sustainability

Article
Future Primary School Teachers’ Digital Competence in
Teaching Science through the Use of Social Media
Francisco Javier Robles Moral * and Manuel Fernández Díaz

Departamento Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
manuel.fernandez2@um.es
* Correspondence: franciscojavier.moral@um.es

Abstract: The digital revolution has transformed the ways of doing, acting, and training in the uni-
versity field. For this reason, as an objective of this work, social media was used to generate and share
knowledge related to sustainability, classification of living beings, and the functioning of the human
body. The information was collected through questionnaires, that were completed before and after
the intervention program, as well as the work carried out by the students. The participants were 131
students enrolled on the Primary Education degree course of the University of Murcia. The students
were well aware of social media, although initially not their educational use. This perception changed
when having to make concrete proposals with Instagram and Pinterest, since students valued the
wide potential of the use of these networks in teaching. As a result of this intervention, 266 images
were generated on Pinterest related to the classification of living beings and 67 about the devices
and systems of the human body. Additionally, in terms of the activity on Instagram, 213 publications
were created, reaching 1454 followers and 7885 likes. In addition, the participants recognized social



media as a source of resources for education, and therefore teachers must explore all the possibilities


they offer.
Citation: Robles Moral, F.J.;
Fernández Díaz, M. Future Primary
Keywords: education; science; media competence
School Teachers’ Digital Competence
in Teaching Science through the Use
of Social Media. Sustainability 2021,
13, 2816. https://doi.org/
1. Introduction
10.3390/su13052816
The current European Higher Education Area has made it possible to adapt the
Academic Editor: Ignacio Aguaded learning process of students, understanding this process not only as the simple act of
listening, memorization, and repetition, that is, a passive action by the students, but as
Received: 12 February 2021 an active action on the part of the students, which is based on critical reflection, problem
Accepted: 4 March 2021 solving, and collaboration skills among the students themselves [1,2].
Published: 5 March 2021 Ananiadou and Claro, in 2010, Ref. [3] considered that society is based on vertiginous
changes, speaking out in favor of looking for ways of working in the classroom that make
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral it possible to be at the forefront of learning in the face of new generations, which entails
with regard to jurisdictional claims in the appearance of new learning and teaching environments in educational centers [4].
published maps and institutional affil- This initial training must be based on research of a pedagogical nature and must apply
iations. teaching techniques and learning methods for adults, adding the realization of practices,
carried out during the learning process. They allow teachers opportunities to update their
knowledge in relation to innovative and effective teaching methodologies, which include
digital technologies [5,6].
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Thus, the term innovation arises as the process that generates a change, providing
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. added value. If it is framed in the educational field, educational innovation will develop the
This article is an open access article improvement of teaching action and, consequently, the quality of the educational system
distributed under the terms and will be enhanced, which is committed to implementing educational innovation actions [7].
conditions of the Creative Commons Digital competence (DC), according to the 2017 Higher Education Horizon Report,
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
goes beyond understanding how to use digital technologies: It also includes the ability
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
to understand the profound impact of technologies in a digital world and to promote
4.0/).

Sustainability 2021, 13, 2816. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052816 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2021, 13, 2816 2 of 13

