Chapter 7

Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission

Introduction
Provision of safe drinking water in the rural areas is the responsibility of the States. Funds are being provided for provision of the facility in the State budgets right from the First Five Year Plan period. The Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) was introduced in 1972-73 by the Government of India (GOI), to assist the States and Union Territories to accelerate the pace of coverage of drinking water supply. To ensure maximum inflow of scientific and technical input into the rural water supply sector to improve the performance, cost effectiveness of the on-going programmes and ensure adequate supply of safe drinking water, the entire programme was given a Mission approach. The Technology Mission on drinking water and related water management was launched in 1986. It was also called the National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) and was one of the five Societal Missions launched by the Government of India. The NDWM was renamed Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water mission (RGNDWM) in 1991. It was realised that the objective of supplying safe water would not be achieved unless the sanitary aspects of water and the issue of sanitation are addressed together. The Centrally Sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) WAS launched in 1986 with the overall objective of improving the quality of life of the rural people. It is envisaged that the two programmes, the ARWSP and the CRSP, implemented simultaneously would help break the vicious circle of disease, morbidity and poor health, resulting from water borne diseases and insanitary conditions.

Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme

The Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) aims at providing safe and adequate drinking water facilities to the rural population by supplementing the efforts made by the State Governments/UTs under the State Sector Minimum Needs Programme (MNP). Keeping in view the different kinds of problems arising while providing potable water in the rural areas, 56 Mini-Missions (pilot projects) were identified covering all States/ UTs. These pilot projects helped to evolve models that are replicable and can be incorporated in the on-going programmes. Norms The provision of drinking water facilities in the problem villages is based on the following norms :
q

40 litres of safe drinking water per capita per day (lpcd) for human beings. 30 lpcd additionally for cattle in the Desert

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Development Programme (DDP) areas.

q

One hand pump or stand post for every 250 persons. The water source should exist within the habitation or within a distance of 1.6 km. in the plains and within 100 metres elevation difference in the hills. Drinking water is defined as safe if it is free from bacteria contamination, chemical contamination viz. fluoride, iron, arsenic, nitrate, brackishness in excess or beyond permissible limits.

Adopting the above norms would mean providing one source for every 150 persons (as against one source for every 250 persons).

ARWSP Allocation Criteria The allocations are subject to matching provision by State under their MNP. The criteria for allocation of funds is as given below : Components 1. 2. 3. 4. Rural Population Rural Area Incidence of poverty No. of problem villages spilled over from Sixth Plan, States/UTs covered under DPAP, HADP, DDP and special category hill States in terms of : (a) Rural Population 12.5 12.5
100

Weightage (%) 35 20 20

Priorities Viewing the objective of providing safe drinking water facility in all the villages, there is need for a certain order of priority which is as follows :
q q

To cover the Not Covered (NC) habitations. To fully cover the Partially Covered (PC) habitations getting less than 10 lpcd. To cover all habitations having water quality problems. To supply water to all habitations with per capita supply of less than 40 lpcd at the rate of 40 lpcd. To provide water supply facilities for the scheduled castes (SC), scheduled tribes (ST) and the landless agricultural labourers. To provide safe drinking water in every rural primary school.

(b) Rural Area

Total

States/UTs have to earmark 25% as minimum outlay for SCs and 10% as minimum outlay for STs, for taking up water supply schemes exclusively for them. The ARWSP guidelines state that at the time of scheme formulation, the coverage of SC/ST should be given first preference so as to ensure equal access to water supply facilities. Physical and Financial Progress
Plan Period/ Year ARWSP(GOI) Release (Rs. in crores) State sector MNP Expenditure (Rs. in crores) 10966.74 Habitation Coverage (in absolute numbers) 858794

Once the task of providing every village with at least one source of safe drinking water si completed, the enhancement and expansion process may be initiated to provide adequate drinking water. The above mentioned norms can then be liberalised so as to now cover :
q

Villages that do not have an assured source of safe drinking water within a distance of 0.5 km. (as against 1.6 km). To enhance the per capita rate of supply (as against the 40 lpcd rate).

