Urban Transportation

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 Objectives: At the end of this chapter students will be
able to know:
 Transportation modes and advantages.

 Economic Functions Transportation.

 Principles of transportation.

 Determinants of transportation Performance

 Effectiveness and Efficiency in transportation

 Sustainable Transportation

 Externalities in Transportation

 Parking and Mass Transit

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 Section I: Introduction
 From the beginning of history, human sensitivity has
revealed an urge for mobility leading to a measure of
Society's progress.
 The history of this mobility or transport is the history of
civilization.
 For any country to develop with right momentum modern
and efficient Transport as a basic infrastructure is a must.
 It has been seen throughout the history of any nation that a
proper, extensive and efficient Road Transport has played a
major role.
 Transportation (American English) is the movement of
people and goods from one place to another.
 The term is derived from the Latin trans ("across") and
portare ("to carry").
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 Transport refers to the activity that facilitates physical
movement of goods as well as individuals from one place to
another.
 In business, it is considered as an auxiliary to trade,

 That means, it supports trade and industry in

carrying raw materials to the place of production and
distributing finished products for consumption.

 Transportation refers to the movement of product from one

location to another as it makes its way from the beginning of
supply chain to the customer.
 Transportation is the movement of products,
materials and services from one area to another.

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 Individuals or business firms that engage themselves in
such activities are called transporters.
 Transporters carry raw material, finished products,
passangers, etc. from one place to another.

 People move freely throughout the world because of

transport.
 It is associated with every step of our life.

 Without transport, we, as well as business units

cannot move a single step.

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 Transportation is very important in the logistics function.
 The role that transportation plays in logistics system is more
complex than carrying goods for the proprietors.
 Logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and
controlling the effective and efficient flow of goods and
services from the point of origin to the point of consumption.
 Transport operation is present in all these!!

 Transportation brings efficacy, and also it builds a bridge between

producers and consumers.
 Therefore, transportation is the base of efficiency and
economy in business logistics and expands other functions of
logistics system.
 In addition, a good transport system performing in logistics
activities brings benefits not only to service quality but also
to company competitiveness.

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 Transport is a key necessity for specialization—allowing
production and consumption of products to occur at different
locations.
 Transport has throughout history been a spur to expansion

 better transport allows more trade and a greater spread of

people.
 Economic growth has always been dependent on
increasing the capacity and rationality of transport.
 As cities are growing in terms of population and physical
size, their contributions to national GDP are also increasing
due to increased economic activities in urban areas.
 Now in many countries the contribution of cities to national
GDP is 80 percent or more of the total GDP.
 With this greater role of the urban sector, the demand for urban
transportation – passenger and freight has increased many
folds in the recent years.
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  Transportation Principles
 Continuous flow
 Optimize unit of cargo

 Maximum vehicle unit – capacity utilization

 Adaptation of vehicle unit to volume and nature of

traffic Standardization
 Compatibility of unit load equipment

 Minimum of dead weight to total weight

 Maximum utilization of capital, equipment and

personal

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 Section II: Transportation Planning
 Transportation planning recognizes the critical links
between transportation and other societal goals.

 The planning process is more than merely listing

highway and transit capital projects.

 It requires developing strategies for operating,

managing, maintaining, and financing the area’s
transportation system in such a way as to advance the
area’s long-term goals.

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 Transport planning allows for high utilization and less
impact regarding new infrastructure.
 Using models of transport forecasting, planners are
able to predict future transport patterns.

 Transport as a field is studied through transport economics,

the backbone for the creation of regulation policy by
authorities..
 Transport engineering, a sub-discipline of civil
engineering, must take into account trip generation,
trip distribution, mode choice and route assignment,
while the operative level is handled through traffic
engineering.

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 Following are the vital elements of transportation to be
taken into account:
 Transport mode

 Inventory Costs

 Transit Capital

 Obsolescence

 Packaging

 Insurance

 Breakages

 Pilferage (To steal things)

 Deterioration (to become worse)

 Transport costs

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 Section III: Functions of Transportation
 1-Transport contributes in growth of industries whose
product requires quick marketing.
 Perishable articles like fish and green vegetables
are carried to various consumers quickly even in
distant markets through transport.

 2-Transport helps in increase in the demand for goods.

 Through transport newer customers in newer places
can be easily contacted and products can be
introduced to them.
 Today markets have become national or
international only because of transport.

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 3-Transport creates place utility.
 Geographical and climatic factors force industries to
be located in particular places far away from the
markets and places where there may not be any
demand for the products.
 Transport bridges the gap between production and
consumption centers.

 4-Transport creates time utility.

