Table Of Content

Topics Page Number

Ethical Case Studies and Example 1 - 22

Basic Concept : Beliefs, Values, 23 - 31

Attitudes, Ethics, Morals, Virtues

Essence of Ethics 31 - 33

Determinants of Ethics 34 - 37

Consequences of Ethics 37 - 42

Dimensions of Ethics 42 - 47

Ethics - in Private and Public 47 - 55

relationships

Role of family society and educational 55 - 66

institutions in inculcating values

Aptitude for Civil Service 67 - 73

Foundational values for Civil Service 73 - 79

Tolerance, integrity, impartiality and 79 - 103

non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication
to public service, empathy, tolerance
and compassion towards the
weaker-sections

Public/Civil service values and Ethics in 103 - 109

Public administration: Status and
Problems

Problems of Values and Ethics in Public 109 - 118

Administration

Ethical concerns and dilemmas in 118 - 132

government and private institutions;

Case Studies - Ideas 132 - 135

Attitude: content, structure, function 135 - 144

Attitude : Influence and relation with 144 - 148

thought and behaviour

Moral Attitude 148 - 152

Political Attitude 152 - 158

Social influence and Persuasion 158 - 164

Emotional intelligence-Concepts 164 - 171

Utilities of Emotional intelligence 171 - 173

Application of Emotional intelligence in 173 - 176

administration and governance.

Contributions of moral thinkers and 176 - 233

philosophers from India and world

Probity in Governance: Concept of 233 - 235

public service

Philosophical basis of governance and 235 - 247

probity

Human Values - lessons from the lives 248 - 250

and teachings of great leaders,
reformers and administrators;

Laws, rules, regulations as sources of 250 - 256

ethical guidance

Conscience as sources of ethical 257 - 262

guidance

Accountability and Ethical Governance 262 - 273

Strengthening of Ethical and Moral 274 - 277

values in Governance;

Ethical issues in International Relations 278 - 289

Ethical issues in International Funding 290 - 293

Corporate Governance 294 - 311

Information Sharing and Transparency in 311 - 316

Government

Right to Information 316 - 325

Citizen’s Charters 325 - 330

Codes of Ethics & Codes of Conduct 330 - 341

Work culture 341 - 346

Quality of Service Delivery 346 - 353

Utilisation of Public Funds 353 - 358

Challenges of Corruption 358 - 374

 Ethical Case Studies and Examples

Ethics Vs Moral

Ethics is different from morals as it is contextual whereas morals are an individual

principle.

➔ For example, in a society it might not be ethical to be homosexual but an individual

might find it morally right to be homosexual.

Ethics in Public and Private Life

➔ Dr Raj Kumar (veteran of Kannada Cinema) never smoked or drank in any of his
200+ films. He endorsed the milk brand NANDINI free of cost to help poor farmers.

➔ Sachin Tendulkar refused to endorse an alcohol brand and a cigarette in two

separate instances.

➔ Stopping at a red traffic signal in the night when there is no traffic and no traffic police
standing there shows personal orientation and attitude towards ethics in private life.

➔ The managing director of the International Monetary Fund, Dominique Strauss-Kahn

was arrested on charges of criminal sexual act and attempted rape. He was
considered by many to have done a good job in a period of intense global economic
strain, when the institution itself had become vital to the smooth running of the world
and the European economy.

➔ A retired Supreme Court judge Justice Ashok Kumar Ganguly resigned from his post
as head of a human rights body after claims that he sexually harassed an intern in a
case.

➔ The controversial climate scientist R.K. Pachauri, who is battling charges of sexual
harassment levelled by a woman colleague, was sacked as chief of the prestigious
TERI (The Energy Resources Institute) after the scandal broke out.

HONESTY

It is the quality of being trustworthy and free from deceit.

➔ Former Dewan of Mysore Sri Visvesvaraya going by official car to tender his
resignation and returning by personal car.

➔ Satyamev Jayate - “Truth always Triumphs”; National motto which facilitates

government to act honestly & ethically.

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EQUALITY

Equality is typically defined as treating everyone the same and giving everyone access to
the same opportunities

➔ In the Sabarimala temple case, The Supreme Court of India upheld the right to
equality and allowed women to enter the temple and worship the deity.

BIOETHICS / MEDICAL ETHICS

Medical ethics are concerned with the application of fundamental values and general
ethical principles to medical practice and research.

➔ Abortion, Cloning, Gene editing, Clinical trials, Euthanasia.

➔ Organ trading

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

Environmental ethics is a field of study that seeks to understand humans' moral

obligations to protect and preserve the environment.

➔ Uttarakhand High Court granted river Ganga the status of a living person and all the
accompanying rights and obligations.

➔ Chipko movement

➔ Warje urban forest in Pune. Maharashtra’s first ever urban forestry project

➔ Delhi’s Aravalli and Yamuna biodiversity parks have also successfully recreated the
natural habitats and ecosystems of these regions in the city.

