FAMI

LY

 Abasi
cuni
tofsoci
etyconsi
der
edast
hef
oundat
ionof
thenat
ion.

 Agroupof
indi
vi
dual
swhoar
erel
atedbybl
ood,
mar
ri
age,
andadopt
ion,
orconsensual
uni
on,i
n

 general
consul
ti
ngasi
ngl
ehousehol
d,t
hat
isi
nter
act
ingandcommuni
cat
ingwi
theach
other
.

 Apr
imor
dial
nur
ser
yofhumanr
elat
ionshi
ps

 Mai
npur
vey
orof
lov
e,secur
it
yandsuppor
t

 Mai
ninst
rumentofsoci
ali
ntegr
ati
ont
hroughi
tsf
unct
ionsandsoci
ali
zat
ion

 Agent
sandbenef
ici
ari
esofdev
elopment
.

 1987Phil
ippi
neConsti
tuti
on-Thest
ater
ecogni
zesthesancti
tyoft
hefamilyl
if
eand
shal
lprot
ectandst
rengthenthef
amil
yasabasicautonomoussoci
ali
nsti
tuti
on(ART.I
I
sect
ion12).

 Thestateshall
recognizet
hef
ami l
yasthef
oundati
onofthenat
ion;
accordi
ngl
y,i
tshal
l
st
rengthenit
ssolidar
it
yandact
ivel
ypromot
eitstot
aldev
elopment(ART.XVsect
ion1)

FUNCTI
ONSOFAFAMI
LY

 Repr
oduct
ion

 Phy
sical
andEmot
ional
Needs

 Soci
alPl
acementoft
hechi
l
d

 Soci
ali
zat
ionandsoci
alcont
rol
  Mai
ntenanceofFami
l
yMor
aleandMot
ivat
ion

 Pr
oduct
ionofgoodsandser
vices

I
MPORTANCEOFAFAMI
LY

1.Thefamil
yist
hesour
ceofsecur
it
y–bel
ongi
ngness,
emot
ional
andeconomi
c
growthofi
tsmember
s

2.I
tservesasthefir
stenvi
ronmentthatprovidesthefoundat
ionf
orthechi
ld’
s
phy
sical,
social
,emoti
onalandmor alwell
-being.t
hesourceofchi
l
d’sdri
ve,
moti
vati
on,i
dealsandaspirat
ion.

3.I
tprovi
descont
inui
tyofsoci
alli
feandser
vesasthemajoragenti
nthe
t
ransmissi
onofnat
ionalcul
tur
eandtradi
ti
onfr
om onegenerat
iontoanot
her
.

4.I
tpl
aysacruci
alr
olei
ntheformati
onofFi
li
pinochar
act
er.I
tprov
idest
he
f
oundat
ionandgr
oundworkfort
hedevel
opmentofsetofval
uesandbeli
efsof
i
tsmembers.

TYPESOFFAMI
LIES

 Ext
ended-consi
stsgener
all
yofsev
eral
nucl
earf
ami
l
iesar
ray
edar
oundpar
ent
s.

 nuclear/conj
ungal/el
ement ary-consi
stsofamanandawomanwhoar egeneral
ly
expectedtoproducechil
dren,carefort
hem andhel
pthem i
ntheway
sofcul
ture.

 Ki
nshi
p-Anet
wor
korext
endedf
ami
l
ieswhi
chi
sli
nkedt
omor
ecompl
exf
ami
l
ysy
stem.

EXPOUNDI
NGONFI
LIPI
NOFAMI
LYSTRUCTURE

 MONOGAMY-Amar
ri
agecust
om ofhav
ingonespouse

 POLYGAMY-Amar
ri
agecust
omsofhav
ingmor
ethanonespouse.

 COMMON-Lawmar
ri
age:
Liv
ingi
npar
tner
sthatcohabi
t.
 EMERGI
NGTYPESOFFAMI
LIES

 Chi
l
dessFami
l
y

 Gr
andPar
entFami
l
y

 St
epFami
l
y

 LGBTFami
l
y

 Si
ngl
ePar
ent
Fami
l
y

I
ssuesandchal
lengesoff
ami
li
es

 "
Disi
ntegr
ati
onOfTheFami
ly
"

-Iti
sassoci
atedwit
htheincr
easi
ngfr
agi
lit
ymarri
age.Thebr eakupor
separati
onofhusband andwif
eei t
herdueto quar
rel
s,incompat
ibil
ityand
div
orce.

Cause-Theabsenceoft hefatherandhisnomi nalpr

esenceinthefamily
.
absenceofthemotherandhernegl i
genceinshoul
deri
ngherfamil
yduti
es.And
theUnfai
thf
ulnessofei
therspouse,thusi
gnit
ingpr
oblemsbetweenthem.

 "
Subst
anceabuse"

-r
eferstoconti
nueduseofsubst ancesthataffectthewayauser
f
unct
ionsphysi
cal
lyandsoci
all
y.I
tresul
tst
osocialoroccupat
ionali
mpai
rment
.

