
7. Advantages & Applications 24
8. Conclusion 25
9. References 26
10. Appendix

VII
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1.1 : LabVIEW logo 1

Figure 1.1.2 : LabVIEW front panel 2
Figure 1.1.3: Block diagram of LabVIEW 3
Figure 1.2.1 : ‘War tubas’ used in world war 2 6
Figure 2.1.1: Existing model(German Freya transmitter) 9
Figure 2.2.1 : Proposed model 9
Figure 3.1.1: Arduino UNO 10
Figure 3.2.1: Ultra sonic HC-SR04 sensor 12
Figure 3.3.1: Servo motor 13
Figure 3.4.1: Bread board 15
Figure 3.5.1: Jumper wires 15
Figure 4.1.1: Block diagram 16
Figure 4.2.1: Circuit diagram 17
Figure 5.1.1: Flow chart 19
Figure 5.2.1: LabVIEW code of the project 20
Figure 5.3.1: Hardware part of the project 21
Figure 6.0.1: Simulation result 22
Figure 6.0.2: Polar mapping of the object 23

Table 1.1.1: LabVIEW Terminology vs Conventional Languages 4

Table 3.2.2: Specifications of ultrasonic sensor 13
Table 3.3.1: Specifications of servomotor 14

VIII
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to LabVIEW

LabVIEW is a programming environment in which you will be able to create programs using
graphical notation. A graphical notation is nothing but a process where you will be connecting
functional nodes with wires which ultimately depicts how the data flows.
Unlike traditional programming languages like C, C++, or Java, programming is executed in
terms of text. LabView is not just a programming environment, it offers much more than a coding
platform. It is an interactive program development system that is specifically designed for people
like scientists and engineers.
The LabVIEW environment works on computers like Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The
programs that are created using the LabVIEW environment can be executed on platforms like
Microsoft Pocket PC, Palm OS, Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), microprocessors, and Field
Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs).

Figure 1.1.1: LabVIEW logo

Programming Language used in LabVIEW:

The programming language used in LabVIEW is called “G”, (G stands for Graphical). Usage of
LabVIEW increases productivity as it takes considerably less time to develop applications when
compared to the traditional programming languages. Using traditional programming languages will
take about weeks to months to accomplish the development tasks. The same tasks can be completed
within less amount of time by using the powerful graphical programming language i.e., LabVIEW.

1
Front Panel:

When you have created a new VI or selected an existing VI, the Front Panel and the Block Diagram
for that specific VI will appear. A front panel is nothing but an interactive interface for the user. It
displays the entire panel where the users will be able to select different options and execute the
process. Further, the front panel has push buttons, graphs, knobs, indicators, and other options.

The data can be keyed in by using a mouse or keyboard. The results can be viewed on the screen.
While creating a new program, the user will have to decide the inputs and outputs which will be
available. Then, place the cursor on the grey area in the front panel and right-click.

A new window will appear, i.e., Control window will popup. Within the controls window, a lot
of options are available. Some of them are numeric control menus, graphs, arrays, Boolean, and
other sets of controls. For this instance, let us go with numeric control. So, from the control
window, select “numeric control menu”. Now, place the controller anywhere on the control panel.
Now, select
“Digital Indicator” from the control window and place it on the front panel.

2
Figure 1.1.2: LabVIEW Front Panel

3
Block Diagram of LabVIEW:

This is the second component within the Virtual Instrument. This is an important area where the
underlying code goes into the program. Using the inputs and outputs, the program is created
graphically. The users will be able to select “objects” from the functions window. A block diagram
is nothing but VI’s source code. It is programmed using LabVIEW’s programming language,
i.e., “G”. It is the actual executable program.

• The block diagram’s components are lower-level VI’s, constants, program executable control
structures, built-in functions.
• The user will be able to draw wires and connect with the objects and define the data flow.

