SAMPLE TEST 8

I. LISTENING
Section 1. Questions 1 – 6. Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next
to questions 1-6.
A. patterns B. names C. sources D. questions
E. employees F. solutions G. headings H. officials

STAGES IN DOING A TOURISM CASE STUDY

RESEARCH
Locate and read relevant articles, noting key information and also (1.)_______
Identify a problem or need
Select interviewees – these may be site (2.) ______, visitors or city (3.) _______
Prepare and carry out interviews. If possible, collect statistics.
Check whether (4.) _______of interviewees can be used

ANALYSIS
Select relevant information and try to identify (5.) ________
Decide on the best form of visuals

WRITING THE CASE STUDY

Give some background before writing the main sections
Do NOT end with (6.) ________

Section 2.You will hear five different people talking about what they do to keep fit. For questions 7-
11, choose from the list A-F what each person says about their lifestyle. Use the letters only once.
There is one extra letter which you do not need to use.
A. I lead a sedentary life but I’m careful about my diet. Speaker 1 7.
B. It’s essential for my work that I keep fit and look good. Speaker 2 8.
C. Being ill made me change my habits. Speaker 3 9.
D. I don’t watch my diet but I take a lot of exercise. Speaker 4 10.
E. My job provides me with plenty of physical activity. Speaker 5 11.
F. My habits have changed for the worse

Section 3. Listen to an interview with Tom Davies, who spent a year as a volunteer in Nepal, and choose
the best answer for questions 12-17.
12. Why did Tom go to live and work abroad?
A. He was bored with his routine.
B. He wanted to do something useful.
C. He saw an advertisement in a newspaper he had bought.
D. He wanted to take advantage of every opportunity in life.
13. How did he regard his experience abroad?
A. He was worried about being away from home.
B. He was apprehensive about what lay in store.
 C. He thought the time would pass all too quickly.
D. He knew he would have very little time to appreciate his surroundings.
14. What does Tom say was the most important thing offered by the organization?
A. enough money to make ends meet
B. paid travel and accommodation
C. the opportunity to meet fellow volunteers
D. help to readjust on his return home
15. What does Tom say about the snow leopards?
A. Some hunting of the animals is allowed.
B. Larger numbers breed away from inhabited areas.
C. They are regarded as the most important animals in the Himalayas.
D. They have become more domesticated.
16. How has the programme Tom and his colleague devised helped?
A. Farmers can be compensated for lost animals.
B. The government runs an insurance scheme for farmers.
C. Farmers have the funds needed to buy more land.
D. Local groups have formed to protect the snow leopard.
17. What does Tom say he can’t do at the moment?
A. Give an example of a profitable local scheme.
B. Prove that fewer snow leopards have been killed by hunters.
C. Show that the number of snow leopards has increased.
D. Promise that profits from his scheme will go back into the community.

Section 4. You will hear part of a radio programe in which the presenter Stella Faulds is talking about
why some people seem to be naturally clumsy. For questions 18-25, complete the sentences.
Clumsiness
Stella sees no connection between being clumsy and (18.)________________ or other abilities in life.
The book where Stella read a description of a clumsy person was a (19.) _________________
Stella’s relative, John, is described as regularly falling into (20.)______________ and _____________
Stella is often complemented on her (21.)_____________ and _____________ in certain skills.
Stella admits to feeling (22.) _______________ when her brother, Adam, plays tennis well.
Adam has a family reputation for having what they call (23.) _______________
Stella describes how Adam recently got a (24.) _______________ caught in an escalator.
Stella wonders if a lack of (25.) ______________ could explain her clumsiness.