Eighth Plan period 1992-93 to 1996-97 8210.16 Ninth Plan period 1997-98

1299.91

1608.37

116994

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The status of coverage of habitations with drinking water facilities as on 1.4.98 is as under : Not Covered Partially Covered Fully Covered Total : : : : 56269 313473 1060921 1430663

cost sharing by the communities aims at gradually replacing the current Government driven centrally monitored non-people participating Rural Water Supply Programme. The proposal also envisages and earmarks 20% of the annual outlay to be given to those State Governments who undertake community-based Rural Water Supply Programmes by :
q

The total habitations (NC and PC) targeted to be covered in 1998-99 are 105902. Progress achieved so far is as given below :
(Rs. in crores) Year ARWSP MNP Habitation Allocation Release Provision Expenditure Coverage (Rs.) upto Dec., (Rs.) upto Dec., upto Nov. 1998 1998 1998 (in (Rs.) (Rs.) absolute figures) 815.38 48008.00

Adopting the demand driven approach based on empowerment of villagers to ensure their full participation in the project, through a decision making role in the choice of key design and management arrangements. 10% of capital cost and 100% O & M cost to be borne by users. The share of States, which do not introduce the reforms, will be given to other States willing to implement the reform measures.

1998-99 1627.00 1273.29 1930.60

The revised policy will be taken up for implementation after it is approved by the cabinet. Community Participation in RWS Programme As a follow up to the recommendations of the National Workshop on O & M held on the 25th 27th September, 1996 and the National Workshop on Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance (WQM&S) held on the 7th - 9th August, 1997, five regional workshops were organised at:
Providing Safe Drinking Water in Rural Areas

Jaipur Bangalore Guwahati Calcutta

18th 26th 26th 3rd 4th -

19th 27th 27th 4th 5th

August, 98 October, 98 November, 98 December, 98 February, 99

Statewise allocation of fund/releases under ARWSP and State sector MNP are given at Annexure (XXIII to XXV). Statewise habitation coverage details are given at Annexure XXVI.

Chandigarh -

Policy Initiative
The Expenditure Finance Committee (FFC) in its meeting held on the 11th of November, 1998 has considered and approved the proposal to revamp the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme. The proposal to institutionalize community-based, demand driven rural Water Supply Programme with

At these workshops, the Action Plans incorporating the ideas envisaged in the new policy initiative indicated above, for institutionalising community participation in the capital cost sharing, O&M and WQM&S have been finalised for selected pilot districts in each State/UT of the respective region. Detailed project reports (DPRs), based on the Action Plans

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finalised, are being prepared by the States/UTs. It is envisaged that the experience gained from these pilot projects will enable replication in the remaining districts of the respective States/UTs.

treating iron contaminated water, 16415 plants were approved and 9355 plants have already been commissioned. Control of Fluorosis Excess fluoride in drinking water causes dental and skeletal fluorosis. The problem is prevalent in 150 districts of 16 states of the country, including Delhi. Control measures include providing alternate sources free from fluoride or treating fluoride contaminated water (to within permissible limit 1.5 ppm) with the help of treatment processes such as Nalgonda technique or activated alumina process. So far 499 plants (fill and draw type and handpump attached type) have been approved by the Mission of which 427 plants have been installed upto December, 1998. Control of Arsenic Contamination of ground water with arsenic was first noticed in 8 districts of West Bengal, in the early 80s. The first attempt to tackle the problem was made by the Government of India in 1988 by sanctioning as investigation project. Thereafter, the Government of India has sanctioned several R & D projects as well as field oriented projects in the arsenic affected areas. Four water supply projects costing Rs.349.09 crores have been approved for control of arsenic/providing alternate safe drinking water sources in West Bengal. Rs.3080 lakh have been released during 1998-99. Ensuring Sustainability This is an important Sub-Mission for the success of water supply schemes, on a long-term basis. CGWB and NGRI have been engaged in the programme since the inception of the Mission. With the introduction of scientific methodologies for scientific source finding, the success rate of wells has gone up considerably. Under the water conservation measures, funds worth Rs. 30.75 crores were approved against which Rs. 25.90 crores have been released and the expenditure reported so far is Rs. 20.67 crores. Water Quality Surveillance For testing of the water quality and for water quality surveillance, 411 laboratories have been approved

