STS | REVIEWER

Chapter 1 THE BIOLOGY CENTURY

Technology The past two centuries

 Change the environment and society  technology driven by physics and
chemistry
 Webster's definition: The totality of  industrial revolution, information age,
means employed to provide objects green revolution
necessary for human sustenance and
comfort" The biology century will be fueled by
biotechnology.
Society
 Creates filter for technology BIOTECHNOLOGY
Definition
 the use of living organism or life
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY processes to solve problems or make
useful products
Science
 Search for knowledge  Ancient biotechnology
 way of understanding ourselves and the  trial and error-based
physical world
 Process of asking questions and finding Modern biotechnology
answers, then creating broad  The use of cell and biological molecules
generalizations or cellular and bimolecular processes to
 looks for order or patterns in the solve problems or make useful products
physical world

Technology
 Practical application of knowledge
 ways of adapting ourselves to the
physical world
 process of finding solutions to human
problems to make lives easier and
better
 looks for the ways to control the
physical world

Characteristic of cells and biomolecules

 Specificity, precision, and predictability

 Unity and flexibility

 Reproduction and renewable resources

THE HISTORY OF CROP GENETIC MODIFICATION

Stage 3
 Science-based plant breeding
 Based on mendel's work

Stage 4
 Plant genetic engineering
 Chapter 1 (part 2)

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

 Life in the past and now

 scientific invention and discoveries
 practical technologies
 Misuse of science and technology
 Science and technology in the future

Edward teller
The science of today is the technology of
tomorrow.

Alan M. Eddison
Modern technology owes ecology an apology.

BRAINSTORMING THE VOCABULARY

CONNECTED WITH THE FOLLOWING
SUBTOPICS:

BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOINDUSTRY

 Egypt, Fermentation (bread, cheese,

wine, beer)
 1850s, pure cultures of microorganisms
 1940s, random mutation
 1973, recombinant DNA technology
 Chapter 2 He led the proclamation of the Philippine
Independence on June 12, 1898, in his ancestral
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS home in Kawit, Cavite.
1. Emilio Aguinaldo
(January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901) Contributions and Achievements of Emilio
2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944) Aguinaldo:
3. Jose P. Laurel  He waved the Philippine flag in declaring
(October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945) the independence of the Philippines in
4. Sergio Osmeña Sr. 1898
(August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946)  He was the first (and only) president of
5. Manuel A. Roxas the First Republic (Malolos Republic)
(May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)  The youngest Filipino president, taking
6. Elpidio R. Quirino office at age 28
(April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953)  The longest-lived president of the
7. Ramon Magsaysay Sr. Philippines, passing away at age 94
(December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957)  Featured in the front and back of the
8. Carlos P. Garcia Philippine 5-peso bill (not circulated
(March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961) anymore)
9. Diosdado P. Macapagal  He led the country in the Spanish-
(December 30, 1961 – December 30, Philippine War and the American-
1965) Philippine War
10. Ferdinand E. Marcos  He led the proclamation of
(December 30, 1965 – February 25, the Philippine Independence
1986)  Known as the President of the
11. Corazon C. Aquino Revolutionary Government
(February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992)  Signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, creating
12. Fidel V. Ramos a truce between the Spanish and
(June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998) Philippine revolutionaries
13. Joseph E. Estrada  He was a well-known entrepreneur,
(June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001) soldier, and politician
14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo  Emilio Aguinaldo had Bachelor of Arts
(January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010) (college preparatory) at the Colegio de
15. Benigno Aquino III San Juan de Letran in 1880
(June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2016)
16. Rodrigo Roa Duterte Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)
(June 30, 2016 – June 30, 2022)
17. Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr.
Manuel L. Quezon was the 2nd president of the
(June 30, 2022 – present)
Philippines and the first president of the
Philippine Commonwealth established under the
Emilio Aguinaldo
USA. He was inaugurated on December 30, 1941,
(January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901)
in Corregidor Island. He’s known as the “Father
of National Language” (Ama ng Wikang
Emilio Aguinaldo was the first president of the Pambansa). He died of tuberculosis in Saranac
Philippines First Republic (also known as the Lake, New York.
Malolos Republic). He was inaugurated
on January 23, 1899, at the Barasoain Church,
Malolos, Bulacan.
Contributions and Achievements of Manuel L. Contributions and Achievements of Jose P.
Quezon: Laurel:
 First President elected through a  Jose P. Laurel is the only Philippine
national election president who served the three
 First Senate President elected as branches of government – he became a
President of the Philippines senator-congressman, associate justice,
 The first president of the Philippines and president
under the Commonwealth  Since the early 1960s, Laurel was
 Initiated women’s suffrage in the recognized as a legitimate president of
Philippines during the Commonwealth the Philippines
 Manuel L. Quezon created the National  Organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa
Council of Education Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or
 He approved Filipino as the national Association for Service to the New
language of the Philippines Philippines), a provisional government
 Studied Bachelor of Arts at Colegio de during the Japanese occupation
San Juan de Letran  Laurel declared Martial Law and war
 Studied Bachelor of Law at the between the Philippines and the
University of Sto. Tomas US/United Kingdom in 1944
 Ranked 4th in the Philippine Bar  He’s the Founder of the Lyceum of the
Exam (1903) Philippines
 A province, a city, a bridge, and a  He’s a Law genius, ranked 2nd in the
university in Manila are named after him Philippine Bar Exam in 1915
 He fought for the passage of the Tydings-  Earned a Doctorate in Civil Law from Yale
McDuffie Act (1934) University in 1920
 His body rests peacefully inside the  Received Honoris Causa from Tokyo
special monument on Quezon Memorial Imperial University in 1938
Circle  He was assassinated twice, but he
 Featured in the 20-peso bill, for the survived and recovered
Declaration of Filipino as the national
language Sergio Osmeña Sr.
 First Filipino featured on the cover of (August 1, 1944 – May 28, 1946)
TIME Magazine
Sergio Osmeña Sr. was the 4th president of the
Jose P. Laurel Philippines and the 2nd president of the
(October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945) Commonwealth. He was inaugurated on August
1, 1944, in Washington DC. He succeeded the
Jose P. Laurel was the 3rd president of the presidency after the death of then president
Philippines and the president of the Second Manuel L. Quezon. During his administration, the
