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các chuyên đề ngữ pháp

The document discusses 10 verb tenses in English including present simple, past simple, future simple, present continuous, past continuous, future continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous, past perfect, and future perfect. For each tense it provides information on formation, identification markers, and usage examples.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
32 views28 pages

các chuyên đề ngữ pháp

The document discusses 10 verb tenses in English including present simple, past simple, future simple, present continuous, past continuous, future continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous, past perfect, and future perfect. For each tense it provides information on formation, identification markers, and usage examples.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Grammar I: TENSES (Các thì)

CÁC THÌ CẤU TẠO DẤU HIỆU NHẬN BIẾT CÁCH SỬ DỤNG
- always, usually, often -1 thoùi quen, 1 söï
- sometimes, now and then vieäc laëp ñi laëp laïi
1. Present S(plural) (I / We / You / They) + V0 - seldom, rarely, ôû hieän taïi.
Simple - every (day/ week / month…) -1 chaân lyù, 1 söï thaät
(Thì hiện tại S(singular) (He / She / It) + V s/es - once (a week / month…)
thường) hieån nhieân.
- twice (a week / month….)
- Caûm giaùc, traïng
thaùi ôû hieän taïi.
- yesterday, ago, this morning -1 haønh ñoäng, söï
- in + time in the past (in 2000) vieäc xaûy ra vaø
2. Past - last (night/ week / month) chaám döùt trong quaù
Simple S + V 2/ed khöù, bieát roõ thôøi
(Thì quá khứ gian.
thường) - 1 loaït caùc haønh
ñoäng xaûy ra lieân
tieáp trong quaù khöù.
3. Future - tomorrow, tonight, someday -1 haønh ñoäng, söï
Simple S + will + V0 - in + time in the future vieäc seõ xaûy ra trong
(Thì tương lai (in 2050) töông lai.
đơn) - next (week / month / year…)
- now, right now -1 haønh ñoäng, söï
- at present, at the moment, at this vieäc ñang dieãn ra
4. Present time vaøo ñuùng thôøi
Continuous S + am / is / are + V-ing - Look ! , Listen ! ñieåm noùi.
(Thì hiện tại -1 haønh ñoäng, söï
tiếp diễn) vieäc xaûy ra trong
töông lai ñaõ xeáp ñaët
tröôùc.
- When / While / As -1 haønh ñoäng ñang
- At 10.20 yesterday xaûy ra ôû quaù khöù
thì moät haønh ñoäng
khaùc caét ngang.
5. Past (when, as).
Continuous S + was / were + V-ing -2 haønh ñoäng xaûy ra
(Thì quá khứ song song cuøng moät
tiếp diễn) luùc trong quaù khöù.
(while)
-1 haønh ñoäng xaûy ra
taïi moät thôøi ñieåm
trong quaù khöù.
- at this time/ at 8 o’clock + time in - dieãn ra taïi 1 thôøi
the future (at 8 o’clock tomorrow) ñieåm trong töông lai.
6. Future - When / while / as + clause (time - ñang dieãn ra ôû
Continuous in the future) töông lai luùc vieäc
S + will + be + V-ing
(Thì tương lai khaùc xaûy ra.
tiếp diễn) - dieãn ra suoát 1
quaõng thôøi gian daøi
trong töông lai.
7. Present S + have/has + V 3/ed - just, recently, lately -1 haønh ñoäng, söï
Perfect - never, ever, yet, already vieäc vöøa môùi xaûy
(Thì hiện tại - since, for, so far ra.
hoàn thành) - up to now, up to the present -1 haønh ñoäng ñaõ
- for a long time, for ages
xaûy ra ôû quaù khöù
- three (four,...) times , many
Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
times, several times. vaø coøn tieáp tuïc
- This is the first time/the second ñeán hieän taïi.
time + S + have/has V 3/ed -1 haønh ñoäng xaûy ra
trong quaù khöù,
khoâng bieát roõ thôøi
gian.
- for, since, up to now... -1 haønh ñoäng ñaõ
Ex: I’m tired because I’ve been xaûy ra ôû quaù khöù
8. Present working hard. vaø coøn tieáp tuïc
Perfect
ñeán hieän taïi, nhaán
Continuous S + have/has + been + V-ing
maïnh söï lieân tuïc
(Thì hiện tại
hoàn thành cuûa haønh ñoäng.
tiếp diễn) - haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy
ra vaø keát quaû toàn
taïi tôùi luùc ñang noùi.
- before, after, by the time -1 haønh ñoäng xaûy ra
9. Past - when, as soon as tröôùc 1 haønh ñoäng
Perfect S + had + V 3/ed By the time + S + V(QKĐ), S + khaùc hoaëc tröôùc 1
(Thì quá khứ had V 3/ed
hoàn thành) thôøi ñieåm trong quaù
khöù.
- after, before, when - Hoaøn taát tröôùc
- by the time + time in the future thôøi ñieåm töông lai
10. Future By the time + S + V(HTĐ), S + hoaëc tröôùc 1 haønh
Perfect will have V 3/ed ñoäng khaùc ôû töông
S + will + have + V 3/ed
(Thì tương lai lai.
hoàn thành) - Keùo daøi ñeán 1
thôøi ñieåm ôû töông
lai.

Ex:
1. She goes to school every day.
2. She wrote the letter to her friend two days ago.
3. He will visit the most famous pagoda in this city next week.
4. John is reading an interesting book now.
5. When I was walking in the street, I met one of my friends.
6. What will they be doing at this time tomorrow morning?
7. They have lived in London since 2001.
8. He has been teaching English for ten years now.
9. George had waited for an hour before the bus came.

10. Next month, he will have been married for fifteen years.

@ NOTES (Chú ý):

PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST SIMPLE

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 2


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
1) ÔÛ ngoâi III, soá ít, ta theâm “s” 1) Khoâng duøng thì naøy ñoái vôùi 1) Ñoái vôùi ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät
vaøo haàu heát caùc ñoäng töø. caùc ñoäng töø chæ söï nhaän thöùc, (was, were, could, . . ), theâm “not”
tri giaùc, sôû höõu nhö: BE, HAVE, vaøo chính caùc ñoäng töø ñaëc
SEE, KNOW, FEEL, LIKE, bieät neáu laø caâu phuû ñònh, vaø
2) Nhöõng ñoäng töø taän cuøng laø
LOVE . . . Ñoái vôùi caùc ñoäng töø ñaûo chính caùc ñoäng töø ñaëc
o, ch, sh, s, x, z ta theâm “es”.
naøy, ta thay baèng thì hieän taïi ñôn. bieät ra tröôùc chuû töø neáu laø
caâu hoûi.
3) Nhöõng ñoäng töø taän cuøng laø
2) Ñoäng töø taän cuøng baèng “e”,
“y”, tröôùc noù laø moät phuï aâm, y
boû “e” theâm “ing” (come – 2) Caùch theâm “ED” vaøo sau
chuyeån thaønh -> i + es (study ->
coming). ñoäng töø hôïp qui taéc:
studies). Nhöng tröôùc “y” laø moät
nguyeân aâm thì giöõ nguyeân: y + s a. Ñoäng töø taän cuøng baèng “e”,
(play -> plays). 3) Ñoäng töø (moät vaàn hoaëc hai chæ theâm “d”.
vaàn coù daáu nhaán troïng aâm ôû b. Nhöõng ñoäng töø taän cuøng laø
vaàn thöù hai) taän cuøng laø moät “y”, tröôùc noù laø moät phuï aâm, y
4) Ñoái vôùi ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät
phuï aâm, tröôùc ñoù chæ coù moät chuyeån thaønh -> i + ed (study ->
(be, can, may . . .), theâm “not” vaøo
nguyeân aâm: gaáp ñoâi phuï aâm + studied). Nhöng tröôùc “y” laø moät
chính caùc ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät
“ing” (run - running, begin - nguyeân aâm thì giöõ nguyeân y +
neáu laø caâu phuû ñònh, vaø ñaûo
beginning). ed (play -> played).
chính caùc ñoäng töø ñaëc bieät ra
tröôùc chuû töø neáu laø caâu hoûi. c. Ñoäng töø (moät vaàn hoaëc hai
4) Ñoäng töø taän cuøng laø “ie”, vaàn coù daáu nhaán troïng aâm ôû
ñoåi “ie” thaønh -> y + ing (lie – vaàn thöù hai), taän cuøng laø 1 phuï
lying) aâm, tröôùc ñoù chæ coù 1 nguyeân
aâm: gaáp ñoâi phuï aâm + ed
(stopped, permitted).