➔ Miyawaki method. Pioneered by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki, it can be adapted

with indigenous species for local conditions.

➔ Greta Thumberg, a 16 years old girl, shook the UN with her speech on environment
protection with her conviction.

➔ Seoul, Singapore and Bangkok have built green corridors that provide space for
nature and wildlife while improving the lives of city dwellers.

➔ Saalumarada Thimmakka, is an Indian environmentalist from the state of Karnataka,

noted for her work in planting and tending to 385 banyan trees along a four-kilometre
stretch of highway between Hulikal and Kudur. She has also planted nearly 8000
other trees and received the Padma shri award in 2019.

➔ Jadav "Molai" Payeng is an environmental activist and forestry worker from Jorhat,
popularly known as the Forest Man of India. Over the course of several decades, he
has planted and tended trees on a sandbar of the river Brahmaputra turning it into a
forest reserve.

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BUSINESS ETHICS

Business ethics is the implementation of policies and procedures regarding topics

such as fraud, bribery, discrimination, conflict of interest, corporate governance etc

➔ ICICI CEO Chanda Kochhar was penalised for conflicts of interest in sanctioning
loans to entities related to her husband. (Conflict of Interest).

➔ Its recent examples include Panama and Pandora papers which revealed how
politicians and public figures created offshore shell companies to hide money in tax
havens.

➔ Naresh Goyal in case of Jet Airways.

➔ Supreme Court Judge Kurian Joseph was part of the Indian delegation that visited
the Vatican for the canonisation of Mother Teresa. He skipped the dinner that
comprised senior officials of the Italian government. He had a professional reason, to
avoid perceived conflict of interest. He is a member of the bench adjudicating the
dispute between India and Italy over the jurisdiction to try two Italian marines for
allegedly shooting two fishermen off the Kerala coast in 2012. (Example of
Perceived Conflict of Interest)

➔ In 2018, a legal case was filed against Apple, Google, Dell, Tesla for manufacturing
products derived from child labour in mines in Congo.

INTERNATIONAL ETHICS

International ethics guides international relations and resolution of international

conflicts such as terrorism, territorial disputes and refugee crisis.

➔ Refugee crisis across the world due to Conflict in Syria, Yemen, Congo, Myanmar
etc, Human Rights violations of Rohingya in Myanmar, Human Rights violation Issues
in the War torn Ukraine.

➔ In a world in which over 770 million people still lack basic reading and writing skills,
Cuba is one of the few countries in the world with a literacy rate of 100 percent.

MEDIA ETHICS

Media ethics is the subdivision dealing with the specific ethical principles and
standards of media, including broadcast media, film, theatre, the arts, print media and
the internet

➔ Qatari government-owned news channel Al-Jazeera was restricted from operating in

Jammu and Kashmir by the Government of India for its biassed coverage.

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 ➔ Media trials, paid news, fake news, string operation, sensationalization, live telecast
of combat operations etc.

➔ Recent TRP Scandals involving some media houses/TV channels of rigging TRP via
some of their relationship managers, underscore the need for media ethics.

WORK ETHICS

Work ethic refers to a set of moral principles, values, and attitudes around how to act
at work.

➔ ISRO: Despite being a public office has attained high degree of effectiveness and
results.

➔ Satish Dhawan was the chairman of ISRO during the first launch of SLV, the mission
failed. He took the responsibility for failure. In the next attempt, when the launch was
successful, he gave full credit to the team that had worked for it.

➔ Narayan Murthy of Infosys always laid emphasis on work-life balance.

➔ Scientist misusing Nuclear Tech (A Q Khan);

➔ IPS cheating in Mains exam (Safeer Karim)

COURAGE

A quality of a person that enables him/her to face danger or pain without

showing fear.

➔ Bhagat Singh showed courage when he threw a non-dangerous bomb in the

Legislative Assembly to make their political point despite the risk of being imprisoned.

➔ Courage of Captain Vikram Batra during Kargil War.

➔ T. N. Seshan for pursuing electoral reforms in India

➔ Narendra Kumar, the IPS officer of 2009 batch, fought with exemplary courage
against the Mining Mafias in Morena, Madhya Pradesh.

➔ Satyendra Dubey - An Indian Engineering Services officer in the National Highways

Authority of India. He showed extraordinary courage in exposing serious financial
irregularities got martyred.

➔ Ramnath Goenka – Journalism for courage.

➔ Kuldeep Nair – put behind bars during emergency for reporting human right violation.

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 ➔ Nobel Laureate Nadia Murad - leading advocate for survivors of genocide and sexual
violence. Today, she is working to bring ISIS to justice for their genocide against the
Yazidi community.

➔ Nobel Laureate Malala Yosufzai stood for protection of human rights and education
for women and children in conservative society of Pakistan.

