Pakistan Studies (Final)
k191048
December 2019
1 Ayub Khan’s Era (1958-1969)
1.1 Introduction
Appointed Commander-in-Chief in 1951.
Became a powerful figure.
The goverment of Iskander Mirza was unpopular and political situation was
chaotic.
People were in despair
Ayub Khan removed Iskander Mirza and took on the office of President.
This event was known as the Glorious Revolution.
1.2 Major Reforms
1.2.1 Legal Reforms
Introduced the Muslim family laws on march 2, 1961.
1.2.2 Foreign Policy
Allied Pakistan with the global US military alliance against the soveit union.
Economy improved but increased inequality in the distribution of wealth.
His cultivation of China angered the US.
The was increased the socio-economic problems. Therefore, Ayub Khan was
not very successful in his foreign policy.
1.3 Basic Democracies 1959
Ayub introduced the system of “basic democracies” in 1960. It consisted of a
network of local self-governing bodies to provide a link between the government
and the people. Primary governing units were set up to conduct local affairs;
their members were elected by constituencies of 800–1,000 adults. A national
referendum among all those elected confirmed Ayub as president. He was re-
elected under this system in 1965, against a strong challenge from an opposition
1
united behind Fatima Jinnah, the sister of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the creator
of Pakistan.
When the United States began to rearm India after China’s invasion of north-
ern India in 1962, Ayub established close relations with China and received
substantial military aid from it. In the meantime, Pakistan’s dispute with In-
dia over Jammu and Kashmir worsened, culminating in the outbreak of war in
1965. After two weeks of fighting, both sides agreed to a UN-called cease-fire
and came to a boundary settlement.
The failure to gain Kashmir, combined with student unrest over suffrage restric-
tions so intensified internal turmoil that at the end of 1968 Ayub announced he
would not stand for reelection. Riots continued, and he resigned his office on
March 26, 1969, to be succeeded by General Yahya Khan, commander in chief
of the army.
1.4 Indus Water Treaty 1960
Indus water treaty was signed on September 19,1960, between India and Pak-
istan, brokered by the world bank.
The treaty administers how river indus and its tributaries that flow in both
countries can be utilised.
India got control over Beas, Ravi, and Sutlej and
Pakistan was given Indus, Chenab and Jhelum.
Since the Indus flows from India, the country is allowed to use 20% of its water
for power generation and transport purposes.
Under the treaty, no big dams or power projects can be built by India, on
Jhelum, Indus or Chenab.
Indian Government is looking into ways of making maximum use of water of
Pakistan-Controlled rivers.
Pakistan has taken up the issue with international court and world bank.
1.5 Green Revolution 1960
1.5.1 Land Reforms
Land reform commission: Appointed in Oct,1958.
A person can not own more than either 500 acres of canal irrigated land or 1000
acres of unirrigated land.
1.5.2 Green Revolution
The green revolution in the late 1960s introduce the Indian farmer to cultiva-
tion of wheat and rice using high-yielding varieties of seeds. Compared to the
traditional seeds, the HYV seeds promised to produce much greater amounts of
grain on a single plant. As a result the same piece of land would not produce
far larger quantities of food grains than what was possible earlier. HYV seeds,
however, Needed plenty of water and also chemical fertilizers and pesticides to
2
produce the best results. Higher yields were possible only from a combination
of seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides.
1.6 2nd Constitution of Pakistan 1962
7th Oct,1958 Ayub became the Chief Martial Law administrator.
He tried becoming the president with the help of basic democrates, which con-
isted of 40,000 local councillors.
Then, presidental referendum was help by the elected BD memebers on 17th
Feb 1960.
Constitution commission was established on February 1960 under the chairman
ship of justice Shahbuddin.
Constitution was announced at 1st march and enforced on 8th June 1962.
12 part.
250 articles.
5 Schedules.
Features:
Presidential system:
Powerful president who will be responsible for administration and affairs of the
state.
President:
Should be Muslim and minimum age 35.
Should be a member of the national assembly, would be elected through indirect
election for five years.
Have veto powers.
Can dissolve national assembly.
National Assembly:
150 seats six for women and min age for contest 25 years
Province:
East and West Pak.