-TheDangerofdr
ugabuse

onceapersonstar
tsusingdr
ugsandsuccumbst orepeat
eduse,i
tbecomes
hardt
oquitonhisorherownvi
olat
ion.Themostf
ri
ghteni
ngef
fectofdr
uguse
i
sdependence.

-Whydochi
ldr
enandadul
tsusedr
ugs?

The most common reason given by chi

ldr
en and y
oung adul
tsi
sthat
thi
spr
ohi
bit
eddrugsar
erelat
ivel
yeasytoget.
  "
Economi
cdi
ff
icul
ti
es"

oneofthemaj orchall
engesoffami
li
estoday.Wor stsi
tuat
ionshappen
whenchi
ldrencannolongergot
oschool
.Thechil
drentendtobeemployed
andt
owor ksothatt
heycanaugmentt
ofamil
yincome.

 CausesofEconomi
cDi
ff
icul
ti
es

 Unempl
oymentorunder
empl
oyment

 Heal
thi
ssues

 Lackofeducat
ionorski
ll
s

 Di
scr
imi
nat
ion

 Ri
sing i nci
dence of ear
ly sexual i
nvol
vement and t
eenage
pr
egnanci
es/marri
age'
s.

 Tooear lysexuali
nvolv
ementt hi
sref
erstoengagi
nginsomef
orm ofsexual
encounter or sexuali nter
cour
se at an earl
y age.Too ear
ly sexual
i
nvolvementof t
enleadst oWASTEDlives.

 W-weaksel
fimage

A-adol
escentort
eenagepr
egnancy

S-sexual
lyt
ransmi
tt
edi
nfect
ions

T-t
eenmar
ri
age

E-emot
ionalwounds

D-di
srupt
edgoal
s

 St
rongnegat
ivei
nfl
uenceofmedi
a

Mediahasanegati
vei
nfl
uenceonthefamil
y,especiall
yontheyout
h.Because
ofmediathe i
nter
per
sonal
rel
ati
onshi
ps i
nt he fami l
yseemst o hav
e been
negl
ect
ed.Fami
lyti
est
hatusetobeverycl
osearebei ngthr
eat
ened.

 Fami
lyv
iol
ence
 Def
ineasanactusingpoweroveramemberofaf
ami
lyusual
lyi
nthef
orm of
phy
sicalorpsy
chol
ogi
calassaul
t.

 Ty
pesandf
ormsofabuse

 Physicalabuse-Thei
nfl
i
cti
onofpai
nandi
njur
yincl
udi
ngbr
uisi
ng,
punchi
ng,
rest
raini
ngorsexualmol
esti
ng.

 Psychologicalabuse-Theinf
li
cti
onofment
alangui
shsuchani
nti
midat
ing,
humili
ating,andthreat
eni
ngharm.

 Sexualabuse-nonconsensualsexualcont
actwi
tht
hespouse.I
nwor
st
si
tuati
oniti
sdonewit
hthechild/
chil
dren.

CausesofFami
lyPr
obl
em

 Dist
orted v
alue -Infl
uenced by incr
easi
ng inf
luence of changes i
nthe
envi
ronmentandint
ernalandext
ernalpr
essuresi
nthefamily
.

 Conf
li
cti
ngPr i
ori
ties-Whenpar ent
shavedi
ffer
entgoalsandobj
ect
ives,i
t
i
mpactsthechil
dren'
sbehav
iort
owardsi
ndi
vi
dualdev
elopment
.

 Largefami
lysi
ze-I
mpl
icat
esst
ret
chedr
esour
cesf
ort
hedai
lyexpensesf
ort
he
famil
y.

 Ir
responsibl
espouse-Thetendencyf
ori
rr
esponsi
blepar
ent
almanagement
andchal l
engesinthefami
lyiswhenoneorbothspousesarenotabl
et o
managet hefami
lywel
l.

 Povert
y-Thi sist hebiggestandr ootprobl
em ofall
.Wi t
hpov er
ty,l
if
eand
devel
opmentoft hecommuni t
yf amil
ybecomesonl ycenter
edonpr ovidi
ng
dai
lysustenance.Otherdevelopmentendeavorssuchasaccess,secur
ityand
educat
ionbecomesecondar y
.Thi sexposesthefami
lyespeci
all
ythechildr
en
tobeexposedt ori
sksandhazar dsinthesoci
etyandt
hecommuni ty
.

Fami
lyAssest
mentTool
s
Whati
sFami
lyassessmentt
ool
s?

 Famil
yassessmenttool
sar
easystematicwayofunder
standi
ngt
hefami
l
yand
aidt
hem ineval
uati
ngthei
mpactofil
lnessonapersonandonhis/
herr
olei
n
thef
amil
y.