Figure 1.1.3: Block Diagram of LabVIEW

● In the block diagram stage, the user will be able to see two menus. Out of which, the first menu
option is “Tools” and the second menu option is “Function”.
● The below screenshot displays the options that the users will be able to access under the “Tools”
menu. If you closely observe the below screenshot, the user will be able to access different tool
options that are available within the menu.
4
The main difference between traditional tools and LabVIEW:

Main differences that the LabVIEW tool has compared to the traditional tools:

1. LabVIEW uses the graphical representation of all icons which are easy to understand by
scientists and engineers. So, the entire tool relies on the idea of graphical representation rather
than a text-based approach.
2. The execution is completed based on the data flow. So, the process execution will only be
initiated after the relevant data is received.
3. Using the graphical approach, the users will be able to use the LabVIEW tool without much
knowledge of programming language.
4. If you have a programming/development background, then the concepts will definitely help you
to understand better.
LabVIEW Terminology Conventional LanguageTerminology
VI (Virtual instrument) Program
Function Function or Method
Sub VI (Sub Virtual Instrument) Subroutine, subprogram, or an object
Front panel User interface
Block Diagram Program Code
G C,C++,java ,Basics ,etc.

Table 1.1.1: LabVIEW Terminology vs Conventional Languages

5
Benefits of LabVIEW:

The benefits that are associated with LabVIEW are,

With the help of the user-intuitive graphical interface of LabVIEW, users will be able to avail the
following benefits:

1. Having a graphical interface makes LabVIEW easy for programming.

2. It is ideal for Simulations

3. A user will be able to present how the data flow happens within a virtual instrument.

4. Easy for general programming

5. Basic programming concepts can be taught.

6. Completely flexible in terms of creating a virtual instrument according to your requirements.

7. You can easily modify the virtual instruments as and when a change is needed.

8. Has extensive libraries of functions and subroutines. These can be used for programming tasks.
Thus, eliminating the fuss of having pointers, memory allocation, and often troubles that occur
with a traditional programming language.
9. Contains specific libraries that are related to data acquisition (DAQ). These libraries are useful
for data analysis, data presentation, data storage, and ultimately communication.
10. LabVIEW has specific Analysis libraries that have useful functions like signal generation, signal
processing, filters, windows, and regression. All these are used for analysis.
11. The output data can be represented in any graphical format, i.e., charts, graphs, etc.

12. LabVIEW programs are portable, i.e., you can write a program in Mac and then execute it in
Windows Machine and vice-versa.

6
Future Scope of LabVIEW:

LabVIEW is a powerful tool where most organizations who are into Industrial Automation,
Engineering, Research & Development use this software to build prototypes and proof of concepts
before building the final product. A lot of Start-ups are using this software to build complex systems
as it reduces the amount of development effort in total.
Also, the use of LabVIEW software is predominant in the areas where hardware products are
built based on embedded programming languages. The demand for LabVIEW developers has
always been high in the current market. Most of the companies are providing solutions in terms of
Industrial automation and household automation. To support this movement, the organizations have
to definitely use LabVIEW effectively. The demand for LabVIEW developers will be predominant
even in the coming years.

1.2 Initial purpose of RADAR system:

Initially it was German inventor Christian Hansmeyer who first used them to build a simple ship
detection device intended to help avoid collisions in fog. True radar, such as the British ‘chain
home’ early warning system provided directional information to objects over short ranges, were
developed over the next two decades. Later used in the World War-2 to detect the enemies with the
help of “war tubas” as shown in the below figure.

Figure 1.2.1: ‘War tubas’ used in World War 2

7
1.3 Motivation:

At present our Indian military, navy and air forces are facing problems and sacrificing
their life’s during the wars and missions. So, with the help of our project, we can make
them to identify the enemy’s location easier.

1.4 Objectives:

The main objective of our project is to design the Arduino radar sensor, which is used to detect and
recognize objects of various kinds at a considerable distance using lab VIEW.

The main objectives are

 To develop an ultrasonic radar

 To detect the fixed or moving object

 To measure the distance of the object from the system.

8
 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] Rahul Sanket Sanjay's radar's evolution and research efforts have been immensely successful,
and they have had a significant impact on computing. Finally, researchers working on radar will be
able to design, develop, and upgrade security and user interfaces that can meet the specified
performance criteria in various environments. Radar is an object detection system that uses
electromagnetic waves to determine the range, attitude, direction, or speed of both moving and
fixed objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. Ultrasonic
radar is an object detection system that uses ultrasonic waves instead of electromagnetic waves to
determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft,
ships, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain.

