1Required Data Aligned with the Research Objectives

The research objective chalked out for this study is explicitly defined and classified in terms
of the required data and its methodology. A research matrix was developed to allow the
readers a fluent understanding of the analysis of the research objectives. It is presented in the
table mentioned below:

Table 3-1 Research Matrix and Data Alignment

Research Objectives Data Required Data Collection Methods

Doc. Survey FGD

Review

To assess the policies for the Primary Data   

rural built environment in
Secondary Data   
Pakistan

To examine the existing built Primary Data   

environment in rural areas of
Secondary Data   
Pakistan

To analyze the suitability of Primary Data   

existing construction standards
Secondary Data   
for building resilient rural
communities in Pakistan

To recommend suitable design Primary Data   

solutions for rural areas of
Secondary Data   
Pakistan

To develop a built environment Primary Data   

framework for rural areas of
Secondary Data   
Pakistan
2Questionnaire Design and Layout
The questionnaire is designed to elicit information from the responses, and therefore,
potential respondents will be encouraged to complete the questionnaire appropriately, thus
allowing efficient analysis of the data. For this purpose, the questionnaire mainly employed
close-ended questions with fixed alternatives (Dawson, 2011). The advantage of this type of
question is that it takes less time to complete and is easier for the respondents, and makes
group comparison easier (Oppenheim, 2000). The development of the questionnaire consists
of the following stages: scaling methods, design and content of the questionnaire,
questionnaire design, layout, pilot, and administration. The questionnaire is discussed with
four data scientists, three architects, four planners, four engineers, and two tehsil
administrators.

The questionnaire developed covers six dimensions based on the research objectives:
(i), (ii), and (iii). The questionnaire is composed of 23 items using a Likert scale of 1 to 5;
these items were extracted from 100 dimensions of the rural built environment (references).

According to Churchill & Iacobucci (2002), there are nine steps involved in the
process of questionnaire development as illustrated below:

Step 7: Determine
Step 1: Specify what
Step 6: Determine layout and physical
Information will be
sequence of questions charateristics of the
sought
questionnaire

Step 2: Determine the

Step 5: Determine Step 8: Re-examine
types of questionnaire
wording of each steps 1-7 and revise, if
and methods for
question required
administration

Step 3: Content of Step 4: Determine Step 9: Present the

each item form of response questionnaire

Figure 3-1 Process of Questionnaire Development

Source: G.A. Churchill & Iacobucci (2002)

3Design and Content of the Questionnaire
It is elaborated by the experts that the development and distribution of the instrument shall be
carried out carefully, aiming for achieving clear analysis. The table below depicts the
elements and items grouped in seven sections. Appendix F contains the final layout of the
instrument, which is in English language keeping in mind the population. The instrument is
divided into personal, satisfaction, and external factors that are subdivided as follows:

a) Three questions in the personal/ biography section, b) Four items that are further
subdivided into 16 questions in the satisfaction level in producing visual arts sections, whose
detail is mentioned in the table below:

Research topics and questions Survey Respondents

Local Planners Architects Executing

Government Agencies

Section 1: General Information

Q1 Organization    

Q2 Job

Q3 Years of Experience

Section 2: Institutional Planning Mechanisms

Q4 Realization of Institutional    
Framework

Effectiveness of Institutional
Q5
Framework

Adequacy of existing

Q6 Institutional Setup

Section 3: Rural Systems and Development Control

Q7 Effectiveness of Rural Planning    

System

Adequacy of plans in dev.

Q8 control

Effectiveness of Previous
master plan(s)
Q9
Supportiveness of Rural Dev.
Plans

Q10
The success of Rural Dev. Plans

RDP & sustainable Built

Q11 Environment

Effectiveness of Policy
mechanisms
Q12
Federal and Provincial
Coordination

Q13 Implementation & Enforcement

Mechanism

Section 4: Integration of Development Planning & the Rural Built Environment

Q16 Competitiveness of RDP    

interventions

Section 5: Existing Planning & Construction Standards

Q17 Building Construction standards    

Building standards and

Regulations
Q18
Development of Building
Standards and Regulations in

Q19 Pakistan

Building Codes and

Regulations in rural areas
Q20 Improvement in Building
Standards

Section 6: Built Environment in Rural Areas of Pakistan

Q22 Rural Building codes and    

standards
Q23
Effectiveness of Pakistani rural
Q24
planning

Sustainable Development Goals

Section 7: Built Environment Design Solutions

Q25 Vernacular Design Solutions    

Q26 Rural development

interventions

Rural infrastructure
Q27
development

Place Consideration

Q28
Site Viability for master

Q29 planning

Place Consideration

Q30 Site Viability for individual

buildings
Q31
Planning of individual buildings
Q32 factors

Elements of Infrastructure
Planning
Q33
Construction Method
Q34
 Determination of
Piloting of the Finalisation of the
Instrument
instrument instrument
Objectives

