Biological Effects of
Microwave Radiation
Prof. Girish Kumar
IIT Bombay
Tel: (022) 2576 7436
gkumar@ee.iitb.ac.in
prof.gkumar@gmail.com
Outline of Presentation
RF Sources
Microwave Heating Principle
Radiation Pattern of Antenna
EMF Exposure Safety Norms
Radiation Measurements
Review Biological Effects
Solutions
FM TOWER
PT=10KW 503 TOWERS
(88-108MHz)
TV TOWER
PT=40KW 1044 TOWERS
(180-220MHz)
AM TOWER
PT=100 KW 197 TOWERS
(530-1620KHz)
RF
SOURCES Wi-Fi Wi-Fi HOT
PT=10-1000mW
IN INDIA (2.4 - 2.5 GHz) SPOTS
CELL TOWER
5+ LAKH
(800,900,1800, PT=20 W
TOWERS
2100, 2300 MHz)
GSM900 - 2 W
MOBILE 100+ CRORES
PHONES GSM1800, 3G -
1W
Radar Systems – Pulsed and Continuous
High Power Microwave Sources
HF, VHF, UHF, and Microwave Transmitters
Microwave Bomb
Microwave Weapon
High Power Microwave Generation at Satellite
using Solar Cells and Transmitter to Earth
Microwave radiation causes vibration in the
water molecules, which leads to friction and
heating. The radiation effects are classified as:
• Non-thermal
• Thermal
Current exposure safety standards are based on
the thermal effects, which are inadequate.
Non-thermal effects are several times more
harmful than thermal effects.
Cell Phone - Ear Warming?
Have you ever noticed warm
sensation in ear after using mobile
phone for a long time?
Temp. of ear lobes increases by 10C when
cell phone is used for approx. 20 minutes.
Warm sensation pain irreversible hearing loss
and/or Ear Tumor
SAR and Cell Phone Use Time Limit
A cell phone transmits
1 to 2 watts of power
SAR (Specific absorption rate) - Rate at which radiation is
absorbed by human body, measured in watts per kg (W/kg).
In USA, max. SAR limit for cell phones is 1.6W/Kg which is for
6 minutes. It has a safety margin of 3 to 4, so a person should
not use cell phone for more than 18 to 24 minutes per day.
This information is not given to people in India.
iPhone 7 RF Exposure information
http://www.apple.com/legal/rfexposure/iphone9,1/en/
The highest SAR values of Models A1660, A1780 are:
1.6 W/kg (over 1 g) SAR Limit
Head: 1.19, Body: 1.20
2.0 W/kg (over 10 g) SAR Limit
Head: 1.37, Body: 1.39
To reduce exposure to RF energy, use a hands-free option,
such as the built-in speakerphone, the supplied
headphones, or other similar accessories. Carry iPhone
at least 5mm away from your body to ensure exposure
levels remain at or below the as-tested levels.
Results of Re-evaluation of Interphone Study
INTERPHONE – WHO -10 years, 13 countries,
largest (5,117 brain tumor cases), $25 million dollars
to evaluate risk on brain tumors. Report in May 2010
Conclusion - no overall ↑ risk, but suggestions of ↑
glioma - heavy users & ipsilateral exposures
Heavy users (1/2 hour/day) over 8 to 10 years:
Doubled - quadrupled brain tumor risk
Children, young adults – excluded.
For children, new study - Mobi-kids
WHO: Cell Phones can Increase Cancer Risk
International Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC), a part of WHO
designates cell phones as “Possible
Human Carcinogen” [Class 2B]
Found evidence of increase in glioma and
acoustic neuroma brain cancer for mobile phone
Malignant Brain Tumors vs. Cumulative Use
4000 hours
= approx.