collaboration to integrate them effectively [8,9]. Based on this concept, some authors have
proposed the need to define teaching digital competence (TDC), which incorporates, in
addition to the technical, communicative, and multimedia literacy components, the abil-
ity to effectively use technologies in educational contexts with pedagogical criteria or,
more specifically, creating environments enriched with technologies and designing and
reusing digital content [10].
Girón-Escudero et al. (2019) [11] highlighted in their study the achievement of TDC,
the work in the competence areas of digital content creation, focused on the development
of digital content, the integration and reworking of digital content, programming, the iden-
tification of needs and technological responses, and the creative innovation and use of
digital technology.
For teachers to carry out their educational work in this new scenario that society has
established, training in TDC [12] is essential, being this key in two specific moments: Initial
teacher training, when they must acquire all the competences for teaching performance,
and in the subsequent process of continuous and permanent training, necessary for the
renewal and continuous updating of teaching staff [13]. However, the way in which to
approach TDC in the initial training of future teachers is still controversial [14]. In this
regard, Recio-Muñoz et al. (2020) [15] pointed out that it is necessary to develop innovative
pedagogical experiences whose purpose is to integrate digital technologies in the classroom.
The use of social media in the field of teaching and the recognition by students
and teachers of the impossibility of ignoring the use of these digital tools in the aca-
demic field has already been described by Grover (2014) [16]. Furthermore, Hadar et al.
(2020) [17] pointed out that Web 2.0 offers new creative tools for socialization, allows greater
heterogeneity between groups that share activities, and offers new ways of organizing
information, creating knowledge, and facilitating learning.
In 2011, Espuny et al. [18] highlighted that, although social media are very present in
people’s daily lives, having even changed the ways of relating to people, these networks
exist separately from the educational field—specifically in university education—wasting
the educational utility of these digital platforms. However, this trend is currently chang-
ing, as shown by authors such as Vázquez-Martínez and Cabero-Almenara (2015) [19]
or Rodríguez, López and Martín (2017) [20], who have highlighted the positive results
obtained when using social networks in the classroom as didactic tools in the field of
university education.
The authors García-Ruiz, Tirado, and Hernando (2018) [21] and Manca (2020) [22]
compiled various studies and works by other researchers that pointed out the strengths
and opportunities of using different existing social media [23–26]. On the one hand, Tur
et al. (2017) [27] showed the educational potential of these social media. In improving the
academic performance of students are the works of Barajas and Álvarez (2013) [28] and
those of González, Lleixà, and Espuny (2016) [29].
Said experiences of socialization through social media are largely mediated by the
exchange of images, which promotes a culture toward the visual and what contributes to
the transformation in the way of relating, as well as in the perception and the construction
of personal identity and the sense of self [30,31].
The majority of users of social networking sites are young people (14–25 years old),
who were named by Prensky (2001) [32] as “digital natives,” especially represented at the
moment by students in higher education. These digital natives often use social media sites
to connect with their offline peers to strengthen their existing relationships, rather than
building new relationships [33–35]. Social media sites might provide a potential medium
to attain deeper online knowledge than conventional e-learning platforms, if educationally
focused actions can be closely integrated into the use of social media sites [36]. Moreover,
social networking sites allow students to highlight their experiences and talents, and to
communicate and express themselves better [37].
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2816 3 of 13

2. Materials and Methods: Activity Design

2.1. Aims of This Work
The main aim of the study was to describe the perception of primary degree students
about the acquisition of TDC through the implementation of activities in social networks.
With all of this, the general objective was to identify whether students are aware of the
impact that the use of these networks can have on their learning. This was concreted in the
following specific objectives:
- Objective 1. Study the initial assessment of future primary school teachers of the
possible educational uses of social media.
- Objective 2. Assess the changes produced among the students enrolled on the Primary
Education degree program regarding the educational uses of Instagram and Pinterest
after didactic intervention.

