A

PROJECT REPORT

ON
“SUPERMARKET RETAIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM“ FROM
“SUPERMARKET ”
SUBMITTED TO

SAVITRIBAI PHULE UNIVERSIY OF PUNE

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF BACHELORS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION UNDER
THE GUIDENCE OF

PROF- YOGITA CHANDAWALE

SUBMITTED BY
AMAR GORAKSHNATH KULAT
BBA – III

RAJMATA JIJAU SHIKSHAN PRASARK MANDAL’S

ARTS, COMMERCE AND SCIENCE COLLEGE,
LANDEWADI, BHOSARI, PUNE – 411039 YEAR 2023-24
 DECLARATION

Respected Ma’am.

I hereby declare that the research work presented in this project work entitled Study Of
manpower planning from SUPERMARKET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM is an outcome of
my efforts under the guidance of Prof. Sarika Jagtap and submitted the same as original for
the award of the degree of Bachelors of Business Administration in the year 2023-24

I also declare that this project work has not been previously submitted by me and the
information gathered by me is safely used for academic purpose.

( AMAR KULAT )
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PLACE – BHOSARI
DATE – 14.11.2022

In the accomplishment of completion of my project on Study of manpower planning from.

SUPERMARKET RETAIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM would like to convey my special
gratitude to Prof – YOGITA CHANDAWALE, professor of BBA Department and also the
teaching specialization as well as I convey gratitude to Mrs. SARIKA JAGTAP, HOD of
BBA Department of Rajmata Jijau Shikshan Prasarak Mandal’s.

Your valuable guidance and suggestions helped me in various phases of the completion of
this project. I always be thankful to you in this regard.

I am ensuring that this project was finished by me and not copied.

(AMAR KULAT)
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 General Overview
Supermarket management system is the system where all the aspects related to the
proper management of supermarket is done. These aspects involve managing
information about the various products, staff, managers, customers, billing etc. This
system provides an efficient way of managing the supermarket information. Also
allows the customer to purchase and pay for the items purchased.

This project is based on the sales transaction and billing of items in a supermarket.
The first activity is based on adding the items to the system along with the rate which
are present in the supermarket and the name of the items which the supermarket will
agree to sell. This authority is given only to admin (administrator). Any modifications
to be done in the item name and the rate can be done only by admin. He also has the
right to delete any item. As the customer buys the products and comes to the billing
counter, the user is supposed to enter the item name he purchased and the quantity of
the item he had purchased. This is not a huge a task.

This study is to produce software which manages the sales activity done in a
supermarket, maintaining the stock details, maintaining the records of the sales done
for a particular month/year. The users will consume less time in calculation and the
sales activity will be completed within a fraction of seconds whereas manual system
will make the user to write it down which is a long procedure and so paper work will
be reduced and the user can spend more time on the monitoring the supermarket. The
project will be user friendly and easy to use.

The system will display all the items whose name starts with the letter selected by the
user. He can select out of those displayed. Finally a separate bill will be generated for
each customer. This will be saved in the database. Any periodic records can be viewed
at any time. If the stock is not available, the supermarket orders and buys from a
prescribed vendor. The amount will be paid by deducting the total amount acquired in
the sales activity. Admin provides a unique username and password for each
employee through which he can login.

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 1.1.2 The Modules of Operation is stated below

Account Configuration:
Employee: When a new employee joins the company, his record is saved in the
database.
Items: Here the Admin can add any new items present in the supermarket. He also has
the right to modify or delete it from the database.
Registration: As soon as the employee joins the company, the admin provides unique
username and password to him.
Vendor Order: If the stock is not available, the supermarket orders and buys from a
prescribed vendor. The amount will be paid by deducting the total amount acquired in
the sales activity.
Stock entry: The items bought from the vendor will be entered here and this will be
added to the stock.
Indent Report: This provides the report of the items sold for a particular month/ year
and also gives the total amount acquired.
Vendor Report: This provides the report of the items bought from a vendor for a
particular month/ year and also gives the total amount spent.
Display: A user can view information regarding Items present in the supermarket.
Logout: This module allows the user to Logout the application. Further operations
cannot be performed after user exits.

FUNCTIONS OF THIS SYSTEM:

1. This system provides list of various products

2. There are various brands information along with the additional details

3. There is online application form where customer can choose their respective
product.

4. There is one important functions provided where the information about the staff can
be maintained.

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5. There is database connectivity provided where each customer detail has been
stored.

6. The system Provide functions of editing customer details.

7. Its Provide functions of editing product details.

8. Its Provide functions of editing staff details.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Being a Computer Technology student we had to go into the business department to

learn some basic sales and supermarket management topics to increase our intellectual
understanding on the project at hand it was really tasking.

Building a standard Supermarket management system was not an easy task looking at

the problems of existing manual system The factors for these difficulties are:

1. Time Consumption: Manual systems are time consuming, as the business owner
must keep track of Supermarket sales on a daily basis, while updating the system
manually at the end of the day.