Grammar II: SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENT


(Sự hoà hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ)
I. Subject and Verb in a sentence must agree in Person and Number: (Chủ ngữ và động từ
trong một câu phải phù hợp về ngôi và số)
Ex: Her dress is beautiful.
Those cars are very modern.
II. Some other rules: (Một vài quy tắc khác)
1.
S1 + and + S2 + V (plural)
Ex: He and his friends are good students.
John and I are going to play tennis.
2.
with / together with
S1 + along with / as well as + S2 + V (S1)

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 3


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
accompanied by
Ex: The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.
3.
Either or
Neither + S1 + nor + S2 + V (S2)
Not only but also
Ex: Either you or I am wrong
Neither Tom’s parents nor his teacher is satisfied with his progress.
4.
Every Noun (singular)
Each + + V (singular)
Either
Neither of + Noun (plural)
Ex: Every child has a toy.
Each job needs patience.
Each of the patients is examined every day.
5.
Every / some
Any / no + one / body / thing + V (singular)
Ex: Everyone is ready.
6.
A number of + Noun (plural) + V (plural)
The number of + Noun (plural) + V (singular)
Ex: A number of the applicants have already been interviewed.
The number of days in a week is seven.
7.
S (N + preposition phrase) + V(N)
Ex: The study of languages is very interesting.
8.
Gerund (as Subject) + V (singular)
Ex: Writing many letters makes her happy.

Grammar III: THE USES OF VERBS


(Cách sử dụng của động từ)
I. INFINITIVE: Infinitive ñöùng sau caùc ñoäng töø sau ñaây:

agree arrange attempt ask decide demand determine desire


expect fail help hope intend learn manage mean
need offer plan prepare pretend promise propose refuse
seem tend want wish

Ex: He doesn’t want to know.

advise allow ask enable encourage expect invite order permit


request tell want warn wish

Ex: He advised me to leave here early.


II. GERUND: Gerund (V-ing) ñöùng sau caùc ñoäng töø sau ñaây:

admit appreciate avoid can’t help consider delay deny


enjoy finish keep imagine mind miss
postpone practise prevent quit resent resist risk
Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 4
Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
suggest understand

Ex: We enjoy playing football.


III. NOTES (Lưu ý):
A. GERUND or INFINITIVE: Thay đổi về nghĩa

Động từ Nghĩa Ví dụ

+ to V (hành động chưa xảy ra)


Remember Please remember to return the book tomorrow.
1 Forget
+ V-ing (hành động đã xảy ra)
Regret I’ll never forget seeing her at the first time.

+ to V (dừng lại để làm việc khác) He stopped to eat. (dừng công việc để ăn)
2 Stop
My father stopped smoking two months ago. (bỏ hút
+ V-ing (từ bỏ, dừng việc đang làm)
thuốc)

I will try to study hard so that my parents stop


+ to V (cố gắng làm việc gì)
worrying about me.
3 Try
+ V-ing (thử làm việc gì) He tried making a cake but he didn’t succeed.

B. VERBS OF PERCEPTION: (Các động từ chỉ sự nhận thức)


hear
see Vo (söï hoaøn taát cuûa haønh ñoäng)
smell + O +
feel V-ing (söï tieáp dieãn cuûa haønh ñoäng)
notice/ watch

Ex: We saw him leave the house.


She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising.
C.

Make / let + O + Vo

Ex: He made me move my car.


D.
Modal Verbs (will, can, may, must, should, need, had better, have to, ought to ...) + Vo

Ex: The children had better go to bed early.

Grammar IV: INVERSION OF THE VERB


(Sự đảo ngữ của động từ)
Động từ được sử dụng ở dạng đảo ngữ sau một số trạng từ và cụm trạng từ nhất định nếu
chúng được đặt ở vị trí đầu trong một câu hoặc một mệnh đề.
Never : khoâng bao giôø, chöa bao giôø
Seldom : ít khi
Only by : chæ baèng caùch

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 5


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
Only then / when : chæ luùc ñoù, chæ khi
Not only (… but also) : khoâng nhöõng … maø coøn
Not until : maõi cho ñeán khi
Hardly ever : ít khi
Hardly + had +S + Vp2 … when + S + Ved = Scarcely … when : vöøa môùi … thì
No sooner + had + S+ Vp2 …than + S + Ved : vöøa môùi … thì
So … that … : ñeán noãi maø
Neither / Nor : cuõng khoâng
So : cuõng vaäy
Nowhere : khoâng nôi naøo
In no circumstances : khoâng ôû tröôøng hôïp naøo
On no account : khoâng vì lí do gì
Ex: 1. He had hardly gone into the house when it rained.
Hardly had he gone into the house when it rained.
Scarcely had he gone into the house when it rained.
No sooner had he gone into the house than it rained.
2. He didn’t return to his native village until the war ended.
(It was not until the war ended that he returned to his native village)
Not until the war ended did he return to his native village
3. The question is so difficult that nobody can answer it.
So difficult is the question that nobody can answer it.
@ Lưu ý:
1. Bill enjoys a game and Tom does, too.
= Bill enjoys a game and so does Tom.
2. He didn’t like the book and I didn’t, either.
= He didn’t like the book and neither / nor did I.

Grammar V: REPORTED SPEECH


(Câu gián tiếp)
A. STATEMENTS (Câu trần thuật): Cách chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp
Cấu tạo:
S + said (that) + S + V (lùi 1 thì)
S + told + O (that) + S + V (lùi 1 thì)
 Đổi động từ ở mệnh đề chính thành: said, told …
 Đổi các đại từ, tính từ sở hữu
 Đổi thì động từ.
 Đổi các trạng ngữ (thời gian, nơi chốn)
1. Các đại từ, tính từ sở hữu:
Chủ ngữ Tân ngữ Tính từ sở hữu Đại từ sở hữu
I me my mine
You you your yours
He him his his
She her her hers
It it its its
We us our ours
You you your yours

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 6


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
They them their theirs
2. Thì động từ:
Direct speech Reported speech
1. Present simple 1. Past simple
Ex: go Ex: went
2. Present progressive 2. Past progressive
Ex: is going Ex: was / were going
3. Present perfect / Past simple 3. Past perfect
Ex: have done Ex: had done
swam had swum
4. Past progressive 4. Past perfect progressive
Ex: was / were going Ex: had been going
5. Future simple 5. Future in the past
Ex: will Ex: would
6. can/ must 6. could/ had to

