Human Factor

1. If anything can go wrong, it will go wrong. This is

a. Murphy’s law
b. Einstein’s law
c. Heinrich’s law

2. long sightedness is caused by

a. The eyeball being shorter than normal
b. The eyeball being longer than normal
c. The retina being too curved

3. The cycle of REM sleep and stages 1 – 4 sleep

a. About hour every
b. About every 90 minutes
c. About every 30 minutes in early sleep extending to 2 hours in the night.

4. Anthropometry is
a. Study of human behavior in response to stress
b. The study of human measurement
c. The study of the relationship between men and his working environment

5. Loss of hearing due to damage in the ear drum or auditory ossicles is known as
a. Presbycusis
b. Noise induce hearing loss
c. Conductive deafness

6. If information in the working memory is not rehearsed it will be lost in

a. 1 to 2 minutes
b. 10 to 20 seconds
c. 30 to 45 seconds

7. The ideal behavior of a professional aircraft engineer is

a. Goal directed rather than person directed
b. Both goal and person related
c. Neither person nor goal related

8. Strengthening and organizing the human memory when learning new task is believe
d to occur in.
a. Slow wave sleep
b. Stage 1 and 2 sleep
c. REM sleep
9. Decision made by group are generally
a. Better than the problem solving ability of the most able member of the group
b. Better in quality than the average decisions made by the individual gro
up members
c. Better than the problem solving ability of the last able person in the group

10. During a typical night sleep most time is spent in which of the stage of sleep
a. 1
b. 2
c. REM

11. A domestic problem will

a. Affect flying by increasing arousal and hence performance
b. Affect concentration and decision making abilities
c. Counter any wok stresses

12. The “credit and debit” system for measuring sleep/wake cycles allocates
a. 2 points for sleep and 1 points for wake
b. 2 points for sleep and 3 points for wake
c. 1 point for sleep and 2 points for wake

13. Changes in luminance level can be catered for in the eye by the
a. Cornea
b. Lens
c. Iris

14. Continued loud noise can cause damage to the fine hairs in the
a. Cochlea
b. Otoliths
c. Semicircular canals

15. The pattern used to carry out a procedure such as an ultrasonic NDT check of an u
nder carriage is an example of
a. Rules based behavior
b. Skill based behavior
c. A motor programme procedure

16. The amount of stress experienced with a particular task is dependent on

a. Actual demand and actual ability
b. The perceived demand and actual ability
c. The perceived demand and perceived ability

16. Amnesia tends to affect

 a. Episodic memory
b. Semantic memory
c. Working memory

17. A part number not rehearsed will only remembered for approximately
a. 30 seconds
b. 60 seconds
c. 90 seconds

18. The greatest visual acuity is achieve

a. At the optic disc
b. At the fovea
c. By the retina

19. Perception is the

a. Organization, translation and reconstruction of information from the
senses
b. Ability to respond to subliminal information received via the eye
c. Inability of the brain to segment information on hearing language spoken

20. The most refreshing sleep is achieved when

a. Frequent short power naps are taken
b. The body’s temperature is falling due to circadian rhythms
c. Sleep is extended beyond the average of 8 hours

21. The only drugs a licensed engineer may legally take at work are those
a. Listed in AWN 47 which require testing
b. Bought at chemist shop and taken as directed on the package
c. prescribed by a doctor and trialed for side effect

22. The legal requirement for the fitness of the engineer to work and exercise his
certifying privileges lies with the.
a. National airworthiness authority
b. Company’s management and QA department
c. Engineer himself

23. Most controlled and thoughtful aircraft engineers are considered to have the perso
nality characteristics of being a.
a. Stable introvert
b. Stable extrovert
c. Sober dysthymia
24. The style of leadership required to deal with an emergency situation is usually best
met by a manager with.
a. A paternalistic nature
b. An autocratic style
c. An interactive style

25. A group’s decision against the individuals better judgment and his willingness to
conform is known as
a. A risky shift
b. peer pressure
c. group compliance

26. The minimum temperature allowed for manual working indoors under the workplac
e (Health and Welfare) Regulations 1992
a. 130
b. 210
c. 250

27. Colour rendition is the

a. Effect of artificial light on colour perception
b. Level of candela of lux on colour intensity
c. Bleaching effect of sunlight on material’s pigment

28. When working at height guard rails

a. Should be at ankle height so as to be able to sense the platform edges
b. Are not required if safely harnesses are being used by at least one person
c. Should be at approximately waist height all around the platform

29. Ear protection should be worn in areas of noise when in height in eight working ho
urs the levels exceed
a. 65 decibels
b. 75 decibels
c. 85 decibles

30. Communications from the shop floor to management are

a. Usually directives
b. Non directive
c. Usually in the form of procedures

31. Information that is relatively simple and easily understood can be

a. Given as an expansion
b. A verbal briefing
c. Given as a seminar
32. An accident caused by incorrect assembly of a component by an engineer is known
as a.
a. A latent condition of failure
b. An active failure
c. A norm

33. In Heinrichs Ratio there are

a. 30 incidents for every accident
b. 300 incidents for every 10 accidents
c. 600 incidents for every fatal accident

34. Functional checks are carried out

a. To verify the quality of workmanship
b. To verify serviceability to laid down standards
c. To prove correct installation of hidden functions

35. The part of an eye responsible for between 70% - 80% of the total focusing ability
is the
a. Cornea
b. Iris
c. Retina

36. Presbycusis is a term used to describe

a. Conductive deafness
b. Noise induced hearing loss
c. Loss of hearing through ageing

37. A reduction in mental capacity may be caused by

a. Working under high air pressure
b. Hypoxia
c. Respiratory bronchitis

38. The link between the receptors and perception is

a. A working memory
b. A long term memory
c. The attentional mechanism

39. During sleep phases, muscles tension or relaxation can be measured by an

a. electromyogram (EMG)
b. Electroculogram (EOG)
c. Electroencphalogram (EEG)