2. Poor Communication: A manual Supermarket system requires employees and

managers to write down each time an item is removed from the Supermarket. If one
employee forgets to mention that the last coffee product has been removed from the
Supermarket, a manager expects the item to still be available for a customer during a
sale. Compared with a technical Supermarket system, a manual Supermarket system
does not help the communication in the workplace.

3. Physical Counts: A manual Supermarket system does not provide any number,
as all numbers from the Supermarket are gained through physical Supermarket counts.
One of the difficulties of running a manual Supermarket system is that physical
Supermarket counts must be performed frequently to control the items in the
Supermarket. This is time consuming and can cost the business money, if employees
must come in to help out outside of business hours.

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4. Daily Purchases: Keeping track of daily purchases is another difficult controlling
measure with manual Supermarket systems. A manual Supermarket system requires
the employees to write down the items sold during a single work day. This can be a
difficult task, as one employee may lose the list of items sold or another may forget to
write down a sale.

5. Ordering Supplies: A manual Supermarket system does not update at the end of
the day with updated Supermarket

1.3 Aims and Objective of Study

Aim of study is

To design a Computerized Supermarket Management System to ascertain stock level

of a supermarket, when to order for more goods, keep status and updates of
transactions, thereby helping progress level, stock taking and managerial decisions,.

The objective are

1. To study the functions of Supermarket management system.
2. To explore the challenges being faced by the manual system.
3. To make a software fast in processing, with good user interface.
4.To ensure accurate statistics of product item.
5. For Easy record of goods in store and proper identification.

1.3 Scope of Study

This research work covers stock control, management and tends to correct anomalies
in Supermarket business. It analyses opening of new stocks, stock updates and ability
to view existing ones. It provides quick way of operation by capturing the manual
process and automating them. This project is helpful to computerize the item
transaction, sales activity record keeping which is a very huge task and maintaining
the stock

1.4 Limitation of Study

Due to time and basic factors like unstable electricity, poor networks, unavailability of
concrete business idea and many more this research has been limited to certain areas
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in supermarket management we only looked more into the supermarket inventory
management area using Microsoft access and Visual basic.

1.5 Definition of Terms

MODULES: This can be described a search of a set of standardized parts or

independent units that can be used to construct a more complex structure, such as an
item.
ADMIN: This isthe administration of a business, organization,
USERNAME: This is an identification used by a person with access to a computer,
network, or online service.
PASSWORD: This isa secret word or phrase that must be used to gain admission to a
place.
VENDOR ORDER: This isa commercial document used to request someone to
supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities;
INDENT REPORT: This containsOrder for goods (placed often through a local or
foreign agent of a foreign supplier) under specified conditions of sale, the acceptance
of which by the supplier (or the agent) constitutes a contract of sale. MICROSOFT
VISUAL BASIC: Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming
language and integrated development environment from Microsoft for its COM
programming model first released in 1991.
MICROSOFT ACCESS: Microsoft Access, also known as Microsoft Office Access,
is a database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational
Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and
softwaredevelopment tool.

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 CHAPTER TWO 2.0

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction to Supermarket

A supermarket is a large form of the traditional grocery store, it is a selfservice shop

offering a wide variety of food and household products, organized into aisles. It is
larger in size and has a wider selection than a traditional grocery store, but is smaller
and more limited in
the range of
merchandise than
a hypermarket or
bigbox market.

The concept of an
inexpensive
food market
relying on large
economies of
scale was
developed by Vincent
Astor. He founded the
Astor Market in 1915,
investing $750,000 of his fortune into a 165 by 125 corner of in the famous 95
Manhattan avenue, creating in effect, an open air mini-mall that sold meat, fruit,
produce and flowers. The expectation was that customers would come from great
distances ("miles around"), but in the end even attracting people from ten blocks away
was difficult, and the market folded in 1917. The concept of a super market was

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developed by entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wigglystores. His first
store opened in 1916. Saunders was awarded a number of patents for the ideas he
incorporated into his stores. The stores were a financial success and Saunders began to
offer franchises. The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, which was established in
1859, was another successful early grocery store chain in Canada and the United
States, and became common in North American cities in the 1920s. The general trend
in retail since then has been to stock shelves at night so that customers, the following
day, can obtain their own goods and bring them to the front of the store to pay for
them. Although there is a higher risk of shoplifting, the costs of appropriate security
measures ideally will be outweighed by reduced labor cost.

Historically, there was debate about the origin of the supermarket, with King Kullen and
Ralphs of California having strong
claims.
Other contenders included Weingarten's
Big Food Markets and Henke & Pillot.
To end the debate, the Food Marketing
Institute in conjunction with the
Smithsonian Institution and with funding
from H.J. Heinz, researched the issue. It
defined the attributes of a supermarket as "self-service, separate product departments,
discount pricing, marketing and volume selling."

It has been determined that the first true supermarket in the United States was opened
by a former Kroger employee, Michael J. Cullen, on August 4, 1930, inside a
6,000square-foot (560 m2) former garage in Jamaica, Queens in New York City. The
store, King Kullen, (inspired by the fictional character King Kong), operated under
the slogan "Pile it high. Sell it low." At the time of Cullen's death in 1936, there were
seventeen King Kullen stores in operation. Although Saunders had brought the world
self-service, uniform stores and nationwide marketing, Cullen built on this idea by
adding separate food departments, selling large volumes of food at discount prices and
adding a parking lot.