Determination of the Develop Layout & Administration of

Construct Format flow of the Construct the Instrument

Determination of
Wording of the each
Methods for Data
Construct
Collection

Figure 3-2 Questionnaire Design Process

Source: Adopted from McDaniel & Gates, 2001

4Validation and Reliability of the Questionnaire

Determining the reliability and validity of the questionnaire in the context of research
objectives is a vital element of the research construct. Salkind (2012) suggests that validation
of an instrument is accomplished once established its measuring objective. It is also believed
that reliability can be achieved once the instrument is able to measure repeatedly.
Simultaneously, to establish the content validity of the instrument, the questionnaire was sent
to academic and professional experts from four provinces of Pakistan, including the federal
capital Islamabad. For the pre-testing, the instrument was distributed amongst five people
from each group of experienced professionals, executing agency experts, and statisticians to
ascertain its reliability. A total number of sixty (60) respondents were selected for the pre-
testing to determine the wording and content of the instrument. The matrix below illustrates
the distribution of the instrument to the respondents.

Table 3-2 Survey Distribution Matrix

Local Planner Architect Executing

Government Agency

Balochistan Province 3 Respondents 3 Respondents 3 Respondents 3 Respondents

 Federal Capital 3 Respondents 3 Respondents 3 Respondents 3 Respondents

KP Province 3 Respondents 3 Respondents 3 Respondents 3 Respondents

Punjab Province 3 Respondents 3 Respondents 3 Respondents 3 Respondents

Sindh Province 3 Respondents 3 Respondents 3 Respondents 3 Respondents

5Measurement Scaling Methods

Measurement is defined as a way of assigning numeric values to the attributes of products,
ideas, or institutions (Oppenheim, 2000). For this research, ordinal scales of measurement
will be employed in the questionnaire to provide answers to some of the research questions
and to address the objectives. The questionnaire was structured by ranking the opinion of the
respondents using five response categories Likert scale. This is used to test for relationships
that exist within and between the variables depending on the association that is to be
determined.

In this study, a five-point Likert scale rating psychometric tool was adopted for the
responses to the questions for the collection of the opinion and views of the subjects.
According to Price (2016), these tools are evolved to quantify the trials like outlook,
qualities, abilities, and perceptions. The Likert scale helps in measuring attitude in an amply
validated and acceptable manner (Edmondson, 2005).

6Piloting
Pre-testing or piloting is critical to the success of the study undertaken. It is recommended
that the content validation is taken from experts in the field of study (Hoxley, 2008). Low-
Choy et al. (2021) suggest adopting a dual-stage process for the pilot study, i.e., the
individual questions and then the complete questionnaire. However, single-stage piloting is
acceptable if the study is on a small or medium scale. It is vital to get feedback on the
samples used in the pilot study, which can be conducted face-to-face or through a short
questionnaire to acquire this feedback. According to some experts, audio or video recording
can also be carried out (Weisberg et al.,1996). The piloting was performed prior to the actual
survey due to the reasons mentioned below:
- According to Rahim (2009), testing the reliability and internal consistency of the instrument
presented in the Likert Scale, where a value of 0.7 or higher in Cronbach’s Alpha reliability
test determines the level of reliability (Pallant, 2005).

- Identification of problems that may occur during the deployment of the actual study, such as
the ability of the subjects to understand the questions, terminologies, and time required for
completing the response.

- According to Viechtbauer et al. (2015), there are four steps in piloting, as illustrated in the
figure below:

Figure 3-3 Steps in Survey Piloting

Source: Viechtbauer et al. (2015)

The pilot survey was deployed using an online web application called Google forms
which is a free platform for the purpose of carrying out surveys. The pilot study was launched
in February 2021 with a sample size of 105 to obtain feedback regarding the adequacy of the
questionnaire, to ascertain the minimum duration required to answer the questions, and to
obtain an opinion from respondents about the information that can be derived from the
questions, the syntax, and the grammar. The feedback of the respondents was also collected
for their comments and opinion to improve the instrument. The questionnaire used in piloting
is attached as Appendix-

7Analysis of Piloting
The analysis was carried out in SPSS package version 24. After the analysis, Cronbach's
alpha gave a value of 0.898 for all items on the Likert Scale of 5, indicating the good
reliability of the questions asked. The alpha value for all of the questions individually also
indicates a good level of reliability. According to experts like ----, the alpha value of 0.90 and
above is considered excellent, 0.80-0.89 good, 0.70-0.79 adequate, and below 0.70 indicates
limited applicability.