40. High amplitude delta waves are more frequent during

 a. Light sleep
b. Deep sleep
c. REM sleep

41. Information in the short term memory

a. Is not affected by the arrival of new information
b. Must be actively rehearsed to ensure long term retention
c. Can be retained for long periods

42. During visual scanning the eye movement should be

a. Large and frequent
b. Small and infrequent
c. Small and frequent

43. The amount of stress experienced with a particular task is dependent on

a. The perceived demand and perceived ability
b. The actual demand and actual ability
c. The perceived demand and the actual ability

44. Amnessia tends to affect

a. Episodic memory
b. Semantic memory
c. Working memory

45. As we get older our responses generally tend to become

a. Slower and less accurate
b. Slower and more accurate
c. Faster and less accurate

46. The long term memory can be classified as two types, ‘Semantic’ and ‘Episodic’,
how do these compare?
a. ‘Semantic is more accurate and longer lasting than ‘episodic’
b. ‘Episodic’ is more accurate and longer lasting than ‘semantic’
c. ‘Semantic’ is less accurate and longer lasting than ‘episodic’

47. Stress management is

a. The removal of stress
b. The avoidance of stress
c. Coping with stress

48. The behavior pattern used to carry out a procedure such as an ultrasonic NDT
 check of an undercarriage is an example
a. Rule based procedure
b. Skill based procedure
c. A motor programme procedure

49. Information on drugs and alcohol can be found in.

a. AWN3
b. AWN47
c. BCARs

50. At what distance should a person without hearing difficulties be able to hear an
average conversation voice in a quiet room.
a. 1 metre (3 feet)
b. 2 metres (6 feet)
c. 3 metres (9 feet)

51. The major concern of international civil aviation organization is

a. Health
b. Safety
c. Aircraft

52. Human factor issues are difficult to deal with because it involves.
a. Machines
b. Software
c. Human

53 A) Maintenance errors are not inherent in a person.

B) Human beings are born to make mistakes.
a. A is true
b. B is true
c. A and B are true

54. What are the two main mechanisms of safety and reliability?
a. Documentation system and quality system
b. Planning system and maintenance system
c. Reliability system and maintenance system

55. Which mechanism specifies the required procedure for carrying out work?
a. Maintenance system
b. Documentation system
c. Quality system

56. The system that seeks to ensure that work to the highest possible standard is.
a. Maintenance system
 b. Documentation system
c. Quality system

57. Why is good vision necessary in engineering?

a. To avoid making mistake
b. To avoid missing inspection defect
c. To avoid using the wrong part number

58. Minor defect in vision can rectified by the wearing of spectacles.

a. In Old age
b. In middle age
c. In early age

59. Hypermetropia is another name for.

a. Short sightedness
b. Medium sightedness
c. Long sightedness

60. What must a person who is shortsighted do for a close up work?

a. Put on his glass
b. Remove his glass
c. Use torch light

61. One of these factors will NOT affect a person’s clarity of vision
a. The amount of light available
b. The size and content of object
c. The structure of the object

62. The lack of one or more spectral colour sensation of the eye is known as
a. Binocular vision
b. Colour blindness
c. Monocular vision

63. One of these is NOT a contributing factor to maintenance error

a. Exploitation of aircraft
b. Incorrect removal and installation of component
c. Maintenance and inspection policy

64. When there is general agreement that a person would have done other than what
they did Is
a. General error
b. Maintenance error
 c. Human error

65. Action or inaction by a mechanic/engineer that leads to problem on the aircraft is…
a. General error
b. Maintenance error
c. Human error

66. Example (s) of human error in aircraft maintenance could be.

a. Electrical wiring discrepancies.
b. Loose object left in aircraft
c. All of the above

67. The environmental factor which could affect information processing are
a. Noise, temperature, light
b. Pressure of work and humidity
c. All of the above

68. If normal speech cannot be heard at the distance of 2 metres, the level of the noise
is likely to be around
a. 85db
b. 85m/s
c. 85ohms

69. The longest lasting memory is

a. Echoic memory
b. Semantic memory
c. Episodic memory

70. In which of these long term memories can information be lost with amnesia
a. Echoic memory
b. Semantic memory
c. Episodic memory

71. In which of these long term memories is information never lost even with amnesia

a. Echoic memory
b. Semantic memory
c. Episodic memory

72. We need sleep so that our body can recuperate from

a. Physical and mental duty
b. Physical and organizational duty
c. Mental and learning duty
73. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
a. Refreshes the body
b. Refreshes the brain
c. Stabilizes the stomach acid

74. Sleep walking is one of the characteristics

a. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
b. Orthodox sleep
c. Paradoxical sleep

75 An inability to stop falling asleep even when in sleep credit is called

a. Apnoea
b. Narcolepsy
c. Isomnia

76. One of these is not the cause of fatigue

a. Lack of restful sleep
b. lack of physical or mental fitness
c. Less work load

77. One of these is not the symptom of fatigue

a. Lack of awareness
b. diminished motor skill
c. desynchronization of the body cycle (Jet lag)

78. Lack of food can cause

a. Long term fatigue
b. Short term fatigue
c. Problem at work

79. A. one of the major contributing factors to our functioning is stress

B. Food and stress are our body source of energy
a. Both are not correct
b. Both are correct
c. Only A is correct

80. According to our handout, which is the correct definition of stress

a. Stress is accumulation of fatigue
b. Stress is the resistance to work load
c. Stress is our body every day reaction

81. The popping sensation usually felt during climbing and descending in an aircraft is
due
to
a. Even pressure being equalized between the outer and middle ear
b. Uneven pressure being equalized between the outer and middle ear
c. Uneven pressure being equalized between the outer and the inner ear

82. One of these is NOT the characteristics of a good engineer

a. Sound knowledge of his job
b. Skill
c. Time pressure

83. Performance improves as temperature

a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Remain constant

84. What is the objective of SHELL model

a. To prevent maintenance error
b. To optimize the relationship in the model
c. To stress the importance of human factor