2.2. Competences
The European Higher Education Space has led to the homogenization of higher studies
in Europe, establishing a homologated ECTS (European Credit Transder System) and a
competency assessment system, not rigidly restricting the autonomy of the academic world,
but as a way to set benchmarks and convergence [38]. Within this framework, the aims of
this work allows the development of a good number of generic key competencies (digital
skills; ability to learn; communication skills; skills to work in groups; problem solving;
autonomy; reflection skills; interpersonal skills; decision making; ethical commitment;
critical and self-critical ability; ability to improve one’s performance and learning, including
the development of study and research skills; ability to analyze, summarize, evaluate,
and identify problems and to propose solutions; solid knowledge of professional practice),
as well as the development of the following specific competences of the area of Education
Sciences [39,40]:
1. To be able to analyze educational concepts and theories and educational policy
issues in a systematic way.
2. To be able to identify the potential links between knowledge and its application to
educational policies and contexts.
5. To be capable of recognizing the diversity of students and the complexities of the
learning process.
6. To be aware of the different contexts in which learning can take place.
7. To be aware of the different roles of those who participate in the learning process.
9. To be able to conduct educational research in different contexts.
13. To be able to evaluate educational programs and materials.
14. To be able to anticipate new educational needs and demands.
17. To be competent in various teaching/learning strategies.
19. To know the subject matter to be taught.
25. To be aware of the need for continuous professional development.
28. To be able to respond to the diverse needs of students.
29. To be able to adapt the curriculum to a specific educational context.
Although all the skills listed above were developed in this work, the focus is mainly
on the acquisition of digital and media competence. This competition does not arise sponta-
neously with the simple consumption of media, as the vast majority of society may believe.
It is especially important to develop a media education that starts from the expressive and
communicative needs of students [41]. In this way, the creation and elaboration of resources
allows the design and production process to be known, the functioning of information
and the media to be analyzed, critical and analytical skills to be developed, creativity to be
encouraged, and current technological tools to be taken advantage of [42,43].
Thus, it is necessary to develop media education through active, dialogic, creative,
and playful methodologies, where students participate, while, informally contextualized
and diluted among other processes, they acquire digital and media skills that allow them
to develop as active and critical citizens [44–47]. However, the different research studies
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2816 4 of 13

carried out do not reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the development of these
pedagogical models with regard to digital and media literacy in students [48].

2.3. Participants
The research was implemented with 131 students enrolled on the Primary Education
degree program (University of Murcia, Spain). The students’ mean age was 20.7 years (SD =
0.66) and the female gender was dominant within the sample (68.70%). Of the students, 85
were in the second grade and 46 in the fourth grade. All of the participants were studying
the compulsory subjects “Teaching and Learning about the Natural Environment” (six
ECTS credits) and “Nature Workshop” (three ECTS credits).
The participating pre-service teachers of the fourth grade were grouped into 15 small
work teams (four to five persons), which were kept stable during the whole intervention,
but the students of the second grade worked on their activity individually. Prior to the
commencement of this study, the participants were informed about this research and all of
them provided their approval.

2.4. Intervention Program

For the design of the intervention program, the problem-based learning approach
was identified as a valuable didactic strategy, since it allows students to explore real
situations—in this case, related to sustainability, the human body, and biological taxonomy.
As stated by Yin (2009) [49], the case study method is the most suitable for inves-
tigations in which it is impossible to separate the dimensions to be analyzed from their
context, which is precisely what happened in this study, where the dimensions were
completely contextualized.
For this reason, to determine the digital and media capacities of future Primary Educa-
tion teachers that are actually students at the University of Murcia, a didactic intervention
based on the use of social media was designed to address specific scientific content such as
sustainability, the classification of living beings, and the functioning of the human body.
These contents are a fundamental part of the official curriculum of Primary Education in
the area of knowledge of the sciences for the region of Murcia. In this case, two social
media networks based on the use of images were used: Pinterest and Instagram.

2.4.1. Pinterest and Educational Use

Fuente and Chaparro (2018) [50] defined Pinterest as a social media, which was
launched in 2010 and whose use is free. These authors determined that the work of
this tool allows the archiving and sharing of images and videos, accompanied by com-
ments, the latter characteristic that differentiates it from other digital platforms, allowing
the creation of an image and comment set, referred to in this application as a pin. In ad-
dition, it allows the option of cataloging or making collections of images on boards, and
thus allows work more organized by ideas or themes. Additionally, a characteristic that the
aforementioned authors also pointed out is the ability to develop the boards individually
or collaboratively with the participation of more users who are invited to participate in the
realization of these classifications.
The relationship between the educational field and Pinterest, according to Valdivia
(2015) [51], has been developed more in libraries and universities, being in the case of the
latter very limited contexts. However, in Primary Education, work proposals have been
developed with this social media; thus, Grau (2014) [52] established several mathematics
works in primary using this tool and justified the use of this tool due to the need to
introduce the languages that schoolchildren use to today. This language is not a new
language, but it is a language with a greater audiovisual load, where social media play a
very relevant role. Other works that have used this social media, but in this case [53] in
higher education that consisted of practicing a Social Sciences subject, used, as an element
vehicle, Pinterest and obtained very favorable results.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2816 5 of 13