1 hour use
for 11 years
or
less than
6 months
of 24 hours
exposure to
100 mW/m²
L. Hardell, M. Carlberg, Mobile phone and cordless phone use and the risk for
glioma – Analysis of pooled case-control studies in Sweden, 1997–2003 and
2007–2009, Pathophysiology (Oct. 2014)
SUGGESTED
SOLUTIONS
‘Are cell phones injurious
to your health’ by
Prof. Girish Kumar
Sep. 2011
Cell Tower Antenna Radiation
Antennas on Cell tower transmit in the frequency
range of:
• 869 - 890 MHz (CDMA)
• 935 - 960 MHz (GSM900)
• 1805 – 1880 MHz (GSM1800)
• 2110 – 2170 MHz (3G)
• 2300 – 2400 MHz (4G)
• 2400 – 2500 MHz (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth)
http://www.wifiinschools.com/
This website is dedicated to help the public realize that wireless
internet, or WiFi, emits radiation that causes a myriad of serious
health effects, including damage to DNA, cancer, and infertility.
Cell Towers Installed in Mumbai
Radiation Pattern of Antenna
Main beam is narrow with
Beam is wide secondary side lobes
Radiation Pattern of Cell Tower Antenna
Power density varies by 1/R², where R = Distance from tower
Primary Lobe
Very High High Medium Low
Secondary Lobes
People living within 50 to 300 meter radius are in
the high radiation zone (dark blue) and are more
prone to ill-effects of electromagnetic radiation
People living at < 50m are in extremely high radiation zone
CASE STUDY Usha Kiran Building, Worli, Mumbai
Usha Kiran Building
Six cancer cases in consecutive floors (5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 10th)
directly facing and at similar height as the mobile phone towers of
four telecom companies placed on the roof of opposite building.
ICNIRP Guidelines – Adopted by India till Aug. 31, 2012
For general public exposure, safe power density = f/200.
For GSM900, power density is 900/200 = 4.5W/m2,
which is for 6 min period. See Note 3.
EMF Radiation Standards for GSM900
Country Milliwatt / m² Watt / m²
INDIA (adopted ICNIRP) 4500 4.5 (f/200)
INDIA (Adopted 1/10th of ICNIRP on Sep. 1, 2012) 450 0.45 (f/2000)
AUSTRALIA (New South Wales proposed) 0.01 0.00001
AUSTRIA (Salzburg city) 1 0.001
BELGIUM 45 to 1125 0.045 to 1.125
BELGIUM (Luxembourg) 24 0.024
BIO-INITIATIVE REPORT (Outdoor) 1 0.001
BIO-INITIATIVE REPORT (Indoor) 0.1 0.0001
CANADA (Toronto Board of Health - proposed) 100 0.1
CHINA 400 0.4
FRANCE (Paris) 100 0.1
GERMANY (ECOLOG 1998 - Precautionary Recommendation) 90 0.09
GERMANY (BUND 2007 - Precautionary Recommendation) 0.1 0.0001
ITALY 100 0.1
NEW ZELAND (Aukland) 500 0.5
POLAND 100 0.1
RUSSIA 100 0.1
SWITZERLAND (Apartments, Schools, Hospitals, Offices & Playgrounds) 42 0.042
USA (Implementation is strict)* 3000 3 (f/300)
Final Recommendations
Indoor - include apartments, schools, hospitals, offices & playgrounds. 0.1 0.0001
Outdoor - where people spend few minutes a day. 10 0.01
*USA - FCC Guidelines OET56: Power transmitted is 0.5 to 1 W in the Urban Area
Guidelines of Austrian Medical Association
Adopted on 3rd March 2012 in Vienna
Radiation Measurement at Various Locations
Cumulative Readings including CDMA, GSM 900 and GSM 1800
Reading in Readings in Readings in
Location dBm W/m2 milliW/m2
Terrace, New Rajindra Nagar, Delhi +09 0.561 561
Resident 1, Bedroom - Chowpatty +06 0.281 281
Resident 2, Bedrooms - Opera House +05 0.223 223