85. What is the purpose of MORs

a. To punish offenders
b. To bring safety related issues to NCAA
c. Is an error defensive mechanism

86. An ability to receive criticism is one of the criteria for assessing

a. ones assertiveness
b. Ones complacency
c. Ones awareness

92. Mild disorientation is one of the symptoms of

a. Stress
b. Fatigue
c. Sleep deprivation

88. Which airworthiness notice provide guidance regarding the use of alcohol and
drugs?
a. 45
b. 43
c. 47
89. Which ICAO annex specified requirement regarding age, knowledge, experience,
skill
and medical fitness of license applicant.
a. Annex 10
b. Annex 1
c. Annex 145

90. Why is shift work difficult with old age

a. Because of skill involved
b. Because it is difficult to reprogram the body clock
c. Light demand in age increases

91. One of the simplest ways of preventing stress is

a. Getting good job
b. Getting your priority right
c. To be positive always

92. One of this is not an error contributing factor to an Aircraft?

a. Lack of sleep
b. Miscalibrated tool
c. Incorrect troubleshooting.

93. The three phases in learning a skill are

a. Cognitive, automatic, associative
b. Cognitive, associative, automatic
c. Automatic, cognitive, associative

94. The environmental factors which could affect information processing are
a. Noise, temperature and light.

HUMAN FACTORS MODULE 9

1. Accidents and engineering faults are

a. insignificant and increasing
b. insignificant and decreasing
c. significant and increasing

2. Information on drugs and alcohol can be found in

a. AWN 3
b. AWN 47
 c. BCARs

3. 70 - 80% of the total focusing ability of the eye is carried out by the
a. iris
b. lens
c. cornea

4. At what distance should a person without hearing difficulties be able to hear an

average conversational voice in a quiet room
a. 1 metre (3 feet)
b. 2 metres (6 feet)
c. 3 metres (9 feet)

5. If you have been prescribed new medicine by your doctor you should
a. continue with your normal shift pattern
b. give the new medication a 24 hour trial
c. take 3 days off work to try out the new medication

6. After a general anaesthetic you should

a. return to work as soon as possible
b. take at least 7 days off work
c. not return to work for at least 24 to 48 hours (depending on the
individual)

7. Your doctor has prescribed you tranquillizers as you are suffering from
depression. You should
a. tell your employer and carry on work as normal
b. not work at all when taking the tranquillizers
c. not tell your employer and carry on work as normal

8. The use of 'pep' pills by an aircraft engineer

a. is recommended only when working late or on night shift as they stimulate
the senses and make you less prone to accidents
b. can only be used if prescribed by your doctor
c. should never be done (except for coffee)

9. You are taking SUDAFED to relief nasal congestion. You should

a. continue to take them at work because SUDAFED has no side effects
b. stay away from work until you no longer require the SUDAFED
c. avoid making engineering decisions or performing licensed duties

10. A perforated ear drum could occur if

a. you were subjected to continuous noise below 8 kHz
b. you blew your nose excessively
 c. you were subjected to intermittent noise above 25 kHz

11. How long is the short term memory good for remembering 7 items?
a. Up to 30 seconds
b. 30 to 60 seconds
c. Above 60 seconds

12. What is peer group pressure?

a. The influence the House of Lords have over the House of Commons
b. Our behaviour influenced by our friends and colleagues
c. The influence an individual has over a group of people

13. What is white finger?

a. A disorder of the finger which may occur through continuous use of
pneumatic tools because of reduced blood flow
b. A reaction when the white blood cells die and contaminate the fingers
c. A skin disorder caused by extensive contact with oils and solvents

14. What is slow wave sleep?

a. Stage 3/4 sleep
b. REM
c. Paradoxical sleep

15. What constitutes a good work handover?

a. A written documentation of the work done
b. A verbal account of the work done
c. A written and verbal account of the work done

16. Environmental stresses are

a. caused by noise, fumes, heat and vibration
b. not normally cumulative
c. tolerated by everyone equally

17. The regular behaviour of an individual is known as

a. the norm
b. habit
c. culture

18. Phase 3/4 sleep

a. can be induced by alcohol
b. occurs only once per sleep cycle
c. is most beneficial for the body's restoration
19. Human error can be caused by
a. high body temperature
b. low body temperature
c. normal body temperature

20. In a discussion, the person who is most likely to be agreed with is

a. the person with the highest status
b. the most argumentative person
c. the person who repeats the point most times

21. What meal is most recommended after a long shift?

a. High carbohydrates
b. Low carbohydrates
c. High protein

22. Long shift work will

a. always increase your diagnostic and maintenance ability
b. always decrease your diagnostic and maintenance ability
c. initially decrease your diagnostic and maintenance ability but eventually
increase your diagnostic and maintenance ability as you get used to it

23. When someone is working in an enclosed space (such a fuel tank), another
person should be outside the space in constant communication to
a. ensure compliance with the maintenance manual
b. provide instructions to the tradesman
c. for safety reasons

24. An engineer who has developed his own way of performing a task
a. is in regular violation
b. should be commended for his resourcefulness
c. is improving maintenance efficiency

25. The circadian cycle body temperature

a. varies by 1.5oF
b. varies by 1.5oC
c. does not vary

26. The aim of human factors programs within an organizations is

a. to reduce costs by increasing efficiency, safety and quality and decreasing
waste through human error
b. to optimize the relationship between maintenance personnel and
systems with a view to improving safety, efficiency and well-being
 c. to safeguard the health and safety of maintenance personnel by reducing
accidents in the workplace

27. The scientific study of measurements of the human body is known as

a. anthropometrics
b. ergonomics
c. physiology

28. The SHEL model of human factors takes into account

a. Software, hardware, efficiency and liveware
b. Software, hardware, environment and liveware
c. Software, hardware, environment and location