Pur
poseofFami
lyAssessmentTool
s

 Prov
idesaconsi
stentbaseofi
nfor
mat
iont
oinf
orm andsuppor
tint
erv
ent
ion
deci
sions

√Genogr
am -Agraphicr
epresent
ati
onofaf
amil
ytr
eethatdi
spl
aystheint
eract
ionof
gener
ati
onswit
hinaf ami
ly.asyst
emati
candcompr
ehensi
veassessmentofaf ami
ly
thr
oughti
me.

Pur
poseofCr
eat
ingaGenogr
am

 Genograms can serv

e as a mul ti
gener
ati
onal assessment t
ool f
or
under
standi
ngf
amil
yfunct
ioni
ngandf
amilypr
ocesses.

 Pr
ovi
desaqui
ckunder
standi
ngofcompl
exf
ami
lypat
ter
ns.

Ty
pesofI
nfor
mat
ionr
ecor
dedi
naGenogr
am

 Basi
cFamil
yStr
uctur
e-Itincl
udest
hef
ami
lymember
sint
hepar
ti
cul
arf
ami
ly
,
amongwhom t
hereexi
sts

 bi
ologicalandlegalr
elati
onshi
ps.I
tal
soi
ncl
udesf
ami
lymember
swhoar
e
dead,divor
cedandseparat
ed.

 Inf
ormati
on about the Indiv
idual Famil
y Members -Itincludes t
heir
demographi
cdata(bi
rthdate,deathdate,y
earofmar
ri
age,y
earofsepar
ati
on
and/ordi
vor
ce)
.

 I
nfor
mat i
on aboutFamil
y Relat
ionshi
ps -Pat
ter
ns ofcl
oseness,dist
ance,
host
il
it
yandconfli
ctandest
rangementamongthefamil
ymembers.genogram,
 bytheuseofdi
ff
erentl
inest
orepr
esentt
hedi
ff
erentt
ypesofr
elat
ionshi
p
pat
ter
ns.

Fami
lyAPGAR
-Thi
sisa5-quest
ionassessmenttoolusedforr
api
dassessmentoffami
lyf
uncti
onand
dysf
unct
ion.I
tmeasuresanindiv
idual’
slev
elofsat
isf
act
ionaboutf
amil
yrel
ati
onshi
ps:

 Adaptat
ion-theabil
i
tyofafamil
ytouseandshar
einher
entr
esour
ceswhi
chcan
beeit
herint
ra-orext
ra-
fami
l
ial.

 Par
tner
shi
p-theshari
ngofdeci
sionmakingwhi
chmeasur
est
hesat
isf
act
ionof
sol
vi
ngprobl
emsthroughcommunicat
ing.

 Growth-per t
ainstobothphysi
calandemot
ionalaspect
sandmeasur
est
he
sati
sfact
ionofthef
reedom t
ochange.

 Affect
ion-emot i
onsthatar
esharedwi
thandbetweenfamil
ymemberswhi ch
measur ethesat
isf
act
ionwit
hthei
nti
macyandemoti
onali
nter
act
iont
hatexi
stin
thefamily
.

 Resol
ve-ref
erstohow t
ime,money
,andspacear
eshared;thi
smeasur
est
he
sat
isf
act
ionwit
hthecommit
mentmadebymembersoft
hef amil
y.

CLI
NICALBI
OGRAPHY

Cli
nicalBi
ographyandLi feEv ents:atoolt
hathasthecapacit
yt oputsidebyside
si
gnifi
cantli
fe and cli
nicalev ents wi
ththei
rdates ofoccurr
ences and make a
connecti
onbetweenthesef act
s.

SCREEM -I ti
sanacr onymt hatr epr
esentsf amil
yr esour
cesandi sat oolwheret he
familyphysici
anhel psthefamilymember si denti
fyandassesst hei
rresourcestomeet
acrisis.I
fthereisal ackofresources,i
tcanal soserveasakindofpat hologyincer
tain
sit
uations.Relat
ionshipsofhealthbehav i
or,pract
ices,anduti
li
zati
onofheal thser
vices
andbar ri
erstopatientcare.
Fami
lyLi
fel
ine:
 Iti
susedtoshow thefami
l
yssi
gni
fi
cantev
ent
sov
eraper
iodoft
imei
na
chr
onol
ogi
cal
sequence.

 I
tincl
udesnor
mat
iveandnonnor
mat
ivecr
isi
s

 I
tissomet
imespl
acedsi
debysi
dewi
tht
hei
l
lnesshi
stor
y

 I
thel
pspr
ocesshowf
lexi
bleaf
ami
l
yiswhendeal
i
ngwi
tht
hesechanges

Fami
lyLi
feCy
cle
 Abri
ef,
graphi
cmethodfordi
scl
osing,
gat
heri
ng,
anddi
scussi
ngf
ami
l
ydy
nami
cs
asdi
scussedbyoneormorefamil
ymembers.

 Ar
eof
tenusedi
nindi
vi
dual
sbutt
heycanbeappl
i
edt
osmal
lgr
oups.