In the present case, the didactic activity was carried out after developing, in the
classroom, the theoretical knowledge about living beings and the functioning of the human
body. To reinforce this theoretical knowledge acquired by future Primary Education
teachers, it was proposed that they use Pinterest as a vehicle. Thus, students had to find
and/or create images with which to illustrate the knowledge addressed with reference
to the classification of living beings, as well as the different devices and systems of the
human body and their functioning. Once the illustrations to be used had been selected,
the students had to upload them to the boards created by the teacher responsible for the
activity, in order to create a digital bank of images that would serve them in their future as
teachers when dealing with these contents.

2.4.2. Instagram in Education

This social media network appeared in 2010 as an app for mobile phones in which
users could upload and share photos and videos. Its popularization and extension of use
was rapid and focused on the young population [54]. By adding the images that users want
to add to their account, various tools are available to edit photos, locations can be added,
and other users can be allowed access or tagged on the network. Currently, Instagram
also allows users to send messages or publications directly to other users, in addition to
recording and adding videos. In the same publication, or post, several photographs can be
published—up to a maximum of 10 images—be they photographs or videos.
This work focused on the educational use of Instagram. This social network, given its
eminently visual, intuitive, and simple character, is an innovative resource for education,
as evidenced by works such as that of Romero-Rodríguez et al. (2020) [55]. For this reason,
we used this support for the dissemination of these visual messages, complemented with
texts about content related to sustainability.
The activity that was developed with Instagram was carried out after addressing, in the
classroom, the contents related to sustainable development, environmental problems, and
possible solutions. To address this issue, the students were asked to create posts for three
weeks through the creation of Instagram profiles to address the issues they considered
appropriate on sustainable development. In addition, to afford their posts greater visibility,
they could use different hashtags to help increase the number of followers and likes.

2.5. Evaluation Instruments

In relation to objective 1, an initial questionnaire about the knowledge of the possible
uses of social media was prepared and applied. For this, the students involved were given
a questionnaire (Table 1) about their knowledge of social media. This initial questionnaire
consisted of two blocks of questions, the first of which comprised categorization questions
of the student’s profile. Meanwhile, the second block addressed the students’ presence and
use of social media, through six closed questions. For the elaboration of this questionnaire,
the one used by Alonso and Terol (2020) [56] was used as a reference, which, before being
applied, was adapted to the educational environment.
In relation to objective 2, a final questionnaire was developed and applied (Table 2).
This form, as per the previous one, arose from the adaptation of the questionnaire used by
Robles (2020) [57]. Before its application, it was adapted to a Primary Education context
and to the two social media used. The questionnaire consisted of seven closed questions
in which the students had to provide their opinions on the questions asked using a Likert
scale, with values from 1 (lowest value) to 4 (highest value).
Finally, we homogenized and normalized the answers in a spreadsheet, through a
matrix of data that we described statistically. This allowed us to quantify and critically
assess the degree of achievement of the objectives of the teaching experience, through a
mixed quantitative–qualitative approach.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2816 6 of 13

Table 1. Students’ initial questionnaire.

[ ] Yes
1. Do you have profile on social media?
[ ] No
[ ] Instagram
[ ] Facebook
2. If you answered yes, which social media?
[ ] Twitter
[ ] Pinterest
[ ] Yes
3. Do you manage any public profile?
[ ] No
[ ] Information
4. What do you use social media for? [ ] Communication
[ ] Other
5. Would you use social media as an educational resource? []1[]2
(1 minimum and 4 maximum) []3[]4
[ ] Yes
6. Are social media beneficial for the educational field? [ ] No
[ ] I don’t know
[ ] Yes
7. Do you follow profiles on social media about education?
[ ] No
[ ] Yes
8. Do you follow profiles on social media about science education?
[ ] No
[ ] Yes
9. Do you follow profiles on social media about science?
[ ] No

Table 2. Students’ final questionnaire.