29. How long can the aural reflex protect the ear from loud noise?
a. 15 seconds
b. 15 minutes
c. 5 seconds

30. Acute stress is

a. typically intense but of short duration
b. a frequently reoccurring stress or of long duration
c. intense stress of long duration

31. What part of the SHEL model would the writing and interpretation of
maintenance manuals fit into?
a. Software
b. Hardware
c. Environment

32. The "error chain" theory refers to

a. a company is only as good as its weakest employee or employees, and
removal of that/those employee from the chain should prevent errors
b. errors are caused by a chain of linked events, and the breaking of
one link in the chain will prevent the error
c. a chain of errors within an organizations can be investigated, and similar
errors prevented by determining a common link between them

33. Murphy's law is perpetuated mainly by

a. poor aircraft design
b. violations
c. complacency

34. What part of the eye controls the amount of light that is allowed to enter the
eye?
 a. The cornea
b. The iris
c. The pupil

35. Learning of a routine by repeated practice is known as

a. episodic memory
b. motor programming
c. cognitive learning

36. An aircraft engineer who has 'responsibility'

a. must be licensed on the particular type of aircraft
b. is in a management position within their company hierarchy
c. are liable to be called to account as being in charge or control of, or
answerable for something

37. The ear is used to detect

a. acceleration
b. speed
c. neither acceleration or speed

38. Chronic stress is

a. typically intense but of short duration
b. a frequently reoccurring stress or of long duration
c. intense stress of long duration

39. Smoking cannabis

a. subtly impairs performance for up to 24 hours
b. has only a short term affect upon performance
c. has a noticeable affect on a person’s behaviour and performance for up to 24
hours

40. Employers must provide their employees with personal ear protectors if the noise
level reaches
a. 60 dB
b. 70 dB
c. 85 dB

41. The impact of human factors and human error is most important to
a. technicians and engineers
b. planners and managers
c. It is equally important to technicians, engineers, planners and
managers

42. What part of the SHEL model would the aircraft design fit into?
 a. Environment
b. Hardware
c. Liveware

43. Murphy's law can be regarded as the notion

a. "If something can go wrong it will"
b. "If something goes wrong I am certain to get the blame"
c. "It can never happen to me"

44. Light enters the eye through the

a. cornea
b. retina
c. visual cortex

45. To focus on a near object, the lens of the eye must

a. be flattened
b. be thickened
c. be widened

46. Which type of memory is most susceptible to interference from external

influences?
a. Ultra short term
b. Short term
c. Long term

47. Where are the responsibilities of Licensed Aircraft Engineers laid down?
a. The Air Navigation Order
b. CAP 715
c. AWN 3

48. Performance is
a. directly proportional to the individual's state of arousal
b. inversely proportional to the individual's state of arousal
c. greatest only at one optimum level of arousal but diminishes as
arousal decreases or increases

49. Missing a break in an effort to get a job done within a certain time frame
a. can be done by those actually doing the job providing the supervisors take
regular breaks
b. can be done providing adequate rest period is available at the end of the shift
c. can be counterproductive, as fatigue diminishes motor skills,
perception, awareness and standards
50. The maximum allowable noise dose is
a. 85 dB
b. any combination of noise and time which exceeds 90 dB TWA
c. 90 dB for 24 hours

51. Tiredness causes visual acuity to

a. increase
b. decrease
c. Visual acuity is not affected by tiredness

52. Peripheral vision is detected by the

a. cones
b. rods
c. fovea

53. Extreme discomfort experienced by a maintenance engineer due to working in a

confined space is known as
a. claustrophobia
b. agoraphobia
c. acrophobia

54. Diffusion of responsibility may occur

a. to an individual working alone
b. to an individual working as a member of a team
c. with certain people whether they are working in a team or alone
55. Which part of the SHEL model is most difficult to protect from errors by
'designing out' or to 'work around'
a. Software
b. Environment
c. Liveware

56. Narrowing of attention occurs at

a. high levels of arousal
b. low levels of arousal
c. both high and low levels of arousal

57. A good shift handover should include details of

a. tasks that have been completed; tasks in progress, their status, any
problems encountered etc.; tasks to be carried out and general
company and technical information.
b. tasks that have been completed; persons who carried out the tasks; tasks to
be carried out and general company and technical information.
 c. tasks that have been completed; tasks in progress, their status, any problems
encountered etc.; tasks to be carried out and tools required to carry out the
tasks.

58. The blood/alcohol limit is

a. 20 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood for commercial aircrew, air
traffic controllers and 40 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood for
maintenance engineers
b. 40 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood
c. 20 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood for commercial
aircrew, air traffic controllers and maintenance engineers

59. A company's safety policy should be defined in

a. the Maintenance Organization Exposition
b. the Maintenance Schedule
c. in CAP 716

60. Which of the following is least associated with the study of human factors?
a. Ergonomics
b. Health and Safety
c. Human error

61. What part of the eye is colour sensitive?

a. The cones
b. The rods
c. The iris

62. 'Risky shift' is

a. the tendency for a group of workers to arrive at a course of action
which is riskier than that which any individual member might
pursue
b. the probability of being assigned to a work task which involves some element
of risk or physical danger
c. the name given to an inadequate shift handover

63. Paradoxical sleep is also known as

a. Stage 3 sleep
b. Stage 4 sleep
c. REM sleep

64. Technical communication between two engineers can go wrong if

a. the recipient makes an assumption of the meaning of the
information being transmitted
b. the sender uses a sketch to augment the information transmittal
 c. the recipient uses body language to provide feedback to the sender

65. What type of lens is used to overcome short sightedness?

a. Convex
b. Concave
c. Bi-focal

66. To ensure that a technician remains reasonably current on the aircraft types to
which they hold authorizations, they are required that
a. they are involved in at least 6 months of actual aircraft maintenance
experience in any 2 year period only
b. they have appropriate continuation/refresher training only
c. they are involved in at least 6 months of actual aircraft maintenance
experience in any 2 year period and they have appropriate
continuation/refresher training