Other established American grocery chains in the 1930s, such as Kroger and Safeway
at first resisted Cullen's idea, but eventually were forced to build their own
supermarkets as the economy sank into the Great Depression, while consumers were

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becoming pricesensitive at a level never experienced before. Kroger took the idea one
step further and pioneered the first supermarket surrounded on all four sides by a
parking lot.

Supermarkets proliferated across Canada and the United States with the growth of
automobile ownership and suburban development after World War II. Most North
American supermarkets are located in suburban strip shopping centers as an anchor
store along with other smaller retailers. They are generally regional rather than
national in their company branding. Kroger is perhaps the most nationally oriented
supermarket chain in the United States but it has preserved most of its regional
brands, including Ralphs, City Market, King Soopers, Fry's, Smith's, and QFC.

In Canada, the largest such chain is Loblaw, which operates stores under a variety of
regional names, including Fortinos, Zehrs, No Frills, the Real Canadian Superstore,
and the largest, Loblaws, (named after the company itself). Sobeys is Canada's second
largest supermarket with locations across the country, operating under many banners
(Sobeys IGA in Quebec). Québec's first supermarket opened in 1934 in Montréal,
under the banner Steinberg's.

In the United Kingdom, self-service shopping took longer to become established.

Even in 1947, there were just ten self-service shops in the country. In 1951, ex-US
Navy sailor Patrick Galvani, son-in-law of Express Dairies chairman, made a pitch to
the board to open a chain of supermarkets across the country. The UK's first
supermarket under the new Premier Supermarkets brand opened in Streatham, South
London, taking ten times as much per week as the average British general store of the
time. Other chains caught on, and after Galvani lost out to Tesco's Jack Cohen in 1960
to buy the 212 Irwin's chain, the sector underwent a large amount of consolidation,
resulting in 'the big four' dominant UK retailers of today: Tesco, Asda (owned by
WalMart), Sainsbury's and Morrisons.

In the 1950s, supermarkets frequently issued trading stamps as incentives to

customers. Today, most chains issue store-specific "membership cards," "club cards,"
or "loyalty cards". These typically enable the card holder to receive special members-
only discounts on certain items when the credit card-like device is scanned at check-
out. Sales of selected data generated by club cards is becoming a significant revenue
stream for some supermarkets.

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2.2 Types of Supermarket

Supermarket is categorized into different type due to their size, scale, products
offered,
Store Format and TrendsWhile people use the terms "Grocery Store", ”Hypermarket”
and "Bigboxmarket" interchangeably to refer to retail food stores, industry watchers
offer more specific guidelines about different types of Supermarket. "Hypermarkets"
are on the larger end of this spectrum and carry a diverse mix of food and general
merchandise. Nomenclature is not always uniform Financial Institutions Fund places
Wal-Mart in the same category as supermarkets, but accounting for only the
supercenter's grocery division. The Food Marketing Institute classifies superstores as
a large type of supermarket, while designating warehouse stores as grocery stores.

Grocery Store:A grocery store is a retail store that primarily sells food. A grocer is a
bulk seller of food. Grocery stores often offer non-perishable food, with some also
having fresh produce, butchers, delis, and bakeries. Large grocery stores that stock
significant amounts of non-food products, such as clothing and household items, are
called supermarkets. Some large supermarkets also include a pharmacy and an
electronics section, the latter selling DVDs, headphones, digital alarm clocks, and
similar items. Grocery stores operate in many different styles ranging from rural
family- owned operations, such as IGAs, boutique chains, such as Whole Foods
Market and Trader Joe's to larger supermarket chain stores. In some places, food
cooperatives or "co-op" markets, owned by their own shoppers, have been popular.
However, there has recently been a trend towards larger stores serving larger
geographic areas.

Hypermarket: Is an advanced supermarket which has an additional department store.

The result is an expansiveretail facility carrying a wide range of products under one
roof, including full groceries lines and general merchandise. In theory, hypermarkets
allow customers to satisfy all their routine shopping needs in one trip. After the
successes of super-markets and hyper-markets and amid fears that smaller stores
would be forced out of business, franchise laws that made it more difficult to build
hypermarkets and also restricted the amount of economic leverage that hypermarket
chains can impose upon their suppliers. In France, hypermarkets are generally situated

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in shopping centers (French: centre commercial or centre d'achats) outside of cities,
though some are present in the city center. They are surrounded by extensive car
parking facilities, and generally by other specialized superstores that sell clothing,
sports gear, automotive items, etc.

Bigboxmarket:Is a physically large retail establishment, usually part of a chain. The

term sometimes also refers, by extension, to the company that operates the store. The
store may sell general dry goods,it is generally inaccessible to pedestrians and often
can only be reached by motor vehicles, the big-box store is regarded as unsustainable
and a failure of urban planning.