 Of late transport has started creating the time utility
also.
 It has been made possible by virtue of the
improvements in the speed of transport.
 It helps the product to be distributed in the
minimum possible time. 13
 5-Transport helps in stabilization of price.
 Transport exerts considerable influence upon the
stabilization of the prices of several commodities by
moving commodities from surplus to deficit areas.
 This equalizes the supply and demand factor sand
makes the price of commodities stable as well as
equal.
 6-Transport ensures even flow of commodities into the
hands of the consumers throughout the period of
consumption.
 7-Transport enables the consumers to enjoy the benefits
of goods not produced locally.
 This increases the standard of living, an essential
factor for further development of marketing and
economy.
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 8-Transport identifies competition, which in turn,
reduces pries.
 Prices are also reduced because of the facilities
offered by transport for large-scale production.
 An advantage of large-scale production is possible
only due to transport.

 9-Transport increases mobility of labor and capital.

 Itmakes people of one place migrate to other places
in search of jobs.
 Even capital, machineries and equipments are
imported from foreign countries through transport
alone.

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 Section IV: Means of Transportation
 The means of transport are classified on the basis of the
way, the vehicle, the motive power used and terminals.
A-Land Transport
 Land transport refers to activities of physical movement
of goods and passengers on land.
 This movement takes place on road, rail, rope or pipe.
 So land transport may further be divided into:
 Road transport,
 Rail transport,
 Ropeway transport,
 Pipeline transport.

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 Road Transport
 Roads are the means that connect one place to another
on the surface of the land.
 Not all of them look alike.

 Some of them are made of sand and some may be of

chips and cement or coaltar.
 The means of road transport may be divided into
three types: -
 Man driven;

 Animal driven; and

 Motor driven.

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 Advantages of Road Transport
 It is a relatively cheaper mode of transport as compared to other
modes.
 Perishable goods can be transported at a faster speed by road carriers
over a short distance.
 It is a flexible mode of transport as loading and unloading is possible
at any destination. It provides door-to-door service.
 It helps people to travel and carry goods from one place to another, in
places which are not connected by other means of transport like hilly
areas.
Limitations of Road Transport
 Due to limited carrying capacity road transport is not economical for
long distance transportation of goods.
 Transportation of heavy goods or goods in bulk by road involves high
cost.
 It is affected by adverse weather conditions. Floods, rain, landslide,
etc., sometimes create obstructions to road transport. 18
 Rail Transport
 Transportation of goods and passengers on rail lines
through trains is called rail transport.
It occupies an important place in land
transport
 It is the most dependable mode of transport to carry
goods and passengers over a long distance.

 Besides long distance, local transport of passengers

is also provided by local trains or metro-rail in some
metropolitan cities.

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 Advantages of Rail transport
 It is a convenient mode of transport for travlling long distances.
 It is relatively faster than road transport.
 It is suitable for carrying heavy goods in large quantities over long
distances.
 Its operation is less affected by adverse weathers conditions like rain,
floods, fog,
Limitations of Railway transport
 It is relatively expensive for carrying goods and passengers over
short distances.
 It is not available in remote parts of the country.
 It provides service according to fixed time schedule and is not
flexible for loading or unloading of goods at any place.
 It involves heavy losses of life as well as goods in case of accident.

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 Pipelines Transport
 In modern times, pipelines are used for various purposes.
 This is the most convenient as well as economical
mode of transport for petroleum as well as natural gas
in comparison to road and rail transport, provided the
volume to be transported is large.
 Water supply to residential and commercial areas is
carried on with the help of pipeline.
 But the cost of installation and maintenance requires
large capital investment.
 Advantages: Lowest unit cost of movement – Mass movement of
liquid or gas products – Long-haul moving – Large capacity –
Most dependable mode

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 Ropeway Transport
 Ropeway refers to a mode of transport, which
connects two places on the hills, or across a valley or
river.
 In the hilly areas, trolleys move on wheels
connected to a rope and are used for carrying
passengers or goods, especially building materials,
food, etc.
 The famous “Uran Khatola Jagdamba” in Gujarat
that carries pilgrims to the temple is an example of
ropeway transport, which carries more than 100
passengers at a time.

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B-Water transport
 Water transport refers to movement of goods and
passengers on waterways by using various means like
boats, steamers, launches, ships, etc.
 With the help of these means goods and passengers
are carried to different places, both within as well as
outside the country.
 Within the country, rivers and canals facilitate the
movement of boats, launches, etc. Since the goods
and passengers move inside the country, this type of
transport is called inland water transport.
 When the different means of transport are used to
carry goods and passengers on the sea route it is
termed as ocean transport.

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 Inland water transport
 Inland water transport use boats, launches, barges,
streamers, etc., to carry goods and passengers on
river and canal routes.

 These routes are called inland waterways and are

used in domestic or home trade to carry bulky
goods.

 Passenger transport through waterways is not so

popular in our country.