Ecomap
Atthecenteroftheecomap,asimpli
fi
edview oft
hetar
getfamil
ymember
sint
he
househol
dshoul
dbedepict
ed,usi
ngGenogr
am symbol
sandconvent
ions.

Genogr
am
maybedef inedasav i
sualtoolf orexplor
ingacl i
ent
’ssocialr
elati
onshipsacrosst i
me.
Typi
call
y,t
hesear efamil
ialrelati
onships.Ingeneral
,thegenogram isusefulingatheri
ng
i
nformati
on,under st
andingr elat
ionshipdy namicsandbehav i
or alpat
terns,promot i
ng
thecl
ient
’sself
-underst
anding, conductingassessments,andgui di
ngthepr act
it
ionerto
i
nterv
enti
ons.

WHATI
SSOCI
ALENVI
RONMENT?
Bar
net
t& Casper(
2001)ar
gued t
hathuman soci
alenv
ironment
s encompass t
he
i
mmedi at
ephysicalsurr
oundings,socialr
elat
ionships,
andculturalmili
euswi t
hinwhich
def
inedgroupsofpeopl efuncti
onandi nteract,itmeanst hatt hem humansoci al
envi
ronmentincludesthewhol ephy sicalenv i
ronment,socialrel
at i
onsandcul t
ur al
envi
ronmentwhichi sdefi
nedasagr oupofpeopl ewi t
hcertainfunctionsandint
eract
wit
heachother.

RI
GHTBASEDPERSPECTI
VE
 TheRi ght
s-Based Per
specti
vefocusesontheinher
entri
ghtsand di
gni
tyof
i
ndivi
duals and emphasizes t
heirenti
tl
ementto cer
tai
n basi
cright
s and
fr
eedoms.

 Itcent
ersaroundtheideathatever
yper sonshouldhav
eaccesstoessent
ial
resour
ces,opport
uni
ti
es,and pr
otect
ions,regar
dlessofthei
rbackgr
ound or
cir
cumstances.

 Thi
s perspect
ive encour
ages a pr
oact
ive appr
oach t
o addr
essi
ng soci
al
i
nequal
i
tiesandinj
usti
ces.

Exampl
e:Ensur
ingt
hatal
lchi
l
drenhav
eaccesst
ofr
eeandqual
i
tyeducat
ioni
sa
manifestat
ionoft herights-
basedper
specti
ve.Thisapproachassert
sthateducati
oni
s
a f undament al right of ev er
y child, ir
respect
ive of t hei
r socioeconomi
c
background,gender,
oret hni
cit
y.

WHATI
SAHUMANRI
GHTSBASEDAPPROACH?
Ahumanr ight
sbasedappr oachisaboutempower ingpeopletoknow andcl
aimthei
r
ri
ght
sandi ncreasingt heabil
i
tyandaccountabi
li
tyofindi
vidual
sandinsti
tut
ionswho
arer
esponsibl
ef orrespect
ing,pr
otect
ingandful
fi
ll
i
ngr i
ght
s.

GENDERANDDEVELOPMENTPERSPECTI
VE
 The Genderand Devel
opmentPer spect
iverecogni
zes the r
ole ofgender
dynami
csinshapi
ngsoci
ali
nequal
i
tiesanddevelopmentout
comes.

 I
thighli
ghtsthe need t
o analy
ze and addr
essthe unequalpowerrelat
ions
bet
weengenders,andaimst oempowerwomenandot hermargi
nal
izedgenders
topar
ti
cipat
eful
lyinsoci
al,
economicandpoli
ti
cal
spheres.

 i
sadev
elopmentper
spect
ivet
hatr
ecogni
zest
heunequal
stat
usandsi
tuat
ionof
 womenandmeni
nsoci
ety
.

Exampl
e:I
mpl
ement
ingpol
i
ciest
hatpr
omot
egenderequal
i
tyi
nthewor
kpl
ace,
suchasequalpayforequalworkandprovi
dingpar
entall
eaveforbothmenand
women,i
sanapplicat
ionofthegenderanddevel
opmentperspect
ive.

MAGNACARTAOFWOMEN
 TheMagnaCar taofWomen( Republi
cActNo.9710)def i
nesGenderand
Dev el
opmentPr ogram (GAD)ast hedev el
opmentperspectiveandpr ocess
thatis parti
cipatory and empower i
ng,equi
tabl
e,sustainable,free fr
om
viol
ence,respectfulofhumanr i
ghts,suppor
ti
veofsel f
-determinati
onand
actuali
zat
ionofhumanpot ent
ial
s.

 I
tseekst oachievegenderequalit
yasaf undamentalval
uet
hatshouldbe
ref
lect
edindevelopmentchoicesandcontendsthatwomenareact
iveagent
s
ofdevel
opment,notjustpassi
vereci
pient
sofdev el
opment.