Some conservatives worry about the economic impact of big-box retailers on

established downtown merchants or the sprawl-inducing impacts on the character of
such developments, as these stores are often associated with heavy traffic in the areas
around the store locations. Some communities have adopted a higher level of
architectural treatment and regulations to ensure that the superstores relate better to
their environs and neighbors. Many regulate signage and landscaping.

There are also concerns surrounding traffic and roads. The increased traffic leads to
more air pollution in an area and higher taxes in order to maintain the roads.

2.3 Introduction to Online marketing (E-Commerce)

The internet marketing has been active for a long time now, the cumulative events
occurring in online marketing is leading up to where we are now it have impacted the
entire globe faster than any marketing revolution in history.

Over the past decade or so, supermarkets and other grocery retailers have continued to
invest significantly into broadening their Internet presence and expanding the number
of channels through which their goods are sold. Key Note estimates that sales of
groceries transacted via online channels observed double-digit growth between 2007
and 2011, increasing by 127% overall.

One of the major trends to have driven growth within the Internet grocery market is
mcommerce that is sales made via mobile channels, i.e. smart phones and tablet
computers. The increasing popularity of smart phones and tablets among consumers
has resulted in a whole host of retailers investing significant sums of money into

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mobile sales platforms, as well as downloadable applications (apps'), which offer a
more interactive and personalized shopping experience.

Despite the growth of online grocers in recent years, online spending still accounts for
a relatively small proportion of the overall Internet grocery market, with just 3.9% of
total grocery sales estimated to have been transacted via e-commerce and m-
commerce channels. However, the share of the total grocery market represented by
online grocers has continued to increase year-on-year since at least 2007, when their
market share stood at just 2.1%.

Key Note expects the Internet grocery market to continue to go from strength to
strength over the forthcoming years and has forecast year-on-year double-digit growth
for 2012 to 2016. The rising uptake of Internet-connected mobile devices, such as
smart phones and tablets, should boost sales transacted via m-commerce channels,
while continued Government investment in the rollout of superfast broadband,
alongside the introduction of the UK's first 4G mobile network, will also help to boost
Internet activity and the use of e-commerce services throughout the country.

Online marketing can broadly be defined as the processes or areas involved in the
running and operation of an organization that are electronic or digital in nature. These
include direct business activities such as marketing, sales and human resource
management but also indirect activities such as business process re-engineering and
change management, which impact on the improvement in efficiency and integration
of business processes and activities.
In 1994, spending for internet marketing totaled nearly nothing, but increased to over
$300 million in 1995. Now, little more than a decade later, marketing spending and
internet marketing business has exploded to nearly $200 billion (according to
Forrester Research). Today, it’s hard to believe in having an organization which
doesn’t have some kind of online presence.
When the internet was first introduced in the early 90s, it wasn’t considered to be an
advertising medium at all. Instead, the internet was treated as a tool for exchanging
emails and digital information, but wasn’t yet considered valuable for reaching
customers. However, it wasn’t long before marketing pioneers began to see the
potential for internet marketing business as millions of web surfers logging on each

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day to find valuable and relevant information. Within just a few years, informative
and educational marketing, as well as graphically enticing banner ads began to be
show up. It wasn’t long before results began to flood in which proved the value of the
internet marketplace to even the most skeptical advertisers.

Factors that affect online marketing are as follows:

Technological Factors, Social Factors and Economic Factors.

2.4 Benefits of e-commerce to consumers

24/7 access: It enables customers to shop or conduct other transactions 24 hours a

day, all year round from almost any location. For example checking balances, making
payments, obtaining travel tickets and other information. In one case a pop star set up
web cameras in every room in his house, so that he could check the status of his home
by logging onto the Internet when he was away from home on tour.

More choices: Customers not only have a whole range of products that they can
choose from and customize, but also an international selection of suppliers.

Price comparisons: Customers can ‘shop’ around the world and conduct comparisons
either directly by visiting different sites, or by visiting a single site where prices are
aggregated from a number of providers and compared (for example
www.moneyextra.co.uk for financial products and services).

Improved delivery processes: This can range from the immediate delivery of
digitized or electronic goods such as software or audio-visual files by downloading
via the Internet, to the on-line tracking of the progress of packages being delivered by
mail or courier

2.4.1 Benefits of e-commerce to society

It enables more flexible working practices, which enhances the quality of life for a
whole host of people in society, enabling them to work from home. Not only is this
more convenient and provides happier and less stressful working environments, it also

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potentially reduces environmental pollution as fewer people have to travel to work
regularly.
Enables people in developing countries and rural areas to enjoy and access products,
services, information and other people which otherwise would not be so easily
available to them.
Facilitates delivery of public services.: For example, health services available over the
Internet (on-line consultation with doctors or nurses), filing taxes over the Internet
through the Inland Revenue website.