3. Trạng ngữ thời gian & địa điểm:


Direct speech Reported speech
This That
These Those
Here There
Now Then
Today That day
Yesterday The day before / the previous day
Tomorrow The day after / the following day / the next day
Ago Before
This week That week
Last week The week before / the previous week
Next week The week after / the following week / the next week
@ Chú ý:
 Neáu ñoäng töø ôû meänh ñeà chính ôû thì hieän taïi ñôn, ta chæ ñoåi ñaïi töø trong
lôøi trích daãn.
Ex: The farmer says, “I hope it will rain tomorrow.”
The farmer says that he hopes it will rain tomorrow.
She says, “I’m tired now.”
She says that she is tired now.
 Neáu ñoäng töø ôû meänh ñeà chính ôû thì quaù khöù ñôn, ta phaûi ñoåi thì, ñaïi töø,
töø vaø cuïm töø chæ thôøi gian, nôi choán trong lôøi trích daãn.
Ex: Judy said, “I will phone you tomorrow.”
Judy told me (that) she would phone me the day after.
B. COMMANDS (Câu yêu cầu):
Cấu tạo:
S + told / asked + O + (not) to V

Ex: “Hurry up, Lan”


He told Lan to hurry up.
“Don’t make noise in class, please!”
The teacher asked them not to make noise in class.
C. QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi):
Form:
wh- + S + V
S + asked + O
if / whether + S + V

1. Wh-Questions:
Ex: “What time does the film begin?”
He asked me what time the film began.
Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 7
Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
2. Yes-No Questions:
Ex: “Have you seen that film?”
He asked me if I had seen that film.
@ Chú ý:
A. REPORTED SPEECH with INFINITIVE (Câu gián tiếp với động từ nguyên thể):
Cấu tạo:
V + to V-inf V + O + to V-inf
promise : hứa tell : bảo warn : cảnh báo
agree : đồng ý ask : yêu cầu encourage : khuyến khích
hope : hy vọng want : muốn order : ra lệnh
offer : đề nghị advise : khuyên invite : mời
want : muốn remind : nhắc nhở

Ex: “I will help you, Mary” said Peter


Peter promised to help Mary.
Ex: “Look at the board, please!”, said the teacher.
The teacher asked the students to look at the board.
Ex: “Remember to turn off TV before going to bed”, my father said to me
My father reminded me to turn off TV before going to bed.
B. REPORTED SPEECH with GERUND (Câu gián tiếp với động danh từ):
Cấu tạo:
S + V + (O) (prep) + V-ing

S + V + V-ing S + V + prep + V-ing S + V + O + prep + V-ing

suggest insist on accuse sb of


admit dream of thank sb for
deny think of congratulate sb on
look forward to prevent sb from
apologize (to sb) for warn sb against

Ex: “Let’s go out for a drink,” Susan said.


Susan suggested going out for a drink.
“I’ll help you with your physics exercise,” Peter said to Susan.
Peter insisted on helping Susan with her physics exercise.
Tom said to me, “It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much.”
Tom thanked me for helping him.
C. CONDITIONAL IN REPORTED SPEECH (Điều kiện trong câu gián tiếp):
TYPE DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

1 “If it rains, I will stay at home to read books,” said - The boy said that if it rained, he would stay at home to
the boy. read books.

2 “If I were a millionaire, I could help poor children,” - The man told me if he were a millionaire,
said the man.
he could help poor children.

3 “If you had had breakfast, you wouldn’t have been - The man told me if I had had breakfast,
hungry,” said the man.
I wouldn’t have been hungry.

Cách chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp:


 Đổi động từ ở mệnh đề chính thành: said, told …

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 8


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
 Thì động từ:
- Type 1: luøi laïi 1 thì khi ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ñöôïc duøng ôû thì quaù khöù.
- Type 2, 3: giöõ nguyeân thì ñoäng töø
 Các đại từ, tính từ sở hữu
 Các trạng ngữ (thời gian, nơi chốn)

Grammar VI: THE PASSIVE VOICE (Thể bị động)


A. Cấu tạo:
S + be + V3, ed ( A(place) + by O + A(time))

Ex: The book was written by Mark Twain


B. Cách chuyển sang thể bị động:
Active: S V O

Passive: S BE + V3, ed by + O

Thì Chủ động Bị động

1. Simple present S + Vo/ s/ es S + am/ is/ are + V3/ ed

2. Simple past S + V2/ ed S + was/ were + V3/ ed

3. Simple future S + will/ can + Vo S + will/ can + be + V3/ ed

4. Present continuous S + am/ is/ are + V-ing S + am/ is/ are + being + V3/ ed

5. Past continuous S + was/ were + V-ing S + was/ were + being + V3/ ed

6. Present perfect S + has/ have + V3/ ed S + has/ have + been + V3/ ed

7. Past perfect S + had + V3/ ed S + had + been + V3/ ed


Ex:
1. John delivers the newspapers every morning.
The newspapers are delivered by John every morning.
2. My mother wrote that letter.
That letter was written by my mother.
3. They will build a new school here next month.
A new school will be built here next month.
4. He is asking me a lot of questions.
I am being asked a lot of questions.
5. She was doing her homework at that time.
Her homework was being done at that time.
6. My mother has made that cake.
That cake has been made by my mother.
Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 9
Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
7. They had prepared a party before we came.
A party had been prepared before we came.
@ Chú ý:
A. Causative forms (Dạng động từ nguyên nhân): have, get

VERBS KINDS FORMS

Chủ động S + have + O (person) + Vo


Have
Bị động S + have + O (thing) + V3/ed

Chủ động S + get + O (person) + to V


Get
Bị động S + get + O (thing) + V3/ed
Ex:
1. I had him repair my bicycle yesterday.
I had my bicycle repaired yesterday.
2. I get her to make some coffee.
I get some coffee made.
B. Verbs of opinion (Các động từ chỉ quan điểm): say, think, believe, know, report …

KINDS FORMS

Chủ động S1 + VS1 + that + S2 + VS2

It + be V3/ ed + that + S2 + VS2


Bị động
S2 + be V3/ ed + to V(S2)

to have V3/ ed

Ex: People say that he is a famous doctor.


It is said that he is a famous doctor.
He is said to be a famous doctor.
People believe that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.
It is believed that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.
He is believed to have driven through the town at 90 km an hour.

Grammar VII: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES


(Câu điều kiện)
TYPES IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

1. Real in the Present S + will / can + Vo


or Future Possible
S + V1 S + V (o / s / es)
(coù thaät ôû hieän taïi hoaëc coù
theå xaûy ra ôû töông lai) Vo

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 10


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
2. Unreal in the Present (khoâng S + V2/ ed
S + would / could + Vo
coù thaät ôû hieän taïi) (past subjunctive)

3. Unreal in the Past S + had + V3/ ed


S + would / could + have + V3/ ed
(khoâng coù thaät ôû quaù khöù) (past perfect subjunctive)

Ex: 1. If I have time, I will help you.