[ ] Yes
1. Would you use the resources created in the activities?
[ ] No
2. How do you value the use of social media in the classroom? (1 []1[]2
minimum and 4 maximum) []3[]4
[ ] Yes
3. Do these activities favor your learning? [ ] No
[ ] I don’t know
[ ] Yes
4. Do you follow profiles on social media about education?
[ ] No
[ ] Yes
5. Do you follow profiles on social media about science education?
[ ] No
[ ] Yes
6. Do you follow profiles on social media about science?
[ ] No
7. Do you think that it is necessary for teachers to learn to use social [ ] Yes
media for educational purposes? [ ] No

3. Results
The results obtained in the use of each of the social media were analyzed separately,
as shown below.

3.1. Results Obtained in the Work with Pinterest

The activity designed for the second-year students was related to the search and/or
creation of images related to the topics of classification of living beings and the devices
and systems of the human body, using Pinterest. The results, after the three weeks of time
they had to add the images to the corresponding boards, were very promising, with 333
images or “pins” were obtained, which means that the participating students contributed
 3.1. Results Obtained in the Work with Pinterest
The activity designed for the second-year students was related to the search and/or
creation of images related to the topics of classification of living beings and the devices
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2816 and systems of the human body, using Pinterest. The results, after the three weeks of7time of 13
they had to add the images to the corresponding boards, were very promising, with 333
images or “pins” were obtained, which means that the participating students contributed
an average
an average of
of four
four pins
pins each.
each. These
Theseimages
imageswere
wereclassified
classified into
intothree
threemain
maingroups,
groups,namely,
namely,
Kingdom Animalia,
Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom
Kingdom Plantae,
Plantae, and
and Human
Human Body,
Body, as as can
can be
be seen
seen in
in Figure
Figure1.1.

Figure 1. Distribution of images on boards created on Pinterest.

Pinterest.

The group
The group with
withthe most
the mostcontributions
contributionswaswasthat that
of theofAnimalia Kingdom
the Animalia (https:
Kingdom
//pin.it/2lnpNLm accessed on 12 January 2021), with 188 pins, classified into
(https://pin.it/2lnpNLm accessed on 12 January 2021), with 188 pins, classified into 14 sec- 14 sections
corresponding
tions to the to
corresponding taxonomies, PhylumPhylum
the taxonomies, Porifera;Porifera;
Phylum Phylum
Cnidaria;Cnidaria;
Phylum Nematoda;
Phylum Nema-Phy-
lum Annelida; Phylum Platyhelminthes; Phylum Mollusca; Phylum Arthropoda;
toda; Phylum Annelida; Phylum Platyhelminthes; Phylum Mollusca; Phylum Arthropoda; Phy- Phylum Echino-
dermata;
lum Phylum Chordata
Echinodermata; Phylum (Mammalia, Reptilia, Amphibia,
Chordata (Mammalia, Reptilia,Aves), fishes, and
Amphibia, autochthonous
Aves), fishes, and
autochthonous fauna. On the contrary, the group from Kingdom accessed
fauna. On the contrary, the group from Kingdom Plantae (https://pin.it/Y2jg9w8 Plantae
on 12 January 2021) hadaccessed
(https://pin.it/Y2jg9w8 78 images ondivided into three
12 January had 78 Division
2021)groups: images Bryophyta, Division
divided into three
Cormophyta, and Bryophyta,
groups: Division autochthonous flora.
Division Cormophyta, and autochthonous flora.
The board on the human body (https://pin.it/4ShAVVE accessed on 12 January
The board on the human body (https://pin.it/4ShAVVE accessed on 12 January 2021)
2021) only had 68 contributions, which were divided into eight sections, which were the
only had 68 contributions, which were divided into eight sections, which were the organs
organs of the body, the nervous system, locomotor apparatus, the reproductive system, the
of the body, the nervous system, locomotor apparatus, the reproductive system, the res-
respiratory system, the digestive system, the circulatory system, and the excretory system.
piratory system, the digestive system, the circulatory system, and the excretory system.
3.2. Results Obtained in the Work with Instagram
3.2. Results Obtained in the Work with Instagram
In the case of the fourth-year students, we worked with Instagram. As indicated
above,In these
the case of thehad
students fourth-year students,
to generate we worked
publications relatedwith Instagram. development
to sustainable As indicated
above, these students had to generate publications related to sustainable development
and possible solutions, so that when they are teachers, they can work digitally on various
and possible
content. solutions, so students
The participating that when theygrouped
were are teachers, they
into 15 canteams
work work(four
digitally
to fiveonpersons)
various
content. The participating students were grouped into 15 work teams (four
and for three weeks, they generated a total of 183 publications related to environmental to five per-
sons) and for three weeks, they generated a total of 183 publications
problems. The themes most developed regarding sustainable development were thoserelated to environ-
mental problems.
related to The
the textile themessustainable
industry, most developed regarding
food, marine sustainable
pollution, development
plastics, were
climate change,
those related to the textile industry, sustainable food, marine pollution, plastics,
and the generation of garbage. An example of such publications is illustrated in Figure 2. climate
change,
As aand the of
result generation
the work of garbage.
carried Anthe
out by example of such
students, publications were
213 publications is illustrated
generatedin
Figure
with 2. of 589 images that were uploaded to Instagram by the 15 work teams that were
a total
formed. These posts resulted in 7885 likes and 284 comments with a total of 1454 followers.
Transferring these data to averages, we can extrapolate that a team during the three weeks
of work would generate around 14 publications with an average of 39 images, assuming
an average of 525 likes and approximately 19 comments and reaching an average of close
to 97 followers (Table 3).