 Gender-refer
stoani ndi
vi
dual'
sanat
omi
calsex,orsexualassi
gnment
,and
t
hecul
tur
alandsoci
alaspectsofbei
ngmal
eorfemale.

 Ge nderRole-Outwar
dexpr
essi
onofgenderi
dent
it
yaccor
dingt
ocul
tur
aland
social
expect
ati
ons.

 SexualOri
entati
on-r eferstoherorhisrol
er el
ati
veatt
ract
iont
omember sof
samesex(homosexual
),othersex(het
erosexual)andbot
hsexes(bi
sexual
).

 Ge nderIdenti
ty-appear
stof
orm v
eryear
lyi
nli
fe and i
s mostl
i
kel
y
i
nrever
seabl
ebyage4.

 SexualDif
ferenti
ati
on-whichencompassesthepsychologicalprocesses
wher
ebyf
emalesbecomef
emal
esandmalesbecomemales,beginsprenatall
y.

 Genet
ics-i
sthesci
ent
if
icst
udyofher
edi
ty.

-st
udygenes,
basi
cuni
tsofher
edi
tyt
hatdet
ermi
nei
nher
it
edchar
act
eri
sti
cs.

 Soci
ali
zat
ion-t
hepr
ocesswher
ebyachi
l
dlear
nst
henor
msandr
olesoft
hat
 societ
y has creat
ed forhi
s orhergender
,play
s a si
gnif
icantr
olei
nthe
establ
ishmentofherorhi
ssenseoff
emal
enessormal
eness.

 Genderdy
sphor
ia-emot
ional
conf
usi
onandpai
nov
ert
hei
rgenderi
dent
it
y.

 Transsexualism -sometheywerebornint
ot hewronggender-body,
thatt
hei
r
i
nter
nalsenseofgenderi
sinconsi
stentwi
ththeirext
ernal
sexual
biol
ogy.

 Transexual-maydesir
eto beri
d oft
hei
rpri
maryand secondar
ysexual
str
uctur
esandacqui
ret
hoseofot
hersexbyunder
goi
ngsex-r eassi
gnment
surger
y.

 Transexual-shouldnotbeconf
usedwi
tht
ransv
est
it
es,
whoenj
oywear
ingt
he
cl
othi
ngoftheothergender
.

 Genderr
oles-ar
ecul
tur
alandper
sonal
.

-theydet
erminehowmal esandf
emal
esshoul
dthi
nk,
speak,
dress,
i
nter
actwi
thi
nthecontextofsoci
ety
.

 Gendereschemas-ar edeepl
yembeddedcogni
ti
vef
ramewor
ksr
egar
ding
whatf
emi
nineandmascul
i
ne.

 Soc i
alizi
ngagents-parents,t
eachers,peers,movies,
t el
evi
sion,music,books
andr el
i
giont
eachandreinforcegenderr ol
est hr
oughoutt helif
espan,parents
probabl
yexer
tthegr
eat
estinfl
uence,especial
lyontheirveryyoungoffspri
ng.

 Genderst ereotypes-aresimpli
cgeneral
izat
ionsaboutgenderat
tri
but
es,
di
ff
erencesandrol
esofi
ndi
vi
dual
s,andor/groups.

 Femal
est
ereot
ypi
crol
e-i
stomar
ryandhav
echi
l
dren.

 Mal
est
ereot
ypi
crol
e-i
stobet
hef
inanci
alpr
ovi
der
.

 Andr
ogy
ny-bl
endi
ng off
emi
nine and mascul
i
ne at
tri
but
es i
nthe same
i
ndi
vi
dual
.

 An drogyne/Androgy nousperson-doesnotneat
lyfi
tint
oafemal
eormal
e
genderrol
e:sheorhecanconf
ort
ablyexpr
esst
hequal
iti
esofbot
hgender
s.
STRUCTURALFUNCTI
ONALI
SM THEORY

 Functi
onal
ism-al so call
ed struct
ural-
funct
ionaltheor
y ,sees soci
ety as a
str
ucturewit
hinterr
elat
edpartsdesignedtomeett hebi
ologi
calandsoci
alneeds
oftheindi
vi
dualsinthatsoci
ety.

 Funct
ional
i
sm grew outoft hewrit
ingsofEngli
shphil
osopherandbi
ologi
st,
HebertSpencer(1820–1903),who saw si
mil
ari
ti
esbet
weensociet
yandt he
humanbody .

 Her
bertSpencer-
hear guedt hatjustasthevari
ousor
gansoft hebodywork
t
ogethert
okeepthebodyf unctioni
ng,t
hevari
ouspar
tsofsoci
etywor
ktoget
her
t
okeepsociet
yfunct
ioning(Spencer1898)
.

 Thepart
sofsoci et
ythatSpencerr ef
erredtower ethesociali
nsti
tut
ions,or
pat
ter
nsofbelief
sandbehav ior
sf ocusedonmeet i
ngsocialneeds,suchas
gover
nment
,educati
on,
famil
y,heal
thcare,rel
i
gion,
andtheeconomy.