67. When taking medicine for the first time

a. take the first dose at least 24 hours before any duty to ensure that it
does not have any adverse effects
b. consult a doctor if you need to carry out any duties
c. absent yourself from work for the duration of use of the medicine

68. For a man to maintain his fitness and health the conducive maximum
recommended alcohol intake is
a. 3 - 4 units per week
b. 28 units per week
c. 28 units per day
69. The type of memory which is most easily influenced by a person's expectations
of what should have happened is the
a. semantic memory
b. episodic memory
c. long term memory

70. The inability for the eyes to accommodate sufficiently is known as

a. Myopia
b. Hypermetropia
c. Presbyopia

71. An aircraft maintenance engineer who wears glasses or contact lenses should
a. have their duties restricted accordingly
b. should not require their duties to be restricted providing they have
frequent checks to ensure the adequacy of their glasses/contact
lenses
 c. should not require their duties to be restricted providing they wear their
glasses/contact lenses at all times they carry out their duties

72. The difference between what a person 'can' do and what he 'will' do is largely
determined by his
a. physical and mental health
b. motivation
c. education and training

73. Human Circadian rhythms cycle on a

a. 24 hour time scale
b. 25 hour timescale
c. 8 hour timescale

74. Whose responsibility is it that an engineer remains current on new technology

and procedures?
a. The engineer's
b. The organization's
c. The NCAA's

75. When inspecting an airframe structure for small cracks, to avoid a crack being
missed you should
a. constantly move the eye across and around the area of interest to
avoid the crack falling into the eye's natural blind spot
b. hold the vision stationary for several seconds on each area to allow the eye to
focus correctly
c. not use a mirror as mirrors absorb and refract light and may obscure a crack
76. A good practice for a shift handover is for shifts to be specifically rostered so
there is an overlap of
a. 5 - 10 minutes
b. 20 - 30 minutes
c. 2 - 3 hours

77. Ultra short term memory has a duration of about

a. 2 seconds
b. 10 to 20 seconds
c. 80 - 100 milliseconds

78. What type of lens is used to correct long sightedness?

a. Convex
b. Concave
c. Bi-focal

79. A violation in an aircraft maintenance procedure

 a. is always considered an act of vandalism or sabotage
b. is usually carried out with the best intentions from a genuine desire
to 'get the job done'
c. is always carried out to satisfy some personal need, often unrelated to the
actual task

80. Removal of alcohol from the blood stream

a. can be speeded up by drinking strong coffee
b. can be speeded up by sleeping
c. cannot be speeded up

81. Visual Acuity is the ability

a. to differentiate between different colours
b. to detect objects in the peripheral vision
c. of the eye to discriminate sharp detail at varying distances

82. According to Maslow, safety needs (protection from potentially dangerous

objects or situations)
a. is the most primal need of humans
b. is second only to physiological needs (food drink, oxygen etc.)
c. is the last need of human after all other needs have been satisfied.

83. For a person with normal Circadian rhythms, the body temperature will be lowest
a. at midday
b. upon waking
c. between 4 and 6 o'clock in the morning

84. Which type of human error is easiest to correct?

a. Variable error
b. Constant error
c. Reversible error

85. If a maintenance engineer has a cold or flu he should

a. only absent himself from duty if his work contract includes sickness pay
b. only absent himself from duty if there are no staff shortages at his workplace
or within his work team
c. absent himself from duty until fully recovered, regardless of other
factors

86. 'Environmental capture' is a type of error possible when an engineer does the
same job repeatedly
a. on the same type of aircraft
b. but on different types of aircraft
c. in a short timescale
87. Consumption of alcohol
a. increases mental and physical reaction times
b. decreases mental and physical reaction times
c. has no affect upon mental and physical reaction times

88. 'Asynchronous' communication includes

a. technical manuals, memos, Advisory Circulars and Airworthiness
Directives
b. face-to-face communications
c. immediate voice communication by radio link

89. The "working memory" is

a. ultra short term memory
b. short term memory
c. long term memory

90. Colour defective vision affects

a. almost 1 in 10 of men
b. almost 1 in 10 of women
c. more women than men

91. At lower light levels, the visual sensing is performed mainly by the
a. cones
b. rods
c. fovea

92. The symptoms of de-motivation are very similar to the symptoms of

a. stress
b. tiredness
c. mental illness

93. Alertness and performance is reduced when the body temperature is

a. below normal
b. above normal
c. either above or below normal

94. In the 'slips, lapses and mistakes' definition of errors, forgetting to replace an
engine cowling would be considered a
a. slip
b. lapse
c. mistake
 95. If an image formed on the retina of the eye is inverted relative to the viewers
normal perception of the image, the viewer will
a. become disoriented and dizzy
b. behave and feel normal
c. consciously mentally revert the image so as to make sense of his/her
surroundings

96. People with colour defective vision usually have difficulty differentiating between
a. blue and yellow
b. red and green
c. blue and green

97. The "cocktail party effect" is descriptive of

a. selective attention
b. divided attention
c. focused attention

98. Hypermetropia is the medical name for

a. long sightedness
b. short sightedness
c. deafness

99. What range of sound is usually impaired first with the onset of presbycusis
a. high pitch sound
b. mid range sound
c. low pitch sound

100. In the UK, an airside ramp vehicle driver is most likely to go deaf in
a. the right ear
b. the left ear
c. both ears

101. The amount of light which is allowed to enter the eye can vary by a factor of
a. 5:1
b. 50:1
c. 500:1

102. The desire of an individual to 'conform' to a group by allowing one's opinions,

attitudes and actions to be affected by prevailing conditions is known as
a. culture issues
b. esteem needs
c. peer pressure
103. A good rule of thumb for an adequate amount of sleep is
a. two hours of high quality sleep is good for one hour of activity
b. one hour of high quality sleep is good for one hour of activity
c. one hour of high quality sleep is good for two hours of activity