II. LEXICO-GRAMMAR
Part 1. For questions 26-35, choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) to each of the following questions.
Write your answer in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet.
26. I haven’t seen Jane for nearly ten years, ________ I had got married and had two children.
A. during which time B. at that point C. for that duration D. in that time
27. If you do not repay the money we will, as a last ________, take you to court.
A. measure B. attempt C. act D. resort
28. Mary wanted to give Nigel a present that was a little bit out of the ________.
A. ordinary B. normal C. average D. everyday
29. Most people would ________ at the chance of working for that company.
A. dive B. grab C. seize D. jump
30. The racing-driver climbed out of the wreckage completely ________.
A. unwounded B. intact C. unscathed D. well-preserved
31. At the end of the day the shopkeeper walked to the bank, carrying the day’s ________ in a special bag.
A. income B. takings C. earnings D. profits
32. Jane: Which one can I have?
 Anne: Take your _________, mate. It’s first come, first served.
A. vote B. pluck C. choice D. pick
33. I don’t think that this fashion will _________.
A. catch on B. catch up C. catch out D. catch over
34. Miss McCrea was _________anyone could have had. She never lost her temper with even the stupidest
pupils.
A. as patient a teacher as B. so patient teacher as
C. as patient teacher as D. so patient a teacher as
35. Sociologists believe that these factors will __________lead to over- population.
A. suddenly B. Ultimately C. Vigorously D. vehemently

Part 2: For questions 36-40, write the correct form of each bracketed word. Write your answer in the
corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet.
The other Mozart
Everyone has heard of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; few of his musical son Franz Xaver. A new CD
collection (36. TITLE)_______________ The Other Mozart celebrates Franz’s music- in all its haunting,
(37. MELANCHOLY) _____________ innocence. The 27 songs are brief slivers of ideas, underdeveloped
shadows of what might have been, reaching a beautiful fulfillment in the later works. But it is clear that the
music never reaches the (38. HIGH) _______________of his genius father.
Franz was the youngest of Mozart’s children, and his mother’s hopes and ambitions focused on him
following the (39. MATURE) _______________ death of his father. The very best teachers were
automatically available to Franz, who made his public debut as a singer, aged five. The songs bring to light
Fran’s pianistic accomplishment; the piano parts are extremely demanding. The songs hint at Franz’s love
for a woman; they speak time and again of (40. ATTAIN) _____________ love and unfulfilled longing.
Realistically, however, the fact remains that this music, had it been written by a composer of any
other name, would probably have remained buried in the archives.

Part 3. The passage below contains 5 mistakes. Identify the mistakes and correct them. Remember to
indicate the line containing the mistake.
Line
1. Original written work and information is protected by copyright laws, like original inventions.
2. Therefore, when you refer or use information you find while making research, you should
3. always give credit to the person or organization which produced it. To plagiarize is to use ideas
4. that are not your own without giving credit to the original source, or to claim that someone else’s
5. ideas are your own. It is akin to steal someone else’s work. Internet-related plagiarism has become
6. such a problem because it is so easy to find and copy information online. There are thousands of
7. resources for students who wish only to copy or cheat. Moreover, the Internet also makes it easier
8. for educators to check for plagiarism. Often a simple Internet search for a quote will be enough to
9. expose copying. Some educators are more concerned about unintended plagiarism. Because
10. copying and pasting is so easy, it is becoming more and more common for well-meaning students
11. to mix up source material with their original ideas. While this kind of plagiarism usually happens
12. innocent, it is still an offense

Line Mistake Correction

Example. 1 is are
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
III. READING:
Part 1: For questions 46-55, read the text below and decide which answer best fits each gap. Write
your answer in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet.
SAY “NO” TO PLASTIC BAGS
Did you know that on average we take home 150 plastic bags annually? In other words, that means a
global figure of one million plastic bags taken home every minute. We are sure you’ll agree this is a truly
shocking statistic.
Plastic bags can’t be simply (46.)_______ of along with your domestic rubbish – they can blow off
landfill sites and become highly (47.) _______litter which can remain in the environment for a number of
years. They are not only an eyesore but they are a (48.) _______to the environment too. For example, plastic
bags almost dammed the Buriganga river in Bangladesh, and they are widely (49.) _______responsible for
causing devastating floods there on two separate (50.) _______.
They also (51.) _______a particular threat to wildlife. More and more (52.) _______dead turtles and
whales are discovered washed up on beaches, killed by swallowing plastic bags. To marine life, a plastic bag
closely (53.) _______a jellyfish.
These are the reasons why you should reuse plastic bags you already have or take a small rucksack
on trips to the supermarket. Why not take (54.) _______now and show how much you care about the
environment by (55.) _______this small step!