R.W S. Sector Supportive Activities/ Programmes

Sub-missions The Sub-Missions were initiated with the objective of providing safe drinking water facilities in the water quality affected habitations. The details are as under: Control of Brackishness Excess brackishness causes the problem of taste and has laxative effects. Control measures include either providing alternate sources free from brackishness or supply of water with total dissolved solids within permissible limit of 1500 ppm (parts per million) by treating brackish water with the help of treatment processes like reverse osmosis, electro dialysis etc. For treating brackish water, 194 desalination plants were approved by the RGNDWM and 150 plants have been commissioned. Eradication of Guineaworm Guineaworm is a water-borne disease caused by dracunculiasis medinensis. Efforts to control this disease were started in early eighties. It is a good example of how the coordinated efforts of organisations like National Institute of communicable Diseases (NICD), RGNDWM, International Organisations like WHO, UNICEF, and State Health & PHE departments could attack and eradicate an otherwise difficult problem. India has approached the International Commission for Certification of dracunculiasis eradication. Removal of Excess Iron Excess iron in the drinking water is prevent in the north-eastern States. Consumption of water with excess iron causes constipating accompanied by other physiological disorders. Control measures include providing alternate sources free from iron or treating iron contaminated water (to within permissible limit 1 ppm) with the help of iron removal plants. For

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and 300 have been established upto December, 1998. It is proposed to provide one laboratory in each district of the country. Twenty-two mobile laboratories have also been provided to various states. Decentralization of Technical Clearance of Schemes In December 1994, the Central Government delegated full powers to the States/Union Territories to give technical and administrative clearance to schemes under ARWSP, subject to the same per capita cost ceilings as under Minimum Needs Programme (MNP). The powers for sanctioning and executing Sub-mission projects were also delegated to the States with effect from 1st April, 1998. Human Resource Development Sustainable management of rural water supply and sanitation needs not only the engineering systems but also community participation and empowerment, together with adequately trained professional and sensitized planners, administrators and decisionmakers. To build up a human resource base of appropriately trained personnel to serve the needs of the rural water supply and sanitation sector, the National Human Resource Development Programme (NHRDP) was launched in 1994. The major objectives of the NHRDP are (a) to train at least one beneficiary, especially women, at the grassroots level in each village of the country, (b) improve the productivity of sector professionals through specialised courses and (c) to introduce rural orientation in technical education sector coupled with publication of manuals on rural water supply and rural sanitation. The implementation of the NHRDP involves :
q

sharing workshops for sector professionals, in India and abroad.

q

Evolving courses, for introduction at diploma and degree levels, to introduce rural orientation and appropriate technologies and practices.

HRD Cells are functioning in 24 States. Up to 1997-98, a sum of Rs. 23.00 crores had been released to the States, for HRD activities. An amount of Rs. 103 lakhs has been released for the programme during 1998-99. Four workshops have been held so far for operationalising grassroots level Training Programmes. Four multimedia packages, focussing on four focal themes given below, have been prepared by the Technical Teachers Training Institute for conducting Grassroots Level Training Programmes.
q

Operation and handpumps.

Maintenance

(O&M)

of

Construction of sanitary toilets and other rural sanitation facilities. Motivation for community support mobilisation. Health education and hygiene promotion.

q q

Under the programme for development of capability of in-house training instructors, the course on Ground Water Development which was being conducted in United Kingdom through the Overseas Development Agency (ODA) assistance has now been fully transferred to the Gujarat Jal Sewa Training Institute, Ahmedabad, one of the seven key institutions selected under the ITN. Foreign Training Programme Two State Government officers were nominated by this Ministry for a short term training (4th -23rd May, 1998) on Monitoring and Effectiveness, for improving community based Water Supply and Sanitation Projects, at IRC, the Hague, Netherlands. Research and Development It was realised that the objective of providing necessary scientific and technological inputs required to improve the performance, cost effectiveness and management practices of the on-going programmes would not be

Creating a resource pool of trainers for training grass-root level trainees in the villages through the Indian Training Network (ITN). Establishing Human Resource Development (HRD) Cells in all the States to undertake HRD activities in the State, based on trainer assessment. Networking with NGOs, Technical Teachers Training Institute, community polytechnics, training institutes/organisations etc. Conducting specialised courses and experience

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achieved without the Research and Development (R&D) input and support. A series of R&D initiatives have therefore been taken to provide the necessary scientific and technological inputs into the Mission programmes. The following activities have already been carried out:
q