Philippine Republic. His inauguration was on Philippines joined the International Monetary
October 14, 1943, in the Legislative Building, Fund.
now National Museum. He served president of
the Philippines during the Japanese
occupation during World War II.
Contributions and Achievements of Sergio  Ranked 1st Place in the Philippine Bar
Osmena: Exam (1913)
 Sergio Osmeña was the first Visayan to  Featured in the 100-peso bill, Old
become president, born in Cebu City Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas building in
 He joined with U.S. Gen. Douglas Intramuros, Manila, Inauguration of the
McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944, Third Philippine Republic
to begin restoration of Philippine Elpidio R. Quirino
freedom after Japanese occupation (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953)
 Founder of the Nacionalista Party
 Philippine National Bank was Elpidio Quirino was the 6th president of the
rehabilitated, and the country joined Philippines and the 2nd president of the Third
the International Monetary Fund during Republic. He succeeded presidency after
his presidency incumbent president Manuel Roxas died in 1948.
 The U.S. Congress approved the Bell Quirino was 57 years old when he was
Trade Act during his presidency inaugurated as president on April 17, 1948, at
 He was 2nd placer in the 1903 Philippine the Malacañang Palace.
Bar Exam
 Founder and Editor of a Spanish Contributions and Achievements of Elpidio
newspaper, El Nuevo Dia, in Cebu City Quirino:
 Had Bachelor of Arts from Colegio de San  Hukbalahap Guerrilla movement was
Juan de Letran (1894) active during his presidency
 Had Bachelor of Law from the University  He created the Social Security
of Santo Tomas (1903) Commission
 Featured in the 50-peso bill, First  He created the Integrity Board to
Philippine Assembly, Leyte Landing monitor graft and corruption
 During his term, Quezon City became
Manuel A. Roxas (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948) capital of the Philippines in 1948
 Completed Bachelor of Law at the
Manuel Roxas was the 5th president of the University of the Philippines in 1915
Philippines, the 3rd (and last) president under  Dean of the College of Law at the
the Commonwealth, and the first president of Adamson University (1941-1946)
the Third Republic of the Philippines. He was  Ranked 2nd placer in the Philippine Bar
inaugurated on May 28, 1946, at the National Exam in 1915
Museum building. He held office for only one
year, 10 months, and 18 days. Ramon Magsaysay Sr.
(December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957)
Contributions and Achievements of Manuel
Roxas: Ramon Magsaysay was the 7th president of the
 Manuel Roxas was inaugurated as the Philippines and the 3rd president of the Third
first president of the New Republic after Republic. He was the first president who sworn
World War II into the office wearing Barong Tagalog during
 Reconstruction from war damage and the inauguration. He died in an aircraft disaster
life without foreign rule began during his while boarding the presidential plane.
presidency
 Congress accepted the Philippine
Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade
Act laws under his term
Contributions and Achievements of Ramon Diosdado P. Macapagal
Magsaysay: (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965)
 He led to defeat the Hukbalahap
movement Diosdado P. Macapagal was the 9th president of
 Chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla the Philippines. He was a lawyer and economist,
Affairs born in Lubao, Pampanga. He was inaugurated
 His presidency was referred to as the on December 30, 1961, at the Quirino
Philippines’ “Golden Years” for its lack of Grandstand. His daughter, Gloria Macapagal
corruption Arroyo, followed his path and became president,
 The Philippines was ranked second in too.
Asia’s clean and well-governed countries
during his presidency Contributions and Achievements of Diosdado
 He established the National Macapagal:
Resettlement and Rehabilitation  Topped the Bar Exam, 1st place in 1936
Administration (NARRA) among other  Took a Master of Law in 1941 and Doctor
agrarian reforms of Civil Law in 1947, and a Ph.D. in
 He made the Philippine a member of Economics in 1957
the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization  Diosdado Macapagal was a great
economist, he established the first Land
Carlos P. Garcia
Reform Law, allowing for the purchase
(March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961)
of private farmland to be distributed in
Carlos P. Garcia is the 8th president of the inexpensive, small lots to the landless
Philippines and fourth president of the Third  He placed the Philippine peso on the
Republic. This Bohol native was a lawyer, poet, free currency exchange market and
and professor and served as a guerrilla leader encouraged exports
during the Pacific War. Garcia served as vice  The Philippine representative to
president under Ramon Magsaysay and as the United Nations General
secretary of Foreign Affairs for four years. He Assembly three times
became president when Magsaysay died in a  He signed the Minimum Wage Law
plane crash in 1957.  Diosdado Macapagal signed the law to
create the Philippine Veteran’s Bank
Contributions and Achievements of Carlos P.
Garcia:  Featured in the 200-peso bill
 Carlos P. Garcia was known for
Ferdinand E. Marcos
promoting “Filipino First Policy,” which
favored Filipino businesses over foreign (December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986)
investors
 He established the Austerity Program Ferdinand Marcos was the tenth president of the