46. A. disposed B. thrown C. finished D. used

47. A. evident B. observable C. visible D. marked
48. A. risk B. danger C. difficulty D. problem
49. A. shown B. taken C. made D. held
50. A. occasions B. activities C. incidents D. episodes
51. A. model B. set C. pose D. generate
52. A. repeatedly B. frequently C. usually D. generally
53. A. resembles B. reminds C. equates D. appears
54. A. against B. advantage C. action D. account
55. A. helping B. doing C. following D. taking

Part 2: For questions 56 – 65, read the text below and think of ONE word which best fits each gap.
Write your answer in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet.
Enjoy the benefits of stress!
Are you looking forward to another busy week? You should be according to some experts. They argue
that the stress encountered in (56.) _________ daily lives is not only good for us, but essential to survival.
They say that the response to stress, which creates a chemical called adrenalin, helps the mind and body to
act quickly (57.) __________ emergencies. Animals and human beings use it to (58.) __________ the hostile
conditions which exist on the planet.
Whilst nobody denies the pressures of everyday life, what is surprising is that we are (59.) _________
to develop successful ways of dealing with them. (60.) ___________ the experts consider the current
strategies to (61.) __________ inadequate and often dangerous. They believe that instead of trying to manage
our response to stress with drugs or relaxation techniques, we must exploit it. Apparently, research shows
that people who create conditions of stress for (62.) _________ by doing exciting and risky sports or looking
for challenges, cope much better with life’s problems. Activities of this type have been shown to create a lot
of emotion; people may actually cry or feel extremely uncomfortable. But there is a point (63.) ___________
which they realize they have succeeded and know that it was a positive experience. This is because we learn
through challenge and difficulty. That’s (64.) _________ we get our wisdom. Few of us, unfortunately,
understand this fact. For example, many people believe they suffer from stress at work, and take time (65.)
____________ as a result. Yet it has been found in some companies that by far the healthiest people are
those with the most responsibility. So next time you're in a stressful situation, just remember that it will be a
positive learning experience and could also benefit your health!
Part 3: For questions 66 – 75, read the text below about five places under threat (A-E), and do the task
that follows.

In which section is the following mentioned?

the potential disappearance of huge numbers of plants and animals 66._____
a system which relies on the direct effect of temperature on water 67._____
a geographical feature that may face almost total destruction 68._____
a substance which provides vital nourishment for sea creatures 69._____
an area where extreme temperatures protect the Earth 70._____ 71._____
(NB. You must provide two different options)
a harmful effect equivalent to decades of man-made pollution 72.____
the damaging effect that rainfall could have on temperatures 73. ____
a possible increase in the number of destructive insects 74._____
an area where evidence of its past can be seen at certain altitudes 75. _____