Please call me if you hear from Jane.
2. If I were you, I would come there.
3. If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exam.
@ Lưu ý:
* Unless = If…not: nếu….không
Ex: Study hard or you will fail the exam.= Unless you study hard, you will fail the exam.
= If you don’t study hard, you will fail the exam.
Ghi chú :
- Sau mệnh đề If hoặc mệnh đề Unless phải có dấu phẩy (,)
- Sau Unless không được dùng dạng phủ định (Ví dụ : không được viết Unless you don’t
write)
*Có thể dùng đảo ngữ thay thế cho If
1. If they were stronger, they could lift the table.
= Were they stronger, they could lift the table.
2. If he had studied hard, he would have passed his exam.
= Had he studied hard, he would have passed his exam.
* Có thể dùng câu điều kiện pha trộn: If + Loại 3, Loại 2
Ex: If you had had breakfast, you wouldn’t be hungry now. (You are hungry now
because you didn’t have breakfast)
* Dạng bài tập : Biến đổi câu. Dựa vào tình huống (thường có 2 câu hoặc 2 mệnh đề) để xác
định
+ 1 câu hoặc mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân
+ 1 câu hoặc mệnh đề chỉ kết quả
So
Because Therefore
+ nguyên nhân + kết quả
Because of As a result
That’s why
=> Áp dụng trong câu điều kiện : If + (nguyên nhân) , (kết quả)
Lưu ý : + Nếu tình huống được cho ở thì hiện tại đơn, ta áp dụng câu điều kiện loại 2
+ Nếu tình huống được cho ở thì quá khứ đơn, ta áp dụng câu điều kiện loại 3
+ Câu điều kiện loại 2, loại 3 là không có thật ở hiện tại, quá khứ nên cả hai
mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện phải ở dạng phủ định của câu hoặc mệnh đề ban đầu.
Ex : He doesn’t hurry, so he misses the train (tình huống hiện tại  loại 2)
= If he hurried, he wouldn’t miss the train
They don’t go camping because the weather is bad. (tình huống hiện tại  loại 2)
= If the weather weren’t bad, they would go camping.
She sat up late. That’s why she was ill. (tình huống quá khứ  loại 3)
= If she hadn’t sat up late, she wouldn’t have been ill.
Ghi chú : Vì theo sau “Because of” là một cụm danh từ nên ta phải biến đổi cụm danh từ này
thành mệnh đề trước khi đưa vào mệnh đề If.
Ex: He doesn’t go to school because of his illness. (his illness = he is ill)
= If he weren’t ill, he would go to school.

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 11


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
@ SOME OTHER CASES (Một vài trường hợp khác):
Các liên từ Nghĩa Ví dụ
- If you do not study harder, you will get low grade.
= Unless you study harder, you will get low grade.
If … not = unless nếu … không
- If he is not here, you can leave.
= Unless he is here, you can leave.
- Go out now or I will call the police
or, or else, otherwise nếu không thì
= Go out now, otherwise I will call the police
trong trường hợp, phòng - You should bring the umbrella in case it rains.
in case
khi
provided / providing (that) / - You can camp here provided you leave no mess.
miễn là
as long as
@ AS IF / AS THOUGH: Như thể là

TYPES FORMS

1. Unreal in the Present S + V (present) + as if + S + V2/ ed


(khoâng coù thaät ôû hieän taïi) (past subjunctive)

2. Unreal in the Past S + V (past) + as if + S + had V3/ ed


(khoâng coù thaät ôû quaù khöù) (past perfect subjunctive)

Ex: 1. He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich)


2. Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.
(She didn’t win the grand prize)
@ WISH / IF ONLY (ước muốn/ giá mà)

TYPES FORMS

1. Future wish (ước ở tương lai) S + WISH + S would / could + Vo

2. Present wish (ước ở hiện tại) S + WISH + S + V2/ed (past subjunctive)

3. Past wish (ước ở quá khứ) S + WISH + S + had V3/ed (could have V3/ed )

Ex: 1. I wish I could be an astronaut in the future.


2. I wish I were rich. (I am poor now)
3. She wishes she hadn’t failed her exam last year. (She failed her exam last year.)

Grammar VIII: RELATIVE CLAUSES


(Mệnh đề quan hệ)
A. Non-defining and defining relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định và không hạn
định):
 Defining relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định )
Ex: The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.
(coù theå thay theá who, whom, which baèng that)
 Non-defining relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định )
Ex: That man, whom you saw yesterday, is Mr. Pike.
Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 12
Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
(khoâng ñöôïc duøng that ñeå thay theá who, whom, which trong mệnh đề này)

B. Relative pronouns with prepositions (Đại từ quan hệ với giới từ):


Ex: The song is interesting. We like to listen to it.
The song which we like to listen to is interesting.
The song to which we like to listen is interesting.
Dạng:
Prep + whom / which (Giôùi töø khoâng ñöùng tröôùc THAT vaø WHO)
(O)

C. Omission of relative pronouns (Sự lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ):


Ex: The man whom (that) you met yesterday is my uncle.
The man you met yesterday is my uncle.
The bicycle which (that) I have just bought is blue.
The bicycle I have just bought is blue.
Cấu tạo:
whom / which + S + V (whom / which làm túc từ thì có thể lược bỏ)
(O)
D. Reduced forms of relative clauses (Dạng rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ):

LOẠI DẠNG RÚT GỌN EXAMPLES


The man who spoke to John is my brother.
Chủ động V-ing
The man speaking to John is my brother.
The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
Bị động V3, ed
The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
Yuri Gagarin was the first man who flew into space.
Số thứ tự To V
Yuri Gagarin was the first man to fly into space.
(mệnh đề quan hệ mà danh từ đi trước có the next, the last, the only, superlatives (so sánh cao
nhất) thì rút gọn như ở trường hợp 3.)
@ Lưu ý:
 Dùng dấu phẩy trong trường hợp danh từ đi trước có: this, that, these, those (this girl);
my, his … (his car); tên riêng (Mary), vật duy nhất (the telephone, the earth …)
 Không được dùng that, không lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ:
o Sau giới từ
o Trong mệnh đề quan hệ có dấu phẩy.
 Dùng that khi danh từ đi trước là:
o Người + vật (the man and his dog)
o So sánh nhất (the best, the tallest, the most beautiful …)
o Everything, something, anything, nothing, all, none, very, only, little, few, much
(the very / only person)
E. Relative pronouns and adverbs (Đại từ và trạng từ quan hệ)
 Noun + whose + Noun (sở hữu)
Ex : This is the woman whose son won the prize.
 What ( the thing which) -> thay cho “một điều nào đó”
Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 13
Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
Ex : I don’t know what he wants.
 S+V , which + V… ( trường hợp này which thay cho cả mệnh đề phía trước)
Ex : I failed the exam, which made me sad
Time + when ( lưu ý when = in/ on which)
Ex : I still remember the day when we first met.
(= on which)
 Place + where ( lưu ý where = in/ on/ at which)
Ex : This is the school where I studied.
( = in which)
 The reason why (why = for which)
Ex : I don’t know the reason why he said goodbye.
( = for which)
F. CLEFT SENTENCES & CLEFT SENTENCES IN THE PASSIVE (Câu chẻ và câu chẻ ở
dạng bị động)
The boy hit the dog in the garden.
It was the dog that the boy hit in the garden. (Cleft sentence)
It was the dog that was hit in the garden by the boy. (Cleft sentence in the passive)
Form:

CLEFT SENTENCES FORMS

Chủ động It is / was ……… that + (S) + V

Bị động It is / was ……… that + be V3, ed

Grammar IX: CLAUSES & PHRASES OF REASON & CONCESSION


(Các mệnh đề và các cụm từ chỉ lý do và sự nhượng bộ)

REASON (lí do) MAIN


CLAUSE

Clause Because /since / as + S + V,

Phrase Because of + N (phrase) / Gerund (phrase),

CONCESSION (Sự nhượng bộ) : Mặc dù, cho dù S + V

Clause Although/ though / even though + S + V,

Phrase In spite of / despite + N (phrase) / Gerund (phrase),


Ex:
Although it rained heavily, he went to school on time.
In spite of the heavy rain, he went to school on time.
Ex:
Because he was lazy, he failed the exam.
Because of his laziness, he failed the exam.

Grammar X: TAG QUESTIONS


(Câu hỏi đuôi)
* Form: a tag question = Trợ ĐT + pronoun ?
Mệnh đề (khẳng định), câu hỏi đuôi (phủ định)?
Mệnh đề (phủ định), câu hỏi đuôi (khẳng định)?

