VELLAMMALBODHICAMPUS-KANCHI

PURAM

Gr
ade7 Humanset
tl
ement
sandt
ranspor
tandcommuni
cat
ion

I
II
.Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nonesent
ence.

1.Whati
saset
tl
ement
?

Asettl
ementisdefi
nedasanor
gani
sedgr
oupofhumanhabi
tat
ionwher
epeopl
ebui
l
dthei
r
housestol
iv
ei n.

2.Whati
sthebasi
sforcl
assi
fyi
ngset
tl
ement
sasr
uralandur
ban?

Thebasi
sforclassi
fyi
ngset
tl
ement
sasr
ural
andur
bani
sthemai
neconomi
cact
ivi
tyoft
he
peopl
eofthatarea.

3.Namet
hef
ivepat
ter
nsofset
tl
ement
.

Thef
ivepat
ter
nsofset
tl
ement
sar
eli
near
,ci
rcul
ar,
disper
sed,
nucl
eat
edandr
adi
al.

4.Whatar
ethef
ourmaj
orf
ormsoft
ranspor
tat
ion?

Thef
ourmaj
orf
ormsoft
ranspor
tat
ionar
eroadway
s,r
ail
way
s,wat
erway
sandai
rway
s.

5.Who,
andi
nwhi
chy
ear
,lai
dthef
oundat
ionofr
ail
way
sinI
ndi
a?

Thef
oundat
ionofr
ail
way
sinI
ndi
awasl
aidbyt
heBr
it
ishi
nthey
ear1853.

I
V.Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nbr
ief
.

1.Enumer
atet
hef
act
orsr
esponsi
blef
ort
hechoi
ceofl
ocat
ionandgr
owt
hisaset
tl
ement
.

Thef
act
orsr
esponsi
blef
ort
hechoi
ceofl
ocat
ionandgr
owt
hofaset
tl
ementar
e:

•t
opogr
aphyoft
her
egi
on

•av
ail
abi
l
ityofwat
er

•f
ert
il
it
yofsoi
l

•f
avor
abi
l
ityofcl
i
mat
e

•t
radepot
ent
ial

2.Wr
it
eashor
tnot
eont
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofr
uralset
tl
ement
s.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofr
uralset
tl
ementar
easf
oll
ows:

•economybasedonpr
imar
yact
ivi
ti
essuchasagr
icul
tur
e,f
ishi
ngandl
i
vest
ockr
ear
ing
•l
owdensi
tyofpopul
ati
on

•cl
i
mat
eandl
ocal
env
ironmentpl
ayani
mpor
tantr
ole

•v
ari
esi
nsi
zef
rom asi
ngl
ehouset
onumer
ousv
il
lages

•l
i
mit
edf
aci
l
iti
essuchasheal
thcar
e,educat
ioncent
resandmar
ket
s

3.Whati
smeantbyr
ural
-ur
bandependence?

Rural
-ur
bandependencemeansthatacompl
ement
aryr
elat
ionshi
pexi
stsbet
weenv
il
lagesand
ci
ti
eswherei
nbothbenefi
teachother
.

•Vi
ll
agessuppl
yfoodgr
ains,
indust
ri
alandagr
icul
tur
alr
awmat
eri
alsandl
abourf
orcet
oci
ti
es
andtowns.

•Thetownsandcit
iessupplyi
ndust
ri
algoods,
heal
thcar
efaci
l
iti
es,
educat
ionandempl
oyment
oppor
tuni
ti
esfort
her ur
alpeopl
e.

4.Enumer
atet
headv
ant
agesofr
oadt
ranspor
t.

Theadv
ant
agesofr
oadt
ranspor
tar
easf
oll
ows:

•I
tcanbel
aidi
nal
lki
ndsoft
err
aini
ncl
udi
ngmount
ainous,
hil
l
yanddeser
tregi
ons.

•Pr
ovi
desadoor
-t
o-doorf
lexi
bil
i
ty.

•Act
sasaf
eedert
oal
lot
herki
ndsoft
ranspor
t.

•Moder
nhi
ghway
sai
dinf
astmov
ementoft
raf
fi
cinbot
hdi
rect
ions.

5.Howar
eai
rway
sbet
tert
hant
heot
hermeansoft
ranspor
t?

Air
way sarebet
terthantheot
hermeansoft
ranspor
tbecausebesi
dest
ranspor
ti
ngpeopl
eand
fr
eightfr
om oneplacetoanot
her:

•hel
icopt
ersandchopper
sar
eofgr
eathel
pdur
ingnat
ural
cal
ami
ti
essuchasear
thquakesand
fl
oods,

•ai
rway
sar
eimpor
tantf
ordef
encepur
poses,

•andi
ttakesl
essert
imet
otr
avel
byai
rthanal
lot
hermeansoft
ranspor
t.

V.Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
ndet
ail
.

1.Expl
aint
hef
iveki
ndsofset
tl
ementpat
ter
nsal
ongwi
thdi
agr
ams.

Fi
veki
ndsofset
tl
ementpat
ter
nsar
easf
oll
ows:
•Linearsett
lement
sdevelopi
nanelongatedandnar
rowf
orm al
ongal
i
nearf
eat
uresuchas
ri
ver,road,
rail
waytr
ack,
canalorcoast
li
ne.

•Ci
rcul
arset
tl
ement
sdev
elopi
naci
rcul
arshapear
oundawat
erbodysuchast
ank,
lake,
pond
andoasi
s.