104. In the 'slips, lapses and mistakes' definition of errors, a mistake would typically
occur at the
a) execution stage
b) storage (memory) stage
c) planning stage

105. Presbyopia often affects the eyes of people after the age of
a) 40
b) 55
c) 70

106. When a person moves from a poorly lit area to a well lit area, what is the
minimum time they should allow for the eyes to adapt?
a) 7 minutes
b) 7 seconds
c) 30 seconds

107. From what age does hearing ability normally begin to decline?
a) 30
b) 40
c) 50

108. 'Confirmation bias' is

a) the subconscious attention to evidence which confirms an engineer's
beliefs, and inattention to evidence which contradicts his beliefs
b) an inspection of work carried out by an independent inspector or supervisor
c) error in work carried out by a supervisor who has also inspected and signed for
his own work

109. Finding that familiar tasks (such as programming the video recorder) seems
more complicated than usual, could be an early indication of
a) acute stress
b) chronic fatigue
c) a cold or flu
110. Up to what proximity to an aircraft with engines running is the use of ear
protection recommended for maintenance personnel?
a) 20 - 30 metres
b) 200 - 300 metres
c) 2 - 3 metres

111. A person with 20/40 vision has

a) better eyesight than a person with 20/20 vision
b) worse eyesight as a person with 20/20 vision
c) the same eyesight as a person with 20/20 vision

112. A person with low self-esteem is

a) more likely to conform to peer pressure
b) less likely to conform to peer pressure
c) Conformity to peer pressure is not affected by level of self-esteem

113. Long term memory capacity is usually

a) 4 - 8 years
b) 12 months
c) unlimited

114. The inability for the eyes to accommodate sufficiently is known as

a) myopia
b) hypermetropia
c) presbyopia

115. Ultra short term memory has a duration of about

a) 2 seconds
b) 10 to 20 seconds
c) 80 - 100 milliseconds

116. The only permitted stimulant is

a) caffeine
b) bromine
c) amphetamine

117. The incident where a 737 lost oil from both engines is a direct result of
a) engine vibration
b) human factors
c) human error

118. Motivation is
 a) the thing that drives someone to do something
b) a reward or punishment designed to reduce errors
c) a reward or punishment designed to increase work rate

119. On a task that is complex, an engineer uses his own procedures due to
pressure. This is legally termed
a) violation
b) initiative
c) modification

120. Large amounts of caffeine can

a) cause anxiety, headaches and stress
b) improve alertness and increase awareness
c) reduce anxiety and stress

121. The symptoms of stress are

a) indications of improved work performance
b) violence, sickness, absence from work, drug and alcohol abuse
c) irritability, forgetfulness, sickness, absence from work, drug and
alcohol abuse

122. Sleeping tablets can

a) help REM sleep and realign circadian rhythms
b) slow reaction time and dull the senses
c) increase alertness after waking the following morning

123. Peer pressure is

a) typified by the expression "the way we do it around here"
b) the perceived pressure to carry out a task in the same way your colleagues
would
c) the perceived pressure to conform to what you believe your
colleagues expect of you.

124. Studies have shown that working outside in a temperature of 55oF will have
what effect on hand dexterity?
a) None
b) Very slight
c) Around 50%

125. When working with bright lights consideration should be given to

a) glare
 b) shadows
c) blurred image

126. Visual inspection by an 'experienced' maintenance engineer is

a) knowledge and rule base behaviour
b) skill and knowledge based behaviour
c) skill and rule based behaviour

127. Information for certifying staff when medically unfit is found in

a) ANO
b) AWN 3
c) AWN 47

128. The eyesight of an engineer is the responsibility of

a) the optician
b) the engineer
c) the Quality Manager

129. What effect would the consumption of 3 - 5 units of alcohol?

a) Loss of quality of sleep
b) Low REM sleep
c) A drop in body temperature

130. The best type of handover is

a) the use of handover logs and a brief by the shift supervisor
b) when each individual gets a personal handover of the job
c) when written instructions are given by the engineer finishing his shift to the
engineer just beginning a shift.

131. Long shift work

a) decreases the ability to recognize defects
b) increases the ability to recognize defects
c) has no effect on the ability to recognize defects

132. A good team is one where every member has

a) an opinion
b) an input
c) a job

133. The memory can be aided by

a) memory checking
 b) mind logging
c) a checklist

134. In AWN 47 what is the recommended hearing test?

a) The ability to hear an average conversation voice at a distance of 10 feet
b) The ability to hear a certain noise at 8 feet
c) The ability to hear an average conversation voice at a distance of 6
feet

135. The most effective form of communication is

a) written communication
b) explicit communication
c) verbal communication

136. Circadian Rhythms control

a) urine output
b) body temperature
c) sleeping patterns

137. Cycles of sleep repeat

a) approximately each 4 hours
b) approximately each 90 minutes
c) approximately 20 minutes

138. Iconic memory

a) stores visual information and lasts up to ½ second
b) stores sounds and lasts up to 2 seconds
c) stores visual information and lasts up to 2 seconds

139. The first stage in information processing is

a) perception
b) memorizing
c) decision

140. Information, if not rehearsed is lost in

a) 10 - 20 seconds
b) 1 minute
c) 30 - 40 seconds

141. In AWN 47, what is the standard hearing test?

a) The ability to hear a conversation in a quiet room at 2 metres
b) The ability to hear a conversation in a quiet room at 10 metres
c) The ability to hear a conversation in a noisy room at 2 metres
142. Which of the following is true?
a) Noise does not affect a person's standard of work
b) Noise does affect the standard of work with certain people
c) Noise affects the standard of work proportionately with the level of the noise

143. AWN 47 states that the engineer

a) is responsible for the work he has signed for
b) is responsible for health and safety
c) does not report for work if unfit