2.4.2 LIMITATIONS OF E-COMMERCE

There was much hype surrounding the Internet and e-commerce over the last few
years of the twentieth century. Much of it promoted the Internet and e-commerce as
the panacea for all ills, which raises the question, are there any limitations of e-
commerce and the Internet? Isaac Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion, for every action there
is an equal and opposite reaction suggests that for all the benefits there are limitations
to ecommerce. These again will be dealt with according to the three major
stakeholders’ organizations, consumers and society.
This includes the following:
Rapidly evolving and changing technology, so there is always a feeling of trying to
catch up and not be left behind. Under pressure to innovate and develop business
models to exploit the new opportunities which sometimes leads to strategies
detrimental to the organization. The ease with which business models can be copied
and emulated over the Internet increases that pressure and curtails longer-term
competitive advantage. Facing increased competition from both national and
international competitors often leads to price wars and subsequent unsustainable
losses for the organization.
There are problems where older business systems cannot communicate with web
based and Internet infrastructures, leading to some organizations running almost two
independent systems where data cannot be shared. This often leads to having to invest
in new systems or an infrastructure, which bridges the different systems. In both cases
this is both financially costly as well as disruptive to the efficient running of
organizations.

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2.4.3 Limitations of e-commerce to consumers

Computing equipment is needed for individuals to participate in the new ‘digital’

economy, which means an initial capital cost to customers.
A basic technical knowledge is required of both computing equipment and navigation
of the Internet and the World Wide Web.
Cost of access to the Internet, whether dial-up or broadband tariffs.

Cost of computing equipment. Not just the initial cost of buying equipment but
making sure that the technology is updated regularly to be compatible with the
changing requirement of the Internet, websites and applications.
Lack of security and privacy of personal data. There is no real control of data that is
collected over the Web or Internet. Data protection laws are not universal and so
websites hosted in different countries may or may not have laws which protect
privacy of personal data.
Physical contact and relationships are replaced by electronic processes. Customers are
unable to touch and feel goods being sold on-line or gauge voices and reactions of
human beings.

2.4.4 Limitations of e-commerce to society

Breakdown in human interaction: As people become more used to interacting

electronically there could be an erosion of personal and social skills which might
eventually be detrimental to the world we live in where people are more comfortable
interacting with a screen than face to face.

Social division: There is a potential danger that there will be an increase in the social
divide between technical haves and have-nots – so people who do not have technical
skills become unable to secure better-paid jobs and could form an underclass with
potentially dangerous implications for social stability.

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2.5 Introduction to Management

The Term management is The organization and coordination of the activities of a

business in order to achieve defined objectives. Management is often included as a
factor of production along with machines, materials, and money. According to the
management guru Peter Drucker (1909-2005), the basic task of management includes
both marketing and innovation. Practice of modern management originates from the
16th century study of low-efficiency and failures of certain enterprises, conducted by
the English statesman Sir Thomas More (1478-1535).
Management consists of the interlocking functions of creating corporate policy and
organizing, planning, controlling,and directing an organization's resources in order to
achieve the objectives of that policy.

The size of management can range from one person in a small organization to
hundreds or thousands of managers in multinational companies. In large
organizations, the board of directors defines the policy which is then carried out by
the chief executive officer, or CEO. Some people agree that in order to evaluate a
company's current and future worth, the most important factors are the quality and
experience of the managers.

Management involves the manipulation of the human capital of an enterprise to

contribute to the success of the enterprise. This implies effective communication: an
enterprise environment (as opposed to a physical or mechanical mechanism), implies
human motivation and implies some sort of successful progress or system outcome.
As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism (machine or automated
program), not the herding of animals, and can occur in both a legal as well as illegal
enterprise and environment. Based on this, management must have humans,
communication, and a positive enterprise endeavor. Plans, measurements,
motivational psychological tools, goals, and economic measures (profit, etc.) may or
may not be necessary components for there to be management. At first, one views
management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting plans, meeting goals.
This applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this
perspective, Henri Fayol (1841–1925) considers management to consist of six
functions:

1. Forecasting

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 2. Planning
3. Organizing
4. Commanding
5. Coordinating
6. Controlling

2.6 Introduction to System

The word system in its meaning here, has a long history which can be traced back to
Plato (Philebus), Aristotle (Politics) and Euclid (Elements). It had meant "total",
"crowd" or "union" in even more ancient times, as it derives from the verb sunìstemi,
uniting, putting together.

"System" means "something to look at". You must have a very high visual gradient to
have systematization. In philosophy, before Descartes, there was no "system". Plato
had no "system". Aristotle had no "system".

In the 19th century the first to develop the concept of a "system" in the natural
sciences was the French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot who studied
thermodynamics. In 1824 he studied the system which he called the working
substance, i.e. typically a body of water vapor, in steam engines, in regards to the
system's ability to do work when heat is applied to it. The working substance could be
put in contact with either a boiler, a cold reservoir (a stream of cold water), or a piston
(to which the working body could do work by pushing on it). In 1850, the German
physicist Rudolf
Clausius generalized this picture to include the concept of the surroundings and began
to use the term "working body" when referring to the system.

One of the pioneers of the general systems theory was the biologist Ludwig von
Bertalanffy. In 1945 he introduced models, principles, and laws that apply to
generalized systems or their subclasses, irrespective of their particular kind, the nature
of their component elements, and the relation or 'forces' between them.