The Documentation and Information Centre at the Mission (Block-11, 6th Floor, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi) was inaugurated by the Minister of State for Rural Areas and Employment (IC), Shri Babagouda Patil, on the 17th of July, 1998. It is planned to put the information resources of the centre on the Web. Information products are also planned on CD ROMs for the benefit of those who do not have Internet Web access facility. Information, Education and Communication The awareness creation campaign programme of the Mission, based on its Information, Education and Communication (IEC) strategy, is being implemented in the selected pilot districts of 20 States, at a total approved cost of Rs.2411.70 lakhs (on a 50:50 cost sharing between the Government of India and the State Governments), to be released in two instalments. The main objective of the campaign programme is to inculcate hygiene sense and bring about a change in the concept/attitude of the people towards water and sanitation. The implementation stage of the programme in the States is at different levels. The States of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh have taken the lead in implementing the programme activities. In fact, Uttar Pradesh launched the campaign in the district of Kanpur Dealt in November, 1998 and the launch in the other three districts is scheduled in January February, 1999. The IEC activities to be undertaken at the National level, as envisaged in the guidelines, are being carried out. Slogans/messages related to water and sanitation have been printed on post cards and inland letter cards in Hindi, English and ten other regional languages. The Doordarshan is telecasting spots relating to sanitation (hand washing and latrine construction). Funds have been allocated to the States to meet the expenditure towards broadcast charges of similar films/spots related to water and sanitation. The information regarding rural water supply and sanitation is also disseminated through bi-weekly radio programmes sponsored by this Ministry-Chalo Gaon ki Ore and Gram Vikas Ki Ore. Discussions regarding the prospect of using the railways (tickets) as a

Formulation of the policy guidelines for R&D support. Identification of priority areas for R&D support. Establishment of an R&D cell in the Mission. Formation of Research Advisory Committee (RAC) with Secretary (RD) as Chairman and eminent scientists and others members to oversee the R&D activities. Establishment of Documentation and Information Centre (DIC) for R&D related activities. Networking with large number of universities, institutions, organizations and the concerned State departments for identifying and solving required research problems. 95 projects have been sanctioned involving more than 40 organisations across the country. An amount of Rs. 43.88 lakh has been released for R&D activities during 1998-99.

q q q

Documentation and Information Centre A lot of valuable data and information is being generated under the sector related R&D projects being carried out by Universities, R&D organisations, and NGOs. A number of field level activities that are in progress add to the available information base by their findings. There are also a number of developing countries that are engaged in R&D activities leading towards low cost appropriate rural technologies for rural environment. The need for dissemination of and access to information on drinking water and sanitation globally was recognised and the Mission entrusted the responsibility of conceiving, establishing and maintaining a Documentation and Information Centre on drinking water and sanitation to the Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC), a national laboratory under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India.

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districts of 13 States was carried out by seven organisations. The final reports are under submission. Externally Aided Projects The Integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWS&S) Project in Maharashtra supported by the World Bank has been completed during the year 1998-99. The World Bank aided RWS&S Project in Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka is progressing satisfactorily. Fresh RWS&S project proposals from Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh, incorporating the features stated in the Generic Project Concept Document (GPCD) issued by the World bank were received and these proposals have been forwarded to the World Bank by the Department of Economic Affairs, for possible funding. Management Information System/Computerisation The Management Information System (MIS) is extremely important for planning, effective monitoring of the implementation of the various components of the programme. It also facilitates the availability of data not only to the Central and State Governments and peoples representatives, but also to the users. A quick to and fro flow of information between the Mission and the States (including formations up to the Division and Sub-division level) is proposed to be established by using the state of the art Information Technology (IT). It will be ensured that public has access to habitation-wise data through NIC and there is effective communication system using NICNET. The MIS project consists of Selection hardware, Selection of Operating System, Preparation of Software Requirement Specifications (SRS) Document, and Development of Customised Application Software. Hardware for the project and vendor for the supply of the same for whole country has been finalised. A multi-user operating system has also been procured. The SRS defining the organisational objectives and priorities, user needs and establishing linkages within various organisations in all States/UTs have been taken up. The selection of application software is under process.