144. Information in the short term memory not rehearsed will be lost is
a) 1 - 3 months
b) 2 - 3 weeks
c) 10 - 20 seconds

145. The effect on an engineer of environmental noise is

a) it improves concentration and quality of work
b) it decreases concentration and quality of work
c) it has no affect on concentration of quality of work

146. If a 737 had both engines serviced and lost oil from both engines in flight, this
a) can be considered an acceptable probability
b) can be expected to happen statistically due to the number of aircraft in service
c) would be a direct result of human error

147. Excess noise in a working environment can

a) not affect performance
b) lower resistance to other stresses
c) raise resistance to other stresses

148. What do you do when someone is hypothermic?

a) Warm them up
b) Give them a drink because of dehydration
c) Feed them sweet things because of their diabetes

149. An effective group work is when

a) everyone discusses ideas and opinions
b) everyone has a job to do
c) everyone contributes in some way

150. A stimulant allowed to be taken without a doctor's prescription is

a) bromine
 b) caffeine
c) antihistamine

151. The conditions laid down in AWN 47 are applicable to aircraft engineers
a) who sign for work completed
b) for their safety at work
c) when under the influence of drink or drugs

152. Which of the following defines a peer pressure situation?

a) Your girlfriend telling you to go out with her
b) Your supervising manager pressuring you to complete the current task on time
c) Your colleagues pressuring you to work faster so they can go home

153. If the temperature is - 15oC and you are working on the line, you should
a) stop all maintenance until the weather improves
b) carry on regardless of the weather to keep the aircraft flying
c) rotate engineers regularly and have a supervisor keep an eye on them

154. What is the NCAA standard for vision?

a) Acceptable uncorrected vision
b) Acceptable corrected vision
c) 18/20 vision

155. Trouble shooting is

a) rule based
b) skill based
c) knowledge based

156. A violation is
a) a deliberate departure from the rules
b) an unintentional error
c) an intentional act of sabotage

157. A mistake is
a) a deliberate departure from the rules
b) an unintentional error
c) an intentional act of sabotage

158. Consumption of 3 - 4 units of alcohol before sleep can

a) lower the body temperature
b) decrease the quality of sleep
 c) increase REM sleep

159. The cycles of body temperature, sleep requirement and alertness are called
a) earth cycles
b) ecto - meridian cycles
c) circadian rhythms

160. Studies have shown that working outside in a temperature of 55 oF will have
what effect on hand dexterity?
a) None
b) Very slight reduction
c) Around 50% reduction

161. To establish a reliable means of communication between teams

a) a detailed written handover is the most effective method
b) change-over logs and verbal communication are essential
c) detailed verbal communication is the most effective method

162. In theory, human error is most likely to occur

a) when the body temperature is stable
b) during very hot weather
c) when the body temperature is at its lowest

163. What happened to contribute towards the incident in 1995 where a Boeing 737
lost oil pressure and had to divert?
a) The boroscope inspection had been inadequate
b) The HP rotor drive covers of both engines had not been refitted after a
boroscope inspection
c) Both warning indications were faulty, due to crossed connections

164. What is the most common cause of in-flight engine shutdown?

a) Foreign object damage
b) Improper fault isolation, inspection or test
c) Incomplete installation

165. Organizational culture (whether good or bad) is best described as

a) "the way we do things around here"
b) written procedures
c) team resource management

166. The main disadvantage of carrying out critical inspections under very bright
artificial light is
 a) shadows
b) glare
c) filtered light

167. An individual suffering from stress when confronted with a task within his
capability is likely to think the task is
a) too demanding
b) someone else's responsibility
c) not demanding enough

168. Trouble shooting is

a) skill based
b) knowledge based
c) rule based

169. An experienced engineer fits the wrong seal during a routine component
change, this is
a) skill based
b) knowledge based
c) rule based

170. An engineer is working on a wing and kicks a spanner off into an engine cowl
and breaks a sensor, this is
a) skill based error
b) knowledge based error
c) rule based error

171. AWN 47 does not mention

a) sudafed
b) pep's
c) melatonin

172. The incident in 1995 where a Boeing 737 lost oil pressure and had to divert was
a) a typical human factors related error
b) to be expected due to the number of flights each day
c) due to Murphy's law

173. 3 - 4 units of alcohol taken before sleep reduces

a) quality of sleep
b) quantity of sleep
c) both
174. The retina is situated
a) in front of the cornea
b) behind the cornea with the lens
c) at the back of the eye with the optic nerve

175. An effective shift handover will comprise of

a) the outgoing and incoming personnel individually handing over ongoing tasks
b) the shift supervisor informing personnel of all ongoing work
c) handing over ongoing tasks in a designated area

176. Which is important in sleep?

a) Quality
b) Quantity
c) Both

177. The difference between a mistake and a violation is

a) a mistake is less serious than a violation
b) a violation is not deliberate
c) a mistake is unintentional and a violation is deliberate

178. Stressors in the environment of noise and heat will cause

a) a total loss of attention
b) a loss of attention and a distraction
c) no loss of attention

179. When going from day shift to night shift, efficiency

a) stays the same
b) will drop off in the first four weeks
c) will drop off after the first four weeks

180. An engineer finds his own method of doing a repetitive job.

a) He should be commended for his resourcefulness
b) He should hand it on to his junior colleagues
c) He is in regular violation

181. When working on aircraft, the consumption of alcohol

a) a certain amount is permissible
b) is permissible providing the drink driving limit is not exceeded
c) you cannot work on aircraft even 8 hours after consuming large
quantities of alcohol
182. An experienced engineer is fitting a valve. A required seal is not fitted. What
type of error is this?
a) Rule based
b) Skill based
c) Knowledge based

183. Most engineering related incidents are due to

a) installing dirty connectors
b) installing components incorrectly
c) installing worn or old components

