3 3 - Presupposition OF Entailmeni g us all a trip to Paris for the holiday. He's givin. Entailment king a trip to Paris. a holiday. Presupposition Presupposition city called Paris. Table of contents PRESUPPOSITION DEFINITIONS 4 PROPOSITION ¢ CONSTANCY UNDER NEGATION TYPES OF THE PROJECTION PRESUPPOSITION PROBLEM ORDERED ENTAILMENT 1. Definitions Presupposition Entailment Something the speaker assumes Something that logically tobe the case prior to making an _ follows from what is asserted utterance. in the utterance. eakers have pre — suppositions. => Sentences have entailments2. Presupposition Proposition is the part of the meaning of a sentence that determines its truth condition. 2. Presupposition Constancy under negation: The presupposition of a statement remains constant even when that statement is negated. Laura likes her cat. (= p) Laura doesn't like her cat. (= not p) Laura has a cat. (q) pang Not p >> q ae NE 3. Types of Presupposition Oo o Existential Factive Counter-factual heard that you settled Wiig you kn down that you found a ; sn married sas youal girl that you Lexical Non-factive Imagine all the people Quit ph living life in peace.resupposition smmitted to the existence of entities named. sssive construction and definite noun phrase >> You have a Car. 2. The King of Sweden is coming, (p) >> Sweden has a king PRESUPPOSITION that 4 aware”. jwas? t oe marie aura wgnformation can be treated as 2 fact. Presupposed Linguistic forms: know, realize, regret, be aware, odd, gl. She didn’t know that he’s very good >> He's very good. She couldn't realize that his family is tich. >> His family is rich Lexical presupposition n to presupposed unstated meaning, begin, continue), V of Expression is takei Linguistic forms: state V (stop, movement (come, go), again, ete- She stopped crying. >> She used to cry: She asked him to give her money again. >> He gave her money before.Lexical vs. Factive Presupposition: Lexical vs. Factive Presupposition: ¥ Lexical: another/ unstated concept Y Factive: the truth of stated information | know they are couple >> They are couple They went home. >> They had been somewhere else. STRUCTURAL PRESUPPOSITION Structural Part of structure: 2 assume information to be true lready assumed to be true => Listener: accept itStructural vs. Lexical Presupposition q Y Structural: based on grammar rules. Y Lexical: based on meaning of words, phrases, collocations. She stopped crying- >> She used to cry When did she cry? >> She cried. Non-factive One assumed not to be true Linguistic forms: dream, imagine, pretend, etc. She dreamed that she was his wife >> She was not his wife. She pretends not to love him anymore. >> She still loves him = > = a : ea ea gs seesnot only not true, but also cont Linguistic forms: if, wish - type 2,3 f she didn’t refuse his proposal, she wouldn't have reg >> She refused his proposal She wishes she hadn't meet him. It's so sad. George regrets getting Mary pregnant. [a Sana But he didn’t get her pregnant. We know that know. mp Georgergot Mary pregnant. Wena Lie didn’t get her pregnant | pregnant. - is ting t nant > — a ae t ) * But he didn’t get her pregnant. We know that know. F _- troyed by entailme’ nt -> more pposition), InEntailments Everyone passed the examination. = No-one failed the examination. Aentails B Ais true => Bis true The information that B contains is contained in the information that A ONS GD) o> conveys Y Asituation describable by A must also be a situation describable by B Aand NOT B are contradictory. Ordered entailments Bob ate three sandwiches. Entails: : a) Someone ate three sandwiches. (Who ate the sandwiches) b) Bob did something to three sandwiches. (What Bob did) c) Bob ate three of something. (What Bob ate) d) Something happened. (What happened) Ordered entailments ber of background entailments are produced. A very large num but the speaker will indicate how these entailments are to be ordered. Y bystress ¥ by using special structures: Cleft sentences. => The entailment assumed to be more important for interpreting L intended meaning (foreground entailment)Ordered entailments STRESS: Y BOB ate three sandwiches. Y Bob ATE three sandwiches. Y Bob ate THREE sandwiches. Y Bob ate three SANDWICHES. Ordered entailments CLEFT SENTENCES: a) It was BOB that ate three sandwiches. b) Itwas THREE SANDWICHES that Bob ate.