CHANGING PLACES
Five parts of the world where global warming could have dramatic consequences for the
environment
A. The Amazon Forest
The Amazon forest is one of the most bio-diverse regions on Earth. Models suggest that global warming will
cause a decrease in Amazonian rainfall, leading to the gradual death of the forest and collapse of the myriad
ecosystems it supports. The extinction of species is only one consequence of a warmer planet. Carbon dioxide
is a greenhouse gas and scientists have long warned about the levels produced when we burn fossil fuels. As
the trees of the Amazon die off, fall and rot, they too will release carbon dioxide. The quantities of gas emitted
could, at worst, be of the same order of magnitude as from the 20th century’s total fossil fuel output.
B. The Sahara Desert
The vast Sahara desert is expected to shrink as more plentiful rain brings vegetation to its southernmost
reaches. The fertile land will be a boon for some, but the Sahara plays a broader role in the health of the
planet. The dry dust whipped up by strong winds contains crucial nutrients that seed the Atlantic and may
even help fertilise the Amazon. As the desert shrinks, the flux of these nutrients into the ocean is expected to
drop, restricting food for tiny creatures called plankton. As the number of plankton falls, so does food for
aquatic creatures further up the food chain. Plankton also lock up the greenhouse gas CO 2 from the
atmosphere and so help counter global warming. With fewer plankton, the oceans will take less of the gas
from the Earth’s atmosphere. If rains return to the Sahara, disease and crop damage from pests could soar
too.
C. Greenland
The Greenland ice sheet holds about 6% of the planet’s supply of fresh water and it is imperative that this
water remains frozen. If global warming sees temperatures rise by more than about 3 0C, Greenland ice is
likely to begin to melt, steadily releasing all that water into the North Atlantic Ocean. A more drastic
temperature increase could see the Greenland ice sheet all but disappear, causing a dramatic rise in sea level.
And this is not the only danger. The Arctic tundra is a storehouse for decaying vegetation that has been buried
for thousands of years. If the permafrost melts, carbon and methane stored in this vegetation will be released.
These greenhouse gases will cause a further increase of temperatures.
D. The North Atlantic
The North Atlantic current works like a conveyer belt. Surface water in the North Atlantic Ocean is first
cooled by westerly winds from North America, making the water more dense and salty so it sinks to the
ocean floor before moving towards the equator. Driven by winds and replacing the cold water moving south,
warm water from the Gulf of Mexico moves upward into the Atlantic. The effect of the current on climate is
dramatic. It brings to Europe the equivalent of 100,000 large power stations’ worth of free heating. Computer
models predict that as global warming increases, so will rainfall in the North Atlantic. Gradually, the heavier
rains will dilute the sea water and make it less likely to sink, which could bring the whole conveyer belt to a
gradual halt. This would hit Iceland, Scotland and Norway most, where temperatures could drop 10 0C or
more.
E. The Tibetan Plateau
The Tibetan plateau spans one quarter of China’s entire landmass and reaches 6,000 metres above sea level.
Many millions of years ago the entire region lay beneath the sea- fossils of marine animals can be found in
mountain ridges now standing more than 4,000 metres above sea level. The area is of global ecological
importance, and is one of our planet’s last great wildernesses. Permanently buried under snow and ice, the
region acts as a giant mirror, reflecting the sun’s rays back into space. The effect is to keep a lid on global
warming, at least locally. In a warmer world the white of the Tibetan plateau will slowly turn to brown and
grey as the snow retreats to reveal the ground beneath. As well as contributing to a rise in global temperatures,
these changes could affect global jet streams, disrupting weather patterns right across the world.