 I
nahealthysoci
ety
,allpart
sworkt ogethert
omaintai
nstabi
l
ity
,ast
atecal
l
ed
dynami
cequi
li
bri
um bylat
ersoci
ologist
ssuchasParsons(
1961).

 Socialfact
sarethel
aws,morals,val
ues,rel
i
giousbel
i
efs,cust
oms,fashi
ons,
ri
tuals,
andall
oft
hecul
tur
alr
ulesthatgover
nsociall
i
fe(
Durkhei
m 1895)
.

 Forexample,onefunct
ionofasoci
ety
’sl
awsmaybet opr
otectsoci
etyfrom
vi
olence,
whileanot
heri
stopuni
shcr
imi
nal
behav
ior
,whi
l
eanotheri
stopreserv
e
publi
chealt
h.

o Manif
estfunct
ionsar
etheconsequencesofasoci
alpr
ocesst
hatar
esoughtor
ant
ici
pat
ed.

o Latentfunct
ionsaretheunsoughtconsequencesofasoci
alpr
ocess.Amani
fest
functi
onofcollegeeducat
ion.

o forexample,i
ncl
udesgaini
ngknowl edge,pr
epar
ingf
oracar
eer
,andf
indi
nga
goodjobthatut
il
izest
hateducat
ion.

o Soci
alprocesses t
hathav e undesi
rabl
e consequences f
ort
he oper
ati
on of
soci
etyar
ecalleddy
sfunct
ions.

o exampl
esofdy
sfunct
ioni
ncl
udeget
ti
ngbadgr
ades,t
ruancy
,dr
oppi
ngout
,not
 gr
aduat
ing,
andnotf
indi
ngsui
tabl
eempl
oyment
.

o Onecrit
ici
sm oft
hest
ruct
ural
-f
unct
ionalt
heor
yist
hati
tcan’
tadequat
elyexpl
ain
soci
alchange.

o Manysoci
ologi
stsnowbeliev
ethatf
uncti
onal
ism i
snolongerusef
ulasamacro-
l
evel
theor
y,butthati
tdoesserv
eausefulpur
poseinsomemi d-
lev
elanal
yses.

HUMANRI
GHTS

 Humanr i
ghtsar
ef undamentalri
ghtsandf r
eedomst hatareinher
entl
ygrantedto
ever
yhumanbei ng.InthePhil
ippi
nes,theseri
ghtsareenshrinedi
nthePhi l
i
ppine
Consti
tut
ionandv ari
ousint
ernati
onaltreat
iesandagr eements.I
tisessenti
alto
under
standyourri
ghtsandlegalprotecti
onstoensuret haty
oucanexerciseyour
fr
eedomsandpr otectyour
sel
ff r
om anyv i
olat
ions.

HUMANRI
GHTSI
NTHEPHI
LIPPI
NES

 Ri
ghtt
oli
fe,
li
ber
ty,
andsecur
it
yofper
son

Ther i
ghttolif
e,li
berty
,andsecurit
yofaper sonisaf undamentalhumanright.I
t
guaranteeseverypersonther
ighttol i
vefreefrom anyform ofvi
olenceorabuse.
ThePhi li
ppi
neConst it
uti
onprohibi
tsar bit
raryarrestanddetenti
on,tor
tur
e,and
ext
rajudici
alkil
li
ng.Thecount r
yhasl awsandi nst
it
uti
onsi nplacetopr ot
ect
i
ndividualsfr
om theseabuses,suchast heAnt i
-Tort
ureActof2009,theHuman
Securit
yActof2007, andtheCommi ssi
ononHumanRi ghts.

 Ri
ghtt
oduepr
ocessofl
aw

Theri
ghttoduepr ocessofl
awi stheri
ghttoafairt
ri
al,t
hepresumpti
onof
i
nnocence,andtherightt
olegalrepr
esent
ati
on.ThePhili
ppi
nelegalsy
stem
ensur
esthatindi
vi
dualsar
enotsubjectt
ounfai
rtr
eatmentbythestat
e.

 Legal
remedi
esf
orhumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions

Ifyoubel i
evethatyourhumanr i
ght
shav ebeenviol
atedinthePhil
i
ppines,there
arel egalr emedies avai
labl
et oy ou.You can f i
l
e a complaintwi tht he
Commi ssi
ononHumanRi ght
s,ani
ndependentgovernmentagencytaskedwi th
protect
inghumanr i
ghts.Youcanalsoseeklegalassi
stancefr
om alawy erora
human r i
ghts organi
zati
on,such as Human Ri ghts Watch and Amnest y
I
nternational
.
-Humanr i
ghtsar ei
nherenttousal l
,regar
dlessofnat
ional
i
ty,sex,nat
ionaloret
hni
c
or
igi
n,col
or,r
eli
gion,
language,oranyotherst
atus.
..