RESPONSIVENESS

It is the quality of reacting quickly and positively

➔ Shivdeep Waman Lande, the IPS officer of 2006 batch arrested many Criminals,
worked towards women safety and took on the Pharmaceutical Mafia, took strong
action against eve teasers and has been very easily accessible to the people.
Received hundreds of messages everyday and he made sure that each message is
attended to.

CONFIDENTIALITY

A situation in which you expect somebody to keep information secret.

➔ Section 8 of Right to Information Act, 2005 and Official Secrets Act provide for
confidentiality in larger public interest.

HUMILITY

The feeling or attitude that you have no special importance that makes you better than
others.

➔ Nehru once said that he is a servant of the people and people should call him
'Pratham Sevak' instead of Pradhan Mantri.

➔ Gandhi ji lived in a typical rural Indian village. Since Champaran, he has lived among
the poor and marginalised, fighting for their rights.

JUSTICE

Conformity to moral rightness in action or attitude

➔ Ambedkar sacrificed his bright career to ensure justice for marginalised sections like
women, labourers, Dalits through socio-political struggles like the Mahar movement,
Hindu Code Bill etc.

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SELFLESSNESS

It is the quality of caring more about the needs of others than your own. It is
having little or no concern for oneself, especially with regard to fame, position, money
etc.

➔ Mandela sacrificed his young life and readily went to prison for 27 years to fight for
the freedom of his people.

COMPASSION

It involves allowing ourselves to be moved by suffering of others with an active desire

to alleviate them.

➔ Saint Teresa stayed in India despite being a foreigner to do voluntary charitable work
for elderly, homeless, AIDS patients etc.

➔ Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam denied using glass pieces on compound walls of DRDO for
security purposes because birds could be hurt.

➔ IAS Inayat khan adopted two kids of Pulwama Martyr.

➔ Uganda, a poor country, holds a high number of refugees.

➔ Giving up one’s seat for a pregnant woman; Helping an old person with their
baggage etc.

➔ India’s Anil Chaudhary, an umpire in ICC’s international panel, is now a hero in his
ancestral village in Uttar Pradesh after he managed to resolve the longstanding
problem of communication amidst the coronavirus pandemic.

➔ Rockefeller Foundation has selected Naandi Foundation, Hyderabad-based

non-profit, as one of the ‘Top 10 Visionaries’ in the world for the Food Vision 2050
Prize. The award recognised the application of Arakunomics model in regions of
Araku, Wardha and New Delhi, leading to the Food Vision 2050 that follows an
“ABCDEFGH” framework centring on: Agriculture, Biology, Compost, Decentralised
decision-making, Entrepreneurs, Families, Global Markets, and ‘Headstands’.

➔ Akshaya Patra is the world’s largest (not-for-profit run) mid-day meal programme
serving wholesome food every school day to over 1.8 million children from 19,039
schools across 12 states & 2 Union territories of India.

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RESPECT FOR DIVERSITY

It means recognizing that there is no universal moral standard, social order, or beliefs
and each individual is unique and has respect for that.

➔ Akbar showed respect to rulers and peoples of all religions and regions and fostered
an inclusive peaceful and prosperous India.

PEACE

It is an occurrence of harmony characterised by lack of violence, conflictual

behaviours and the freedom from fear of violence.

➔ Martin Luther King, like Gandhi ji, adopted the peaceful method of struggle and his
achievements proved its effectiveness.

INTEGRITY

It is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles and It is doing the
right things even when nobody is watching.

➔ Lal Bahadur Shastri condemned the US attack on Vietnam. This was done when
India was heavily dependent on food assistance from the US under PL 480 program.

➔ Ashok Khemka (IAS) upheld his Integrity despite being transferred 50 times in 26
years.

➔ Ministry of Railways – Mission Satyanishtha

➔ Mr. Kuvempu as a vice-chancellor of Mysore University didn’t use his position to pass
his son in the BA exam.

➔ S.R. Sankaran (1934-2010) was Chief Secretary of Tripura and known for his
contributions for the enforcement of the Abolition of Bonded Labour Act of 1976,
while facing severe pressure from different groups.

➔ Part IV-A and Article 51A of the Indian Constitution, as a source, mention
fundamental duties such as "uphold and protect India's sovereignty, unity, and
integrity."

➔ Knowledge without Integrity - High-skilled individuals with low values include Charles
Sobharaj, Osama Bin Laden, and Harshad Mehta.

➔ Abraham Lincoln and Mahatma Gandhi stuck to their values. Lincoln to abolish
Slavery. Gandhi towards non-violence even during the time of crisis.

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PUNCTUALITY

The habit of arriving or happening at the time that has been agreed.

➔ Amitabh Bacchan is known to open the gates of studios even before watchmen did it.
Once during the release of the first look of his film Leader, he was stuck in a traffic
jam. He got off the car, ran across the street and made it for the event.

