Medical law
Subject: Ethical and legal aspects of Reproductive Health
Dr.Natia landia
Arezo Bahrami Akbari Ug : 1701818
Alaa Eid Ug : 1702101
six ethics of life
6 Ethics Of Life: Before you Pray - Believe. Before
you speak - Listen. Before you spend -
Earn. Before you write - Think.
Before you quit - Try. Before you die
- Live.
reproductive technology
The possibilities available for couples contemplating parenthood in
unconventional ways under these new reproductive techniques :
-1Artificial Insemination
-2In-vitro Fertilization
-3 Surrogate Motherhood
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) are medical procedures used primarily
to address infertility. It includes procedures such as in vitro fertilization. It may
include intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of gametes or
embryos, and/or may involve the use of fertility medication. When used to
address infertility, it may also be referred to as fertility treatment. ART mainly
belongs to the field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Some forms
of ART are also used with regard to fertile couples for genetic reasons
(preimplantation genetic diagnosis). ART may also be used in surrogacy
arrangements, although not all surrogacy arrangements involve ART.
AIH
Artificial insemination by husband (AIH): A procedure in which a
fine catheter (tube) is inserted through the cervix (the natural opening of the
uterus) into the uterus (the womb) to deposit a sperm sample from the
woman's mate directly into the uterus. The purpose of this procedure is to
achieve fertilization and pregnancy. AIH is distinguished from artificial
insemination by donor (AID) in which the donor is a man other than the
woman's mate. AIH is also known as homologous insemination.
AID
artificial insemination by donor (AID): A procedure in which a fine catheter
(tube) is inserted through the cervix (the natural opening of the uterus) into
the uterus (the womb) to deposit a sperm sample from a donor other than the
woman's mate directly into the uterus. The purpose of this procedure is to
achieve fertilization and pregnancy. AID is also called heterologous
insemination. AID is distinguished from homologous insemination, that is
artificial insemination by husband (AIH).
In-vitro Fertilization
It involves fertilizing an egg outside the body, in a laboratory dish, and then
implanting it in a woman's uterus.
By 2016, some 6.5 million babies had been born using in-vitro fertilization
(IVF). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
around 1.6 percent of babies born in the United States each year are conceived
through assisted reproductive technology (ART).
Fast facts about in-vitro fertilization (IVF):
-In-vitro fertilization (IVF) can help achieve pregnancy when other treatments
have not worked.
-The process involves fertilizing an egg outside the body, and implanting it to
continue the pregnancy.
-One percent of babies born in the United States are conceived through IVF.
-There is a higher chance of a multiple birth with IVF
In a normal pregnancy, a male sperm penetrates a woman's egg and fertilizes it
inside her body after ovulation, when a mature egg has been released from the
ovaries.
The fertilized egg then attaches itself to the wall of the uterus, or womb, and
begins developing into a baby. This is known as natural conception.
However, if natural or unassisted conception is not possible, fertility treatment
is an option.
Ethical issues involved with in vitro fertilization.
There are three elements to consider with in vitro fertilization. First, the
paramount concern needs to be the well-being and best interests of the child,
even though he or she may be an embryo at the time. Second, some people
think a child will solve their marital problems. Although couples seeking in vitro
fertilization should not be subjected to more scrutiny than couples conceiving
in the traditional way, the stresses and uncertainties of in vitro fertilization can
further strain a marriage. Clinic staff members should be sensitive to this issue
as a way of helping to avoid complications later. Third, how we resolve the
status and fate of the frozen embryo and who has disposition over it surely will
reflect how we consider abortion rights. For example, if the standards of Roe
vs Wade were applied, one could argue that the woman should have total
disposition over the frozen embryo. On the other hand, if the father receives a
say in the matter, what impact would this have? Given the nature of our
society and the tenuous state of marriage, the problem of disposing frozen
embryos is a critical one that has no satisfactory solution. Finally, there is the
stress factor. Although this is not an issue of direct ethical concern, it is related
to the necessity of the couple receiving accurate information. If the couple
receives an incorrect impression of a clinic's success rates, they may be
exposed unnecessarily to further stress and frustration.
Some of the ethical issues involved in this technology are:
-Bypassing the natural method of conception
-Creating life in laboratory
-Fertilizing more embryos than will be needed
-Discarding excess embryos
-Unnatural environment for embryos
-Expensive technology, not affordable for common man
-Creating embryos, freezing them and keeping them in limbo
-Destroying embryos in research
-Potential to select embryos
-Selective termination of embryos etc
Surrogate Motherhood
Surrogate motherhood, practice in which a woman (the surrogate mother)
bears a child for a couple unable to produce children in the usual way, usually
because the wife is infertile or otherwise unable to undergo pregnancy. In so-
called traditional surrogacy, the surrogate mother is impregnated through
artificial insemination with the sperm of the husband. In gestational surrogacy,
the wife’s ova and the husband’s sperm are subjected to in vitro fertilization,
and the resulting embryo is implanted in the surrogate mother. Normally, in
either procedure, the surrogate gives up all parental rights, but this has been
subject to legal challenge.
Finding a Surrogate
Sometimes a family member or friend offers to be a surrogate. This can greatly
reduce the cost of surrogacy. However, because not everyone knows a woman
in a position to volunteer to be a surrogate, most people find a surrogate
through other means.
There are many full-service agencies/firms that will match intended parents to
surrogates. When choosing an agency, it is imperative to research the agency’s
history. Important questions to ask include how fees are determined and how
surrogates are screened. If possible, it is often helpful to speak to former
clients of the agency.
Refrences
www.pinterest.com/pin/558868634993226534
www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey
www.medicalnewstoday.com
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
www.britannica.com/topic/surrogate-motherhood
www.hrc.org/resources/overview-of-the-surrogacy-process