Significant development to the concept of a system was done by Norbert Wiener and
Ross Ashby who pioneered the use of mathematics to study systems.

16
In the 1980s the term complex adaptive system was coined at the
interdisciplinary Santa Fe Institute by John H. Holland, Murray Gell-Mann and others.

System is therefore an organized, purposeful structure that consists of interrelated and

interdependent elements (components, entities, factors, members, parts etc.). These
elements continually influence one another (directly or indirectly) to maintain their
activity and the existence of the system, in order to achieve the goal of the system.
All systems have inputs, outputs and feedback mechanisms, maintain an internal
steadystate (called homeostasis) despite a changing external environment, display
properties that are different than the whole (called emergent properties) but are not
possessed by any of the individual elements, and have boundaries that are usually
defined by the system observer. Systems underlie every phenomenon and all are part
of a larger system. Systems stop functioning when an element is removed or changed
significantly.

Together, they allow understanding and interpretation of the universe as a meta-

system of interlinked wholes, and organize our thoughts about the world.

2.7 Super Market management using Shoprite Nigeria as case study

Shoprite is the leading retailer across Africa and is the brand of choice for many
consumers across the African continent. Shoprite's large following of loyal customers
can be attributed to their ability to offer the widest range of products and the highest
standards of goods and services which is a necessary factor in building a formidable
supermarket. Shoprite works hand in hand with many local Nigerian suppliers, buying
in bulk in order to pass the cost savings onto you as the customer. So this way, you
can continue to enjoy a world class shopping experience whilst saving money.

17
There are series of comparison between the prices of Shoprite and some other lower
market which shows the huge standard created by the Supermarket.

The Bar chart illustrating the comparison of prices between Shoprite, Oke-Arin
market and Ojuwoye marketis indicated in diagram 2.1 and diagram 2.2 shows the
comparison between Shoprite and Ojuwoye market only.

In Nigeria, Shoprite is arguably the darling of grocery-store patrons. The fanfare and
feverish public following that heralded the opening of its first retail store in Ibadan,
southwestern Nigeria, in June 2013 underscored its popularity among citizens of a
country whose penchant for ostentation is unrivalled in many other parts of the world.

The anticipation and reception of Ibadan people about the formal opening of the
grocer was enormous that the social media was soon satiated with jokes of how
N102,000 people went shopping at the store but only N35,000 was made in sales that
day! And on a serious note, young ladies in Ibadan soon began boasting of fast sealing
the gap between their more urbane Lagos counterparts just on account of the opening
of the city’s first Shoprite.

Diagram 2.1:Comparison of Prices between Shoprite, Oke -Arin Market and

Ojuwoye Market

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 Diagram 2.2:Comparison of Prices between Shoprite and Ojuwoye Market only

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 Analysis of the Existing System

The current system operates manual supermarket management system, from stocks,
products, ordering and purchases etc. recorded in a book. This is faced with errors,

incompleteness, and insufficient data for analysis. Information regarding stocks,

products, sales and purchases are still in black and white which is not properly

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organized and managed. From the wholesalers to retailer bills, tickets, vouchers,
receipts of products are recorded in a book but further operations are not being
properly handled. As a result it is difficult in processing, updating and managing.

The factors for these difficulties are:

Labor-Intensive: A manual Super Market management systems is that they can be
highly labor-intensive to operate. They require continuous monitoring to ensure that
each transaction is accounted for and that products are maintained at the appropriate
stocking levels. It is also more difficult to share inventory information throughout the
business, because the lack of computerization makes accessing inventory records a
more cumbersome process. The time spent monitoring inventory levels could be used
on more productive activities for the business.

Human Error: A manual Supermarket management system relies heavily on the

actions of people, which increases the possibility of human error. People might forget
to record a transaction or simply miscount the number of goods. This results in
needless additional orders that increase the company's inventory carrying costs and
use up precious storage space. Inaccurate physical counts could also result in not
ordering enough of a product, meaning the business could run out of a crucial item at
the wrong time.

Time Wasting:A manual Supermarket management system has a huge tendency of

time wasting as the sales manager could have a lot to tackle while many customer
seeks attention and this is really affecting the business.

3.2 Description/Analysis of the New System

To reduce the shortcomings of the existing system there is a need to develop anew
system that could upgrade the status of the current system which is manual and slow
to the system that will be automatic and fast. The new system should be concern with
offering the requirements of the customer and the workers, the system should be
reliable, easier, fast, and more informative.
The new system should possess the qualities stated below.

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Qualities of the new System
1. Reduction in processing cost.
2. Error reduction.
3. Automatic posting.
4. Improve reporting.
5. Automatic production of the documents and Reports.
6. Faster response time.
7. Ability to meet user requirements.
8. Flexibility.
9. Reduced dependency.
10. Improves resource uses.
11. Reduction in use of the paper.
12. Reduction in Man Power.
The system is a desktop Windows application. The system will provide the following
Main features:
 Calculate the bill.
 Store how many products are sold.
 Store products and their prices and with other information.
 Change the Graphical User Interface of the system.