focusing on Filipino trade and commerce Philippines and the last president of the Third
 He became a famous poet and known as Republic. He was one of the most controversial
the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the leaders of the 20th century. He ruled the
“Bard from Bohol.” Philippines for 21 years and was removed from
 Cultural arts was revived during his term office after the People Power Revolution
 He was the first president to have his
remains buried at the Libingan ng mga
Bayani
 He achieved 7th placer in the Philippine
Bar Exam in 1923
Contributions and Achievements of Ferdinand Corazon C. Aquino
Marcos: (February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992)
 The first president to win a second term
 The longest-ruling president of the Corazon Aquino was the first woman president
Philippines, he ruled for 21 years of the Philippines and the first woman to
 He declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, become president of an Asian country. She was
1972 the 11th president and a democracy icon, one of
 He increased the size of Philippine the 100 Women Who Shaped World History and
military and armed forces 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century.
 By 1980, the Philippine GNP was four
times greater than 1972 Contributions and Achievements of Corazon
 Marcos built more schools, roads, Aquino:
bridges, hospitals, and other  The first woman to be president of the
infrastructure than all former presidents Philippines or any Asian country
combined  She signed the Family Code of 1987, a
 He topped 1st place in the Bar Exam in major civil law reform, and 1191 Local
1939 Government Code, which reorganized
 The only president whose remains were the structure of the executive branch of
interred inside a refrigerated crypt government
 Many of Marcos Sr.’s infrastructure  She initiated charitable and social
projects include the North Luzon activities helping the poor and the needy
Expressway, South Luzon Expressway,  Was named “Woman of the Year” in
Maharlika Highway, Circumferential 1986 by TIME magazine
Roads 1-10, San Juanico Bridge, and  She was featured on the new 500-peso
Mactan-Mandaue Bridge bill together with her husband, Benigno
 Ferdinand Marcos Sr.’s government also Aquino Jr.
completed 20 power plants so that the  Among the 100 Women Who Shaped
Philippines would be independent of the World History
surging prices of oil and electricity  One of the 20 Most Influential Asians of
 Notable medical institutions were also the 20th Century
built during Marcos’s regime, such as the  One of TIME Magazine’s 65 Asian Heroes
Philippine Heart Center, Lung Center of  Received Honorary Doctorates from
the Philippines, and National Kidney and international universities including
Transplant Institute Boston University, Eastern University in
 The Cultural Center of the Philippines Pennsylvania, Fordham University in
(CCP), Folks Arts Theater, Philippine New York, Waseda University in Tokyo
International Convention Center (PICC),
National Arts Center, Nayong Pilipino,
and the People’s Park in the Sky were Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998)
constructed during Marcos Sr.’s regime
to promote Filipino heritage and culture Fidel Ramos was the 12th president of the
 Marcos Sr. signed the Emancipation of Philippines. Ramos also lived longer than the
Tenants from the Bondage of the other presidents. Like Aguinaldo, FVR was 94
Soil (Presidential Decree No.27) in 1972 years old when he died. He’s one of the most
admired presidents because, during his
presidency, he restored economic growth and
stability in the country.
Contributions and Achievements of Fidel V. Contributions and Achievements of Joseph
Ramos: Estrada:
 FVR was widely credited as the most He starred in over 100 films in the Philippines
effective president because he led the and received numerous Best Actor awards
Philippines to economic growth Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and
 He promoted family-planning practices camps were captured during his presidency
to help to solve the country’s growing Cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators
population in 1989
 Hosted the 4th Asia Pacific Economic He became a Mayor of the City of Manila, the
Cooperation Leader’s Summit in the county’s capital
Philippines in 1996 He won every mayor election in San Juan from
 He presided over celebrations of 1969 to 1984
Philippine Independence Centennial in Erap was among the “Magnificent 12” who voted
1998 to terminate the agreement that allows for U.S.
 Ramos reached out peace talks with the control of Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base
rebels such as the Moro National He was credited with the passage of, among
Liberation Front and New People’s Army other pieces of legislation, the bills on irrigation
 FVR received British Knighthood from project and the protection of carabaos
Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (Knight
Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
and St. George) (January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010)
 The Philippine Stock Exchange became
an international favorite during his Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is the 14th president of
presidency the Philippines, the 2nd female president, and
 Ranked 8th Place in the Philippine Civil the first Filipino president whose parent was a
Engineering Licensure Exam (1953) former president. She’s also an economist like
 The death penalty was reinstated while her father, ex-president Diosdado Macapagal.
Having a master’s degree and doctorate in
he was in office
economics, Gloria put the Philippine economy
 FVR was the only military officer who