Resident 3, Bedroom – ML Dahanukar Marg +05 0.223 223
Delhi-Gurgaon Highway - near Toll (3 towers) 0 0.0706 70
Vashi Bridge - after Railway Station -4 0.0282 28
Resident 3, 4th Fl: Sergean House Lady w/cancer -6 0.0177 17.7
Resident 4, Dadar East, Lady w/cancer -6 0.0177 17.7
Resident 5, Opposite roof, Rane Society, Powai -10 0.007 7
Ustav Chowk, Kharghar -12 0.0045 4.5
Govandi- Residential towers - near Indian Oil -14 0.0028 2.8
Lower Parel Employees-headaches, forgetfulness -16 0.0018 1.8
Vashi Highway – near Turbhe -18 0.0011 1.1
Nerul Bridge -20 0.0007 0.7
Vivero pre School (opposite powai lake) -22 0.0004 0.4
Rajeev Gandhi nagar -26 0.00018 0.18
On road near Evita (Hiranandani Building) -28 0.00011 0.11
D-Mart,Hiranandani, Powai -34 0.000028 0.028
IIT Bombay School of Management - Entrance -46 0.0000018 0.0018
Health Concerns with Current Safety Guidelines
Data from Firstenberg 2001. Diagram was prepared by Dr. Magda Havas, Trent University, Canada
Biological Effects
Most Common Complaints
•Sleep disruption •Dizziness
•Headache •Palpitations of the Heart
•Concentration •Visual Disorders
•Forgetful memory •Cardiovascular Problems
•Depression •Buzzing in the Head
•Fatigue •Altered Reflexes
Many of these are related to changes
in the electrical activity of the brain
Biological Effects (contd.)
Neurodegenerative Disorders –Alzheimer, Parkinson's
Immune System Degradation
Tinnitus and Ear Damage
Irreversible Infertility
Effect on Skin
DNA Damage
Increase in Cancer Risk
DNA Damage
Single and double strand breaks observed in
DNA from microwave exposure at levels below Prof. Henry Lai
the current FCC exposure standard. University of Washington
1995, Diem et al. 2005
When Damage to DNA > Rate of DNA repaired, there is
possibility of retaining mutations and initiating cancer
NEWS COVERAGE in HT – 07 JAN. 2013
BIO-INITIATVE REPORT 2012
Prepared by 29 Researchers from 10 Countries
Gave references of 1800 research papers
Bio-initiative Report 2007 gave additional references of 2000 papers
Strong evidence on health effects
Effect of Cell Towers (Global References)
8 times increased cancer Risk is higher
risk for exposure after 6-10 years of
> 1000µW/m2 = 1 mW/m2 exposure
http://www.getmefacts.info/files/emfposter.pdf updated on 11Sep. 2011
US Air Force RF Review in 1988
US Air Force RF review in 1988
acknowledges non-thermal biological effects
In the Soviet Union, permissible RF/MW radiation
exposure levels for whole-body irradiation are
specified for various time intervals. RF/MW
radiation exposures may not exceed:
0.1 W/m2 for 3 hours/day,
1 W/m2 for 2 hours/day, and
10W/m2 for 15-20 minutes provided that safety
goggles be worn.
Naval Medical Research Institute - USA
Naval Medical Research Institute – USA Report
dated 4th Oct. 1971 acknowledges biological
effects and has given 2000+ references. Under
categories A to Q, they have given more than
130 types of health hazards.
It includes the effects on whole body, brain,
eyes, head, blood, heart, infertility, Hair
Loss, Mutation, and so on…
NEWS COVERAGE in MUMBAi
DNA, Mumbai - 22 April 2013
News Coverage in Jaipur
Dec. 2011 11 May 2012
SEVEN cancer
SIX cancer cases in
cases in C-Scheme
Shalimar Bagh –
– Jaipur City
Jaipur City
If mobile towers were safe.. What is
the mystery behind their illness?