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 Ocean transport
 Ocean transport refers to movement of goods and passengers with
the help of ships through sea or ocean waterways.
 It plays an important role in the development of international trade.
 It is also used for transporting goods and passengers in the coastal
areas.
 Ocean transport has its fixed route, which links almost all the
countries of the world.
 Coastal Shipping - In this transport, ships ply between the
main ports of a country.
 This helps in home trade, and also in carrying passengers
within the country.
 Overseas shipping - In this transport, ships ply between
different countries separated by sea or ocean.
 It is mainly used for promotion and development of
international trade.
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 Advantages of water transport
 It is a relatively economical mode of transport for bulky and heavy
goods.
 It is a safe mode of transport with respect to occurance of accidents.
 The cost of maintaining and constructing routes is very low as most
of them are naturally made.
 It promotes international trade.
Limitations of water transport
 The depth and navigability of rivers and canals vary and thus, affect
operations of different transport vessels.
 It is a slow moving mode of transport and therefore not suitable for
transport of perishable goods.
 It is adversely affected by weather conditions.
 Sea transport requires large investment on ships and their
maintenance.
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C-Air transport
 This is the fastest mode of transport.
 It carries goods and passengers through airways by using
different aircrafts like passenger aircraft, cargo aircraft,
helicopters, etc.
 In hilly and mountainous areas where other mode of
transport is not accessible, air transport is an important as
well as convenient mode.
 It is mostly used for transporting goods and passengers
during natural calamities like earthquake and floods, etc.
 During war, air transport plays an important role in
carrying soldiers as well as supplies to the required areas.

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 Air transport may be classified as domestic and
international air transport.
 Domestic air transport mainly facilitates
movement within the country

 International
air transport is used for carrying
goods and passengers between different
countries.

 Air
transport is carried out in fixed air routes, which
connect almost all the countries.

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 Advantages of Air transport
 It is the fastest mode of transport. (not an advantage)
 It is very useful in transporting goods and passengers to the area,
which are not accessible by any other means.
 It is the most convenient mode of transport during natural
calamities.
 It provides vital support to the national security and defence.

Limitations of air transport

 It is relatively more expensive mode of transport.
 It is not suitable for transporting heavy and bulky goods.
 It is affected by adverse weather conditions.
 It is not suitable for short distance travel.
 In case of accidents, it results in heavy losses of goods, property and
life.
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 Mode Selection Criteria
 Speed

 Reliability

 Flexibility that the mode exhibits

 Comparative unit costs, which the modes incur

 Other considerations in the selection of a transport mode

are:
 Required delivery date
 Cost of transport service

 Reliability and service quality

 Shipment size

 Transit time

 Number of transhipment points

 Item type

 Possibility of damage
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 Section V: Determinants of Transportation Performance
 A-Cost of transportation
 The payment for movement between two geographical locations and
expenses related to administration and maintaining in-transit inventory.
 B-Speed of transportation
 The time required to complete a specific movement. –

 Transport firms capable of providing faster services normally charge

higher rate.
 The faster the transportation services, shorter is the time interval during
which the inventory is in transit and unvailable.
 C-Consistency of transportation
 Refers to variations in time required to perform a specific movement over
a number of shipments.
 Consistency is a measure of dependability of transportation.

 Inconsistency in transportation leads to inventory safety stocks required

to protect against unpredictable service breakdowns.
 Speed and consistency combine to create quality aspect of transportation.

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Section VI: Efficiency and Effectiveness in Transportation
 P. Drucker defined
 “efficiency is about doing things right”

 “effectiveness is about doing the right things”.

 Doing things right means achieving the optimal relation of

inputs and outputs (or outcomes).
 We can distinguish two types of efficiency:
production efficiency and cost-efficiency).
An increase in production efficiency means
achieving more output for a given input.
An increase in cost efficiency means reducing
the costs of inputs for a given output.

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 Efficiency Formula
 N=Work Output/Work Input*100

 Effectiveness metrics involve:

 Price (actually fixed by marketing, but lower bounded by
production cost): purchase price, use costs, maintenance
costs, upgrade costs, disposal costs
 Quality: specification and compliance

 Time: productive lead time, information lead time,

punctuality
 Flexibility: mix, volume, cost

 Stock availability

 Ecological Soundness: biological and environmental

impacts of the system under study.
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 Section VII: Environmental Impact of Transportation
 Transport is a major use of energy and burns most of the
world's petroleum.
 It creates air pollution

 It is a significant contributor to global warming

 Transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.

 By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor
to global warming.
 Environmental regulations in developed countries
have reduced individual vehicles' emissions.
 Environmental impact generated by transport, including
air emissions, noise etc. and the effects resulting such as
health effects.

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 1-Climate
 Transport makes a considerable contribution to the
greenhouse effect and represents around 35 per cent of
emissions of carbon dioxide.
 Emissions of greenhouse gases are an extremely relevant
issue when it comes to our choice of transport means.