ETHICAL EXAMPLES FROM LIFES OF LEADERS AND ADMINISTRATOR

➔ TN Seshan was the 10th Chief Election Commissioner of India (1990–96), who
reformed elections by largely ending its malpractices in the country and redefined the
status and visibility of the Election Commission of India. Poll changes ushered in by
him would often pit the political class and their crony media against him, the election
watchdog getting labelled in turn as - "Al-Seshan (Alsatian)." Such electoral 'battles'
would be dubbed by them as- Seshan versus Nation. But he stood his ground and
now T.N. Seshan's name has become synonymous with transparency and efficiency.
(Values - Leadership, honesty, integrity, dedication, discipline)

➔ M. Visvesvaraya always maintained two sets on candles - one set bought with
government money and other from his own money. He used the first set for doing his
official work which was extinguished at 7pm and then the other one was lit. He said
that after afterhours private reading, he could not use the government-provided
candle, but the one paid for by himself. (Values - Integrity, honesty)

➔ Armstrong Pame popularly known as Miracle Man in Manipur, first claim to fame
was when he got a 100-km stretch of road constructed in the state in 2012. He did it
without any help from the government. (Values - Leadership, dedication,
Emotional intelligence, compassion, empathy)

➔ Sonam Wangchuk, educational reformer from Ladakh, widely regarded as the

inspiration for Aamir Khan’s character, Phunsuk Wangdu in the film ‘3 Idiots’. In 1988,
Wangchuk founded the Students’ Education and Cultural Movement of Ladakh to
coach Ladakhi students, 95% of whom used to fail the government exams. In 1994,
with him in the lead, Operation New Hope was launched to consolidate the
programme. (Values- Dedication, compassion, leadership, humanism )

➔ Laxmi Agarwal, she was attacked with acid when she was 15. Laxmi started her
career as a campaigner with the Stop Acid Attacks campaign. Laxmi became a voice
of the survivors of Acid Attacks across the world. (Values - Emotional intelligence,
compassion, courage, humanism )

➔ Murlidhar Devidas Amte, commonly known as Baba Amte, was an Indian social
worker and social activist known particularly for his work for the rehabilitation and
empowerment of people suffering from leprosy. He has received numerous awards
and prizes including the Padma Vibhushan and the Ramon Magsaysay Award.
(Values - Compassion, empathy)

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 ➔ Poonam Malakondaiah, Andhra Pradesh -dragged the multinational seed company,
Monsanto, to the MRTP Commission as the agriculture commissioner following which
the MNC was forced to reduce the price of BT Cotton seeds. (Value - Honesty,
Integrity, Fighting corruption, impartiality, Fortitude)

RIGHT TO INFORMATION

➔ The state government of Maharashtra has passed a resolution that allows citizens to
access files under the Right to Information (RTI) Act at various government offices for
two hours every Monday. Currently, citizens can file for RTI queries online, and the
concerned public authorityʼ has to answer within 30 days. With the new initiative,
citizens in Maharashtra now also have the option of getting the same files offline and
free of cost. Residents can inspect government records in district level offices and
local bodies such as municipal corporations and councils between 3.00 pm and 5.00
pm every Monday.

ATTITUDE

It is manner, disposition, feeling, position, etc., with regard to a person, thing or

situation.

➔ Seeing elders treating members of different caste groups differently makes children
behave the same and thus, from one generation, the attitude of caste based
discrimination is passed on to another generation.

➔ Climate change reports by IPCC have led people and respective governments to
change their attitude towards fossil fuel with rising inclination towards renewable
energy resources.

➔ Dipa Karmakar – came back strongly after her career threatening ligament tear due
to her never give up attitude.

➔ Darwaza Band campaign- The primary focus of the campaign is on behaviour

change and promoting sustainable usage of toilets, at both community and village
levels Through films aired across various television channels in various regional
languages. There are also radio jingles, outdoor publicity and digital campaigns aired
under the campaign.

➔ When Sourav Ganguly took up the captaincy of the Indian cricket team, it was
engulfed in many controversies. But it was his attitude/belief that we can become
number one in the world, that changed his behaviour towards the game on field and
that transformed the team to where it is today in the world arena.

➔ Oprah Winfrey was mocked for her weight, racial background, sexuality, voice among
many others. But that did not deter her. It was her attitude towards life and goals

9
 which influenced her and brought out that behaviour which helped her achieve
whatever she is today.

➔ When the whole world was critical of us and waiting for our downfall, it was Abdul
Kalam, who dreamt of India as a Nuclear power. That India which makes the world
turn its head towards us. It was that positive attitude in him that convinced the
government of the day of Atal Bihari Vajpayee to approve a critical Nuclear test i.e.
Pokhran-2.

➔ Stephen Hawking was diagnosed with ALS at 21 which paralysed him head to toe.
This does not prevent him from being one of the greatest scientists of all time.

➔ Social disapproval of Khap Panchayat in several villages has led to their changing
attitude towards dealing with problems and patriarchal mindset.

➔ During my early days in college hostel, I was afraid of dogs. A small puppy used to sit
outside my room which I occasionally used to feed. Slowly I developed an affection
towards it and my attitude towards dogs changed.