Table 3-3 Cronbach alpha analysis of the questions in the instrument

Research Objectives N of items Cronbach alpha

Q4 15.000 0.920

Q5 16.000 0.891

Q6 9.000 0.912

Q7 18.000 0.973

Q8 3.000 0.909

Q9 5.000 0.902

Q10 7.000 0.950

Q11 6.000 0.948

Q12 8.000 0.882

Q13 23.000 0.985

Q14 3.000 0.584

Q15 4.000 0.814

Q16 8.000 0.937

Q17 5.000 0.948

Q18 5.000 0.878

Q19 5.000 0.941

 Q20 5.000 0.948

Q21 5.000 0.954

Q22 8.000 0.869

Q23 4.000 0.905

Q24 12.000 0.979

Q25 5.000 0.887

Q26 4.000 0.740

0.898

8Refining the Instrument

The pilot survey was developed and deployed online using an online web application called
Google forms which is a free platform for the purpose of carrying out surveys. The pilot
study was launched in February 2021 with a sample size of 105 to obtain feedback regarding
the adequacy of the questionnaire, to ascertain the minimum duration required to answer the
questions, and to obtain an opinion from respondents about the information that can be
derived from the questions, the syntax, and the grammar. The feedback of the respondents
was also collected for their comments and opinion in order to improve the instrument. The
questionnaire used in piloting is attached as Appendix-

9Development of Sample Frame

According to Parasuraman et al. (2004), sampling is a selection of a fraction of a target unit
to be drawn from the entire target population as a whole. Saunders et al. (2009) suggest that a
sample chosen from a target population provides a conclusion for achieving the research
objective(s). McDaniel and Gates (2002) recommend following a process composed of five
steps to develop a sample, as explained in the figure below. The scheme applied in this study
is demonstrated by the figure below:
 Figure: Sample Design Scheme

Source: McDaniel & Gates (2002)

The sample size represents the number of respondents selected from the overall
population that is used in the research (Newman, 1998). In quantitative research, the size of
the sample is essential in determining the reliability of the results of a study. Sample sizes of
much less than 30 will tend to produce results where individual respondents may skew the
results. In such cases, the larger the sample size, the more reliable the results will be (Flick,
2011). In qualitative research, the size of the sample is less important, and the concept of
representativeness is not as strong as a guideline for the validity of the research.

As the population selected for this study comprises local government and rural
development departments of all provinces, Planners, Architects, and executing agencies, e.g.,
C&W departments, Public Works department, etc., the population is not homogenous. In this
case, the appropriate technique is stratification or dividing the population into several
homogenous groups (Cowels, 2019). The only variable parameter for stratification is their
profession within the built environment schema in Pakistan which ensures that the strata are
homogeneous with respect to our parameter (Levy & Lemeshow, 2008). Moreover,
stratification is also considered to reduce sampling errors (Patten, 2014). A stratified random
sampling technique will be used, and the total population is 9,423, whose sample size is
estimated as 272 (Yamane, 1969; Levy & Lemeshow, 2008), as exhibited in the equation
below:

N
n=
1+ N (e)²

Where, n = Number of samples, N = 9,423 (population size) and e = 0.05 (error limit)

9423
n=
1+ 9423(0.05)²

Thus, n = 272

Consequently, the strata shall not be less than two in number, and it is also suggested
that it shall not exceed six due to diminishing returns. It is also noted by various scholars that
strata can be composed of different sizes. There are four methods to allocate the sample size
in stratified random sampling, namely equal allocation, proportional allocation, Neyman
allocation, and optimal allocation. Through the application of simple random sampling, an
unbiased estimator for a mean population or total shall be assured. However, the variance of
the estimator of mean or total can only be controlled by increasing the sample size
(Mukhopadhyay, 2009). In such a case where the probability proportional to size (PSS) with
the replacement for a sample is chosen, the number of draws shall be kept large enough so
that the variance is controlled in estimation (Chaudhuri, 2019).

According to the literature review, there are 580 tehsil administrations in Pakistan,
723 registered town planners (PCATP, 2021), 4620 registered architects (PCATP, 2021),
1280 LG&RDD employees on the technical portfolio, and 2800 technical employees of
implementing agencies. In such a scenario, simplified random sampling (Probability
sampling group) is recommended (Mishra & Alok, 2020). However, there may occur two
problems, i.e., sample frame error and less representation from the first two groups on the
basis of proportional allocation of samples to the strata. The proportional allocation (Levy &
Lemeshow, 2008; Yamane, 1969) usually does not provide the best representation.