[2] The Ultrasonic Sensors are the most important parts of any Ultrasonic radar. Ultrasonic sensors
work on the same concept as radar or sonar, evaluating a target's properties by reading radio or
sound wave reflections. This project intends to use an Ultrasonic Sensor attached to a Raspberry Pi
board, with the data from the sensor being sent to a laptop screen to measure the presence of any
obstacle in front of the sensor, as well as determine the range and angle at which the obstacle is
detected. The apparent shift in frequency or pitch when a sound source moves toward or away from
the listener or when the listener moves toward or away from the sound source was discovered in
1842 by Christian Doppler.

[3] Arduino Uno microcontroller coupled with the ultrasonic sensor type HC-SR04 can detect
objects inside an angle of 180 degrees and at distances between 2 centimeters and 4 meters with
acceptable accuracy. In other similar work Dutt designed an object detection and distance
measurement system which fully linked to the objectives of our study. It also uses HC-SR04
ultrasonic sensor with Arduino Uno microcontroller to detect the objects and uses a computer screen
for displaying the sensed data graphically through Processing Development Environment software.

[4] The difference between our project and their projects is just distance. Their proposed system was
long distance measuring or indicating type, but we created a system i.e., a combination and
connection of hardware components to indicate the obstacles in near distance. We did not make our
project complete, we just made it to compete. From the real-world problem that came to our sight,
which leads us to do this project. From the applications that are in which fields we are facing such
9
requirements, we started doing this project to fill those requirements.

2.1 Existing Model:

Figure 2.1.1: Existing model

(German Freya transmitter)

2.2 Proposed Model:

Figure 2.2.1: Proposed model

10
 3. COMPONENTS

3.1 Arduino Uno:

The Arduino UNO is a standard board of Arduino. Here UNO means 'one' in Italian. It was named
as UNO to label the first release of Arduino Software. It was also the first USB board released by
Arduino. It is considered as the powerful board used in various projects. Arduino.cc developed the
Arduino UNO board. Arduino UNO is based on an ATmega328P microcontroller. It is easy to use
compared to other boards, such as the Arduino Mega board, etc.
The board consists of digital and analog Input/output pins (I/O), shields, and other circuits. The
Arduino UNO includes 6 analog pin inputs, 14 digital pins, a USB connector, a power jack, and an
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header. It is programmed based on IDE, which stands for
Integrated Development Environment. It can run on both online and offline platforms.
The IDE is common to all available boards of Arduino.

11
Figure 3.1.1: Arduino UNO

12
Specifications of Arduino UNO:

1. There are 20 Input/output pins present on the Arduino UNO board. These 20 pins include 6
PWM pins, 6 analog pins, and 8 digital I/O pins.
2. The PWM pins are Pulse Width Modulation capable pins.

3. The crystal oscillator present in Arduino UNO comes with a frequency of 16MHz.

4. It also has an Arduino integrated WIFI module. Such Arduino UNO board is based on
the Integrated WIFI ESP8266 Module and ATmega328P microcontroller.
5. The input voltage of the UNO board varies from 7V to 20V.

6. Arduino UNO automatically draws power from the external power supply. It can also draw
power from the USB.

Pin Description of Arduino:

1. ATmega328 Microcontroller- It is a single chip Microcontroller of the Atmel family. The

processor code inside it is of 8-bit. It combines Memory (SRAM, EEPROM, and Flash),
Analog to Digital Converter, SPI serial ports, I/O lines, registers, timer, external and internal
interrupts, and oscillator.
2. ICSP pin - The In-Circuit Serial Programming pin allows the user to program using the
firmware of the Arduino board.
3. Power LED Indicator- The ON status of LED shows the power is activated. When the
power is OFF, the LED will not light up.
4. Digital I/O pins- The digital pins have the value HIGH or LOW. The pins numbered from
D0 to D13 are digital pins.
5. TX and RX LED's- The successful flow of data is represented by the lighting of these LED's.

6. AREF- The Analog Reference (AREF) pin is used to feed a reference voltage to the Arduino
UNO board from the external power supply.
7. Reset button- It is used to add a Reset button to the connection.