Part 4: You are going to read a newspaper article about technology and personal privacy. For questions
76-82, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
What price privacy?
Don’t blame technology for threatening our privacy; it’s the way the institutions choose to use it.
The most depressing moment of my day is first thing in the morning, when I download my overnight
batch of emails. Without fail, it will contain dozens of messages from people who, knowing my interest in
the subject, write to me describing violations of their personal privacy. Throughout the day, the stream
continues, each message in my inbox warning of yet another nail in the coffin of personal privacy.
Throughout the day, the stream continues, each message in my inbox warning of yet another nail in the coffin
of personal privacy. In other centuries, such invasions of liberty would have arisen from religious persecution
or the activities of tax collectors. Nowadays, the invasions take place through the use of information
technology.
So, when those of us who value personal privacy are asked for their view, we will invariably speak
in disparaging terms about such technologies. In an effort to stem the speed and force of the invasion, we
will sometimes argue that the technologies themselves should simply be banned. 'Just stop using the cursed
technology,' we cry, 'then there won't be any privacy issue.' Of course, things are not so simple. Even the
strongest advocate of privacy recognizes that technology can offer enormous benefits to individuals and to
society. To prohibit a technology on the grounds that it is being used to invade privacy would also be to deny
society the benefits of that innovation.
The sensible perspective is that technology does not necessarily have to invade privacy. The reality is that it
invariably does. Companies may well argue that customers are prepared to 'trade off a little privacy in return
for better service or a cooler and more sophisticated product. They say that this is a matter of free choice. I
doubt that there is any genuine free choice in the matter. Whether I go with Orange or Vodaphone is indeed
a free choice. But I have no choice over whether my communications data will or will not be stored by my
communications provider. They know the location of my mobile and the numbers from which I received
calls, and the emails I send are routinely stored by all providers, whether I like it or not.
CCTV also gives me no free choice. Its purpose may be to keep me secure, but I have no alternative
but to accept it. Visual surveillance is becoming a fixed component in the design of modern urban centres,
new housing areas, public buildings and even, in Britain at least, throughout the road system. Soon, people
will expect spy cameras to be part of all forms of architecture and design. Of course, there is another side to
the coin, many technologies have brought benefits to the consumer with little or no cost to privacy.
Encryption is one that springs to mind. Many of the most valuable innovations in banking and
communications could never have been deployed without this technique.
The problem with privacy is not technology, but the institutions which make use of it. Governments
are hungry for data, and will use their powers to force companies to collect, retain and yield personal
information on their customers. In recent years, governments have managed to incorporate surveillance into
almost every aspect of our finances, communication and lifestyle. While acknowledging the importance of
privacy as a fundamental right, they argue that surveillance is needed to maintain law and order and create
economic efficiency. The right to privacy, it is always claimed, should not be allowed to stand in the way of
the wider public interest. This argument is sound in principle, but there seems little intellectual or analytical
basis for its universal and unquestioned application.
When the UK government introduced the RIP legislation in 2000, it originally intended to allow an
unprecedented degree of communications interception on the grounds that the dangers of crime on the
Internet warranted increased surveillance. At no time did anyone produce much evidence for this crime wave,
however, nor did anyone in government seem to think any was required. It was left to an eleventh-hour
campaign by civil rights activists to block the more offensive elements of the legislation from a personal
privacy point of view. Such lack of prior justification is a common feature of privacy invasion for law
enforcement and national security purposes.
As I've said, technology does not have to be the enemy of privacy. But while governments insist on
requiring surveillance, and while companies insist on amassing personal information about their customers,
technology will continue to be seen as the enemy of privacy.

76. From the first paragraph, we understand that the writer___________

A. resents receiving such distressing emails from people.
B. is surprised that people should contact him about privacy.
C. finds it hard to cope with the tone of the emails he receives.
D. is resigned to the fact that invasions of privacy are on the increase.
77. What view does the writer put forward in the second paragraph?
A. People should be willing to do without certain forms of technology.
B. It is a mistake to criticize people for the way they use technology.
C. It is unrealistic to deny people the benefits that technology can bring.
D. People shouldn’t be allowed to use technologies that threaten privacy.
78. The writer feels that some companies___________
A. do not really give customers a say in issues related to privacy.
B. fail to recognize that their products may invade people’s privacy.
C. underestimate the strength of their customers’ feelings about privacy.
D. refuse to make compromises with customers concerned about privacy.
79. What point does the writer make about CCTV?
A. People no longer question how necessary it is.
B. People feel more secure the more widely it is used.
C. It ought to be feature of all new building projects.
D. It would be difficult for society to function without it.
80. The writer gives encryption as an example of a technology which___________
A. brings only questionable benefits to society in general.
B. poses much less of a threat to privacy than others.
C. actually helps us to protect personal privacy.
D. is worth losing some personal privacy for.
81. In the fifth paragraph, the writer suggests that governments are_________
A. justified in denying the right of privacy to criminals.
B. mistaken in their view that surveillance prevents crime.
C. wrong to dismiss the individual’s right to privacy so lightly.
D. unreasonable in their attitude towards civil rights campaigners.
82. What is the writer’s main criticism of the RIP legislation in the UK?
A. Changes were made to it at the last moment.
B. It contained elements that had to be removed.
C. There was no proof that it was really needed.
D. Civil rights groups were not consulted about it.

Part 5. Read the passage and do the tasks that follow.

Questions 83-88. The reading passage has six sections, A-F. Choose the correct headings for sections
A-F from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in the answer sheet.