APTITUDE

It is the ability, capability of a person which is inborn, innate based on nature not
nurture.

➔ Sporting greats like Sachin Tendulkar, Virat Kohli, Abhinav Bindra & Neeraj Chopra
etc. are examples of persons with very high aptitude in their respective sports.

PERSUASION

The action or process of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or

believe something.

➔ Pictorial warning on a cigarette packet invokes fear to persuade smokers to quit

smoking.

➔ Randip Guleria, AIIMS Director, was seen on TV persuading people to take

COVID-19 vaccine.

➔ Swachh Bharat Mission focused on persuasion to change the behaviour of people

regarding cleanliness.

➔ Beti Bachao Beti Padao – To change the attitude of people towards girl students.
Selfie with Daughters to promote Beti Bachao and Beti Padhao.

➔ Celebration of Earth Day – To persuade global citizens against climate change.

➔ Shop picketing during Swadeshi and boycott movement.

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 ➔ EC persuading young voters to register and practise their power of franchise.

➔ Income declaration scheme – incentive to declare black money.

➔ Darwaza Band campaign- The primary focus of the campaign is on behaviour

change and promoting sustainable usage of toilets, at both community and village
levels Through films aired across various television channels in various regional
languages. There are also radio jingles, outdoor publicity and digital campaigns aired
under the campaign.

➔ Pad Man, a movie on menstruation was to bring awareness to a subject of

menstruation — it's part of a movement where women are no longer hampered,
embarrassed or held back because of their biology.

➔ Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw persuaded Indira Gandhi for a few months to prepare
for war.

➔ PM Modi “Mann Ki Baat” persuades the public to adopt best practices.

ADAPTABILITY

It is ability to change in order to deal successfully with new situations

➔ SVAMITVA scheme aims to use Drone Surveying technology and a civil servant must
have a basic understanding of this technology.

OBJECTIVITY

It is ability to make decisions based on facts or empirical evidences

➔ Construction of a dam can create cheap electricity for lakhs of people but few
hundred families are to be displaced for its construction. An objective decision will be
to go ahead but for a democratic welfare state which has commitment for the welfare
of all the citizens, will create an ethical dilemma for policymakers. Objectivity cannot
be the sole criteria of all the decisions.

➔ In spite of ideological differences between Prime Minister Nehru and Dr. Ambedkar,
he appointed Dr. Ambedkar as chairman of the drafting committee solely based on
his merit.

➔ Allocation of coal blocks based on guidelines issued by SC

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NON-PARTISANSHIP

Lack of affiliation with any party, group or cause.

➔ Non Alignment Movement during the era of cold war.

➔ The idea of “a committed bureaucracy” was floated by Indira Gandhi, striking at the
very rationale for neutrality.

➔ Janta Darbar (Public hearings) organised by various Chief Ministers, every citizen is
allowed to raise their grievances without any preferential treatment.

➔ Chhattisgarh police inducted transgender persons as Constables in the State Police

Force.

➔ Mr. Kuvempu as a vice-chancellor of Mysore University didn’t use his position to pass
his son in the BA exam.

➔ Judges recusing themselves from cases where there is conflict of interest.

➔ Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (6th President of India and twice Lok Sabha Speaker), was
the first ever Speaker to quit his party on being Elected as a Speaker. He also
conducted the proceedings so smoothly that not even once during his tenure,
opposition staged a walkout.

➔ Universal Adult Franchise provided voting rights to all above the age of 18, without
any partiality towards a group, sex, caste, religion, or social status.

➔ Former President of India, Mr. K. R. Narayanan underscored his non-partisanship by

declining the United Front Prime Minister’s recommendations to dismiss the BJP
government of UP.

➔ An Imphal based NGO that had created India’s first transgender football team.

➔ SC Bose resigned from civil services in 1920 because if he worked for English as
Civil Servant then there would have been Conflict of Interest between his National
Goal and Goal of System.

IMPARTIALITY

It is a principle holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather

than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or possible benefits based on illicit reasons

➔ The Supreme Court gave Ajmal Kasab a fair trial despite him participating in Mumbai
Terror attacks.

➔ Judges recusing themselves from cases where they feel there is a conflict of interest.

➔ Despite having differences with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Nehru chose him in his cabinet.

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 ➔ In Ayodhya Ram Janmabhoomi Case, Justice UU Lalit recused himself after parties
brought attention that he had appeared as a lawyer in a criminal case in relation to
the case.

BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE

➔ Open-defecation; Use of contraceptives, Voting, Paying taxes, Helping accident

victims, Good Samaritans, Keeping environment clean

➔ Treating foreigners (especially Africans) with the spirit of “Atithi devo bhava”.

ANONYMITY

The quality or state of being unknown to most people is the quality or state of being
anonymous.

➔ Several Doctors, Paramedics and Medical Staff have Anonymously contributed to the
fight against COVID-19 pandemic.