back in shape.
reached the rank of five-star Annual economic growth in the Philippines
general/admiral de jure who rose from averaged 4.5% during her administration,
second lieutenant up to commander-in- expanding every quarter of her presidency. That
chief of the armed forces is higher than in the administrations of her three
 Had 29 Honorary Doctorate Degrees immediate predecessors. The peso strengthened
by nearly 20% in making it the best-performing
Joseph E. Estrada currency of the year in 2007.
(June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001)
Contributions and Achievements of Gloria
Joseph Estrada is the 13th president of the Macapagal Arroyo:
Philippines and the first film actor to become a  Second female president of the country
president in the country. During his years in  First president to take oath outside
office, economic growth was slow, and he faced Luzon
impeachment proceedings. He became the first  Gloria Arroyo oversaw higher economic
president in Asia to be impeached from an growth than the past three presidents
executive role. He was ousted from the before her
presidency in 2001.
  Philippine Peso became the best-  Oversaw 7.1% growth of the Philippine
performing currency of the year in Asia economy in 2012
in 2007 during her term  TIME named him one of the 100 Most
 eVAT Law was implemented under her Influential People in the World in 2013
term
 She supported to bring back Spanish Rodrigo Roa Duterte
language in the Philippines during her 9- (June 30, 2016 – June 30, 2022)
year presidency
 She took up International Trade Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the 16th president of the
at Georgetown University in Washington Philippines. He’s one of the most loved
D.C. with Bill Clinton presidents. He’s earned a massive fanbase after
 Graduated Magna Cum Laude from transforming one of the most dangerous cities
Assumption College in 1968 (Davao) into one of the world’s safest when he
 Arroyo earned a Master’s Degree in was a mayor. At age 71, he became the oldest
Economics from Ateneo de Manila Filipino ever elected to the presidency.
University in 1978
 Obtained Doctorate in Economics from Contributions and Achievements of Rodrigo
the University of the Philippines in 1986 Duterte:
 Numerous Honorary Degrees granted by  He earned Political Science Degree from
prominent international universities Lyceum of the Philippines in 1968
 TIME Magazine’s People Who  Obtained Law Degree from San Beda
Mattered list for 2005 College in 1972
 Forbes 100 Most Powerful Women in  He initiated decongesting the Ninoy
the World (2004 – 2009) Aquino International Airport in Manila,
 Currently featured on the 200-peso bill the country’s main gateway
 Signed the Freedom of Information
Benigno Aquino III Order
(June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2016)  Duterte launched a 24-hour complaint
hotline, 8888
Benigno Aquino III was the 15th president of the  He signed an order for Smoking Ban in
Philippines. He was the first bachelor president. public places
A son of ex-president Corazon Aquino, he was  Boracay Island was rehabilitated during
also called as Noynoy or PNoy. Noynoy finished his term
his Economics degree from Ateneo de Manila  Launched the Build! Build! Build!
University. He was one of the students of a Infrastructure Program
former economics professor, Gloria Macapagal  Duterte signed the TRAIN
Arroyo, the president before him. Law and Comprehensive Tax Reform
Program
Contributions and Achievements of Benigno  One of Forbes list of World’s Most
Aquino III: Powerful People in 2016
 He created the no “wang-wang” (street 
siren) policy Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. (June 30, 2022 – present)
 Noynoy initiated shifting to K-12
education in the Philippines Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. is the 17th president of
 Peace agreement with the Moro Islamic the Philippines. He is the second child of former
Liberation Front in October 2012 president Ferdinand Edralin Marcos and the
“iron butterfly” Imelda Romualdez Marcos. His
campaign is focused on unity. BBM won the ROBERT BOYLE (1627 - 1691)
presidential election by a landslide garnering He formulated one of the laws of gases stating
over 31 million votes. the relationship between pressure volume at
constant temperature.
Contributions and Achievements of Ferdinand
R. Marcos Jr: SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642 - 1727)
 BBM has been a public servant since Newton formulated the laws of motion and
1980 universal gravitation.
 He served as a senator, congressman,
governor, and vice-governor BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706 - 1790)
 Marcos Jr. authored landmark laws such Franklin is best remembered for his famous kite
as the Philippine Archipelagic Baselines experiment to study lightning and his invention
Law (R.A. 9522) of the lightning rod to attract lightning.
 He authored, co-authored, sponsored,
and co-sponsored 54 bills passed into MICHAEL FARADAY (1791 - 1867)
law Faraday proved that magnets can be used to
 BBM led the modernization of produce an electric current.
agricultural and tourism landscape of
Ilocos Norte when he was a governor COUNT RUMFORD (1753 - 1814)
 BBM is an advocate of renewable energy And JAMES JOULE (1818 - 1889)
and sustainable development, the They investigated heat energy.
Bangui Windmill Farm was one of his
astonishing energy development THOMAS YOUNG (1773 - 1829)
projects AND AUGISTIN FRESNEL (1788 - 1827)
The study of light was further advance by these
CHAPTER 4 two men. Young first demonstrated the
interference of light, substantiating the wave
ATRIBUTE TO OUTSTANDING SCIENTISTS theory of light.