List of Headings
i. No give-aways for addictive products
ii. Sales of razor blades increase astronomically
iii. Monopoly of consumables is vital for success
iv. Video gaming a risky business
v. A novel method of dual marketing ruled out
vi. Freebie marketing restricted to legal goods
vii. Buyer ingenuity may lead to bankruptcy
viii. A marketing innovation
ix. A product innovation
x. More money to be made from high quality products

83. Section A _________

84. Section B _________
85. Section C _________
86. Section D _________
87. Section E _________
88. Section F _________

“Freebie” marketing
A. In the late 1890s, while travelling as an itinerant salesperson for the Crown, Cork and Seal Company,
King C. Gillette observed how his corked bottle caps were discarded immediately after opening.
Nevertheless, his company turned a healthy profit and there was immense business value, Gillette
soon came to realize, in a product that was used only a few times. Gillette had his own personal
breakthrough while struggling with a straight-bladed razor- a slow, fiddly and potentially dangerous
instrument that required sharpening on a regular basis. A simple, disposable blade that could be
thrown away when it dulled would meet a real need and generate strong profits, he correctly reasoned.
After founding the American Safety Razor Company in 1901, his sales leapt from 168 blades in 1903
to 123,648 blades only a year later.
B. What King C. Gillette pioneered is far more than a convenient and affordable way for men to shave,
however, it is the business practice now known as “freebie marketing” that has inspired many more
companies over the years. Gillette’s approach was contrary to the received wisdom of his era, which
held that a single, durable, high-quality and relatively expensive consumer item with a high profit
margin was the best foundation for a business. Freebie marketing involves two sets of items: a master
product that is purchased once, and a consumable product that is frequently disposed of and
repurchased on an ongoing basis. In this instance, the master product is often sold with little to no
profit margin and is sometimes even dispensed at a loss. As the consumables are purchased over
months and years, however, this can yield a much greater overall profit.
C. Freebie marketing only works if the producer of the master item is also able to maintain control over
the creation and distribution of the consumables. If this does not happen, then cheaper versions of the
consumable items may be produced, leaving the original company without a source of profit. The
video game company Atari, for example, initially sold its Atari 2600 consoles at cost price while
relying on game sales for profit. Several programmers left Atari, however, and began a new company
called Activision which produced cheaper games of a similar quality. Suddenly, Atari was left with
no way to make money. Lawsuits to block Activision failed, and Atari survived only by adding
licensing measures to its subsequent 5200 and 7800 consoles.
D. In other instances, consumers sometimes find that uses for a master product circumvent the need to
purchase consumables. This phenomenon is well known to have afflicted the producers of CueCat
barcode readers. These were given away free through Wired magazine with the intention that they
 would be used by customers to scan barcodes next to advertisements in the publication and thus
generate new revenue flows. Users discovered, however, that the machines could be easily modified
and used for other purposes, such as building a personal database of book and CD collections. As no
licensing agreement was over reached between Wired and its magazine subscribers, CueCat were
powerless to intervene, and after company liquidation the barcode readers soon became available in
quantities over 500,000 for as little as US$0.30 each.
E. Not all forms of freebie marketing are legal. One notable example of this is the use of freebie
marketing to “push” habit-forming goods in areas where there is otherwise no market. For illegal
substances this is already restricted on the basis of the product’s illegality, but the use of freebie
marketing to promote legal goods such as tobacco, alcohol and pharmaceuticals is also outlawed
because the short-term gain to a small number of commercial outlets is not deemed worth the social
cost of widespread substance abuse.
F. Another practice that is prohibited under antitrust laws is a form of freebie marketing known as
“typing”. This is when a seller makes the sale of one good conditional on the acquisition of a second
good. In these instances the first good is typically important and highly desirable, while the second is
inferior and undesirable. A music distributor who has the rights to an album that is in high demand,
for example, might only allow stores to purchase copies of this album if they also buy unpopular stock
that does not sell very easily. Because this typically relies on the manipulation of a natural monopoly
on the part of the distributor, such practices are widely understood to constitute anti-competitive
behavior.