•Dispersed/
scat
ter
edsett
lement
sconsi
stofisol
ateddwell
i
ngsorafewclust
ersofhouses
scatt
eredoveralar
geareaandarecommonlyfoundinf
orests,
hil
l
sanddeser
ts.

•Nucl
eatedset
tl
ement
sarecompactandaggl
omeratedset
tl
ement
s,wi
thdwel
l
ingscl
oset
o
eachot
herandnarr
owwindi
ngst
reetsbet
weenthem

•Radialsett
lement
scomeupal
ongr
oadsandl
aneswhi
chdi
ver
gei
nal
ldi
rect
ionsf
rom a
cent
ralpoint.

(Not
e:Di
agramsar
egi
veni
nthet
extbook.Thest
udent
smyst
udyt
heseandmaket
hei
rown
di
agr
ams.)

2.Wr
it
eashor
tnot
eonanyf
ivet
ypesofur
banset
tl
ement
s:

•Admini
strat
ivetownsar
ecenter
sofadmini
str
ati
onandgover
nance,
ornat
ional
andst
ate
capi
tal
s,examples:NewDel
hi,
Washingt
onDC, Madr
id,
Bei
ji
ngandBengal
uru.

•Marketort
radingtownsdevel
opascent
ersofbuyi
ngandsel
li
ng,
andf
ordi
str
ibut
ionof
agr
icul
tur
al/
industr
ial
produce,
exampl
es:Winni
pegandKabul
.

•Cult
uralandeducat
ionalcent
ersareknownforthei
rcult
ural
signi
fi
canceandpr
omot
ionofar
t,
cul
tureandeducati
on,examples:Shant
ini
ket
an,CambridgeandHeidel
berg.

•Rel
igi
oustownsdevel
opar
oundr
eli
giousshr
inesorpl
acesofpi
l
gri
mage,
exampl
es:Var
anasi
,
Jer
usal
em andLhasa.

•Resi
denti
altownsrefert
othesubur
bsandsmallt
ownswhi chser
veast
her
esi
denceofal
arge
popul
ati
on,examples:Chandi
gar
handSaltLakeci
ty(
Indi
a).

3.Whatar
ewater
ways?Writ
etwol
ineseachont
hedi
ff
erentt
ypesofwat
erway
s,gi
vi
ng
exampl
eswher
enecessar
y.

Waterwaysarethemodesofcommuni cati
ongooverorunderwat
erwhi
chi
ncl
udehugeshi
ps,
oceanli
ners,
oil
t anker
s,t
rawl
ers,
boat
s,fer
ri
es,
submarines,
andsoon.

Di
ff
erentt
ypesofwat
erway
swi
thexampl
es:

•Navigableri
ver
s,l
akesandcanal
sar
ei nl
andwater
waysonwhichcar
goandpassenger
sar
e
tr
ansported.Mechani
sedboat
sandsteamersar
eof t
enused.

I
mpor
tanti
nlandwat
erway
soft
hewor
ldar
e:Mi
ssi
ssi
ppi
andMi
ssour
i,Danube,
Vol
ga,
Yangt
ze,
Rhi
ne,Ki
ang,
St.Lawr
enceri
verSeaway
-Gr
eatLakeswat
erway
,Rhone-
Rhi
necanal
,SuezCanal
,
PanamaCanalandsoon.

•Oneoft hecheapestfor
msoft r
anspor
tacrossconti
nent
sisoceantr
anspor
t.Thisincl
udes
shipsthatcar
rylar
geloads.SomeoceanroutesareNort
hAtl
anti
croute,
Mediter
ranean-Suez-
Indianrout
e,PanamaCanal r
outeandNort
h-Paci
fi
croute.

4.Di
ff
erencebet
weenper
sonalcommuni
cat
ionandmasscommuni
cat
ion:

Per
sonal
Communi
cat
ion MassCommuni
cat
ion

Personal
communi cat
iont
akespl
acebet
ween Masscommunicat
ionr
eachesal
argenumber
twoormor epeopl
e. ofpeopl
eatt
hesametime.

Tel
ephones,e-
mail
s,f
axorcel
l
ular/
mobi
le Radi
o,TV,
newspaper
s,andmagazi
nesar
e
phonesaremeansofper
sonalcommuni
cati
on meansofmasscommuni cat
ion

Itisacomparativ
elysl
owerwayof I
tisaf
ast
erwayofdi
sseminat
ingi
nfor
mati
on
disseminat
inginf
ormati
onthanmass t
oalar
genumberofpeopl
eatthesameti
me
communi cati
on

5.Wr
it
eashor
tnot
eonsat
ell
it
ies.

•Theadvancementi
nscienceandtechnologyhasai
dedthelaunchofar
ti
fi
cial
sat
ell
i
tesi
nto
spacesoastofaci
li
tat
einstant
aneousglobalcommuni
cati
on.

•Thesesatel
li
tesenci
rcl
etheEart
handbeam downinf
ormati
on,whet
heri
tisnews,
educat
ional
i
nformat
ion,cl
imateandweatherdat
a,oranyot
herEar
th-
rel
ated.

•Duetothesesat
ell
i
tes,
radi
oandtel
evi
sionprogr
ammesr
eachal
lcor
ner
soft
hewor
ldl
eadi
ng
todi
sseminati
onofvi
tal
inf
ormat
ioni
nfor
mat i
on.

•Thesecommunicat
ionsatel
l
itesalsoenabl
eglobal
communi
cati
onthroughanet
wor
kof
computer
sworl
dwide,knownast heWor l
dWideWeb( WWW)andtheInter
net
.