➔ Anonymity meant that the Civil Servant would merely advise the minister (politician)
from behind and would be protected from being exposed to the din and fury of
polities.

➔ The All India Services (conduct) Rules 1968 prescribe that the Civil Servants have to
avoid occasions of self-publicity so that their anonymity is preserved

DEDICATION TO PUBLIC SERVICE

In public service, public welfare is the end goal whereas private services are driven by
a profit agenda. For instance, the Mid-day meal programme for school children.

➔ U. Sagayam, Tamil Nadu cadre IAS, has been transferred around 20 times in the 20
years of his service. He is famous for fighting against corruption wherever he goes.
He was also the first IAS officer to make his assets public. His extensive research on
illegal granite-mining in Madurai led to charges against many known politicians and
businessmen.

➔ A headteacher swims to school everyday in Ghana. (You can use this example for
Accountability also)

➔ MG Rajamanikyam carried rice sacks on his shoulder without hesitation during

Kerala flood.

➔ IAS Kannan Gopinathan – extraordinary work during Kerala flood.

➔ Police and medical personnel functioned during the pandemic despite themselves
being at risk of infection.

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 ➔ Sonu Sood helping migrants workers reach their hometowns

➔ Sonam Wangchuk started operation New Hope – revolutionising education in

Ladakh.

➔ Transfer of a school teacher in UP had his pupils cry with tears showing love &
compassion (https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/stud
nts-cry-up-teacher-farewell-8031564/)

➔ Prashant Nair is famously called as 'Collector bro' to remove the psychological

barrier to approach him.

➔ Rinku Singh Rahee, then a PCS officer, shot 7 times by Mafias for performing his
duty. Cracked UPSC in 2021.

➔ Soumya Pandey, an IAS officer, was 7 months pregnant when she was appointed the
nodal officer for COVID in Ghaziabad district, UP.She had the option of availing paid
maternity leave, but she continued with field visits and implementation of COVID
related district schemes. After giving birth, she returned to once with her baby 14
days later.

➔ The Jajpur district administration in Odisha has made plantation a mandatory

precondition for granting licences for eight services including society registration,
licence for minor minerals, setting up crusher units, purchase of new vehicles,
issuance of solvency certificate, etc.

➔ Bill & Melinda gates foundation: $43.5bn trust is the largest philanthropic organisation
in the world and is committed to the eradication of malaria and polio, and controlling
the spread of tuberculosis and HIV, these people have worked for the betterment of
the society without any expectations.

TOLERANCE

It is a fair, objective, and permissive attitude toward those whose opinions, beliefs
and practices differ from one's own

➔ India is a country where Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism originated and Islam
flourished in India and is practised by millions. This shows that tolerance has been
part of Indian culture for thousands of years.

➔ The programme ‘Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat’ has been initiated to celebrate the
spirit of national integration and to teach tolerance.

➔ Imposition of Urdu in former East Pakistan led to division of Pakistan, whereas

linguistic tolerance has strengthened unity in India.

➔ Akbar’s doctrine of Sulh-i-kul

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 ➔ A Hindu temple in Kerala welcomed Muslims to offer prayers in its premises on Eid,
after the mosque got submerged in floods.

➔ Teaching of Bhakti and Sufi saints such as Kabir and Guru Nanak. They argued that
there is one god who is the same for every-one. They criticised religious dogmatism
and associated true religious feeling with brotherhood, kindness, learning and self
improvement.

EMPATHY AND COMPASSION

Empathy - It is the ability to share someone else's feelings or experiences by imagining what
it would be like to be in that person's situation.

COMPASSION - involves allowing ourselves to be moved by suffering of others with an

active desire to alleviate them

➔ Bharat Vatwani is an Indian psychiatrist, based in Mumbai, India, who was awarded
Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2018 for leading the rescue of thousands of mentally ill
street peoples to treat and reunite them with their families in India.

➔ Samrat Ashoka gave up the practice of war and embraced the practice of
compassion.

➔ When the disabled person was unable to sit on a chair, IAS Kaustubh Diwegaonkar
himself sat on the floor along with him.

➔ Donation during COVID Time.

➔ Free LPG Cylinders, PDS supplies during the pandemic.

➔ Raja Ram Mohan Roy moved by the plight of his sister-in-law who dies as Sati; he
undertook Sati reforms leading to its ban.

➔ Saurabh Kumar, Dantewada DM started ‘Lunch with Collector’ program to interact

with tribal students.

➔ Prashant Nair, District collector of Kozhikode started Compassionate Kozhikode, a

volunteer-driven project to provide various public services.

➔ Tribes have certain customary values which are contradictory to the rules of
government. Here empathy in public servants would act as saviour for the tribal
population.

➔ At the Ahmedabad mills strike, Anasuya Sarabai (daughter of a mills owner) came
and sat with Gandhiji after two days of strike, as she must have felt empathetic to the
cause.