Training in repair of handpumps under Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission

medium for propagating messages/slogans related to the sector are at a advanced stage with the Northern Railway (first phase). Monitoring and Evaluation The implementation of the programmes in the States is being monitored and evaluated at the National level. The Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) focuses on the following aspects :
q

Coverage of the Not Covered (NC) habitations status, Partially or Fully Covered (PC/FC). Full Coverage of PC villages. Population coverage, category-wise i.e. SC, ST and general. Defunct status of schemes (hand pumps/piped water supply etc.). O&M status (physical & financial). Extent of community participation in O&M, capital cost sharing, planning and implementation of schemes. Issues and problems being faced by the community and the implementing agency.

q q

q q

Periodic studies are carried out by Non-Government agencies to evaluate the schemes and give an unbiased assessment of the implementation/coverage status. A monitoring and evaluation study of the RWS Schemes (including sanitation) in selected

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Rural Sanitation
The Centrally sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) was launched in the year 1986 with the objective of improving the quality of life of the rural people and to provide privacy and dignity to the women. The concept of sanitation includes safe disposal of solid and liquid waste including human excreta, personal, domestic and environmental hygiene. The Central funds allocated under the CRSP supplement the state sources made available under the State Sector MNP.
q q q

areas. Establish sanitary complexes exclusively for women. Encourage locally suitable and acceptable models of latrines. Promote total sanitation of village through construction of drains, soakage pits for liquid and solid waste disposal.

Brief details of each Component

Construction of Individual Household Latrines Construction of individual household latrines by persons below poverty line may be supported in cluster of 20 or more in a village. The unit cost of construction should be limited to Rs.2500 of which 80% could be paid as subsidy to the selected beneficiaries below the poverty line. In case the unit cost exceeds Rs. 2500 the additional cost should be borne by the beneficiaries or specific approval of the Government of India may be obtained before execution. Out of the total annual funds a minimum 20% should be earmarked for paying subsidy to the individual households from SCs and STs below the poverty line where the percentage of SC/ST population to the total population below poverty line is less than 20%. Where the SC/ST population below poverty line is more than 20% of the total population below poverty line earmarking should be enhanced at least to match the percentage of SC/ST population.

Objectives
q

Accelerate coverage of rural population, specially among households below poverty line (BPL), with sanitation facilities, complementing the efforts in Rural Water Supply. Generate felt need through awareness creating and health education involving Voluntary Organisations (VOs) and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). Eradicate manual scavenging by converting all existing dry latrines into low cost sanitary latrines.

Encourage cost effective and appropriate technologies to support other objectives.

Technological Options
The Mission has already circulated the report of the Expert Committee, which has recommended a wide range of (27 Nos.) Technical Optional, with cost estimates, keeping in view the concept of vertical upgradation, varying soil and hydrogeological conditions and acceptability and affordability of the beneficiaries. In order to explore for additional models and to supplement the information provided in the report of the National Expert Committee on Technological Options for the implementation of the rural sanitation programme in the country, a committee has been constituted under the Chairmanship of the Mission Director. The committee will suggest additional models/technologies to supplement the information provided in the Handbook on Technological Options,

Facilitating Community Participation in CRSP

Programme Components
q

Construction of individual sanitary latrines for households below poverty line with subsidy (80%) where demand exists. Encourage other households to buy facilities through markets, including sanitary marts. Assist in setting up of sanitary marts. Launch intensive awareness campaigns in selected

q q

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the Central Government through reputed Voluntary Organisations/Panchayati Raj Institution in difficult areas where proper marketing facilities for sanitary components do not exist. Such voluntary organisations should be carefully selected, based on the assessment of their ability to carry out the task. Total Sanitation of Village Other Sanitation facilities such as drains, soakpits, solid and liquid waste disposals etc. should be taken up as far as possible under Jawahar Rozgar Yojana or any other programme for civic amenities in the Panchayat. Where this is not feasible due to other priorities and non-availability of adequate financial resources, the facilities can be taken up under CRSP. Campaign for Creation of Felt Need While Government machinery for publicity may be useful to some extent, a well orchestrated programme of publicity, health, education and creation of required facilities only can make any change in the attitude of the people. Support of the reputed local voluntary organisations, autonomous institutions, social, political and religious organisations who carry conviction with the people can be enlisted in creating the felt need. These organisations should be selected for their reputation for good and adequate infrastructure already available with them. Model village Assistance is also given to States to develop model villages under the programme. A model village is covered with facilities like sanitary latrines, garbage pits, soakage pits, drains, paved lanes, sanitary latrines in village institutions (school, health centre, panchayat ghar, anganwadi), smokeless chullahs, clean tanks ponds and surroundings, sanitary wells and safe drinking water sources (handpumps, stand posts) with platforms for bathing and washing and drains. So far, the States of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh have taken up the model village scheme.

Rural Sanitary Mart

with special emphasis to waterlogged / rocky areas and the islands.