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 14


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
 Example:
It's a beautiful day, isn't it?
You speak English, don't you?
Ann can't swim, can she?
Mr.Hung has never been to Hue city, has he?
 Notes (Lưu ý): Các trường hợp đặc biệt
1. I'm late, aren't I?
2. Let's go, shall we?
3. Open the window, will you?
4. Someone had recognized him, hadn't they?
5. Something is wrong with Jane today, isn’t it?
6. There aren’t any problems, are there?
7. That is her umbrella, isn’t it?
Grammar XI: USE / USED TO / BE USED TO

FORMS MEANINGS EXAMPLES

Use + O + to V dùng, sử dụng People use money to buy food.

Be used + to V được dùng để (dạng bị động) Money is used to buy food.

Used to + Vo đã từng (thói quen trong qk) He used to smoke.

Be used to + V-ing quen với He is used to getting up early.


Get used to + V-ing

Grammar XII: CONJUNCTIONS


(Các liên từ)
FORMS MEANINGS EXAMPLES
1 Both + S1 + and + S2 + Vplural cả hai - Both Tom and Ann were late.
- Either he or I am wrong.
2 Either + S1 + or + S2 + V (S2) hoặc … hoặc - I think she's either Russian or
Polish.
- Neither he nor I am happy.
3 Neither + S1 + nor + S2 + V (S2) không … không
- I am neither rich nor poor.
- Robert is not only talented but also
4 Not only + S1 + but also + S2 + V (S2) không những …mà còn
handsome.

Grammar XIII: CONNECTORS


(Các từ nối câu)
CONNECTORS MEANINGS FORMS POSITIONS

Liên từ này đứng trước vế


vì vậy (biểu thị kết Clause 1, so + clause 2 thứ 2 trong 1 câu ghép.
SO quả tác động của vế
thứ nhất) Ex: Tom was too angry, so he left without
saying anything)

BUT nhưng (biểu thị ý


nghĩa trái ngược với Clause 1, but + clause 2
vế thứ nhất)

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 15


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
Ex: I tried my best to pass the exam, but I still
failed
Sentence 1. However, sentence 2
Clause 1; However, clause 2
vì vậy (biểu thị kết
THEREFORE quả của hành động Ex: He didn’t study hard. Therefore, he failed - Liên từ này đứng đầu 1
trong câu trước đó) the exam. câu, ngăn cách với vế câu
He didn’t study hard; therefore, he failed đi sau bằng dấu phẩy.
the exam. - Ngoài ra, nó có thể là từ
Sentence 1. However, sentence 2 nối giữa 2 vế câu trong 1
Clause 1; However, clause 2 câu phức. Trong trường
hợp này, nó sẽ đi sau dấu
tuy nhiên (biểu thị ý chấm phẩy và đứng trước
HOWEVER nghĩa trái ngược với Ex: Studying E is not easy. However, it is dấu phẩy.
ý nghĩa trước đó) benificial.
Studying E is not easy; however, it is
benificial.

Grammar XIV: ARTICLES (Các mạo từ)

ARTICLES USES EXAMPLES

- Khi đề cập đến một vật nhưng không phải - I’d like a banana.
là cụ thể
A or AN - Khi đề cập đến thứ gì đó lần đầu - There’s a man at the door.
- Dùng trong các diễn đạt về giá cả, tốc độ,
….
- $2 a kilo, three times a day.

- Khi đề cập tới một điều cụ thể - I’ll wear the dress I bought last week.
- Khi đề cập đến điều gì lần thứ hai - There’s a man at the door. I think the man is from
- Khi chỉ sự duy nhất the garage.

- Dùng trước các danh từ chung đề cập đến - The world, the sun…
toàn bộ một nhóm người - The Vietnamese, the police, the army, the
- Dùng trước các tính từ đề cập đến nhóm government…
THE nói chung - The poor, the unemployed…
- Dùng trước dạng so sánh cao nhất và số
thứ tự. - The best film, the first time
- Dùng trước tên một số nhạc cụ. - Can you play the piano?
-Trước tên của các biển, con sông, tơf báo, - The Atlantic Ocean, the United States,
tạp chí, nhóm nhạc, tên của một số quốc the United Kingdom, the Netherlands,
gia,…..
the Philippines.

ZERO ARTICLE - Với các bữa ăn. - (have) breakfast, lunch, dinner.
- Với các môn thể thao. - football, volleyball, badmiton, rugby,…
(Không dùng mạo từ)
- Với các ngày lễ. - Christmas, Thanksgiving.
- Với các từ school, class, college, - She goes to school every day except Sunday.
university, home, work, church, bed,
hospital cho việc sử dụng bình thường.

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 16


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
- Với các phương tiện giao thông (by + - Did you go by train?
phương tiện giao thông)

Grammar XV: MODAL VERBS


(Động từ tình thái)
I. Modal Infinitive:
Modal + V0

MODALS MEANINGS EXAMPLES


1 Can = be able to có thể (diễn tả 1 khả năng) - He can speak English fluently.
Must = have to phải (có nghĩa bắt buộc) - Young people must obey their parents.
ắt hẳn (tiên đoán 1 sự việc xảy ra ở hiện - He has been working very hard.
2 Must tại, có sơ sở) He must be tired.
Mustn’t Không được (cấm) - You mustn’t go out in the evening.
có lẽ, có thể (suy đoán gần đúng hoặc - He may be in his office.
hành động có thể xảy ra trong tương - The weather forecast is not very good.
lai.) It might rain this afternoon.
3 May / might:
suy đoán sự việc xảy ra ở hiện tại, - He may go out. I am not sure.
không có cơ sở.

May diễn tả 1 sự xin phép - May I go out?


4 Need cần - I need to go now.
Needn’t Không cần - You needn’t do that work.

II. Modal Continuous: Modal + be + V-ing

Ex: Jane isn’t here. She might be cooking in the kitchen, I suppose.

III. Modal Perfect: (Nguyên mẫu hoàn thành )


Modal + have V3 /ed

MODALS MEANINGS EXAMPLES

1 Could have V3 / ed rất có thể đã (diễn tả 1 khả năng - He couldn’t have committed the crime because
trong quá khứ, nhưng chưa được he was with me that day.
dùng tới)

2 Can’t have V3 / ed có lẽ đã không (diễn tả 1 sự suy - Theresa walked past me without saying a word.
đoán không chắc chắn về 1 sự kiện She can’t have seen me.
ở QK)

3 Should have V3 / ed lẽ ra nên (diễn tả 1 lời khiển trách - Once Helen failed in her exam. She played too
đối với 1 hành động QK lẽ ra nên much. She shouldn't have played too much.
làm mà đã không làm)

4 Must have V3 / ed ắt hẳn đã (diễn tả 1 sự suy đoán - The yard is wet. It must have rained last night.
gần đúng về 1 sự kiện ở quá khứ)

5 May / might have V3 / ed có thể, có lẽ (diễn tả những gì có - Micheal didn’t come to class yesterday. He may
thể xảy ra ở quá khứ) have had an accident.

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 17


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012

Grammar XVI: COMPARISONS


(Các câu so sánh)
Adjs or advs POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
Short AS + adj + AS Adj - ER + THAN THE + adj - EST
Long NOT SO / AS + adj + AS MORE + adj + THAN THE MOST + adj

Ex: 1. He is as tall as his father.


John sings as well as his sister.
His job is not so difficult as mine.
2. Today is hotter than yesterday.
This chair is more comfortable than the other.
3. John is the tallest boy in the family.
These shoes are the most expensive of all.

