HOA MODULE 5


HOA 
Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
Rejects the caste system of Hinduism.
 Goal: overcome weakness including greed and
MODULE 5: ARCHITECTURE IN hunger
THE ASIA AND PACIFIC REGION JAINISM
MODULE 5.1: INDIAN ARCHITECTURE  From “Jina” meaning “victor” or “conqueror”
 All living things possess an immortal soul which
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
has always and will always exist.
 The earliest urban culture on the Indian  All should be protected with care and respect
subcontinent  Belief in reincarnation determined by karma
 2500 BC – 1700 BC TIMELINE
 Thriving towns and cities, main Indus River
Valley (Pakistan) MAURYAN PERIOD
 Major cities – grid pattern
 Left the earliest surviving example of
o Mohenjo-dajo monumental Indian architecture.
o Harappa  In the 3rd century BC, Emperor Ashoka (Ashoka
o Kalibangan the Great) made Buddhism the State religion
 Cities had provisions for an advanced drainage of India.
system  Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a
 Major cities had great fortified “citadel” relic of Buddha and to commemorate some event
mound and a larger lower area. or a marked sacred spot.
 GREAT STUPA
HISTORY o Sanchi, India
o Built by Emperor Ashoka
 Cities were ruled by priest – kings.
o Also called Stupa No.1
 Earliest buildings were made of wood and later, o 120ft (37m) wide and 54ft (17m) high
brick.
o UNESCO WHS, 1989
 Most surviving examples of Indian Architecture o Dome (Anda) symbolizes the dome of
are religious structures. heaven enclosing the earth.
RELIGION  PARTS OF STUPA (check DK Ching
o Chattri
HINDUISM o Railings
 Harmika
 One of world’s oldest religion  Medhi
 Third largest religion behind Christianity and  Vedika
Islam o Toranas
 No specific founder, Compilation of many  Ceremonial gateways
traditions and philosophies o Dome (anda)
 Belief in “atman” (soul) reincarnation o Axis Mundi
(transmigration of souls) and karma (what a
person does in the present life will affect the next EARLY INDIAN
life)
 Hindu worship (“puja”) takes place in the  Period where stupas became progressively larger
Mandir (temple) and more elaborate.
 Social Hierarchy based on karma and dharma  Stone railings of Stupas are lavishly carved with
(souls’ purpose) relief sculpture.
o Brahman  Cave temples and monasteries were cut out of
o Khsatriya cliffs in Western India.
o Vaishya  BUDDHIST CAVE TEMPLE
o Shudra o Karli, Maharashtra India
o Dalit GUPTA PERIOD
BUDDHISM  New style of Hindu temple with small
Complex system of beliefs developed around the teaching sanctuary (garbhagriha or “womb room”)
of Buddha – the enlightened one. topped by a pyramid-shaped tower or spire called
sikhara.
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HOA MODULE 5
 Temples of a simpler style (flat roofs) o UNESCO WHS, 1983
 Stupas, rock-cut temples and monasteries o Building is covered in pure white,
continued to be built. Makrana marble.
 Cave temples were carved with extreme richness o Actual tombs of the wife and emperor
and magnificence.
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES
MEDIEVAL PEIOD
STAMBHAS
 Temples include a small square sanctuary
(garbhagriha)  Freestanding monumental pillars believed to
 One or more pillared porches or halls be a “cosmic column” functioning as a bond
(mandapas) joining heaven and earth.
 Rising above the sanctuary isa tower or spire  Kirti Stambha
 In Northern India: tower or spire above the o Rajasthan India
sanctuary is known as Shikhara o Heavy ornamentation
o Curved outline o Image of gods
 Lakshmana Temple
VIHARA
o Khajuraho, Madhya state India
 In Southern India, tower or spire above the  Buddhist monastery often excavated from solid
sanctuary is of the kutina type. rock.
o Pyramid-shaped  Ajanta Caves
 Brihadishvara Temple o Maharashtra, India
o Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu state India o String of 30 caves used by Buddhist
monks as prayer halls and monasteries.
ISLAMIC PERIOD
CHAITYA
 Extension of Islam into India (11th to 12th
century), introduced typical Muslim architectural  Shrine carved out of solid rock hillside’ form of
elements into mosques, tombs and other an aisled basilica, with a stupa at one end.
structures.  Buddhist Cave Temple
 Under the Mughal Dynasty (mid-16th to the late o Karli, Maharashtra India
17th century), Northern India saw a striking
revival of Islamic Architecture. MANDIRA
 Reached its peak during the reign of emperor
 Hindu temple with an interior sanctuary
Shah Jahan.
(vimana), capped by a tapering spire-shaped
 Humayun’s Tomb
tower (sikhara) and with porch – like halls
o Delhi India
(mandapa) for dancing and music.
o Built entirely of red sandstone and
 Sri Ranganathaswany Temple
marble. o Karnataka, India
o Introduced high arches and double
domes to Indian Architecture MODULE 5.2: CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
o UNESCO WHS, 1993
o Center plan divided into 36 squares. HISTORY & RELIGION
o Tomb occupies the middle four squares.
o A garden covers the remaining 32  Only ancient civilization has continued to this
day.
squares.
 First communities chiefly in the basin of Huang
 Taj Mahal
He (Yellow River)
o Agra, India
 Religious and ethical influences:
o The mausoleum was built by Shah
o Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism
Jahan for his favorite wife.
o Considered as the finest examples of  Chief building types: Palaces and Temples
Mughal Architecture. CHARACTERISTICS
o Blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic
Style  Adorned with ornamentation and rich in colors.
o Mumtaz Mahal means Ornament of the  Heavily utilized symmetry and balance through
Palace use of Feng Shui (Taoist Philosophy)
o Taj mahal came from Shah Jahan’s  TAOISM – core philosophy and religion in
endearment to his wife (Arjumand Chinese culture that is centered through harmony
Banun Begum) and balance with the universe.