Table 3. Summary of the results of the Instagram posts.

Posts Likes Images Hashtags Comments Followers

X 14.2 525.7 39.3 108.0 18.9 96.9
∑ 213 7885 589 1620 284 1454
 Sustainability
Sustainability 2021,
2021, 13,13, x FOR PEER REVIEW
2816 8 8ofof1314

Figure 2. Examples of Instagram posts: #talleresnaturalezasostenible2021.

Figure 2. Examples of Instagram posts: #talleresnaturalezasostenible2021.

As a of
3.3. Degree result of the work
Achievement of thecarried out by
Objectives theon
Based students, 213 publications
the Knowledge were generated
Evaluation Questions
withToa determine
total of 589ifimages
the educational intervention based on the use of social media that
that were uploaded to Instagram by the 15 work teams were
to teach
formed. These posts resulted in 7885 likes and 284 comments
scientific content had any effect on the participants, two questionnaires were carried out.with a total of 1454 follow-
ers.initial
The Transferring
one wastheseintendeddatatotodetermine
averages, the we starting
can extrapolate that work,
point of this a teamwhileduringthethe three
second
weeks
was of work
carried would
out after thegenerate
didactic around 14 publications with an average of 39 images, as-
intervention.
suming
As aan averagepoint,
starting of 52598.5%
likes andof theapproximately
participants19 hadcomments
an account and on reaching
a social an media,
average
of close to 97 followers (Table 3).
the most used being Instagram, with 87% of the participants having an account on this
social media, followed by Facebook with 73.3%. Although, at the management level, the
Table 3. Summary
percentage of the results
of participants who of were
the Instagram
active posts.
on social media decreased to 79.4% of the
participants. RegardingPosts their reason
Likes for
Images social
using media (Figure
Hashtags 3), a large proportion
Comments Followers
of the participants (n = 71) recognized that their use of social media was for staying
𝑿 14.2 525.7 39.3 108.0 18.9 96.9
informed; meanwhile, only 33 of the participants used social media to communicate with