There were two methods for the allocation of samples used for comparison, i.e.,
Proportional and Equal. Proportional allocation lays the size of the sample for each stratum
equal in proportion to the total number of sampling units in that specific stratum which is
expressed as nh/n = Wh.
10Distribution of the Questionnaire
The questionnaire was developed using google forms for distribution convenience through
email, social media, specific websites, real-time data synchronization, storing the feedback/
response, integration with a spreadsheet, and visualization of general statistics that are built-
in in google forms. The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents through e-mail and
cellular messages.

According to Denscombe (2007), the questionnaire instrument will have much better
results if the questions asked are straightforward and easily answered. A total period of 3
weeks was dedicated to the completion of the survey. The questionnaire was sent with a
cover letter, a page containing an introduction to explain the study objectives and a
confidentiality note. The instrument was sent to 500 respondents (mentioned details of LG,
Planners, Architects, and Executing agencies). Several reminders were sent to the
respondents after two weeks. After the cut-off period of 3 weeks, 278 responses were
received.

11Semi Structured Interviews

Semi-structured interviews are taken as a tool to explain and confirm the results of the
survey. Three experts were selected on the basis of their professional backgrounds,
experience in rural built environments, and

12Focus Group Discussion

Focus group discussion is usually an interactive meeting whose number shall be between six
to eight, as suggested by Hennink, Hutter, and Bailey (2012) 1 , and led by a trained moderator
to focus on the specific issue(s) spanning over 60-90 minutes duration. This study adopted
Focus Group Discussion (FGD), which is important in bringing various stakeholders to
discuss the issues and problems related to the objectives of the study. Therefore, the groups
were identified and invited to the meetings where the questions were posed by the researcher.
FGD is considered a useful tool for evaluative and policy-oriented research apart from
exploratory and explanatory inquiry. The focus group discussion is a research technique in a
1
Hennink M. Hutter I. & Bialey A. (2012) Qualitative Research Methods, Sage Publications Limited, Thousand
Oaks
 qualitative approach where a set of people is asked for their opinion(s), belief(s), attitude(s),
and perception(s) about an idea or a concept (Henderson, 2009). Sekartan (2003) suggests
selecting the participants based on their expertise in the issue under study, which will help in
identifying and filling the gaps in the existing body of knowledge. Hennink et al. (2020)
recommend FGD where the objective is to:

- achieve a wide range of opinions about the research concern in a single occasion with
multiple respondents.

- the pairing of FGD with other quantitative or qualitative research methods

Prepare a list of topics that are structured in a logical sequence. The guide is, in fact, like a
checklist because the discussion happens in a fluid, haphazard and spontaneous manner
instead of in the desired sequence. That is why the moderator shall remain flexible yet keep
track of the objectives. The guide for FGD shall consist of an introduction, an opening
question, transitory questions, prime questions, and concluding question(s). It is better to
adopt the funnel approach by starting with the broad question(s), shifting to a specific
question(s), and closing with the broader concluding question(s).

Figure 3-4 Focus Group Funnel Approach

Source: Hennink et al., 2020

13Introduction to the Focus Group Discussion

I am thankful to you all for embracing the occasion today. I am Zahid Usman and Ar. Imran
Ahmad is going to assist me during the session.
 I am conducting a group discussion with the participants from the local government, local
administration, planners, architects, and engineers involved in the execution of rural works.
This is a part of my Ph.D. thesis research at International Islamic University, Faculty of
Architecture and Environment Design Kuala Lumpur. The topic is ‘Built Environment
Framework for developing Resilient Rural Communities in Pakistan.’ By resilient, we mean:

“The ability of a system to sustain or absorb external shocks while maintaining the same
functions and form of the system” (Salvia et al., 2015).

Let me share the course of our discussion today, as you are already aware that your
participation is voluntary. All of the discussions here will be confidential and used for the
research project. I would add that there are no right or wrong answers. Rather, we are asking
for your opinion and experiences, so please feel comfortable expressing yourself. It is helpful
to hear a different point of view, allowing disagreements and keeping the respect of views of
others. We request that you join the discussion whenever you have something to say or want
to respond to someone else’s point. In order to hear everyone, it is important that only one
person talks at a time so we do not miss anything.