184. What is the most important means of communication in aircraft maintenance

engineering?
a) Written
b) Implicit
c) Verbal

185. Drinking 3 - 4 units of alcohol before sleeping results in

a) a drop in body temperature
b) loss of quality sleep
c) loss of non-REM sleep

186. Environmental stresses in an extreme high temperature and noisy environment

causes
a) no loss of attention or distraction
b) total loss of attention
c) attention to be disturbed and distributed

187. In an organization which practices human factors there is

a) a no blame culture
b) no blame unless there is a deliberate violation
c) punishment for all violations

188. What effect does alcohol have on sleep?

a) Decreases quantity of sleep
b) Decreases quality of sleep
c) Both

189. The most effective form of communication is

a) written communication
b) implicit communication
c) verbal communication
190. The hub of the SHEL model of human factors is
a) liveware
b) hardware
c) environment

191. Motor programme refers to

a) a task that has been carried out so many times that it becomes
automatic
b) motivational computer software
c) a task that becomes programmed into short term memory

192. Memory which can be influenced by a person’s expectations of what should

have happened is
a) episodic
b) semantic
c) echoic

193. Little black books are

a) not to be used as information stored may be out of date
b) a good time saving device for an engineer
c) ok as long as the information stored is from an approved source

194. A person can be said to be motivated if

a) they are taking action to achieve something
b) they cut corners to get the job done quickly
c) they are on a productivity bonus

195. Group polarisation can result in

a) a group making a more cautious or extreme decision
b) a group making a better decision than the individual
c) members of the group not talking to one another

196. Narrowing of attention occurs in states of

a) low arousal
b) high arousal
c) optimum arousal

197. If you are given a task that you are unsure of you should
a) ask someone that’s done it before
b) consult the appropriate approved data
c) consult type course notes
198. A type 1 visual inspection error occurs when
a) a good item is incorrectly identified as faulty
b) a faulty item is missed
c) a duplicate inspection is not carried out

199. Hypoxia can

a) impair the sensitivity of the rods and hence have a detrimental effect
on eyesight
b) improve the night vision of the cones of the eyes
c) cause a person to slip into a coma if they are not quickly warmed up again

200. You are taking prescribed drugs.

a) Carry on working, as long as you know the primary and secondary
side effects
b) Do not carry out aircraft maintenance
c) Carry on as normal

201. Information in the long term memory

a) is easily lost
b) is easily transferred to the short term memory
c) is only available under hypnosis

202. How many things can be stored in the short term memory?
a) 0-5
b) 9 - 15
c) No limit

203. Which of the following is an acceptable substance, with regard to aircraft

maintenance?
a) Caffeine
b) Penicillin
c) Beta Blockers

204. Which of the following environments is best suited to aircraft maintenance?

a) Working outside, at night, in the rain
b) Working outside, in the direct midday sun
c) Working inside in a well lit, comfortable hangar

205. What is the difference between error and violation?

a) Error is deliberate, violation is not
b) Violation is deliberate, error is not
 c) No difference

206. Circadian Rhythms have a cycle of

a) 23 Hours
b) 24 Hours
c) 25 Hours

207. Which of the following statements is true regarding human performance?

a) Human performance is better with less stress, and in the morning
b) Human performance is better with less stress, and in the afternoon
c) Human performance is better with less stress, irrespective of the time
of day

208. What causes the most aircraft accidents?

a) Technical Fault
b) Communication
c) Misunderstanding between ATC and pilot on approach

209. What is a latent failure?

a) A mistake that has already been made, but has not yet caused an
accident
b) Receiving bad instruction from a manager who is out of touch with
maintenance
c) A failure which could not have been predicted

210. What happens when you break the "chain of error"?

a) Accident does not happen
b) Accident happens
c) Pilot submits report within 72 hours

211. Engineers often work on raised platforms, ladders etc. What dangers can this
contribute to?
a) Staging may be made of wood
b) Ladder may slip and man falls
c) Two workers may be carrying out maintenance on the same lift

212. Intense or loud noise may lead to

a) fatigue
b) deafness
c) no effects

213. After drinking alcohol, absorption is dependant on

 a) weight
b) age
c) time

214. Who is most likely to deviate from standard procedure?

a) Old tired man
b) Over confident, young man
c) Young, inexperienced man

215. The percentage of accidents attributable to aircraft maintenance and inspection

causes is
a) significant and rising
b) now less significant due to more advanced maintenance practices
c) now less significant due to the introduction of more sophisticated aircraft

216. Whilst working on an aircraft a spanner placed on the wing surface is kicked off
and subsequently falls into an open engine cowl, breaking off a sensor connector. This
is an example of
a) a skill based error
b) a punishable occurrence
c) Murphy's law

217. In the human eye most of the refraction required to bring an image into focus
on the retina is accomplished by the
a) cornea
b) iris
c) lens

218. The average capacity of the working memory is about

a) 4 chunks of information
b) 12 chunks of information
c) 7 chunks of information

219. Itemized checklists should be dealt with

a) as memorized
b) item by item, in order, to cover every step diligently
c) in any order, provided all steps are completed

220. Successful working teams have the following attributes:-

a) Members participate in team activities but retain their own
individual requirements
 b) All the team members work in isolation and therefore provide highly
individual solutions to the same problems
c) All the members participate in team activities and discussions

221. Good aircraft maintenance supervisory judgment is usually based upon

a) knowledge and experience and reference to course notes
b) the evidence available and forceful management ability
c) knowledge and experience and reference to approved data

222. The intake of caffeine in moderate quantities can result in

a) lack of sleep and subsequent disruption to the circadian rhythms
b) a temporary increase in the ability to sustain vigilance and
increased alertness
c) anxiety, headaches and negative mood states

223. Cold stress can be influenced by

a) the wind chill factor
b) insufficient vitamins in the diet
c) a drop in body temperature

224. Working excessively long shifts during unsociable hours can lead to
a) decreased ability to detect defects during aircraft maintenance
b) increased ability to detect defects during aircraft maintenance
c) an increased immunity to stress