other people.
213 7885 589 1620 284 1454
When the participants were asked about the educational use of social media (Figure 4),
a3.3. Degreewas
variation of Achievement
observed between of the Objectives
the moments Based before
on the Knowledge Evaluation Questions
and after developing the activities.
These To determine
variations wereif the educational
positive, with the intervention
perception of based on the use ofvalue
the educational socialofmedia
social to teach
media
scientific
being higher content hadactivities,
after the any effectincreasing
on the participants, two questionnaires
by approximately 8.4%. were carried out.
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initial one was intended
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that occurred betweenthe the
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final work, while the wassecond
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was carried
number out after the
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in Figure 5, had an account
this variation onaapositive
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with 87% which increased
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positive
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followedofby48Facebook
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with 73.3%. Although,ofataccounts on sciencelevel,
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the percent-
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active on if the use
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media networks
decreased in this
to 79.4% didactic
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participants.
vention
Regarding has their
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with other When
people.
students were asked if they would use the created resources in
When the participants were asked about the educational use of social media (Figurefuture lessons, 93.9% of the
participants
4), a variation answered that they
was observed would the
between use moments
them. From this, and
before it follows that future teachers
after developing the activ-
attach great importance
ities. These variations were to these materials
positive, with for
thetheir future of
perception teaching practice in
the educational the field
value of
of social
Natural
media beingSciences and after
higher sustainability.
the activities, increasing by approximately 8.4%.
 Use of Social Media

Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 14

Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 14
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2816 Information 9 of 13
27
Communication
71
33
Use of
Use of Social
Social Media
Media
Others

Information
27 Information
27
Figure 3. Use of social media by future teachers.
Communication
Communication
71
71
33 Others
33 Others
Assessment of the educational use of social
media
100 83
Figure 3. Use of social media by future teachers.69
Figure3.
Figure Useof
3.Use ofsocial
socialmedia
mediabybyfuture
futureteachers.
teachers.
50
27
Assessment
16
Assessment of21
of the educational
the educational use
use of social23 20
of social
1
media
media
0
100 1 2 383 4
100 83
69
69
Initial Final
50
50
21 27 23 20
16
Figure 4. Assessment
16 21 27
of the educational use of social media. 23 20
1
1
0
0 Another variation that occurred between the initial and final questionnaires was the
1 2 3 4
1
number of participants who 2followed an account3 4 field of education, science
linked to the
teaching or science itself. As can be seen
Initial in Figure 5, this variation was a positive increase,
Final
Initial Final
especially in the science accounts, which increased by 57 participants. There was also a
positive
Figure
Figure increase ofof
Assessment
4.Assessment
4. 48the
of participants
the educationalin
educational the
use
use offollowers
of of accounts on science education.
social media.
social media.
Figure 4. Assessment of the educational use of social media.

Another variation
Another variation that
that occurred
occurred between
between the
the initial
initial and
and final
final questionnaires
questionnaires was
was the
the
number of
Followers
participants who
pre- andan
followed
post-test
account linked to the field of education, science
number of participants who followed an account linked to the field of education, science
teaching or
teaching or science
science itself.
itself. As
As can
can be
be seen
seen in
in Figure
Figure 5,
5, this
this variation
variation was
was aa positive
positive increase,
increase,
especially in
especially in the science
the science 11
Science
accounts, which
accounts, which increased
increased byby 57
57 participants.
participants. There
There was
was also
also aa
positive increase of 48 participants in the 68
followers of accounts on science education.
positive increase of 48 participants in the followers of accounts on science education.

Science Education 9
Followers pre-
Followers pre- and
and post-test
post-test
57

Education 11 97
Science 11 105
Science 68
68

Initial Final 0 50 100 150

Science Education 9
Science Education 9
57
57 about education, science, and science education.
Figure 5. Followers of the different profiles
Figure 5. Followers of the different profiles about education, science, and science education.
4. Discussion of an Implemented Experience 97
Education 97
Education 105
Finally,
As when
has been asking
seen, the students of
the involvement if the
the use of105
social
students withnetworks in Pinterest
activity on this didactic
was inter-
high,
vention
but has favored
although developing their learning,
this activity 71.8%
does not of ensure
the participants answered
learning, [58], the useaffirmatively,
of technologicalso
Initial
resources Final
not a 00sign that quality50 100 150
Initial is Final 50 learning is 100 being carried out,150 but rather depends on
how teachers incorporate them into their educational environments [59], an aspect that we
consider adequate in view of the results obtained.
Figure 5. Followers of the different profiles about education, science, and science education.
FigureIn5. this
Followers of the
regard, thedifferent
students profiles
greatlyabout education,
valued science,
the use and science
of Instagram as education.
a valid didactic
resource, because
Finally, when in addition
when asking
asking the to being
the students a
students if highly
if the
the use motivating
use ofof social element,
social networks
networks init manages
in this to integrate
this didactic
didactic inter-
the Finally,
knowledge to be addressed with great ease. These results are in agreement with inter-
those
vention has
vention has favored theirtheir learning, 71.8%
71.8% of of the
the participants
participants answered
answered affirmatively,
affirmatively, so
obtained by favored
González et al.learning,
(2020) [60], in which it was recognized, in a similar way to thatso
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2816 10 of 13