Measured
levels from
10 to 50
mW/m2
25,000 Brain Tumours Diagnosed in
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
Deccan Chronicle, Hyderabad – 9 June 2014
Over 25,000 primary brain tumours are diagnosed every year in Andhra Pradesh
and Telangana. Of these, about 7 per 1 lakh population are found to be malignant
tumors, while about 13 are non-malignant ones.
Dr B.S. Shiva Reddy, neurosurgeon at Mediciti Hospital, said, “There are 120 types
of brain and central nervous system tumours. The least aggressive type of tumours
grow slowly while the malignant tumours, containing cancer cells, grow rapidly
invading other body systems.”
Exposure to ionising radiation from therapeutic and diagnostic medical procedures,
atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, industrial accidents and heavy use of
mobile phones also increases the risk of gliomas – a type of brain tumour.
Neurosurgeon Dr Rama Krishna said, “There is too much of a dispute on the claim
that the use of mobile phones will cause tumours. But it is clear that excessive
usage of mobile phones does lead to frequent headaches in a section of people.
Children below 16 years must not be given phones for use as their body systems
are still developing and it can cause early damage.”
Effect on Birds and Animals
Have you ever seen any bird near cell towers?
May be not, because birds have more volume
and less weight, so heating effect is very fast.
Birds and Bees
• Interfere with navigation and reproduction
Animals
•Dairy cows – Decreased milk production, reproductive and
developmental problems and decline in overall health.
•Sheep, dogs, cats, rabbits living near base stations affected.
Effect on Plants
4 Cell Towers near
Gurgaon-Delhi Toll Naka
In the nearby Farm
House, output of most of
fruit bearing trees
drastically reduced from
100% to < 5% after 2.5
years of cell tower
installation.
Environment Ministry - Impacts of Communication
Towers on Wildlife Including Birds and Bees (Nov. 2011)
Out of 919 research studies collected:
593 - report Impact; 130 - No Impact; 196 - Inconclusive
Scientists Recommend - RF Fields should be
classified as “Class 2A” or even “Class 1”
According to Dr. Anthony Miller, who was on the IARC committee,
the accumulated evidence is now strong enough to suggest RF fields
really should be classified as Class 2A (probable carcinogen).
In Dec. 2013, Hardell group from Sweden showed that the evidence
available suggests that RF-EMF exposure from mobile (and cordless)
phones should be regarded as Class 1 "human carcinogen".
Alasdair Philips of Powerwatch (U.K.) says, “The criteria on strength,
consistency, specificity, temporality, and biologic gradient for
evidence of increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma were
fulfilled.”
In April 2014, it was reported that "Health risk from Wi-Fi devices
rising". It stated that “Epidemiological evidence shows that radio
frequency should be classified as a known human carcinogen.”
• Convince DOT to reduce the norm immediately to <10mW/m2
• Cellular Operators should reduce transmitted power from 20W/carrier
to max. 1 -2 W in densely populated area.
HOW TO IMPLEMENT?
Remove the power amplifier or reduce gain of amplifier.
ADDITIONAL BENEFITS:
Power requirement will Operators can
Cooling of amplifier
reduce: may not need
will not be required: claim carbon
Diesel Generator.
may not need Air Solar panel can meet credit. Leads to
conditioner this requirement Green Telecom
You can see: TRAI-Green-Telecom-Openhouse-GK Report
DISADVANTAGES OF REDUCING POWER:
Install more low It will cost
Range will power transmitters
or low power MORE
reduce
repeaters MONEY!
CONCLUSIONS
There is RF radiation from cell phones, cell towers,
computers, laptops, AM, FM, and TV towers, leakage from
microwave oven, Wi-Fi, Radars, etc., which are additive.
In addition, there is radiation from overhead high voltage
transmission lines, which has been classified by WHO as
Class 2B (Possible Carcinogen) in 2002.
The awareness must be created among the people.
People should unite to convince Govt. of India to adopt
stricter radiation norms.