During the discussion, Mr. Imran will be taking notes and would remind me whenever
I forgot to ask something. We would also like to record the session so he does not have to
worry about writing everything. Please do not be concerned about the recording; we will keep
the discussion confidential. Moreover, the recording will be secured and will not be
accessible to anyone except the research team. Are you fine with the recording? (Everyone’s
consent is required). Kindly help yourselves with the refreshments as this discussion will
probably span over an hour. Let us know if you have any queries prior to the discussion.

14Opening Question
Let us introduce ourselves and share our type of work and the current study. This study
adopted a questionnaire survey based on the literature review on the rural built environment
framework. The key findings of the study are:

Table 3-4 Key Findings to be presented at FGD

Policy Vacuum Insufficient policy measures on a national, provincial, and

local level for inclusiveness in rural development within
administrative and political decision-making.
 Institution No formal institutional setup at the national and provincial
levels. Always top to-bottom and aristocratic approach

Mechanisms Non-inclusive, isolated and linear

Planning Short term Short-sighted planning for the current political cycle instead
of a long-term vision

Reactivity Failure to adapt to a strategic approach to RBE

Control Need flexible and strong control in the development process

through inclusive and coordinated efforts

SDG RDPs are unsustainable, non-resilient, and non-participatory,

failing to transform the rural landscape and rural-urban
disparity and reduction of GHG emissions. Compromised
disaster risk reduction, preservation, and restoration of bio-
diversity baffled bio-economy and land management and
could not enhance energy efficiency in water usage for
agriculture and food processing

Building & Standards & A deficit in the adoption of standards and regulations by the
Infrastructure Regulations municipalities, lack of technical cadres on a local level, weak
Design monitoring, and evaluation

Design No innovation in building design and construction solutions.

Solutions Reliance on concrete and steel. No climatic zoning for
building design. Vernacular techniques and materials are
ignored

At what level shall the goals and policies for the built environment be developed?

Shall it be a linear or cyclic process based on informed decisions and past performance?

15Introductory Question
What is a suitable cycle for the policy on the rural built environment?

Are principles and governing elements vital for this framework?

16Transitionary Questions
Can inclusiveness and collaboration be the core principles of BE framework?

Are resilience and climate change the suitable governing factors for the rural built
environment?
 What level of institutions is suitable for the formulation of policies?

Which department is appropriate for the implementation of the policies?

How to synergize the execution of RBE works amongst LG&RDD, C&W, and PWD?

How can policies be reviewed on the basis of feedback from the stakeholders?

17Prime Questions
What can be a better way to develop plans at Tehsil (local) level?

Please review the Tehsil (local) BE Plan approval mechanism as proposed.

Please evaluate the Provincial (regional) BE plan framework.

18Closing Questions
Is there any other suggestion or critique of the whole framework?

19Conclusion
We are now about to reach the end of this discussion. Does anyone have any additional
remarks before we conclude this group discussion? I am thankful to all of you for your
presence and support. Your opinions and observations are precious for refining the built
environment framework for resilient rural communities of Pakistan.

20Group Composition for FGD

Focus Group Discussion is utilized for validation of the results, i.e., a draft of the built
environment framework from literature review, surveys, and confirmation from the experts.
A total of ten (10) experts participated in the discussion held for this study. It is also
considered helpful by the experts if there is a level of familiarity between the participants of
the discussion. The participants were from rural administration and planners, architects, and
executing agencies (engineers). The researcher arranged a discussion of experts in a single
session comprising the following composition:

Table 3-5 Participants of the Focus Group Discussion

Department/ Respondents Designation Experience

Category
 Rural Dr. Amir Khan Planner 45 Years
Administration and
Abdul Haseeb Planner 18 Years
Planners
Khurram Fareed Planner 25 Years

Mansoor Ahmad Architect 24 Years

Shahla Gul Rural Administration 13 Years

Architects Tahir Khan Architect 22 Years

Zulfiqar Ali Architect 32 Years

Sajid Ali Architect 26 Years

Executing Agencies Vasif Shinwari Project Director 35 Years

Mohaiman Gilani Project Manager 23 Years

Note Taker Naeem Safi Social Scientist 19 Years

Observers Ehtisham Gondal Architect 02 Years

Ali Imran Reza Architect 02 years

21Conducting the Discussion

Conducting the focus group discussion is a challenging task, particularly for the key person
‘moderator’. A moderator is supported by a note taker who will write down the key concerns,
observations, and issues, including non-verbal communication, i.e., body language,
interruptions, stress, and pauses by the participants. It is also important to keep multiple
recording devices, including a video recording and audio recording device. It is
recommended that the note-taker sit outside the discussion circle and deal with the
disturbances that may occur during the session. There are primarily four major tasks for a
moderator to perform i.e.