of this work, that the use of information and communication technology resources, such as
social networks, is very valid for covering issues related to the teaching of science.
In addition to the positive assessment of the networks as a teaching resource, the
participants recognized that in order to bring social media to the educational field, both
initial and continuous training is very necessary. These data can be understood by as-
suming that young teachers in training belong, for the most part, to what Herrero-Diz
et al. (2016) [61] called “Millennials”, “Digital Natives”, “Generation Y”, “Generation Z”,
“Google Generation”, “Interactive Generation”, “App Generation”, or “Selfie Generation”.
The common link between all of the different denominations of this generation, which
would include people born from 1990 onward, is the fondness and interest in technology
and its use in the development of everyday life [62].
Therefore, it is currently important to understand the role of prosumers (producer–
consumer) that we develop in technological society and to promote digital literacy to
acquire consumer strategies and the creation of information on the web [63,64], since it is
insufficient to have the necessary tools to be able to produce information if the capacity to
carry out this communication effectively is not acquired [65,66].
A global vision of the results leads us to agree with Esteve et al. (2014) [67] about the
fact that future teachers should not only acquire TDC, but that it is extremely necessary
that they develop skills associated with this competence, such as teaching digital skills
to their future students [68] or how to generate digital content, especially visual, which
allows them to obtain the necessary didactic strategies to carry out the teaching–learning
process [69]. In this way, the use of social networks such as Instagram and Pinterest can
foster creativity and the use of the image as a vehicle for expression by university students,
as stated by Dumas et al. (2017) [70] and Cabero-Almenara (2020) [71]. In this aspect,
we consider it very relevant that, after the work carried out with social media [72], the
students of the degree involved herein were so favorable toward the use of social media as
an instrument of schoolwork.
In relation to the acquisition of scientific knowledge, the students participating in this
work recognized that the use of social media favored their learning, both of environmental
problems and possible solutions related to sustainable development, as well as developed
their understanding of the taxonomy of living beings and the functioning of the human
body. This situation is related to the one defended by Van Dijck and Poell (2018) [73].
In short, we agree with the idea that generation Z [74] is a prosumer of social me-
dia but lacks the necessary tools and knowledge to be able to take advantage of the
use of information and communication technologies, as well as technology for learning
and knowledge [75].

5. Conclusions
To conclude, it should be remembered that, in the specific case of science teaching,
the existing barrier between knowledge and its didactics must be overcome. Additionally,
future primary school teachers must make use of all existing educational tools to overcome
the obstacles that arise in science teaching. For this reason, Pinterest and Instagram can
become didactic resources for science education and our duty as teachers is to try to explore
all the possibilities of the media and resources at our disposal.
Thus, in order to make an adequate didactic use of social networks, future primary
school teachers must acquire and be able to develop the TDC. Additionally, for these
current students, belonging to the google generation, in their training as future teachers,
they have to experiment and analyze activities in which they put this competence into
practice and, therefore, interact with social media from the point of view of the education.
Therefore, in the teaching field, we propose, in future research, to continue addressing
the methodologies, tools, and dynamics that allow teachers in training to improve their
skills in digital, communicative, and scientific matters.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 2816 11 of 13

Author Contributions: F.J.R.M. and M.F.D. conceived the theoretical framework, designed and
performed the methodology, and wrote the paper. Both authors have read and agreed to the
published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank: (i) The students participating in the teaching
activity, for their good predisposition, interest, motivation, and collaboration; (ii) our partner, Enrique
Ayuso, for his collaboration; (iii) the editor and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive and
high-level contributions.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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