JAMES MAXWELL (1831 - 1870)

ARISTOTLE (384 - 322 B.C)
He worked on electromagnetism. He
He believed that all things are made up of four
formulated general equations on the
elements namely air, earth, fire and water.
electromagnetic field.
DEMOCRITUS (460 - 370 BC
WILHEM ROENTGEN (1845 - 1923)
And EPICURUS (341 - 270 BC)
And HENRI BECQUEREL (1852 - 1908)
Both held the view that matter could be divided
Roentgen discovered x-ray in 1895 and
into tiny atoms
Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896.
Studies on radioactivity led to the development
GALILEO GALILEI (1564 - 1642)
of nuclear physics.
He studied the behavior of falling bodies and
formulated laws about the behavior of these
ALBERT EINSTEN (1879 - 1955)
objects.
And MAX PLANCK (1858 - 1947)
Einstein formulated the theory of relativity and
JOHANNES KEPLER (1571 - 1630)
Max Planck formulated the quantum theory of
He discovered that the planets follow an
which is the basis of quantum mechanics.
elliptical orbit.
GETTING TO KNOW FILIPINO SCIENTIST CHAPTER 5

COMPUTING BASICS
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
ARTURO P. ALCARAZ (1916)
Responsible for the discovery of the geothermal
energy in the country. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
TOPICS
ALFREDO MORENO ANOS SR. (1916)  Definition of computer
His inventions includes electronic mosquito  earliest computer
repellant, electronic door opener, burglar  computer history
alarm, solar pump, and remote control or push  computer generations
button devices. DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
Computer is a programmable machine
MR. SIMICIO Z. CAPULES Computer is a machine that manipulates data
Super baby oven according to a list of instructions.
Computer is any device which aids human in
ROBERT CELIS (1921) performing various kinds of computation or
The unsinkable boat. calculations.
THREE PRINCIPLES CHARACTERISTIC OF
AGAPITO FLORES (1897 0 1942) COMPUTER:
He invented the fluorescent lamp.  It respond to a specific set of instruction
in a well-defined manner.
EDGARDO C. SAN JUAN (1928 - 1988)  It can execute a pre-recorded list of
He was the man credited with the invention of instructions.
the lunar rover used in the 1971 Apollo XV
 It can quickly store and retrieve large
moon exploration whose prototype was built in
amounts of data.
out of scrap materials.
EARLIEST COMPUTER
GREGORIO Y. ZARA (1902 - 1978)  Originally calculations were computed
His three most famous invention are as follows: by human whose job title was
The T.V telephone computers.
The alcohol - fuelled airplane  These human computer were typically
The solar oven engaged in the calculation of a
mathematical expression.
RAYMUNDO PUNONGBAYAN  The calculations of this period were
Became the director of the Philippine institute specialized and
of volcanology and seismology (PHIVOLCS).  Expensive, requiring years of training in
He was behind the studies and investigation mathematics.
about volcanic eruptions in the country. • The first use of the word
"computer" was recorded in
 1613, referring to a person who carried
out
 Calculations, or computations, and the
word continued
 To be used in that sense until the
middle of the 20th century.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER Stepped Reckoner
 Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in
Tally Sticks 1672.
 A tally stick was an ancient memory aid  The machine that can add, subtract,
device to multiply and divide automatically
 record and document numbers,
quantities, or even Jacquard Loom
 Messages.  The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom,
invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in
Abacus 1881.
 An abacus is a mechanical device used to  It an automatic loom controlled by
aid an individual in performing punched cards.
mathematical calculations.
 The abacus was invented in Babylonia in Arithmometer
2400 B.C.  A mechanical calculator invented by
 The abacus in the form we are most Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
familiar with was first used in China in  The first reliable, useful and
around 500 B.C. commercially successful calculating
 It used to perform basic arithmetic machine.
operations.  The machine could perform the four
basic mathematic functions.
Napier’s Bones  The first mass-produced calculating
 Invented by John Napier in machine.
 1614.
 Allowed the operator to multiply, divide Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
and calculate square and cube roots by  it an automatic, mechanical calculator
moving the rods around and placing designed to tabulate polynomial
them in specially constructed boards. functions.
 Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822
Slide Rule and 1834
 Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.  It is the first mechanical computer.
 Is based on Napier's ideas about
logarithms. First Computer Programmer
Used primarily for  In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to
– Multiplication Babbage that he use the binary system.
– Division  She writes programs for the Analytical
– Roots Engine.
– Logarithms
– Trigonometry Scheutzian Calculation Engine
 Not normally used for addition or  Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
subtraction.
 Based on Charles Babbage's difference
Pascaline engine.
 Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.  The first printing calculator.
 It was its limitation to addition and
subtraction.
 It is too expensive.
Tabulating Machine EDVAC
 Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.  EDVAC stands for ElectronicDiscrete
 To assist in summarizing information Variable Automatic Computer
and accounting.  The First Stored ProgramComputer
 Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
 It has a memory to hold both a stored
Havard Mark 1 program as well as data.
 Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC). The First Portable Computer
 Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943  Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
 The first electro-mechanical computer.  Released in 1981 by the Osborne
Computer Corporation.
Z1
 The first programmable computer. The First Computer Company
 Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany  The first computer company was the
from 1936 to 1938. Electronic Controls Company.
 To program the Z1 required that the user  Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and
insert punch tape into a punch tape John Mauchly
reader and all output was also generated
through punch tape. Computer Generations
There are five generations of computer:
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• First generation – 1946 - 1958
 It was the first electronic digital
• Second generation – 1959 - 1964
computing device.
• Third generation – 1965 - 1970
 Invented by Professor John Atanasoff
• Fourth generation – 1971 - today
and graduate student Clifford Berry at
• Fifth generation – Today to future
Iowa State University between 1939 and
1942.
The First Generation
ENIAC  The first computers used vacuum tubes
 ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical for circuitry and magnetic drums for
Integrator and Computer. memory, and were often enormous,
 It was the first electronic general taking up entire rooms.
purpose computer.  They were very expensive to operate
 Completed in 1946. and in addition to using a great deal of
 Developed by John Presper Eckert and electricity, generated a lot of heat, which
John W. Mauchl. was often the cause of malfunctions.