22Introduction
The introduction part includes a welcome note, team introduction, introduce the research
broadly, use of information, discussion guidelines, length of the discussion, and response to
the queries, if any.
23Ethical Considerations
This part consists of taking consent from the participants, inform about confidentiality and
data usage, and taking permission to record the session.

24Cohesion in the group

Group cohesion tasks may include developing rapport with the participants, creating a
friendly environment, and exhibiting positive body language.

25Facilitate the discussion

Conducting the focus group discussion demands the moderator to encourage all members to
participate, seek a variety of views, probe for detail and depth in responses, use open body
language, keep the discussion to the point, determine the sufficiency of responses, keep a
check on pace of the session, invite new opinions, and vary moderation tactics to open the
discussion.

26Post-Discussion data
Erstwhile the session is finished, it is recommended to provide a chance for the respondent to
ask any question(s) related to the study. This period is suitable to be utilized for collecting
demographic information from the individuals prior to their departure through single or two
paged questionnaires. The same questionnaire has the possibility to ask questions pertaining
to the study, which can also be helpful for the analysis and interpretation of the data.

27Pre-testing of the Discussion

A pre-test session is helpful in understanding its workability in an intended manner. It will
also help in knowing how the participants might respond to the questions and improve the
questions. It is vital for developing a discussion guide. The pre-test was performed online on
zoom on 3rd July 1, 2022, with five participants where two planners, one architect, one from
the local government, and one from executing agency, i.e., C&W.

28Data Analysis
This section addresses the detailed description of the various statistical analysis exercised in
this study. The process of analysis started after gathering all the required data. The data
collected were calculated and analyzed using statistical procedures of SPSS version 24 and
AMOS version 20 software packages. According to Pallant (2007), multiple arrays of
parametric and non-parametric tests can be performed depending on the nature of the
research question and suitability of the analysis technique as mentioned below:

Table 3-6 Type of Tests for Survey Analysis

Non-Parametric Tests Parametric Tests

Spearman’s correlation test Pearson correlation test

Kruskal-Wallis test One-Way ANOVA independent measure

Mann-Whitney U test T-test for the independent measure, two groups

Friedman test One-way repeated measure ANOVA

Wilcoxon test Paired sample T-test

Chi-square test for goodness of fit None

Chi-square test for independence None

Kappa measure of agreement None

Kendall’s coefficient of concordance None

SECTION 1: GENERAL INFORMATION

In this section, please tick only one box for each of the questions
Q1. Which category best describes your planning organization?
PC [ ] P&D [ ] LG&RDD / TEHSIL COUNCIL [ ] DISTRICT COUNCIL [ ] PARD [ ] Others
…………………

Q2. Please state your current job title:

Regional planner [ ] Town Planner [ ] Architect [ ] Planning Officer [ ] Others………………..

Q3. How long have you been working with your planning authority?
1-5years [ ] 6-10years [ ] 11-15 years [ ] 16-20years [ ] more than 20 years

SECTION 2: INSTITUTIONAL PLANNING MECHANISMS

Q4. Please specify the extent to which the following characteristics of the institutional framework
are effectively operational / implemented in the rural built environment planning system in
Pakistan.
1- Not at all implemented 2- slightly implemented, 3-somewhat Implemented 4-moderately implemented, 5-highly
Implemented

1 2 3 4 5

4a Levels of Government Institutions (GI)

1 National Level

2 Provincial

3 Local (District Council/ Tehsil Council)

4b Planning & Organizational Authorities (POA)

4 Planning Commission of Pakistan

5 Ministry of Climate Change

6 Provincial Planning and Development Department

7 Local Government and Rural Development Department

8 District Council

4c Planning Legislation (PL)

 9 Land use plans

10 Master Plans (Infrastructure Provision)

11 Sustainability issues (LEED, PGBC, ECBC, DRR, Sendai)

12 Housing Strategies

13 Climate Change Policy

4d Administrative Structures (AS)

14 District Council

15 Tehsil Council

16 Village Council

Q5. In your view, is the existing formal institutional setup adequate for effective rural built
environment Planning?

1- Not adequate, 2- slightly adequate, 3- somewhat adequate, 4- moderately adequate, 5- highly Adequate

FIS 1 2 3 4 5
1 Adequacy of institutional setup for effective rural Built Environment planning
2 Adequacy of the legal framework
3 Evidence-informed policies
4 Consistency of policies and programmes
5 Appropriation of strategies
6 Roles and responsibilities of the various levels of government and of the
7 Human resources (Capacities and Capabilities)
8 Quality of public services
9 Allocation of sufficient financial resources

Q6. In your opinion, how effective are the policy-oriented mechanisms for the enforcement
of Rural Built Environment Programmes in Pakistan?