@ Double comparatives: (So sánh kép)


FORMS MEANINGS EXAMPLES
1. The + comparative + S + V,
Caøng … caøng The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
the + comparative + S + V
2. Short adj - ER and short adj - ER Betty is younger and younger
Caøng ngaøy caøng
MORE and MORE + long adj The food is more and more expensive

4. So sánh đa bội:
- So sánh đối tượng này có tính chất gấp bao nhiêu lần đối tương kia
HALF (một nửa)/ TWICE (gấp đôi)/THREE TIMES (gấp ba)/ FOUR TIMES…+ as ….. as
Ex: Her husband is TWICE as old as she

5. So sánh hợp lí
- Xét ví dụ sau: "The DUTIES OF a policeman are more dangerous than A TEACHER."
- Câu này xét vềcấu trúc là bị sai. ko thể so sánh “nhiệm vụ của một vị cảnh sát” với “một vị giáo viên”
--->Để câu đúng nghĩa hơn, em phải so sánh “nhiệm vụ của cảnh sát” với “nhiệm vụ của giáo viên”.
--->Cách chữa dạng câu này là ta mượn “that of” để thay thế cho đối tượng so sánh ở dạng số ít hoặc “those of” nếu
đối tượng so sánh ở dạng số nhiều.
--->Câu này sửa lại như sau
The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than THOSE OF a teacher.
@ Lưu ý: Các tính từ/ trạng từ đặc biệt

Adj & adv Comparative Superlative


good/ well better the best
bad/ badly worse the worst
many/ much more the most
little less the least
far farther / further the farthest / the furthest
Ex: She studies (well) than her friend.
She studies better than her friend.
 Tính từ ngắn là tính từ có 1 âm tiết hoặc 2 âm tiết nhưng tận cùng là -y, -et, -er, -le, -ow
Ex: happy, quiet, clever, gentle, narrow
happier quieter cleverer gentler narrower
Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 18
Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
 Ta dùng more với các trạng từ tận cùng là –ly (trừ early)
Ex: more slowly, more fluently, more quickly ...
@ Dạng bài tập câu so sánh : Biến đổi câu
S1 + V/be + (so sánh hơn) + S2
S1 + V/be (phủ định) + (so sánh bằng của từ trái nghĩa) + S2
S2 + V/be (phủ định) + (so sánh bằng) + S1
S2 + V/be + (so sánh hơn của từ trái nghĩa) + S1
Ví dụ : a. Tom is taller than Peter = Tom isn’t as short as Peter.
b. I write the lessons more carrefully than he does.
= he doesn’t write the lessons as carefully as I do.
c. My motor is cheaper than yours = Your motor isn’t as cheap as mine.
= Your motor is more expensive than mine.

d. She typed more slowly than her sister. =Her sister didn’t type as slowly as she did.
=Her sister typed faster than she did.
Ghi chú : - Các cách viết trên có thể viết ngược lại.
- Khi viết lại câu, cần lưu ý thì của động từ.

Grammar XVII: PREPOSITIONS


(Các giới từ)
I. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: (Giới từ chỉ thời gian)
 On
On Sunday (morning) / 25th April / New Year’s Day
On holiday / business / duty / a trip / an excursion / fire / sale / a diet
 In
In April / 1980
In summer / spring / autumn / winter
In five minutes / a few days / two years
In the morning / afternoon / evening
 At
At 8 o’clock / the weekend / night / Christmas
At the end of ... / at the age of
 From...to...
From 1977 to 1985
 Since
Since 1985 / Monday / 2 o’clock
 For
For three days / a long time / one hour.
II. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: (Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn, địa điểm)
 On
On a table / a wall / a bus / a train / a plane / the floor / a horse / television / the radio / the
telephone
 In
In a garden / a park / a town / the water / my office / hospital / a car
In the middle of...
 At
At home / work / school / university / the station / the airport / a concert / a party / a
football match
At 10 Pasteur Street
 By
By car / bus / plane (on foot)
By accident / chance : tình cờ, ngẫu nhiên
Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 19
Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
 For
For a walk / a swim / a drink
For breakfast / lunch / dinner
III. VERB + NOUN + PREP: (Động từ + danh từ + giới từ)
- give way to : nhượng bộ, chịu thua - catch sight of : thoáng thấy
- give place to : nhường chỗ cho - keep pace with : theo kịp
- lose sight of : mất hút, không nhìn thấy nữa - pay attention to : chú ý đến
- lose track of : mất dấu vết - put a stop to : put an end to: chấm dứt
- lose touch with: mất liên lạc với - set fire to: burn : phóng hỏa
- make allowance for: xét đến, chiếu cố - take advantage of : lợi dụng
- make use of : dùng, tận dụng - take care of : chăm sóc
- make fun of : chọc ghẹo, chế nhạo - take account of : quan tâm tới, lưu ý tới
- make room for : dọn chỗ cho - take note of : lưu ý đến
- make a fuss over / about: làm om xòm về - take notice of : chú ý thấy, nhận thấy
IV. VERB + PREP: (Động từ + giới từ)
1. VERB + TO 2. VERB + FOR 3. VERB + ABOUT
- apologize to sb for sth - apply for - care about
- belong to - care for - dream about sb / sth
- complain to sb about sb / sth - pay for - think about
- happen to - look for - hear about: be told about
- introduce to - wait for - warn ... about
- listen to - blame ... for
- speak / talk to sb - leave ... for
- write to - search ... for
- prefer ... to ... - ask ... for
- explain ... to ...
- invite ... to ...
4. VERB + ON 5. VERB + OF 6. VERB + AT
- concentrate on / focus on - consist of - laugh at / smile at
- depend on / rely on - die of - shout at
- live on - take care of - look at / stare at / glance at
- congratulate ... on - accuse ... of - point at / aim at
- spend ... on - remind ... of
7. VERB + IN 8. VERB + WITH 9. VERB + FROM
- succeed in - provide ... with - suffer ... from / borrow ... from
- arrive in / at - charge ... with - save / protect / prevent ... from
V. ADJECTIVE + PREP: (Tính từ + giới từ)

1. ADJ + TO 2. ADJ + FOR 3. ADJ + ABOUT


- accustomed to - available for - angry about
- addicted to - responsible for - anxious about
- harmful to - famous for - worried about
- similar to / agreeable to - late for - excited about
- good / nice / kind / polite / rude /….to
sb
- important to
4. ADJ + ON 5. ADJ + OF 6. ADJ + AT
- keen on - afraid of / full of - surprised at
- dependent on - aware of / tired of - quick at
- ashamed of - bad / good at
- capable of - brilliant at

7. ADJ + IN 8. ADJ + WITH 9. ADJ + FROM


- confident in - equipped with - different from
- successful in - bored with - absent from

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 20


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
- interested in - busy with - safe from
- rich in - acquainted with