UNIVAC 1 The First Generation

 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic  First generation computers relied on
Computer 1) was the first commercial machine language, the lowest-level
computer. programming language understood by
 Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John computers, to perform operations, and
Mauchly. they could only solve one problem at a
time.
 Input was based on punched cards and
paper tape, and output was displayed on
printouts.
The Second Generation The Third Generation
 Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and  Users interacted with third generation
ushered in the second generation of computers through keyboards and
computers. monitors and interfaced with an
 One transistor replaced the equivalent operating system, which allowed the
of 40 vacuum tubes. device to run many different
 Allowing computers to become smaller, applications at one time with a central
faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient program that monitored the memory.
and more reliable.  Computers for the first time became
 Still generated a great deal of heat that accessible to a mass audience because
can damage the computer. they were smaller and cheaper than
their predecessors.
The Second Generation
 Second-generation computers moved The Fourth Generation
from cryptic binary machine language to  The microprocessor brought the fourth
symbolic, or assembly, languages, which generation of computers, as thousands
allowed programmers to specify of integrated circuits were built onto a
instructions in words. single silicon chip.
 Second-generation computers still relied  As these small computers became more
on punched cards for input and powerful, they could be linked together
printouts for output. to form networks, which eventually led
 These were also the first computers that to the development of the Internet.
stored their instructions in their  Fourth generation computers also saw
memory, which moved from a magnetic the development of GUIs, the mouse
drum to magnetic core technology. and handheld devices.

The Third Generation The Fifth Generation

 The development of the integrated  Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
circuit was the hallmark of the third  Still in development.
generation of computers.  The use of parallel processing and
 Transistors were miniaturized and superconductors is helping to make
placed on silicon chips, called artificial intelligence a reality.
semiconductors, which drastically  The goal is to develop devices that
increased the speed and efficiency of respond to natural language input and
computers. are capable of learning and self-
 Much smaller and cheaper compare to organization.
the second generation computers.  There are some applications, such as
 It could carry out instructions in voice recognition, that are being used
billionths of a second. today.