1- Not effective, 2- sometimes effective, 3- frequently effective, 4- mostly effective, 5- always effective

POM 1 2 3 4 5
1 Strategy Formulation at the municipal level
2 Strategic posture and guidelines at District and Tehsil level
3 The mission at the community level
 4 Strategy components at the community level
5 Action Programmes for Strategic Development
6 Action Programmes for Specific Development
7 Assessment and Ranking of Action Programmes
6a Planning Elements (PE)
8 Strategic Framework (guidelines) for Development
9 General Goals of development
10 Specific Goals of development
11 Planning Solutions (measures, rules, etc.)
6b Post-Planning Elements (PPE)
12 Dynamic framework for implementation
13 Measures and instruments of implementation
14 Planning/ Programming
15 Organizational
16 Normative and legal
17 Adequate Financial Allocation
6c Elements of Monitoring (EM)
18 Monitoring system
19 Evaluation (indicators)
20 Institutional and Organisational aspects

SECTION 3: DEVELOPMENT CONTROL IN RURAL BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Q7. In your view, please rate the effectiveness of the rural planning system in terms of
development control.

1- Not effective, 2- sometimes effective, 3- frequently effective, 4- mostly effective, 5- always effective

1 2 3 4 5
7a Rural Governance (Institutions) (RG)
1 Adequacy of funding provided by the government
2 Creating awareness about development control
3 Consistency in Governance to continue with development control
4 Participation of major stakeholders (broad-based)
5 Effective Communication from the planning authorities to the public
7b Rural Built Environment Planning (BEP)
6 Rural Built Environment Planning Mechanism
7 The control effect of the Spatial Scale
8 The control effect of Spatial Structure
9 The control effect of spatial pattern
7c Rural Management (Development control goals & measures) (Technical) (RM)
10 Control (Height, Space, density Development)
11 Effective use of Zoning regulations (Building line regulation)
12 Adopting and implementing Development control standards
13 Adequate Skilled Manpower to ensure strict compliance with development
14 Planning System in use (Master planning) to support development control
7d Administrative (Operational)
15 Commission System
16 Council-Manager System
17 Coordinated administrative machinery
18 The framework operates using the plans and policies provided to ensure
19 No strategic planning framework for tackling the physical planning
 20 A clearly defined administrative procedure
7e Legal (Laws and ordinances)
21 Control Measures like density control and regulations
22 Regional Planning Law
23 Development control standards
24 Does the Development strictly adhere to the Laws
7f Built Environment Plans
25 Spatial Plan
26 Regional Plan
27 Structure Plan
28 Master plan
29 Comprehensive Plan
30 Subject Plan, e.g., Rural Development Plan

Q8. In your opinion, is there any singular mechanism for implementation & enforcement of
Rural built environment Programmes for:

1-Not adequate, 2-Slighly adequate, 3-somewhat adequate, 4- very adequate, 5- highly adequate.

1 2 3 4 5
1 Federal Works
2 Provincial Works
3 District Council Works
4 Tehsil Council Works
5 Village Council Works

Q9. In your opinion, to what extent the RD programs in Pakistan has achieved the objectives
laid down in SDG Agenda 2030 in the following areas:

1-Very Poor,2- Poor, 3-Fair, 4-Good, 5-Excellent

1 2 3 4 5
1 Technical Assistance
2 Participatory rural development
3 Inclusive growth
4 Sustainable Development
5 Rural Transformation
6 Reduction of rural-urban gaps and migration
7 Community Driven Development CDD
8 Hygienic Public Health System (Water Supply, Drainage, Waste Water)
9 Resilient infrastructure (Roads, Railways, Electricity, e-governance)
10 Innovation in Building Construction
11 Sustainable and Resilient communities
12 Disaster Risk prevention and land management in rural areas of Pakistan
13 Restoration, preservation, and enhancement of biodiversity in rural areas
14 Reduction of GHG, ammonia emissions
15 Supply and use of renewable energy and other means of bio-economy
16 Prevention of soil erosion and improvement of soil management
17 Enhancing energy efficiency in water use by agriculture and food
Q10. In your opinion, to what extent the Rural Built Environment Programmes are
successful:

1-Not successful, 2- slightly successful, 3-somewhat successful, 4- mostly successful, 5- always successful.