 TheUniv
ersalDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi ght
s(UDHR)
,adopt
edbytheUNGeneral
Assembl
yi n1948,wast hefir
stlegaldocumenttosetoutthefundament
al
humanri
ghtstobeuniver
sal
lyprot
ected.

 TheUDHR,toget
herwiththe2cov enant
s-theI nt
ernat
ionalCov
enantforCi
vi
l
andPoli
ti
calRi
ghts,andtheInt
ernati
onalCovenantforEconomic,Soci
aland
Cul
tur
alRi
ghts-makeuptheInt
ernati
onalBi
l
lofRights.

 Thepri
nci
pleofuni
ver
sal
i
tyofhumanright
sist hecor
nerst
oneofi nt
ernat
ional
humanri
ghtsl
aw.Thi
smeansthatwear
eallequall
yent
it
ledtoourhumanr i
ghts.

 Humanr ight
sareinal
i
enable.Theyshouldnotbetakenaway,excepti
nspeci
fi
c
sit
uati
onsandaccordi
ngtoduepr ocess.Forexampl
e,ther
ightt
ol i
ber
tymaybe
rest
ri
ctedifaper
sonisfoundguil
tyofacrimebyacourtofl
aw.

 Allhumanright
sareindi
vi
si
bleandint
erdependent
.Thismeanst hatonesetof
ri
ghtscannotbeenjoy
edful
lywi
thoutt
heot her
.Forexampl
e,makingprogr
essin
ci
v i
landpoli
ti
calr
ight
smakesiteasi
ertoexerci
seeconomic,soci
alandcul
tur
al
ri
ghts.

 Art
icl
e1oftheUDHRst
ates:“
Allhumanbei
ngsar
ebor
nfr
eeandequali
ndi
gni
ty
andri
ght
s.”

 Fr
eedom f
rom di
scr
imi
nat
ion,
setouti
nAr
ti
cle2,
iswhatensur
est
hisequal
i
ty.

 AllSt
ateshaver
ati
fi
edatleast1ofthe9corehumanr i
ght
streat
ies,
aswel
las1
ofthe9opti
onalpr
otocol
s.Ei
ghtypercentofSt
ateshav
erati
fi
ed4ormore.

 Theobli
gati
ontorespectmeanst
hatStat
esmustr
efr
ainf
rom i
nter
fer
ingwi
thor
cur
tai
l
ingtheenj
oymentofhumanright
s.

 The obl
igat
ion t
o prot
ectrequi
res St
atest
o pr
otecti
ndi
vi
dual
s and gr
oups
agai
nsthumanr i
ght
sabuses.

 Theobli
gat
iontofulf
il
lmeanst
hatStat
esmustt
akeposi
ti
veact
iont
ofaci
l
itat
e
theenj
oymentofbasi
chumanri
ghts.

MI
CRO-MEZZO-MACRO
 themicr
o-mezzo-macr
oapproachhelpssocialwor
ker
stov i
ewpeopl easact
ive
agent
swhoselives,
rel
ati
onshi
ps,andenvi
ronmentsar
eint
er-dependent
.

 Themi croleveli
ncorporatesfacets( sides)oft heindiv
idualsuchasbi ologi
cal
,
psychologi
cal,devel
opment al,spir
itual,emot ional
,cogniti
ve,recreati
onal,and
fi
nancialaspectsofpersonalityandi ndividualfuncti
oningconsideredvitalt
oa
person’swell
-bei
ng.Thislevelalsoincludesf actor
ssuchasage, gender,i
ncome,
andethnicbackground.

 Themezzol ev
elconsi
stsofelementsinaper son’
si mmediateenvi
ronment.
Fami
ly,f
ri
ends,co-
worker
s,nei
ghborhood,workenvi
ronment,churchacti
vi
ti
es,
l
ocal
resour
cesandservi
ces,
andtransport
ati
oncoul
dallfal
li
ntothemezzolevel
.

 Themacroleveli
ncludeslargersocialfor
cesthatmi ghtaf
fectani
ndi
vidual
,such
as gover
nmentalpol i
cy,discri
mi nati
on,oppr essi
on,socialpol
icy
,economi c
condi
ti
ons,soci
etal
v al
ues,andev enhistor
icalevent
s.

 Whenassessinganddev el
opingani nt
ervent
ionwithaclient
,socialworker
s
woul
dconsidertheseandmanyot heraspectsonal lt
hreelevel
st hatseem
r
elev
antt
otheclient
’spar
ti
cularpr
oblem andsi
tuat
ion.

 themicr
o-mezzo-macr
oappr oachcanbeusedt
oexplor
ehow pastissueson
dif
fer
entlev
elshaveaffect
edclient
saswel
lashow t
heyar
eaffect
ingclient
s’
curr
entf
unctioni
ng.

 Thest
rengthsperspecti
veisbasedont heassumpti
onthatal
lhumanbeings
hav
ethecapacityf orgrowt
h,change,andadaptat
ion(
Weick,Rapp,Sul
l
ivan,
&
Kisthar
dt,
1989) .

