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Lec. 14

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use standardized communication protocols like TCP/IP to link billions of devices worldwide. It originated in the 1960s as a US government military project called ARPANET to enable researchers to share information. Key developments included the establishment of ARPANET in 1969 connecting four computers, the standardization of TCP/IP in 1982 allowing different networks to interconnect, and the creation of NSFNET in 1986 which expanded access and connected many academic and research institutions together forming the Internet. Today, the Internet has no centralized control and is made up of millions of private, public, academic, business and government networks linked through fiber optic cables, satellites and wireless connections.

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41 views9 pages

Lec. 14

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use standardized communication protocols like TCP/IP to link billions of devices worldwide. It originated in the 1960s as a US government military project called ARPANET to enable researchers to share information. Key developments included the establishment of ARPANET in 1969 connecting four computers, the standardization of TCP/IP in 1982 allowing different networks to interconnect, and the creation of NSFNET in 1986 which expanded access and connected many academic and research institutions together forming the Internet. Today, the Internet has no centralized control and is made up of millions of private, public, academic, business and government networks linked through fiber optic cables, satellites and wireless connections.

Uploaded by

Annie Leonhart
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The Internet

Instructor: Habiba Arshad


The Internet
• The word internet stand for International Network
• Sometimes simply called as "the Net," is a network of
networks—a global communications system that links
together thousands of individual networks.
• As a result, virtually any computer on any network can
communicate with any other computer on any other network.
• These connections allow users to exchange messages, to
communicate in real time (seeing messages and responses
immediately), to share data and programs, and to access
limitless stores of information.
• Due to internet, world become a “Global village”.
Brief History
• The Internet started in the 1960s as a way for government
researchers to share information because;
• computer’s in the '60s were large and immobile and in order to share
information one has to travel
• Cold war between USA and Russia.
• In 1957 Soviet Union's launched Sputnik the first artificial earth
satellite.
• It encouraged the U.S. Defense Department to consider ways in
which the information could still be circulated even after a nuclear
attack.
• Hence, Americans established the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA).
• This eventually led to the formation of the ARPANET (Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network)
Brief History Cont…
• In 1964, Paul Baran Published a paper on distributed
communication networks. It was a theoretical idea for data
transfer.
• In 1969, Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of
USA established a small computer network named as ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).
• Initially, ARPANET was a network of four computers.
• ARPANET was a great success but membership was limited to
certain academic and research organizations who had contracts
with the Defense Department.
• In response to this, other networks were created to provide
information sharing.
• But, these computer networks did not have a standard way to
Brief History Cont…
• In 1970, Network Control Protocol (NCP) was developed. It was the
first standard protocol for data transmission between host-to-host.
• In 1974, Transmission Control Program TCP was designed for
sharing and transferring data among different networks. Then it
was split in to two parts i.e. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
and Internet Protocol (IP).
• In 1982, TCP/IP become the official communication protocol.
• In 1986, another federal agency of USA established a network
named as NSFNet (National Science Foundation Network) for
academic purpose and accessible for everyone.
• Later it was expanded all over the country and large number of
network of universities and research centers were connected to
this network, so that they could share information.
• This large network of computers networks was named as internet.
Working of the Internet
• There is no particular organization that controls the Internet
• Different networks of private companies, government agencies,
research organizations, and universities are interconnected
together
• Therefore, Internet is a collection of millions of computers, all
linked together
• A personal computer can be linked to the Internet using a phone
line modem, DSL(Digital Subscriber Line), or cable modem
• Modem is used to communicate with the server of an Internet
Service Provider (ISP)
• A computer in a business or university is usually connected with
LAN using Network Interface Card (or LAN card)
Working of the Internet
• User’s computer connects to the ISP’s server and ISP’s server makes
its connection to a larger ISP
• Largest ISPs maintain fiber optic "backbones“ for an entire region
• Backbone is the central structure or element of the network, which
connects other elements of the network and handles the major traffic
• The backbone is a high speed element
• It is the major communication link that ties Internet servers across
wide geographical areas
• Backbones around the world are connected through fiber optic lines,
undersea cables, or satellite links
• In this way, every computer on the Internet is connected to every
other computer on the Internet
Working of the Internet
Working of Internet

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