1.7 Presidential Elections 1965
Pakistan’s first ever Presidential Elections were held on 2 January 1965. The
voting was to be indirect, as the President had to be elected by the 80,000
”basic democrats”, who made up the Electoral College. These basic Democrats
were basically democratically elected public representatives who served in the
Divisional, District, Tehsil or Union councils.
There were four candidates: Ayub Khan, Fatima Jinnah and two obscure people
with no party affiliation. There was a short campaigning period of one month,
which was further restricted to nine projection meetings that were organized by
the Election Commission and were attended only by the members of the Elec-
toral College and members of the press. The public was barred from attending
the projection meetings, which would have enhanced Fatima Jinnah’s image.
3
The election results came in favour of the incumbent President Ayub Khan,
who had won 62.43% of the Electoral vote, while Fatima Jinnah was at 35.86%.
Ms. Jinnah was however extremely successful in some areas of the country. She
had swept across major urban centres such as Karachi and Dhaka. Ayub also
faced disappointing results in East Pakistan. However, Ayub had decisively
triumphed in rural Pakistan. As majority of the Electoral College consisted of
representatives from the rural setup, Ayub was able to win a clear majority.
The election results were not accepted by the Combined Opposition Parties, who
accused Ayub Khan of rigging. The COP staged demonstrations and protests,
however, didn’t gain much public support as Ms. Jinnah accepted the election
results. The Election had an effective result. It further strengthened the role
of Women in politics in Pakistan. Earlier there were only a handful of women
politicians, however since this election women began to enter politics in large
numbers and even started to contest for higher posts.
1.8 2nd Indo Pak war 1965
The India-Pakistan War of 1965. The 1965 war between India and Pakistan
was the second conflict between the two countries over the status of the state of
Jammu and Kashmir. ... Conflict resumed again in early 1965, when Pakistani
and Indian forces clashed over disputed territory along the border between the
two nations.
1.9 Tashkent Declaration 1966
The Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement between India and Pakistan
signed on 10 January 1966 that resolved the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. ...
The war between India and Pakistan in 1965 was an escalation of the small
scale and irregular fighting from April 1965 to September 1965 between both
countries.
1.10 Downfall of Ayub 1969 (Causes)
Concentration of political power in his own hands.
Dictatorial powers of President: people want parliamentary form of democracy.
Right of adult franchise curtailed by the system of basic democracy.
Hold of military hierarchy, civil bureaucracy and rural elite in policy making.
Disqualification of politicians and political parties under Elective Bodies Dis-
qualification Order (EBDO).
Control of Press and Media under Press and Publication (Amendment) Ordi-
nance: Pakistan Times, Imroz, Mashriq were placed under National Press Trust.
Restrictions on Individuals fundamental rights. State of emergency.
Land and Muslim family laws Reforms were revolutionary in words than in
deeds.
Urbanization but not facilities in the cities.
Strength of Convention Muslim League was fictitious
4
Opposition of One Unit by the small provinces.
Exaggerated claims about development in the ceremonies of Celebrations of a
decay.
Interference in Religion (Two Eids in 1967)
News of his illness in early 1968.
Roomer that he was going to appoint Gohar as his successor.
Withdrawal of military support: Reduction on Armed Forces’ in budget of 1967-
68.
ECONOMIC REASONS:
Economic growth in quantitative terms not in qualitative terms.
Economic disparity: 80% of the bank assets were controlled by 22 families.
No Foreign Aid after 1965.
Rapid Growth of Prices.
DISSATISFACTION OF EAST PAKISTAN:
East Pakistan considered Marshtial law as the rule of Punjabi dominated Army.
Issue of Provincial Autonomy In East Pakistan.
East Pakistan was politically deprived.
East Pakistan was economically deprived.
STRONG OPPOSITION:
Dynamic leadership of Bhutto, Asghar Khan, Mujeeb, Bhashani etc.
Wide popularity of Awami League in East Pakistan and P.P.P in West Pakistan.
Bhutto PPP:
PPP established in Dec. 1967: Objectives of genuine democracy, Islamic So-
cialism, Adult franchise and Freedom of Press.
Slogan: ‘Roti Kapra aur Makan’.
Exploitation of Tashkent by Bhutto: Kashmir
Students-Police clash (Nov. 1968) at Rawalpindi. One student died. Bhutto
attended his funeral.
Achieved support of students.
Arrest of Bhutto on Nov. 13, 1968 as he insists masses to violate law.
Asghar Khan continued the movement.