Village Sanitation Complexes for Women

Though public latrines have not proved to be very successful in the past, in view of the difficulties experienced by rural women in some areas, where individual household latrines are not feasible, village sanitary complexes exclusively for women could be attempted, on a pilot basis. Upto 10% of the annual funds can be utilised to provide public latrines in selected villages during the plan period, where the panchayats/charitable trusts/NGOs offer to construct and maintain village complexes exclusively for the use of women. Rural Sanitary Marts United Nations International Childrens Fund (UNICEF) have successfully demonstrated the validity of the concept of sanitary marts by implementing the scheme through voluntary organisations in Uttar Pradesh and the Ramakrishna Mission in Midnapur district, West Bengal. Rural Sanitary Marts (RSMs) are outlets dealing with materials required for construction of latrines and other sanitary facilities. Besides, it also keeps the designs of various low cost sanitary facilities showing estimated costs and the list of trained masons. Rural Sanitary Marts also serve as service centres. UNICEF provides assistance of Rs.50,000 for each Mart with turnover of Rs.2 lakhs per annum. Managerial subsidy is provided upto Rs.18,000 per annum for a period of two years. One time assistance upto Rs.12,000 is provided for publicity etc. Where UNICEF assistance is not available for setting up RSMs, the State Governments/UT Administrations can set up Rural Sanitary Marts with assistance from

Extent of Subsidy
The extent of subsidy from Central/State Governments and contribution from persons below poverty line/ panchayat for various components of the Programme are as follows :

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Item

Subsidy Centre State 40% 40%

Contribution by user/ Panchayat 20%

Year

Construction of sanitary latrines and conversions of dry latrines for individual households below poverty line Village complex for women Drains and other sanitation facilities (as far as possible to be met out of JRY and other funds) Awareness campaigns. health education, demand creation, etc. Administrative cost

CRSP MNP Allocation Release Provision Expenditure (Rs.) upto upto Nov. Dec.1998 1998 (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) 56.02 199.20 60.91

Latrines Constructed (upto Nov. 1998 580262 (Rs. in crores)

1998-99 100.00

35% 25%

35& 25%

30% 50%

Note : Latrines constructed in absolute figures. State-wise physical progress is given at Annexure-XXVII. State-wise allocation of funds/releases under CRSP and State Sector MNP are given at Annexure XXVII to XXX.

upto 10% of annual allocation

Nill

The Second National Rural Sanitation Seminar

The second National Seminar on Rural Sanitation was held on the 9th - 10th July, 1998 at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi. The Seminar, which was inaugurated by Shri Babagouda Patil, Minister of State (IC) for Rural Areas and Employment, was attended by the representatives of the Central Ministries, State Governments, UN Organisations, NGOs, bi-lateral agencies. The Seminar sought to asses the current status of sanitation in India, identify major thrust areas, explore new interventions and suggest appropriate strategies. The recommendations of this seminar have been incorporated in the new strategy being planned by the Mission.

upto 3% of annual allocation

Nill

For sanitary marts, the assistance will be limited to and interest free-loan as revolving fund of Rs.50,000 per mart for the purpose, which would be repayable at the end of three years. Adequate funds for this purpose can be provided from the funds released to the State/UTs depending upon the actual need.

CRSP Allocation Criteria

Funds available under the Annual Plan are allocated to the State/UTs in accordance with the following :
q

Policy Initiative
The Expenditure Finance Committee (EFC) in its meeting held on the 23rd December, 1998 considered and approved the following proposals for modifying the programme.
q

50% weightage given to incidence of poverty in the State/UT. 40% weightage given to rural population. 10% weightage given to recognised hill States and hilly areas on the basis their population.

q q

Raise sanitation coverage to at lest 50% by Ninth plan. Emphasis on school sanitation. Total Sanitation Campaigns (TSC) in selected districts with 50% allocation during first year. Balance 50% for existing allocation-based programme. Progressively phasing out allocation-based programme. Subsidy for RSM and Production Centres-to be used as seed money, linkage with IRDP, PMRY & institutional finances.

Physical and Financial Progress

(Rs. in crores) Plan Period/Year CRSP(GOI) Release Rs. State Sector Latrines MNP ConstrucExpendited ture (Rs.)

q q

Eighth Plan period 1992-93 to 1996-97 Ninth Plan period 1997-98

q 260.33 96.68 497.29 4337609 q 110.87 1156585

Note: Latrines constructed in absolute figures

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