The System Can’t

 Print out bills
 Manage promotion Due to the following
reason:
This project is based on the sales transaction and Stocking of items in a supermarket.

3.3 SYSTEM DESIGN

System Design is one of the tasking sections of the Programming. In this section of
the project many previews are going to be seen and we are gradually getting close to
the new system. System design is a transition from a user-oriented document to a
document oriented to programmers or database personnel. The system design is
structured into the following parts:

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  Output design
 Input design
 Database design
 System Flowchart

3.4 Output Design

In a very competitive world that we are, a good and attractive GUI is needed to make
customers and administrators enjoy the services of a system, which would serve as a
system to increase productivity in supermarket business below are previews of the
output designs.
The previews of the output view of the design is shown in diagram 3.1 – 3.5

Diagram 3.1: Preview of Output Design to welcome Users

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Diagram 3.2: Preview of Output Design to Add New Customer Details

Diagram 3.3: Preview of Output Design to Add New Workers Details

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Diagram 3.4: Preview of Output Design for Workers Login

Diagram 3.5: Preview of Output Design for Customer Login

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3.5 Input Design
In any organization, institution or any system of operation there is always an input
into the system which keeps a system going, if the input is wrong definitely the output
will be wrong. This design is meant to handle data about a particular product or stock
in the
Supermarkets as shown in Table 3.1- Table 3.3

Field Name Data Type Field Size

Full name Long Text 30

Password Short Text 10

Username Short Text 15

Date of birth Date/Time 10

Gender Short Text 8

Address Short Text 10

Date of Employment Date/Time 8

Role Short Text 10

Table 3.1: Table for the Input Design to add new user record

Field Data type Field Size

User name Short text 15

Password Short text 20

Table 3.2: Table for the Input Design to login

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 Field Name Data type Field Size

Product Name Short Text 15

Product Number Number 2

Product Quantity Number 2

Date Received Date 10

Description Long Text 40

Price Currency 4

Stocks Number 10

Table 3.3: Table for the Input Design to Add to the Stock

3.6 Database Design

Database is a file composed of records, each containing fields together with a set of
operations it helps in organizing data in a logical order for references.

Database contains related data which are organized together in a group of object,
table, and file. It can be in form of node. In this project a relational database concept
will be used in this appraisal, related data will be store or organize in different table.

The Database design of this system is showed in diagram 3.6 – 3.9 while the system
flowchart is shown in the diagram 3.10

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Diagram 3.6: Preview for Database Design for Customer

Diagram 3.7: Preview for Database Design for Workers

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 Diagram 3.8: Preview for Database Design for Product

Diagram 3.9: Preview for Database Spreadsheet Design for Product

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3.6.4 System Flowchart
This is the logical structure that represents the blue print of proposed system in other
words, it defines as the algorithm of the software in a concise and logical order. The
process design is represented diagrammatically in the form of system flow chart as
shown below

Customer Bill Payment

Bill
Purchase Bill payments

Stop

Diagram 3.10:System Flowchart

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND DOCUMENTATION

4.1 System Implementation

This chapter is the part that puts a planned system into action and examine in details
the analysis and design of the Skillmid supermarket system. The present chapter
discusses the implementation of the system, highlighting the testing exercise and
describing some of the main components of the system's Graphical User Interface. It
will give an output from programming language and other tools used to develop our
system. According to this plan, the activities are to be carried out, discussions made
regarding the equipment and resources and the additional equipment has to be
acquired to implement the new system.

4.2 Changeover Method

This section deals with the strategy used to change from the old system to the new
system. There are many methods available to swap from the old system to the new
system these are direct changeover, parallel operation, pilot operation and phased
operation.
I prefer a parallel operation changeover method for this system change over because
this kind of method requires that both the old and the new information systems
operate fully for a specified period. Data is input to both systems and output generated
by the new system is compared with the equivalent output from the old system. When
users, management, and IT group are satisfied that the new system (SKILLMID
SUPERMAKET SYSTEM) operates correctly then the old system should be
terminated. It is the most costly changeover method but it involves lower risks and it
is very good.
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4.3 Hardware Specification
For a system to be used efficiently and accurately, all computer software needs certain
hardware components or other software resources to be present on a computer. These
prerequisites are known as (computer hardware specification) and are often used as a
guideline as opposed to an absolute rule. Most software defines two sets of system
requirements: minimum and recommended. With increasing demand for higher
processing power and resources in newer versions of software, system requirements
tend to increase over time. Industry analysts suggest that this trend plays a bigger part
in driving upgrades to existing computer systems than technological advancements. A
second meaning of the term of System requirements is a generalization of this first
definition, giving the requirements to be met in the design of a system or sub-system.
Typically an organization starts with a set of Business requirements and then derives
the System requirements from there.The most common set of requirements defined by
any operating system or software application is the physical computer resources, also
known as hardware, A hardware requirements list is often accompanied by a hardware
compatibility list (HCL), especially in case of operating systems. An HCL lists tested,
compatible, and sometimes incompatible hardware devices for a particular operating
system or application. The following sub-sections discuss the various aspects of
hardware requirements for this application software The hardware required includes
the following:

• Processor 2.4 GHZ processor speed

• Disk space 80 GB (including 20 GB for database Management system)
• SVGAcolour monitor or higher quality.
• RAM 512MB.
• Backup storage hard disk of about 80MB.
• Flash drive for file transfer.
• An enhanced keyboard.
• A power stabilizer.