➔ Recently, an IAS officer made news for passing contraceptive taunts on a girl who
sought sanitary pads for students.

15
 (https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/row-over-bihar-wcd-mds-condo
m-remarks-ncw-seeks-reply-from-ias-officer-within-7-days-article-94528257)

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

It is the ability to understand, monitor and manage one's own emotions and that of
others.

➔ A person with high emotional intelligence will not stereotype people based on their
gender, religion, ethnicity and this ensures better relationships of people with each
other.

➔ The support and hope provided to ISRO and to the nation by the Prime Minister after
failure of Chandrayaan 2 showed the right emotional response to the situation.

➔ Surajpur (Chhattisgarh) District Collector Ranbir Sharma had slapped a boy who was
outdoor during lockdown. Lacked Emotional Intelligence.

➔ Anticipating the reaction of the public after revocation of Article 370 and taking
appropriate measures is a classic example of Emotional Intelligence in
administration.

➔ Mob Lynching - deterioration of Emotional Intelligence in Society (due to Intolerance).

➔ Issue of migrant workers during COVID-19 lockdown where police officers were
mainly focused on implementation of lockdown.

➔ Deterioration of mental health during pandemic - (Shadow Pandemic - Rise in

Domestic Violence) — Weak Emotional Intelligence

➔ ‘Blue Whale challenge’ has motivated many kids to take extreme steps in their life.
Tik Tok app which prompted people to make videos for the publicity only. - Threat to
Emotional Intelligence.

➔ MSD is known for his strong emotional control in tough situation earning him the title
“Captain Cool”.

ACCOUNTABILITY

It is the assurance that the individual or the organisation will be answerable for
respective performance or behaviour.

➔ The concept of Social Audit under MGNREGA. Also, effective implementation of laws
like Prevention of Corruption Act should be ensured.

➔ Citizen’s Charters, WhistleBlower Act, RTI Act.

16
 ➔ Satish Dhawan took the blame for the failure of SLV during the 1st launch and ave
credit to its team in the next successful attempt.

INNOVATION

It is the creation, development and implementation of a new product, process or

service, with the aim of improving efficiency, effectiveness or competitive advantage.

➔ Prashant Nair started a project “Tere mere beach mein” – for waste management at
Kozhikode beach.

➔ Surender Singh Solanki – PM’s award (Best innovation) – started a unique solar
lamp project that turned women from most backward districts to green entrepreneurs.

➔ Harjinder Singh Kukreja built chocolate Ganesha – which will be immersed in milk
and distributed to children.

PERSEVERANCE

Continued effort to do or achieve something, even when this is difficult or takes a

long time.

➔ Thomas Edison continued, despites failing over 1000 times, in the invention of the
light bulb.

➔ Abraham Lincoln defeated in 26 campaigns he made for public office.

➔ In Australia's marine seals recruitment an essential criterion is to make sure every

trainee has a failure experience in his/her life so that he knows how to cope up with
difficult situations.

➔ Despite not achieving freedom, Gandhiji's perseverance kept him going from 1919 to
1947, until India attained freedom.

➔ During WWII, Japan was devastated having faced the burnt of nuclear weapons.
Despite its small size and limited resources, Japan is today one of the most
advanced country.

MEANS VS ENDS

The end of an action is that for the sake of which it is performed; the means is the way
in which the end is to be achieved.

➔ For Gandhiji, Means were as important as ends. Ex Withdrawal of NCM after

Chauri-Chaura Incident. For Bose, Ends over means especially in times of
oppression e.g. invasion of India by INA.

17
SELFLESSNESS

It is the quality of caring more about the needs of others than your own. It is having
little or no concern for oneself, especially with regard to fame, position, money etc.

➔ Tukaram Omble- During 26/11 terror attack in Mumbai, Omble stood in front of Ajmal
Kasab and held on to the barrel of Kasab's rifle, thus preventing the bullets from
hitting anyone else but him. The rest of the team managed to overpower and
apprehend Kasab. Omble took over 40 bullets from an Ak-47 at point blank range
and accepted martyrdom.

OPENNESS

It is ability to make decisions based on facts or empirical evidences.

➔ The Supreme Court held that the office of Chief Justice of India comes under RTI to
enhance transparency and openness in the judicial system.

➔ Vinod Rai, former CAG turned the office of CAG into a powerful force for openness
and transparency by unearthing a 2G scam.

➔ RTI Act 2005 enacted to bring Openness in Administration.

➔ Development of Cowin Platform during Vaccination drive for Covid-19.

TRANSPARENCY

It is attribute of a person or an organisation that implies openness, communication

and accountability.

➔ Faceless income tax administration

➔ Sagayam, an IAS officer from Tamil Nadu has disclosed his and his family’s assets
on the website.

➔ Judgements of the Supreme Court are reasoned and placed in public domain.

➔ Mission Karamyogi - program for Civil Servants to become more creative,

imaginative, responsive, innovative and transparent.