10a Elements of Rural Built Environment Programmes 1 2 3 4 5

1 Integrated
2 Inclusive
3 Multi-sectoral
10b Actions of Rural Built Environment Programmes
4 Supported improvements in the built environment
5 Focused on the improvement of the rural built environment
6 Addressed the challenges and opportunities in a sustainable built environment
7 Community Engagement
8 Successful Project Delivery

SECTION 4: PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS

Q11. In your opinion, please rate the effectiveness of building construction standards in rural
areas.

1- Not effective, 2- sometimes effective, 3- frequently effective, 4- mostly effective, 5- always effective

1 2 3 4 5
1 Planning, infrastructure, and building standards
2 Building standards and codes
3 Local Building Byelaws and Regulations
4 Technical requirements for buildings
5 National Reference Manual on Planning & Infrastructure Standards 1986
6 Building Code of Pakistan (Seismic Provisions 2007)
7 Building Code of Pakistan (Energy Provisions 2011)
8 National Climate Change Policy 2012
9 Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2013
10 Pakistan Electric and Telecommunication Code 2014
11 Building Code of Pakistan (Fire Safety Provisions 2016)

Q12. Please rate the major challenges in building standards and regulations that the building
sector faces in rural areas.
1-None, 2-Very Mild,3- Mild,4- Moderate, 5-Severe

1 2 3 4 5
 1 Lack of national/ Provincial/ Local building standards

2 Lack of national/ Provincial/ Local building regulations

3 Lack of product certification in the market

4 A mismatch between national standards and standards for imported

materials

5 Lack of national building standards

6 Lack of national building regulations

7 Lack of product certification in the market

8 Lack of experts/expertise

9 Lack of Knowledge

10 Lack of awareness

11 Lack of finance

12 Monitoring and Enforcement

Q13. In your opinion, please indicate the measures to be taken to improve building standards
and their effectiveness.
1-None, 2-Very Mild,3- Mild,4- Moderate, 5-Severe

1 2 3 4 5

1 Harmonize some priority building materials standards

2 Develop a guiding document of good practices for monitoring and

enforcement

3 Develop minimum acceptable standards for adequate and healthy built

environment planning

4 Establish a regional platform to develop, collect and analyze housing

standards

5 Establish a database and network of experts in the area of building

standards by country and by field

SECTION 5: BUILT ENVIRONMENT DESIGN SOLUTIONS

Q14. In your opinion, how effective are the vernacular/ traditional built environment design
solutions in rural areas?
1- Not effective, 2- sometimes effective, 3- frequently effective, 4- mostly effective, 5- always effective

1 2 3 4 5

1 Village Infrastructure

2 Mosque, School, Hospital building

3 Individual Houses

4 Sports and Recreational activities

5 Commercial buildings (Low Rise)

Q15. In your view, to what extent have RDP interventions successfully contributed to
improving:
1- Not Successful, 2- rarely successful, 3- somewhat successful, 4- mostly successful, 5- always successful

1 2 3 4 5

1 Rural capacity building in building construction

2 Awareness of local materials

3 Awareness of local construction techniques

4 Awareness of alternative construction techniques

Q16. In your view, how important are these factors for the planning of rural communities in:
1- Not at all important, 2- Low importance, 3- Neutral, 4- mostly important, 5- always important

1 2 3 4 5

Place Consideration for Community Planning

1 Geographical Features

2 Proximity

3 Accessibility

Site Viability for Community Planning

4 Small Settlement
 5 Dispersed community

6 Dense Community

Place Consideration for individual buildings

7 Proximity

8 Accessibility

9 Dense Community

Site Viability for individual buildings

10 Topography

11 Proximity

12 Accessibility

Planning of individual buildings

13 Orientation

14 Form

15 Height

16 Roof

17 Building Fabric/ Envelop

18 Glazing and Windows

19 External Finishes

20 Natural Ventilation

Q17. In your view, how important are these elements for the planning of Infrastructure and
Public Service Systems in rural communities?
1- Not at all important, 2- Low importance, 3- Neutral, 4- mostly important, 5- always important

1 2 3 4 5
 1 Transportation

2 Water Supply

3 Drainage and Sewerage

4 Information Systems

5 Energy (Electricity & Gas)

6 Irrigation & Water Resources

Q18. In your opinion, which construction method is suitable for buildings in rural areas?
1. Not at all suitable, 2-Less suitable, 3- Neutral, 4- mostly suitable, 5-always suitable

1 2 3 4 5

1 Site Built

2 Prefabricated

3 Modular

4 Manufactured

5 Traditional

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