Questions 89-91. Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 89-91 on your answer sheet.
89. The new tactic of freebie marketing ran against the ________________ of Gillette’s time.
90. Occasionally people who buy a master product find ways of using it that get around the necessity of
buying more _______________.
91. Wired never had a __________________with its customers about the use of the barcode readers.

Questions 92-95. Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
text for each answer. Write your answer in your answer sheet.

Freebie marketing is not permitted by law for either illegal or legal (92.) ____________ products.
This type of promotion of goods such as tobacco and alcohol is not considered worth the (93.)
______________ and has consequently been outlawed.
“Typing” is also prohibited. This is when the sale of an attractive product is (94.) _____________ on
the purchase of another. It tends to occur when the seller takes advantage of a natural monopoly and is
generally considered to be (95.) ________________.

IV. WRITING
Part 1: Read the following text and use your own words to summarize it. Your summary should be
about 140 -160 words long.
For centuries silk was a fabric available only to royal families or the very rich. It was regarded as worth
its weight in gold. Indeed it is a special material. Delicate and glossy, it absorbs colours better than any other
fabric. Yards and yards of pure silk can easily go through a lady's ring. Opened up, it can be wrapped round
a person to provide warmth from the cold or a cool touch when it is warm.
No wonder silk-weaving was a closely-guarded secret for centuries. Silk, and the silkworm from whose
cocoon it is spun, used to be fiercely-kept secrets in China. The story of silk therefore is made up of yarns
spun on legend and myth.
 For thousands of years only the royal family of China had silk. The Chinese kept the secret of making
silk for 2,500 years. Although the material was sold to the West, the source of the precious thread was not
revealed. The punishment for disclosing that silk came from the cocoons of the silkworms was death.
Legends abound relating to how other countries tried to obtain the secret of silk. According to one, the
Japanese carried off four Chinese maidens with mulberry shoots and silk moth eggs hidden in their sleeves.
Another story is about a Chinese princess who married an Indian prince. She smuggled silkworm eggs and
mulberry shoots in her elaborate headdress. Whatever truths there are in these tales, Japan and India are the
other leading producers of silk today.
Even today the palace in Japan rears its own silkworms. The silk produced is used for repairing treasures
in the palace and making gifts for foreign dignitaries. Members of the Japanese household often participate
in silk weaving and dyeing.
How silk spread to Europe is told in the story of the two monks who were sent to China by Emperor
Justinian of Constantinople. Their mission was to acquire some silk moth eggs and mulberry shoots. They
returned years later with the desired items hidden inside their hollowed-out walking sticks. Constantinople
was then the Byzantine capital, and the crossroads between East and West. The secret soon spread throughout
Europe.
Today silk can be worn by everyone. It comes in several forms: satin, chiffon, crepe, taffeta, raw silk
and so on. Fine silk is very expensive. What the silkworm took three days to spin is unraveled in five minutes
to produce three meters of silk. It takes 150 silkworms to make a man's necktie. It has been estimated that it
took three trillion silkworms to make Princess Diana's taffeta wedding gown!
Silk is also useful in a wide variety of applications from medicine to space technology and the cultivation of
silkworms is possible anywhere mulberry trees are grown.
In Indonesia, silk is being spun from the cocoons of a certain wild moth found in a village outside
Jogjakarta. The cocoons, found on tops of trees ten meters from the ground, provide a very fine silky thread.
Villagers are earning US$100 a year gathering these cocoons. This wild moth silk industry has attracted the
interest of Japanese and Western companies. At the moment, only 50 kilograms of silk is being produced a
month. There have been plans to double the production soon. It is a new industry that could help revive the
Indonesian economy.

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Part 2: The graphs provide information about worldwide energy consumption, the countries with oil
reserves and the world oil prices from 2000 to 2025.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.

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Part 3: Write an essay about the following topic: “Nowadays more people prefer to socialize online
rather than face to face. Is this a positive or negative development?”
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write about 300 words.
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THE END