 2-Health
 Air pollutants are very significant in some urban areas
primarily as a health risk.
 Air pollutants can be generally toxic and contribute to
allergies, cancer or other genetic toxic effects.

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 3. Noise
 Transport is the main cause of noise.
 The effects of noise are often indirect and combined in a
pattern of interacting factors.
 Other harmful effects of noise exposure include sleep
quality, sleep disturbance and problems with waking up
as well as problems in falling asleep.
 4. Acidification
 Acidification is mainly caused by emissions of nitrogen
oxides (NOx) and sulphur dioxides (SO2).
 A considerable amount of emissions, mainly of nitrogen
oxides, can be traced to transport.
 Acidification leads to tangible changes in the conditions of
life for plants, micro-flora and animals.
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 5-Land use
 The land and water taken over by the transport sector, along with
natural areas and natural resources, has both a direct and/or an
indirect impact.
 6. Ozone Damage
 Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic
substances (VOC) , primarily certain types of hydrocarbons,
interact under the influence of sunlight to create ozone and
other oxidants in the air.
 Transport is the greatest source of both nitrogen oxides and
volatile organic substances.
 Photochemical oxidants irritate the respiratory tracts and the
mucus membrane of the eyes
 It is suspected that ozone (O3) and other oxidants can play a
part in the development of cancer.

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 Section VIII: Transportation Sustainability
 Transportation sustainability is largely being measured by
transportation system effectiveness and efficiency as well
as the environmental impacts of the system.
 The World Commission on Environment and
Development defines sustainable development as,
“Development which meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs”.
 Based on the definition of Sustainable Development,
sustainable transportation is, “…a set of transport activities
together with relevant infrastructure that collectively does not
leave problems or costs for future generations to solve or bear
present builders and users of the system should pay such costs
today.
 38
 Sustainable transportation provides access to all groups of people in
the city in a manner that is within the environmental carrying
capacity of the city and is affordable to both the providers and the
users of the system.
 A sustainable transportation system is essential as it is an
important aspect of a liveable city, a city that provides a high
quality of standard of living.
 The concept of sustainability has three main components:
social, economic and environment.
 The development of a sustainable transportation system starts with
the organization of urban space.
 The organization of urban space helps in reducing the
distances between places and people and as a result people
travel less to obtain goods and services.
 The transportation system needs to be integrated and balanced to
avoid any ‘transportation gaps’.

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 The main objectives of a sustainable transportation
system are to:
 Reduce the travel demand, particularly by motorized
modes by reducing the number of trips and trip lengths
 Greater use of truly sustainable modes (i.e. walking and
other non-motorized transport)
 Efficient use of existing systems and reducing the use of
all resources – natural, physical and financial
 Increasing energy efficiency and emission standards of
motorized vehicles.

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 These objectives can be achieved through the following
measures:
 Organization of urban space – land use planning and
finding better solution to meet the needs through action
in other areas
 Making services and opportunities accessible by walking
and non-motorized transport
 Development of a balanced integrated transport system
that ensures efficient travel using multiple modes
 Technological standards (vehicle, fuel, emission etc.) and

 Improvement in efficiency of urban freight logistics

through organization of freight distribution and delivery
facilities and services.

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 Section IX: Mass Transit, Parking and Congestion
 1-Mass transit
 Mass transit/mass transportation/ public transportation- the
movement of people within urban areas using group travel technologies
such as buses.
 The transportation of large numbers of people by means of buses,
subway trains, etc.
 Mass transit is a public transportation designed to move many people.
 What benefits are associated with mass transit systems?
 It benefits communities financially: ...

 Public transportation reduces air pollution: ...

 Increased fuel efficiency: ...

 Reduced traffic congestion: ...

 Saves money: ...

 Increases mobility: ...

 Frees up time: ...

 Public transportation is safer

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 2-Parking
 Parking is one of the problem created by road traffic.
 Vehicles not only require street space to move about but
also need space to park where the occupants can be loaded
or unloaded.
 The period over which a car is parked is very great
compared with the time it is in motion.
 Effect of Parking
 Congestion
 Accidents
 Obstruction to fire fighting operation
 Effect on Environment

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 C-Congestion
 Congestion is a condition on transport that has use increases,
and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and
increased vehicular queuing.
 When traffic demand is great enough that the
interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the
traffic stream, this results in some congestion.
 This is also known as a traffic jam.

 Congestion may result from a decrease in capacity, for

example accidents on the road or roads being closed.
 Bad road layouts can also restrict capacity.

 Congestion is caused by multiple causes such as more cars

on road, poor road management, and poor practices on
behalf of employers, lack of adequate infrastructure, a lack
of public transport , etc.

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