8. USB- It allows the board to connect to the computer. It is essential for the programming of
the Arduino UNO board.
9. Crystal Oscillator- The Crystal oscillator has a frequency of 16MHz, which makes the
Arduino UNO a powerful board.
10. Voltage Regulator- The voltage regulator converts the input voltage to 5V.

11. GND- Ground pins. The ground pin acts as a pin with zero voltage.
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 12. Vin- It is the input voltage.

13. Analog Pins- The pins numbered from A0 to A5 are analog pins. The function of Analog pins
is to read the analog sensor used in the connection. It can also act as GPIO (General Purpose
Input Output) pins.

Applications of Arduino Uno:

Arduino Uno comes with a wide range of applications. A larger number of people are using Arduino
boards for developing sensors and instruments that are used in scientific research. Following are
some main applications of the board.
1. Embedded System

2. Security and Defense System

3. Digital Electronics and Robotics

4. Parking Lot Counter

5. Weighing Machines

6. Traffic Light Count Down Tim.

3.2 Ultrasonic HC-SR04 Sensor:

Ultrasonic sensors generate high-frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received
back by the sensor. The Ultrasonic transmitter transmits an ultrasonic wave, this wave travels in the
air, and when it gets objected by any material, it gets reflected toward the sensor. This reflected
wave is observed by the Ultrasonic receiver module

Figure 3.2.1: Ultra sonic HC-SR04 sensor

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Specification of Ultrasonic HC-SR04 Sensor:

Electrical Parameters HC-SR04 Ultrasonic module

Operating Voltage DC-5V

Operating Current 15mA
Operating Frequency 40KHZ
Farthest Range 4m
Nearest Range 2cm
Measuring angle 180 degrees
Input Triggering Signal 10us TTL pulse
Output Echo Signal Output TTL level Signal,Proposional with Range
Dimentions 45*20*15mm

Table 3.2.2: Specifications of ultrasonic sensor

3.3 Servo Motor:

A servo motor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of velocity, acceleration, and
angular position. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also
contains a relatively sophisticated controller for a dedicated module designed specifically for use
with servomotors. Servo motors use servomechanism to achieve closed-loop control with a generic
open loop motor and are used in applications such as robotics, CNC machinery, or automated
manufacturing

Figure 3.3.1: Servo motor

15
Specification of Servo Motor:
Specificaion Value
Rated Output power(kW) 15
Rated Voltage (V) 220
Rated speed (r/min) 2000
Maximum speed(r/min) 3000
Rated torque(N-m) 7.16
Rated Current (A) 21.48
Maximum Current (A) 24.81
Encoder Type 17bit
Motor Frame Size (mm) 130
Shaft Type Keyway
Oil seal W/O Break,with oil seal
Vibration grade 15
Vibration Capacity 2.5G
0
Operating Temperature ( C) 0.40
Weight(kg) 7.5

Table 3.3.1: specifications of servomotor.

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3.4 Bread Board:

This board also has a self-adhesive on the back. The boards also have interlocking parts. Plug board
a terminal array board) became available, and nowadays, the term" breadboard" is commonly used
to refer to these. This makes it easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with
circuit design. A variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small
analog and digital circuits to complete central processing units (CPUs).

Figure 3.4.1: Bread board

3.5 Jumper Wires:

The jumper wires are an electrical wire, with a pin at each end, which is normally used to
interconnect the components of a breadboard internally or with other components or equipment
without soldering. Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots
provided in a bread board, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of the test component.

Figure 3.5.1: Jumper wires

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 4. ANALYSIS & DESIGN

In this project, we have both the software and hardware part. The Hardware system consists of
basically three components named Arduino, servo motor, and ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic sensor
is mounded upon a servo motor which helps it to move and provides it with a turning mechanism.
Both ultrasonic sensors and servo motors are controlled and powered by Arduino.

The ultrasonic sensor consists of 4 pins: VCC, GND, TRIG, and ECHO. VCC is connected to
the Arduino UNO. Servo motor signal is connected to pin no 10 of Arduino and echo pin num 9.