Grammar XVIII: PHRASAL VERBS


(Cụm động từ)
1- apply to sb/a company: nộp đơn tới ai (công ty) 14- take after: resemble: trông giống như
apply for (a job): nộp đơn xin (việc) - take off: cất cánh (máy bay), cởi ra (quần áo)
2- ask out: ask sb to go on a date 15- turn off: switch off : tắt (đèn, quạt. ..)
- ask sb for sth: hỏi xin ai/ yêu cầu ai cái gì - turn on: switch on: mở (đèn, quạt . . )
3- arrive in: đến (country, city, town) - turn round: quay lại
- arrive at: đến (other places) - turn up: arrive: đến, xuất hiện. vặn lớn (volume)
4- call on: ask to speak in class - turn down: decrease the volume: vặn nhỏ
- call back: return a telephone call: gọi điện lại 16- catch up (with) đuổi kịp, bắt kịp
- call off: cancel: hoãn 17- cool off: nguội lạnh đi, giảm đi (nhiệt tình)
- call up: make a telephone call: gọi điện 18- cross out: gạch đi, xóa đi
5- drop in: ghé thăm (đột ngột) 19- discuss sth with sb = have a discussion about sth: thảo
- drop out (of): thôi học luận (cái gì) với
6- fill in : điền vào ( mẫu đơn) 20- explain sth to sb: giải thích
- fill out: write information in a form 21- fall behind: bị tụt đằng sau
- fill up: fill completely with gas, water. . .: đổ đầy 22- find out: discover information: tìm ra
7- get along (with): have a good relationship with: hoà thuận 23- glance at sb/ sth: take a quick look at: liếc nhìn
- get in: enter a car/ taxi. . .: vào ô tô/ tắc xi 24- grow up: become an adult: trưởng thành, lớn lên
- get off: leave a bus/ train. . .: xuống xe buýt/ tàu 25- hang up: hang on a hanger
- get on: enter a bus/ train . . .: lên xe buýt/ tàu 26- hold up: delay, postpone: làm trở ngại, hoãn
- get out (of): leave a car/ taxi…: xuống ô tô/ tắc xi 27- hurry up: làm nhanh, khẩn trương
- get over : recover from: bình phục 28- invite sb to/ for sth: mời
- get through (with): finish: hoàn thành 29- keep up: giữ vững duy trì, tiếp tục
- get up: thức dậy, đánh thức ai dậy - keep on: continue, go on: tiếp tục
8- give up: stop, get rid of: ngưng, từ bỏ 30- laugh at sb/ sth: cười, trêu chọc, chế nhạo
- give in: nhượng bộ, chịu thua 31- leave out: omit: bỏ, lược bỏ
- give back: return sth to sb: trả lại (cái gì) - leave somewhere for. . .: rời
9- go after: run after: đuổi theo 32- lie down: nằm xuống (để nghỉ ngơi)
- go ahead: be carried out: thực hiện, tiến hành 33- make up: invent a story:bịa ra (chuyện)
- go along: develop, progress: phát triển, tiến triển 34- pick up: lift: nhặt, hái, đón ai
- go away: đi khỏi, đi xa nhà 35- pay back: return money to sb: trả tiền cho ai
- go back: return: trở lại 36- point at/ to sb/ sth: chỉ (tay) vào
- go in: enter a room/ house: bước vào phòng/ nhà 37- run into: meet by chance: gặp tình cờ
- go off: explode, be fired: nổ(súng, bom), đổ chuông 38- search sb/ sth for sb/ sth: khám, xét, tìm
- go on: continue : tiếp tục 39- speak up: nói to lên
- go out: stop burning: tắt (lửa, điện), đi chơi - speak to/ with sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói
- go over: look at sth carefully: xem xét kỹ 40- stay on: lưu lại thêm một thời gian nữa
- go up # go down: tăng # giảm giá 41- shut up: đóng chặt, câm miệng
10.hand in: give homework, test .. to a teacher 42- talk to/ with sb about/ of sb/ sth: nói, thảo luận
: nộp (bài tập, bài kiểm tra,….) 43- try out : test : thử nghiệm, kiểm tra
11.look after: take care of: chăm sóc, trông nom 44- wait up: thức chờ ai
- look for: search for: tìm kiếm - wait for: chờ đợi
- look out (for): be careful: để ý cẩn thận 45- wash up: wash the dishes: rửa chén
- look sth up: tra cứu (từ) 46- watch out (for): be careful:để ý cẩn thận
- look forward to: mong đợi, mong mỏi 47- write to sb: viết thư gởi ai
12.put on: dress yourself in sth: mặc (quần áo), đội
- put off: postpone, delay: trì hoãn, hoãn
13- throw sth at sb/ sth: ném (cái gì) vào
- throw away: ném đi, bỏ (loại) đi
- throw sth to sb: chuyền (cái gì) tới

Grammar XIV: Adverbial clauses of time


Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 21
Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
(Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian)

* Mệnh đề thời gian trong quá khứ:


When + S + V (past simple), S + V (past simple)
When + S + V (past simple), S + had Vp2
After + S + V (past simple), S + V (past simple)
S + V (past simple) + as + S + V (past simple)
Ex: When I …………., they had gone away.
A. come B. am coming C. will come D. came Đáp án: D. came

* Mệnh đề thời gian trong tương lai:


S + will + V+ before + S + V (present simple)
When +S + V (present simple), S + will + V
When+ S + have/has VpII, S + will + Vo
Ex : - When he comes, I …………… you.
A. call B. will call C. called D. had called Đáp án: B. will call
- When I……………… my homework, I will go out.
A. finished B. will finish C. have finished D. had finished Đáp án: C. have finished
As soon as + S + V (present simple), S + will + V: ngay sau khi….., …..
As long as + S + V (present simple), S + V ((present simple)/ will + V: miễn là/ nếu……, ….
S + will + Vo + till + S + V (present simple): …..cho đến khi…..
S + have/has Vp2 + since + S + V(past simple)
Ex: I ……………..here since I was a child.
A. lived B. have lived C. live D. had lived Đáp án: B. have lived

SOME STRUCTURES
(Một vài cấu trúc câu)
1. Quaù …..neân khoâng theå

S + be + too + adj + (for O) to V

Ex: He is too short to play basketball.


2. Ñuû ñeå…….
S + be + adj + enough + (for O) to V

Ex: She isn’t old enough to drive a car.


3. …..Ñeán noãi maø
S + be + so + adj + that + S + V
S + be + such + (a/ an) + adj + N + that + S + V

Ex: The question is so difficult that nobody can answer it.


It is such a difficult question that nobody can answer it.

S + V + so + many / few + Nđđsn + that + S + V


S + V + so + much / little + Nkđđ + that + S + V
S + V + so + adj + a + Nđđ số ít + that + S + V

Ex: The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
He has invested so much money in the project that he can’t abandon it now.
Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 22
Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
(= It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.)

4.
To V/ V-ing + is/ was + adj (for O)
It + is/ was + adj (for O) + to V
S + find + it + adj + to V

Ex: Learning English is difficult.


It is difficult to learn English.
I find it difficult to learn English.

5. Maát bao laâu ñeå laøm gì

It takes / took + O + time + to V


= S + spend / spent + time + V-ing

Ex: It took her fifteen minutes to clean the floor.


She spent fifteen minutes cleaning the floor.

6. Ñeå maø

to V
S + V + in order + to V
so as + to V
S + V + so that + S + V
in order that

Ex: I try to study to pass my next exam.


I try to study so that I can pass the exam.

7.
S + began / started + to V / V-ing ...

S + has / have been + V-ing + since / for...


It’s + time (khoảng thời gian) + since + S + V2/ed

Ex: My mother began cooking for the party an hour ago.


My mother has been cooking for the party for an hour.
It’s an hour since my mother cooked for the party.

8.
S + V (present perfect) … + time

It is + time … + since + S + V2/ed

Ex: I haven’t seen my father for one month.


It is one month since I last saw my father.
9.
S + have / has not + V 3/ed

It is the first time + S + have / has + V 3/ed

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 23


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
Ex: I haven’t seen that man here before.
It’s the first time I have seen that man here.

10.
S + have / has not + V 3/ed … since (for)

S + last + V (past) … when …


The last time + clause + was …

Ex: I haven’t heard him since August.