18
RESPONSIBILITY

The quality of an individual to satisfactorily perform his/her own duty as a part of a

particular group or organisation.

➔ Lal Bahadur Shastri took personal responsibility for a train accident and resigned as
railway minister (A Railway Minister cannot be held accountable for operational
accidents, he is mainly concerned with policy).

➔ Despite pelted stones & violence, the paramedical staff are determined to duty during
COVID 19. It shows dedication, integrity, responsibility and fortitude.

PROBITY

It is strict adherence to a code of ethics based on undeviating honesty.

➔ Supreme Court Judge Kurian Joseph was part of the Indian delegation that visited
the Vatican for the canonisation of Mother Teresa. He skipped the dinner that
comprised senior officials of the Italian government. He had a professional reason, to
avoid perceived conflict of interest. He is a member of the bench adjudicating the
dispute between India and Italy over the jurisdiction to try two Italian marines for
allegedly shooting two fishermen off the Kerala coast in 2012.

➔ Durga Shakti Nagpal against land mining.

ETHICAL / GOOD GOVERNANCE

Good governance - implies an efficient and effective governance system which

protects the citizen interests and maintains trust in the social contract that exist
between the government and the governed.

Ethical governance - implies not just efficiency and effectiveness, but governance
must display high standards of morality like integrity, probity, compassion,
impartiality, justice etc.

➔ The view of Gandhi's Ram Rajya is based on the principle of ethical governance.

➔ An official should allow disbursement of Public Distribution System (PDS) rations to

beneficiaries, particularly women and senior citizens, even if Aadhaar identification
fails due to a biometric data mismatch. It is critical to understand that denying such
services may result in a person's death. As a result, compassion and human dignity
serve as the foundation of ethical governance.

➔ Right to Information Act, 2005 upholds transparency & good governance of the
country.

19
 ➔ Punsari Village in Ahmedabad, was transformed within 8 years by its Sarpanch
HImanshu Patel through prudent policies and efficiently leveraging the existing
scheme.

➔ YOGAKSHEMA, Kautilya concept of welfare state and good governance.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Corporate governance is the combination of rules, processes and laws by which

businesses are operated, regulated and controlled

➔ Satyam scandal; Tata-Mistry case; Captive coal block allocation in Coal scams in
early 2010s; Recent IL&FS crisis.

GANDHI TALISMAN

Need: Consumerism, Tolerance, Sectoral violence, Xenophobia, Armed conflicts, Refugee

Crisis

Individual: No littering, Caste discrimination, Tax Evasion

Society: More tolerance, no dowry

Business: No Pollution, CSR, Working conditions

Public Servants: PDS, MGNREGA, Other welfare schemes

GANDHI'S SEVEN DEADLY SINS

● Wealth without work.

● Pleasure without conscience.
● Knowledge without character.
● Commerce without morality.
● Science without humanity.
● Religion without sacrifice.
● Politics without principle.

NOLAN COMMITTEE - SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC LIFE

● Selflessness
● Integrity
● Objectivity
● Accountability
● Openness
● Honesty
● Leadership

20
SOCIAL MEDIA

Negatives:

● Increase of trolling
● Hate speech, death threats. Deepika for Padmavat
● Celebrities affecting their followers
● Jumping to conclusions, Viral trends like Kiki Challenge, Blue Whale Challenge

Positives:

● Access to viewpoints outside what you have been experiencing

CRISIS OF CONSCIENCE

Crisis of conscience is a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what is the

right thing to do.

➔ During the recent Anti- Encroachment drive, Municipality officials have been ordered
to forcefully evict illegal shelters constructed by squatters on government land. The
official observes that the occupants are poor people who have small infants to take
care of. In such cases the official has to choose between his/her conscience of giving
them time to vacate or follow government order and perform his duty.

➔ Supreme Court judgement on Triple Talaq, Sabarimala Temple, Rights of LGBTQ etc
all are in consonance with the conscience of the Constitution.

EXAMPLES FROM RAMAYANA & MAHABHARATA

1. Equality - Lord Rama treated everyone equally. When Shabari (the sage’s daughter)
offered him the already tasted berry fruits he ate them without giving a second
thought.

2. Courage & Responsibility - Jatayu fought with Ravana despite knowing the limitations

3. Righteousness - Vibhishana, younger brother of Ravana chose to not support his

sibling in the war against Ram.

4. Greed - Attitude of Ravana, represents greed and lust for power.

5. Lord Krishna focused on End instead of Means to uphold Dharma.

6. Karna - an epitome of Dedication, Responsible, & Friendship.

7. “Karmanye Vaadhika-raste, Maa Phaleshu Kadachana”. It means that one should

fulfil his rightful duty without focusing on the end result.

21
8. Persuasion - Arjun seeing the relatives in battlefield started feeling weak, then Lord
Krishna persuaded him to be emotionally intelligent and do his Dharma.

9. Bhagwat Gita says, Duty is more important than consequences.

22
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373
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