 Allpeopl
e, r
egardl
essofthesev
eri
tyoft
hei
rsi
tuat
ionorpr
obl
ems,
possessski
l
ls,
capabil
it
ies,andstr
engt
hs.

 Al
lindi
vi
dualshavestr
engths,
andtheyar
emuchmor el
i
kel
ytogrowandchange
whenthesestr
engths,
rat
herthant
hedefi
cienci
es,
areemphasi
zed.

1.Respecti
ng cl
i
ents’strengt
hs—Soci
alwork pr acti
ce is gui
ded fi
rstand
for
emostbyapr o-foundawarenessof,andr espectfor,cli
ent
s’posi
ti
ve
att
ri
butesandabi
l
iti
es,tal
ent
sandresour
ces,desiresandaspir
ati
ons.
 2. Cl
ient
s hav e many str
engths—I
ndiv
idual
s and groups havev ast,of
ten
untapped and fr
equentl
yunappreci
ated r
eserv
oir
sofphy si
cal
,emot i
onal
,
cognit
ive, i
nter
personal
, soci
al and spir
it
ual energi
es, r
esources and
compet enci
es.

3.Cl
ientmotivat
ion i
s based on foster
ing cli
entst r
engt hs—Indi
vi
duals and
gr
oupsar emor eli
kel
yt ocontinueaut onomousdev elopmentandgr owth
wheniti
sfundedbythecoinoftheircapacit
ies,knowledge, andski
ll
s.

4.Thesocialworkeri
sacollaborat
orwiththecl
ient—Therol
eof“exper
t”or
“pr
ofessi
onal
”may notpr ovide t
he bestvantage poi
ntfrom whi
ch to
appreci
atecl
i
entstr
engt
hs.

5.Avoi
dingt
hev i
cti
m mindset
—Emphasi
zi
ngandorienti
ngtheworkofhel
ping
ar
oundcli
ent
s’str
engt
hscanhel
ptoavoid“
blami
ngt hevi
cti
m”.

6. Any envi
ronmentisf ul
lofr esour
ces—In every envi
ronmentt here are
indi
vi
dualsandinsti
tu-ti
ons[that]havesomethingt ogive,somethingthat
other
smaydesper at
elyneed...andforthemostpart,theyareuntappedand
unsoli
cit
ed.

EMPOWERMENT

-
empowerment
,the“pr
ocessofi
ncreasi
ngpersonal
,i
nterper
sonal,orpol
it
icalpowerso
i
ndi
-vi
dual
scantakeacti
ontoi
mprovethei
rli
fesit
uati
on”(Guti
err
ez,1990,p.149).

 Accor
dingt
oCowgerandSniv
ely:Promot
ingempowermentmeansbel
i
evi
ngt
hat
peopl
earecapabl
eofmaki
ngtheirownchoi
cesanddeci
sions.

 Empower menti nvol

vesredist
ri
buti
ngresourcessot hatthevoicesandv i
sionsof
personspr ev
iouslyexcl
udedf rom par
adigmsandpar adigm-buil
dingprocesses
areincluded.Specifi
cal
l
y ,empower mentist heprocesst hroughwhi chpeople
gai
nt hepowerandr esourcesnecessaryt
oshapet heirwor l
dsandr eachtheirf
ull
humanpot ential
.

 Thepur poseofempower mentisi nessencethepur poseofsoci alwork:to

preser
veandrest
orehumandi gnit
y,tobenef
itf
rom andcelebrat
et hedi
ver
sit
ies
ofhumans,andtotransf
orm ourselvesandoursociet
yintoonet hatwel
comes
andsupportst
hevoi
ces,t
hepot enti
al,t
hewaysofknowing,theenergi
esofusall
.

ANTIOPPRESSI
VEAPPROACH

,
-Ant
i-
oppr
essi
veappr
oachi
sfocusedont
hepoweri
mbal
ances.
 I
twor
kst
owar
dthepr
omot
ionofchanget
oredr
esst
hebal
anceofpower
.

 Ant i
-oppressivepr acti
ceisndef i
nedasapr acti
ce“ basedonanunder standingof
how t heconcept sofpower ,oppr essi
onandi nequal
itydeter
mi neper sonaland
structuralrel
ations”Dal r
ympl eandBur ke(2006)I nasi mil
arvein,LenaDomi nell
i
(2002)st atesthatant i
-oppressivemeasur es“ aimt odeconstr
uctanddemy s-ti
fy
oppr essiverelati
onsasst eppingst onesont her oadt ocreat
ingnon-oppr essive
ones”( p.13) .Theul ti
mat egoalofsoci alwor kpr act
icefr
om t hi
sper spectiveis
thecr eati
onofnon- oppressiverelati
onsr ootedi nequali
ty.

THANKYOU

GOODLUCK,
,