The last time I heard him was in August.
I haven’t seen him since I was a student.
I last saw him when I was a student.
WORD FORMS
(Các dạng từ loại)
VỊ TRÍ
TỪ LOẠI DẠNG VÍ DỤ VÍ DỤ
(CHỨC NĂNG)
- ion / ation - prevention, conservation - Làm S - Prevention is better
- ment - employment, development than cure.
- er / or - singer, actor - Làm O - Hard work always
- ist / ian - artist, musician brings happiness and
NOUNS - ity - possibility, nationality success.
- Sau his, her, my… - His success
(Danh từ) - ness - happiness, sadness
- ce - importance, difference - Sau giới từ - The bad effects of
- th - death, warmth, width (The N of N) pollution.
- A/ an/ the/ many/ a lot - A teacher
of ... + (adj) N
- en / en- - endanger, enrich, widen - Sau S - They have widened this
VERBS
- ize - modernize, industrialize road.
(Động từ)
- fy - beautify, diversify

- ful - harmful, useful, careful - Sau BE - She is careful.


- less - useless, careless, hopeless - Sau get, seem - He becomes famous.
ADJECTIVES - ous - dangerous, famous look, sound
(Tính từ) - able - comfortable, valuable become, feel
- ive - attractive, active - Trước danh từ - A beautiful girl
- al - industrial, natural, national adj + N

- ly - carefully, beautifully - Sau V thường - He drives carefully.


- Một số trạng - good  well (hoặc trước Vthường) - He angrily denied
từ đặc biệt late  late breaking that vase.
ADVERBS
hard  hard -Wild animals are quickly
(Trạng từ)
- Trước tính từ disappearing.
early  early
Adv + adj - This exercise is
fast  fast
extremely difficult.

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 24


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
PHONETICS (Ngữ âm)
A. SOUNDS (Phát âm)
HOW TO PRONOUNCE “-S”, “-ES”: (Cách phát âm đuôi ‘-s’, ‘-es’)

/ iz / /s/ /z/
ce, ge, ch, x, sh, s, z p, t, k, f, gh, th Các phụ âm còn lại và các
( p, t, k, f, θ ) nguyên âm
( ks, s, z, dz, t , )

boxes , misses , quizzes , washes lamps , laughs , books , teachers , studies , plays
practices ,changes , watches , sits , months explains , schools

HOW TO PRONOUNCE “-ED”: (Cách phát âm đuôi ‘-ed’)

/ id / /t/ /d/

t, d ch, p, k, sh, s, f, x Các phụ âm còn lại và


các nguyên âm
( t , p, k, , s, f )

wanted, decided stopped, kicked, laughed, loved, delivered,


missed, watched, washed, fixed interviewed, played

B. STRESS (Trọng âm)

STRESS SYLLABLES EXAMPLES

1. Trọng âm rơi vào các hậu tố - ee - degree, referee

- eer - engineer, pioneer

- ese - Vietnamese, Japanese

- ain - contain, remain

- aire - millionaire, questionaire

- ique - technique, unique

2. Trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết trước các - tion - protection, condition


hậu tố - sion - decision, impression

- ic - economic, scientific

- ical - political, electrical

- ian - musician, politician

- ity - necessity, ability

- itive - sensitive, competitive

- logy / graphy - psychology, geography

3. Thường thì gốc từ mang trọng âm - Tiền tố: un, im, in, ir, dis, - danger / dangerous / endanger
khi thêm một số tiền tố và hậu tố, trọng non, en, re, over, under
Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 25
Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
âm ko đổi - Hậu tố : ful, less, able, al, ous,
ly, er, ize, en, ment, ness, ship, - happy / happiness
hood

SPEAKING (Kĩ năng nói)


@ WH - QUESTIONS: (Câu hỏi thông tin)

TỪ HỎI MEANINGS EXAMPLES

- What do you study English for?


What … for? - hỏi mục đích
o To get a good job.

- như thế nào, tính cách bên - What is the weather like?
What + be + S + like?
trong o It’s sunny.

- What does he look like?


What + … + look like? - hỏi ngoại hình
o He’s tall and thin with blue eyes.

- What time is it?


What time / color / kind...? - hỏi giờ, màu sắc, loại
o It’s 7 o’clock.

- Which do you prefer, coffee or tea?


Which…? - lựa chọn
o Coffee.

- như thế nào / bằng phương - How do you go to school?


How…?
tiện / cách thức o By bicycle.

How much + DT không ĐĐ… / How


many + DT ĐĐ số nhiều …? - bao nhiêu - How many people are there in your family?
o Four people.
How old …? - bao nhiêu tuổi - How old are you?
o I’m 18 years old.
How far…? - bao xa - How far is it from here to the post office?
o Two kilometres.
How long…? - bao lâu - How long does it take you to go to school?
o 25 minutes.
How often…? - thường xuyên - How often do you go shopping?
o Twice a month.

- Why do you study English?


Why…? - tại sao, lí do o Because I want to get a good job in the
future.

- When were you born?


When…? - khi nào
o In 1993.

- Where do you live?


Where…? - ở đâu
o In Ha Long.

@ QUESTIONS & RESPONSES: (Câu hỏi và lời đáp lại)

TOPICS QUESTIONS / EXPRESSIONS RESPONSES

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 26


Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012
1. Giới thiệu - Nice / Glad to meet you. - Nice / Glad to meet you, too.
và chào hỏi - How do you do? - How do you do?
- Sure.
2. Xin phép - May I go out?
- Of course.
- Could you bring me some water? - Sure / Of course.
3. Yêu cầu
- Would you mind helping me? - No problem.
- Would you like to go for a walk? - Yes, I’d love to.
- How about going to the cinema? - That sounds great!
4. Mời và đề nghị
- Let’s go to the cinema. - OK. Let’s do that.
- Why don’t we go to the cinema? - That’s a good idea.
- I’m glad you like it.
- What a beautiful dress you’ve got! - Thank you for your saying so.
5. Lời khen
- How nice your house is! - That’s a nice compliment.
- It’s very kind of you to say so.
- The same to you.
6. Lời chúc - Happy New Year!
- You too.
- It’s my pleasure (to help).
- That was nice of you. Thank you.
- Not at all. / You’re welcome.
7. Cảm ơn - Thank you for helping me.
- Don’t mention it. / Forget it.
- That’s OK / alright.
- You don’t need to apologize.
- I’m terribly sorry about…
8. Xin lỗi - Don’t worry about it.
- I’d like to apologize for…
- No problem / Forget it/ It’s OK.
- I’m having an English test tomorrow. - Good luck!
- Fantastic / That’s great!
- Good news: (Tin tốt lành)
- Congratulations!
9. Báo tin o I’ve passed the final exam!
- I’m glad to hear that.
- Bad news: (Tin buồn)
o I have lost the job for two weeks. - I’m sorry to hear that.

INDEX
1. Grammar I TENSES 1
2. Grammar II SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENT 4
3. Grammar III THE USES OF VERBS 5
4. Grammar IV INVERSION 6
5. Grammar V REPORTED SPEECH 7
6. Grammar VI PASSIVE VOICE 10
7. Grammar VII CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 11
Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 27
Đề cương ôn thi tốt nghiệp môn Tiếng Anh 12 năm 2011-2012

8. Grammar VIII RELATIVE CLAUSES 13


9. Grammar IX CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF REASON
& CONCESSION 15
10. Grammar X TAG QUESTIONS 15
11. Grammar XI USE / USED TO / BE USED TO 16
12. Grammar XII CONJUNCTIONS 16
13. Grammar XIII CONNECTORS 16
14. Grammar XIV ARTICLES 17
15. Grammar XV MODAL VERBS 18
16. Grammar XVI COMPARISONS 19
17. Grammar XVII PREPOSITIONS 20
18. Grammar XVIII PHRASAL VERBS 22

19. Grammar XIV ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME 23


20. SOME STRUCTURES 24
21. WORD FORMS 25
22. PHONETICS 26
23. SPEAKING 28

Teacher: Nguyen Duc Canh- Quang La High School 28

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