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HOA MODULE 5
 Yellow Crane Tower – Wuhan  Monumental, ceremonial gateway and basic
symbolic structure in Chinese Architecture
BUILDING TYPES  Trabeated form, in stone or wood with bold
IMPERIAL BUILDINGS projecting roofs
 1,3 or 5 openings
 Formal style with a solemn feel  Han Dynasty Pailou
 Typically, grand in scale compared to other o Hanzhong Shaanxi Province, China
buildings.
 Use of yellow roof tiles TEMPLE
 Ancient Chinese favored color red.  For Chinese temples, the main feature was the
 Buildings faced south because north has a cold roof.
wind.  Placing roofs one over the other is a sign of
 Influenced by numerology. dignity.
 The Forbidden City  Temple of Heaven
o 9,999.9 rooms o Beijing, China
o Short of the mythical 10,000 rooms in o UNESCO WHS, 1998
heaven  A Complex of imperial religious buildings.
COMMON BUILDINGS o The Hall of Prayer of Good Harvests
o The Imperial Vault of Heaven
 Model of a Traditional Chinese courtyard house o The Circular Mound Altar
 Primarily suited to function rather than aesthetic
appeal PALACES
 Houses of commoners (bureaucrats, merchants  Buildings are dispersed around the courtyard
or farmers) follow a set of patterns with a shrine  Entire grouping is organized around a central
at the center for the deities and ancestors, used pathway or axis
during festivities.
 Largest and most important building at the
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS northernmost
 Surrounding structures and courtyards increase
 TAOIST – favored styles closer to common in size as they get closer to the main building.
buildings  THE FORBIDDEN CITY
 BUDDHIST – closer to imperial style buildings, o UNESCO WHS, 1987
favoring grand architecture. o Abode of the Chinese Emperor, their
 Much aesthetic appeal (decorative tiling, accents, families, staff, and government officials
and sculpture) o Occupied by emperors from Ming
 Impressions of different religions informed the Dynasty to the end of Qing dynasty.
design choices of the building. o One of the most significant symbols of
ancient Chinses government.
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES
o World’s largest preservation of wooden
PAGODA structure from ancient world
 PALACE OF HEAVENLY PURITY
 Buddhist temple and most typical Chinese o Beijing, China
building of religious significance o Built by Emperor Zhu Di
 Gaine a secular nature later; monuments to o Best preserved imperial palace in China
victory or a memorial to hold relics.
 Based on Indian Stupa and Stambha FORTIFICATION
 Served a symbol of Buddhism in China, ass the
Stupa did in India.  GREAT WALL OF CHINA
o Built by Qin Shih Huang Ti
 Ying County Pagoda
o Shanxi Province, China o For protection of China against nomads
 DOUGONG from the north.
o Interlocking bracket system used in ROOF ART
traditional Chinese construction to
support roof beams; has both structural  Four types of roof art
and decorative uses. o Hip Roof
o Gable and Hip rood
PAILOU o Overhanging Gable Roof
 Also called Paifang o Flush Gable Room

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HOA MODULE 5
ROOF DECORATION TEMPLE

 Chinese folklore considers decorative elements  Called tera, ji or in

to be essential and potent features.  Originated in Japanese Buddhism
 The more important the building, the greater the  Have two gates in front and a bell inside.
number of figures.  Have a plethora of statues of Buddhist deities.
 Sensoji Temple
MODULE 5.3: JAPANESE o Asakusa, Tokyo
ARCHITECTURE
SHRINE
HISTORY
 Called jingu, jinja or taisha
 Unlike the relatively ancient history of China and  Built for worship according to the Shinto
India, Japanese history gets a relatively late religion.
start.  SHINTO
 First Japanese people did not up in the o Way of the Gods
archipelago until approximately 2,000 years ago. o Polytheistic religion that recognizes
hidden spirits called kami (spiritual
GEOGRAPHY
beings that can inhabit or be essentially
 Japan is an archipelago of four large islands as anything)
well as hundreds of smaller islands.  TORII
 The sea became an important part of their o Shinto Gate
culture. Places at entrances to spiritually
important locations. Represents
TRADITIONAL JAPANESE HOME boundary between the spiritual world
and the mundane.
 Furniture is sparse.
 Belief in concept of ma (negative space).
Objects are placed very far apart as traditional
Japanese believes this encourages creativity.
 Concept of inside and outside
 SHOJI
o Used to close off or open rooms other
and to the outside. This linked nature to
the inside of their living spaces.
 Zen Rock Garden, as a feature of many
traditional households, were rocks of all shapes
and sizes are places asymmetrically calling the
attentions to the spaces between them.
 Furniture is made of wood with handles on the
sides or easy mobility in case of fire.
 Furniture has three main purposes:
o Sleeping and sitting
 TATAMI MAT
o Prayer
o Storage
 TANSU
 MIZUYA
 KAIDAN TANSU

JAPANESE PAGODA
 Primarily built of wood, have larger overhands
and seen as secondary structures rather than
primary.
 Multi-tiered towers, with the volume of each
tier diminishing until the final roof.
 Main purpose: house Japanese Buddhist
artworks, statues, and religious objects.

RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES
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