Explain the fundamental characteristics and organisation of the pharmacy profession,

including professional, legal and ethical considerations that inform patient care.
3 constructs that make up ethics
Moral Theory – Utilitarianism (greater good for greater number) – Individualism
(intentionally vs incidentally)
Social Norm – how we used to treat aboriginal ppl, smoking
Individual Perspectives – Personal – social – religion – professional (Knowledge, skills and
behaviour)

Bioethics
Respect for autonomy (self-determination)
Beneficence (best interests of patient)
Non-maleficence (do no harm)
Justice (fair dealing and equity in distribution)

Discuss the pharmacist’s role in ensuring safe and effective provision of medicines and
health services across Australian health settings, and how this contributes to and
complements the roles of other health professionals.

Describe the components of the medication use process in the hospital setting
Imprest – medication in the ward checked by a pharmacist
Controlled access cabinets
Main Pharmacy
Satellite pharmacy
Sterile preparations and compounding

Identify the function of common pharmacy services and committees in hospitals

Administration (15%)
Monitoring (38%)
Clinical (47%) – medication history and reconciliation, chart review, ward rounds

Differentiate between technologies that may be implemented in the hospital to improve

patient safety
Bar coding, controlled access cabinets, robots like phil, pneumatic tube system

Explain the medication reconciliation process across the continuum of care as patients
transition from admission to discharge
Having enough systems in place makes error less likely but doesn’t completely get rid of
error – swiss cheese
Prescribing  Transcribing and documenting  dispensing  administering  monitoring

Understand the diverse roles of community pharmacists in the health system

Supplying without a prescription
Counselling
Dispensing through script
Non supply related functions

Be aware of core dispensing services

Schedules
Be aware of the range of services provided by community pharmacists
Opioid substitution
Compounding medicines
Health promotion
Staged supply

Be familiar with funding models

Government

Be able to access guidance on career pathways

AHPRA – guideline for practices
Guild
PSA
SHPA

Understand the context of Residential Aged Care Facilities (RACFs)

Permanent
Respite
Ageing in Place

Describe the Pharmacist’s role in RACF

Stop prescribing cascade
RMMR
Quality use of medicines (QUM) services – Medication advisory committee

Explain the processes involved in conducting a medication review

Federally funded, every permanent residents must receive it RMMR  collab between
pharmacist, doctor and aged care staff
Steps
1. Data Collection – from aged care staff
2. Identify what is potentially inappropriate – improper drug selection, uneccessary
medication etc
3. Missing therapy – a medicine required but not prescribed
4. Sub-therapeutic dose – incorrect dose for medicine needed

Explain the importance of multidisciplinary team-work

Successful medication management relies on teamwork and collaboration through
communication and trust

Classify variables as qualitative/categorical or quantitative; discrete or continuous;

nominal, ordinal, or dichotomous.
Qualitative/Categorial: Nominal (no order); Ordinal (order in ranking); Dichotomous (2
categories)

Quantitative: Discrete (Whole numbers); continuous (non whole number e.g. 2.1)

Understand and apply the principles of good table design

Don’t put irrelevant stuff, no pie charts,
Construct frequency tables and summary statistics tables for scientific papers
Cross table: summarise relationship between 2 variables
Table: Units of measurement – category boundries
Baseline table: describe characteristics of study
Frequency Table: Count and tally

Normal distribution:
68% between +/- 1 SD
95% between +/- 2 SD
97.5% between +/- 3SD
Bell shaped
Mean + SD
Mean=mode=median

Non-normal(skewed)
Left/negative skewed: Mean < Median
Right/positive skewed: Mean>Median

Charts
Histograms
Scatterplot – describe relationship between 2 continuous variables
Box-and-Whisker plot
Frequency Bar – categorical dae

List a range of drug information sources, there strengths and limitatioins – Textbooks

Reference books

Systematic reviews: qualitative & quantitative – Primary literature

Apply the principles of the research process to solve simple cases as they relate to the
practice of pharmacy

Understand the principles of evidence-based practice

Evidence based literature + patient’s values + clinical experitise

To describe and evaluate the pros and cons of various data sources in answering drug
information enquiries

To perform an assessment of specific data sources in response to a clinical scenario

To apply the principles of evidence-based practice to this scenario

Become familiar with key documents which affect pharmacy practice

Introduce the legislation which pharmacists will work with in modern pharmacy
workplaces

Introduce the importance of Leadership & Management in pharmacy practice.

Leadership – role not defined, rise to position, no formal authority
Management – role defined, formal authority, appointed

Explore skills and attributes which are required for pharmacy practice and
management.
Marketing
HR
Financial management

Introduce problem solving & decision making

Problem Solving
Structured: Well defined initial state; known goal state; knowable comprehensive solutions
where the relationship between decision, choices and all problem states is known
Unstructured: Open ended, not defined, emergent, solutions not predictable
Model:
Understand the problem  Generate ideas and solutions  Evaluate solutions  Implement
solutions  Review

Introduce Leadership of others

Introduce the three primary business management skill areas: Marketing management,
Human resources management and financial management
Marketing: business products, patients
HR: relationship with staff
Financial management: Sales, gross profit, wages, rent

Awareness of the key drivers of financial performance.

Appreciate the significance of reflection as part of your ongoing professional

development

Describe the characteristics of reflection and reflective writing

Describe the purpose and importance of reflection, assessment and feedback

Identify and describe the differences between ‘surface’ learners and ‘deep’ learners

Understand and describe the different stages of Gibbs’ reflective cycle

Identify when pharmacists may engage in reflective practice or assessment

describe the major characteristics of the medical practices of ancient Egypt,

Mesopotamia and Greece
Ancient Egypt: Edwin (observing patients) and Ebers (pharmaceutical remedies +magic +
spiritual)
Msopotamia: Class dependent treatment; Law code of Hammurabi – fees for treatment and
punishment; medicine intertwined with religion
Greece: Disease seen as disorder of the body rather than soul; 4 components -Element,
Humor, Origin of humor and qualities
describe the major characteristics of medieval Arabic and Persian medical practices
identify the contribution a number of influential figures from these civilisations
including Asklepios, Hippocrates, Galen

outline a number of key developments in the understanding of anatomy and physiology

through history

describe the different ways in which the causes of disease have been perceived through
history

describe the history of use of opium and coca

describe major landmarks in the history of medicine use:

– anaesthetics
– infection control including vaccination and antibiotics – insulin use in diabetes
– oral contraceptives

identify the contributions to medicine of a number of influential figures including

Edward Jenner, Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, William
McBride

describe the developments in drug safety and the significance of thalidomide

describe the relationship between pharmacy and medicine as it has evolved through
history until the early 19th century

describe the nature and role of guilds in relation to the practice of pharmacy

identify the relationships between spicers, pepperers, grocers, apothecaries, chemists

and druggists

explain the process whereby the titles of the dispenser of medicines changed in Britain

outline the beginnings of pharmacy in Australia

Part 1: Health, Healthcare and the World Health Organization

Key organisation and role of WHO

Universal Health Coverage

Components of a Health Care System

Part 2: Australian Healthcare System

Structure of Healthcare System

Funding and responsibilities

The Health of Australians and international comparisons • Statistics & Reporting;

international comparisons

Part 3: Role of Medicines in Healthcare Systems

Essential Medicines List

Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and Funding

Co-payments and Safety Net