Like this, both servo motor and ultrasonic sensor are connected to the Arduino. The Arduino
is connected to the PC. The Arduino code is simulated in Arduino IDE and then finally is connected
to LabVIEW software. From this, the result will display in the LabVIEW software.

Figure 4.1.1: Block Diagram

18
4.1 Circuit diagram:

Figure 4.2.1 Circuit Diagram

 Connect VCC of servomotor and vcc of ultrasonic sensor to 5v of Arduino.

 Connect the GND of ultrasonic sensor and servo to ground of the Arduino.
 Connect trig and echo pin of ultrasonic sensor to 8 and 7 of Arduino.
 Connect signal pin of servo to pin 9 of Arduino.
 Connection with Arduino UNO for UNO users.
 Connect trig and echo pin of ultrasonic sensor to A10 and A11 of Arduino.
 Connect signal pin of servo to pin A12 of Arduino.
 In the code just change pins to A10, A11, A12.

4.2 Working of project:

The project operates in the following phases,

Data Flow Programming:

The programming paradigm used in LabVIEW, sometimes called G, is based on data availability. If
there is enough data available to a sub VI or function, that sub VI or function will execute.

The execution flow is determined by the structure of a graphical block diagram (the
LabVIEW-source code) on which the programmer connects different function nodes by drawing
19
wires. These wires propagate variables, and any node can execute as soon as all its input data
becomes available.

Since this might be the case for multiple nodes simultaneously, LabVIEW can execute
inherently in parallel. Multi-processing and multi-threading hardware is exploited automatically by
the built-in scheduler, which multiplexes multiple OS threads over the nodes ready for execution.

Graphical Programming

LabVIEW integrates the creation of user interfaces (termed front panels) into the development
cycle. LabVIEW programs-subroutines are termed virtual instruments (VIs). Each VI has three
components: a block diagram, a front panel, and a connector pane. The last is used to represent
the VI in the block diagrams of others, called VI’s. The front panel is built using controls and
indicators. Controls inputs: they allow a user to supply information to the VI. Indicators are
outputs: they indicate or display the results based on the inputs given to the VI. The back panel,
which is a block diagram, contains the graphical source code. All of the objects placed on the
front panel will appear on the back panel as terminals. The back panel also contains scores and
functions which perform operations controls and supply data to indicators. Operations controls
and supply data to indicators.

Interfacing to Devices:

LabVIEW includes extensive support for interfacing to devices such as instruments, cameras, and
other devices. Users interface to hardware by either writing direct bus commands (USB, GPIB,
Serial) or using high-level, device-specific drivers that provide native LabVIEW function nodes for
controlling the device.

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 5. IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Flow Chart:

Figure 5.1.1 Flow chart

21
5.2 Software Implementation:
Software applications undergoes following steps:

LabVIEW:

Here we use LabVIEW. LabVIEW reduces the complexity of programming, so you can focus on
your unique engineering problem. LabVIEW enables you to immediately visualize results with
built-in, drag-and-drop engineering user interface creation and integrated data viewers. To mm your
acquired data into real business results, you can develop algorithms for data analysis and advanced
control with included math and signal processing. With the help of this LabVIEW, we design the
following code. And the code is written in “MAIN VI” of the LabVIEW.

or reuse your own libraries from a variety of tools.

Figure 5.2.1 LabVIEW code of the project

22
5.3 Hardware Implementation:

The below figure shows a complete implementation of the hardware system. An ultrasonic servo
motor is placed upon a servo motor, and it is placed above the breadboard. Arduino is placed on the
breadboard on the other side of the breadboard, and an entire connection is made between them.
Arduino and servo motor are stuck to the breadboard to stop it from tripping over when the servo
motor moves. Arduino IDE was used to write code and upload it to Arduino. Arduino code reads the
position of the servo motor and calculates the distance of the nearest object in the path.

Figure 5.3.1: Hardware part of the project

Step Wise Implementation:

i. Declare the variables

ii. Arduino sends echo pulses to an ultrasonic sensor

iii. We have to wait for the echo back

iv. If echo is not returned, then the servo motor starts rotating.

23
 v. Then it finds the distance and angle of the object.