4.4 Software Specification

This are requirements specification for a software system, is a description of the
behavior of a system to be developed and may include a set of use cases that describe

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interactions the users will have with the software. In addition it also contains
nonfunctional requirements.

Non-functional requirements impose constraints on the design or implementation such

as performance engineering requirements, quality standards

Software requirements specification establishes the basis for agreement between

customers and contractors or suppliers (in market-driven projects, these roles may be
played by the marketing and development divisions) on what the software product is
to do as well as what it is not expected to do. Software requirements specification
permits a rigorous assessment of requirements before design can begin and reduces
later redesign. It should also provide a realistic basis for estimating product costs,
risks, and schedules.

The software requirements specification document enlists enough and necessary

requirements that are required for the project development. To derive the requirements
we need to have clear and thorough understanding of the products to be developed or
being developed. This is achieved and refined with detailed and continuous
communications with the project team and customer till the completion of the
software.

The software components used for this project are listed below:

• Operating system; Windows 98/2000/XP/Vista/7/8.

• Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 (Front end)
• Microsoft Access(Back end)

4.5 Choice of Programing Language

The programming language chosen for this project is VISUAL BASIC 6.0 Visual
Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD)
of graphical user interface (GUI)applications, access to databases using Data Access
Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX
controls and objects. It also provides efficient back-up of data and provides adequate
security.

4.6 System Documentation Installation

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Procedure
This program is already packaged having its installer package some computer
programs can be executed by simply copying them into a folder stored on a computer
and executing the but this is quit advanced in nature because of the advancement in
technology . Other programs are supplied in a form unsuitable for immediate
execution and therefore need an installation procedure. Once installed, the program
can be executed again and again, without the need to reinstall before each execution.

The following are the step involve in installing Skillmid supermarket management
system:

1. Install the general programming language platform.net frame work. Go to

www.Microsoft.com and install the latest version of .net frame work appropriate for
your computer (Windows, Mac, and Linux).

2 Copy the skillmidsupermarket database file to your Windows root folder

Locating Root Folder.....Click on Computer....Click on Local disk
c...navigate to windows......paste the file......

3 Click on Setup
4 Follow the installation step and ignore all Prompted display
5 Go to all Program
6 Click on SkillmidSupermarket

4.6.1 System Maintenance

The program may be maintained on the ground that the system requires an upgrade.
When there is a new field to be added or a new form to be added in other to serve
users well. Though it is compiled as a standalone software the database can be
tempered with but it’s advisable that the admin put a password on the file to secure
the database from intrusion.
The following precaution should be done
• Ensure that the computer is kept in clean areas.
• System should be kept in cool places.
• Air conditioner is important to reduce room temperature and keep it constant. •
Backup of data is important

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4.6.2 SYSTEM EVALUATION

This System is a high standard program that can weather the storm of technology
advancement, it is most needed in all supermarket and it is an antidote for poor
business speed and transaction with record keeping and maintenance, it will be very
helpful to clients and customers in the marketing business. All it needs is a computer
literate operative to make it work, it is stand alone and automated. The product will
need another software if the user is willing to make print out and bills due to its
restrictions.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

In conclusion, Supermarket Management System has to do with making appropriate

effort to stop the rising problem to all manual supermarket operation in order to
enhance the operation of such supermarket. In this project, the software or system that
can be used to aid all supermarkets that is still operating manually have been
successfully developed. The software can be implementing in all types of supermarket
as mentioned in the second chapter. The software has a large memory of storing all
the goods in the supermarket and also keeping record it is highly effective and
accurate.

5.2 Recommendation

In the development of this supermarket management system, I will recommend that if

there is going to be any modification the new writer should endeavor to improve on
the limitations such as inclusion of the billing and printing to further increase the
system architecture and to satisfy users need more for writing of the source code,
visual studio 2012 should be used and Microsoft access for the database. There are
some limitations during the development of this supermarket management system that
will require improvement as stated in previous chapter writer should put them in mind
and face it as a challenge and not a problem.

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5.3 Problem Encountered

A lot of challenges surfaced during the development of this incredible application

though it tried stopping this project but the doggedness and consistency of the writer
was in match with the challenge

The following are some of the problems or challenges encountered.

• Expensive internet facility.

• Understanding the M.S ADODC (Active X Data Object Data Control).
• Inadequacy of power supply and many more.
• Time factor on research to get a way of packaging the application
successively.
5.4 Further research

In the future, the following components can be added to the system in order to
improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the system, which includes:

1. An advanced password system that will be embedded into all login pages to
increase the security of the system.
2. A good Printing module should be included.
3. A good internet backup should be automated after everyday sales.
4. Internet Transactions should be allowed.

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