6. RESULT

The analysis and design of the implementation of the Doppler effect is presented. The proposed
system is used to detect objects in their defined range.

The servomotor used has the range of 0 to 180 degrees only. So further implementation
Tower Pro MG995 can be used for 360 degrees.

Figure 6.1: Simulation result

The bottle, in the fig 6.1, is an obstacle. Ultrasonic sensor detects this obstacle and shows the position
of the obstacle in the Lab VIEW software.

24
 Figure 6.2: Polar mapping of the object

In the above Figure The red color mark in the polar mapping indicates the obstacle position, through
which we can find how far the obstacle is located from the ultrasonic sensor

25
 7. ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

Advantages:

 Radar procurable value is very low.

 Working and maintenance values are low.

 Distance active resolution is high.

 Radar's jam is troublesome.

 It can work in any place.

 NASA uses radio detection and ranging to map the world and alternative planets.

Applications:

 Military Applications:

a. In air defense, it is used for target detection, target recognition,

and weapon control (directing the weapon to the tracked targets).

b. Identifying enemy locations on the map.

 Air Traffic Control:

1. To guide the aircraft to land in bad weather using precision

approach radar.

2. To scan the airport surface for aircraft and ground vehicle

positions.

 Space:

1. To guide the space vehicle for a safe landing on the moon.

2. To detect and track satellites.

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 8. CONCLUSION

Conclusion:

In recent days, the Technology has acquired its broad prominence. In this paper, a system radar
system was designed with the help of Arduino, a servo-motor and ultrasonic sensor which can
detect the position and distance of obstacle which comes in their way and converts it into a visually
representable form. This system can be used in robotics for object detection and avoidance system
or can also be used for intrusion detection for location sizes. The range of the system depends upon
the type of ultrasonic sensor used. We used an HC-SR04 sensor which ranges from 2 to 40 cm.

Our project is performing exceptionally well. It detects items inside the specified range with
ease. The information is displayed clearly on the screen with enough delay for the user to read it.
This project could be useful for object recognition and avoidance applications. This project could
easily be extended and could be used in any system t h a t may need Ultrasonic Radar. Using
Micro-Controller Was Successfully Implemented and executed.

Future work:
With the help of this project , in future we can develop radar system to detect the enemy’s with exact
position, and to develop some real time applications as we mentioned above . This frequency modulated
approach enables coherent detection of the reflected signal, which is crucial for future self-driving
vehicles. Which In the back seat, which was fitted with a screen that showed the readout from the
laser-scanning system, I could clearly see the motion of cars, pedestrians and other moving objects.
Also pointed out that other chipset-driven industries including mobile phones, automotive radars and
GPS systems have adopted frequency modulation to deliver interference-free data over long distances
while using less power than those that rely on the intensity of the beam.

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 9. REFFERENCES

[1] Radar system using Arduino and Ultrasonic sensor by "International Journal of Naval Research
and Development "4-10-2018.

[2] Naqi Jafrin, Dania Rashid, Fabia Shoaib" Arduino based Radar System",2019.

[3] Ali Ayad Hussen, Saja Ameer Salam, " Using Arduino software to design Radar System".2019.

[4] Mr. Kulkarni, Avadhut, Nandkishor, Mr. Waghela Subham Atulbhai "Smart enemy Tracking
Radar using Arduino project" by International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews.

[5] A Short-Range Radar System by Dr. Abdellatif 9,2016

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 APENDIX

The following Arduino program is used in the project

#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
const int trigPin = 9;
const int echoPin = 10;

float duration, distance, p;

int pos = 0;

void setup()
{
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
myservo.attach(11);

}
void loop()
{
if(Serial.available()>0)
{
for (pos = 0; pos <= 180; pos += 10)
{
myservo.write(pos);
Serial.println(pos);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
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 digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distance = (duration*.0343)/2;
p=distance*1000;
Serial.println(p);
delay(500);
}
for (pos = 180; pos >= 0; pos -= 10)
{
myservo.write(pos);
Serial.println(pos);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delay Microseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trig Pin, LOW);

duration = pulse In(echo Pin, HIGH);

distance = (duration*.0343)/2;
p=distance*1000;
Serial.println(p);
delay(500);
}
}

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