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Transportation
Safety and
Economics
Introduction to
travel demand
forecasting-
modal split
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Transportation safety
The goal of safety planning is to reduce fatalities and
serious injuries on all public roads.Safety planning is a
collaborative and integrated approach that brings
together safety partners to leverage resources for a
common safety goal. A data-driven safety planning
process can identify opportunities to address the safety
performance of a roadway.
Transportation safety is a required factor in the planning
process and transportation plannersare key partners ensuring
that safety is an integral component of all planning
processes.With knowledge and understanding of safety and
safety planning, transportation plannerscan enhance
collaboration, communication, and coordination with their
safety specialist partners to achieve the goal of reducing
serious injuries and fatalities.
 Safety
Stakeholders
Transportation safety performance is linked to a variety of elements, including
roadway design,traffic law enforcement, road user behaviour, and emergency
response time. Therefore,effective transportation safety warrants a multidisciplinary
approach. Over the past years,safety practitioners have found value in partnering
with a variety of other disciplines, such as public health, advocacy groups,
universities, and others to more fully engage the communityand the public in safety
enhancements. The key players differ from State to State andcommunity to
community. Safety stakeholders are becoming increasingly adept in
recognizingopportunities for partnerships to help attain safety goals and objectives.
This section identifiesmajor safety stakeholders and their roles in the safety planning
process.
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 The 4 Es of Safety
To plan for and shape a safer transportation system, agencies
typically consider strategies fromengineering, education,
enforcement, and emergency medical services (EMS) to improve
safety outcomes

Engineering: Enforcement:
Engineers play a critical role in identifying and recommending Law enforcement personnel generally are
solutions to address the safety performance of the responsible for collecting crash data, traffic law
transportation infrastructure. Some of their responsibilities enforcement, behavioural safety campaigns, and
may include managing and participating in the development sharing information with transportation
and implementation of a State wide or regional road safety
professionals. In the event crashes do occur, law
plan; collecting and managing crash data; analyzing crash
enforcement collect data for crash reports, which
data to identify safety issues and projects; utilizing analysis
provide details on the crash itself, such as the
methods, such as network screening, and sharing the results;
identifying safety projects and countermeasures, designing people and vehicles involved and the
improvements; conducting before and after studies; managing environmental circumstances. This information is
roadway improvements; and coordinating safety issues with critical to planners and engineers who use it to
other state wide, regional, and local engineers. identify and address safety issues.
 The 4 Es of Safety
To plan for and shape a safer transportation system, agencies 02
typically consider strategies fromengineering, education,
enforcement, and emergency medical services (EMS) to improve
safety outcomes

Emergency Medical Services: Education:

This group includes first responders and paramedics, fire and
Transportation systems users are not always aware of
rescue personnel, law enforcement, Department of Transportation
(DOT) personnel, and tow truck operators. Crash survival and injury the risks associated with their behaviours. This
severity are integrally linked to response time and the medical care community may include school teachers and
received after a crash. EMS personnel understanding of administrators, hospital and emergency medical
impediments to effect response and recovery can be critical.
services personnel, driver education instructors, health
Emergency responders can provide insights into health and trauma
data recorded at the crash scene and updated at the hospital to educators, advocacy groups. DOTS, Metropolitan
more accurately report fatalities and serious injuries; advise on Planning Organizations (MPO), State Highway Safety
emergency responder safety as they work a crash scene, discuss Offices (SHSO), and others. Specific roles differ by
how to collect better data (ie, blood draws) at the crash scene to
agency or group, but the main purpose is to administer,
understand all the factors involved; and share knowledge en
roadway connectivity or other issues, which may hinder rapid advocate for, and implement safety education programs
emergency response and transport. for all road users.
 Safety Advocates:
Safety Advocates:
Many States have locally based groups of safety advocates committed to
Many States have locally based groups of safety advocates committed to
addressing transportation safety concerns and can be effective in driving
addressing transportation safety concerns and can be effective in driving
awareness and change.
The groupsThe groups
consisttypically
of citizens, consist of citizens, law
Other Safety awareness
enforcement,
and change.
enforcement, publicpublic
health,health,
typically
medical, medical, diverse
diverse groups,
law
groups,
government, government, business,
business,
Stakeholders civic
civic and and service
service groups, groups, and public.
and the general the general public.and
Where available Where available and
effective,
effective, they
they serve as aserve as a useful
useful resource resource
for advocacy, for advocacy, community
community
education, and fund raising. education, and fund raising.

Health Department Personnel:

Many State and local health departments have injury prevention
programs, which often include efforts to prevent motor vehicle crashes
and resulting injuries and fatalities. This stakeholder group can be
particularly effective in providing safety data and analysis skills and
insights, lessons learned from other public health efforts, public health
approaches to transportation concerns and advice on topics, such as
transportation access, walking, biking, and active lifestyles in general.
Elected Officials:
Decision makers sometimes serve as powerful advocates for road safety.
They may champion safety needs and direct resources towards the most
pressing safety issues; attend ceremonies to publicize newly constructed
safety projects, and vocalize support for safety efforts, such as a Vision
Zero or Towards Zero Deaths campaigns. Some agencies successfully
recruit elected officials to participate in safety plan development and
implementation as executive committee members.
 Tribal Governments:
Tribal governments are responsible for the transportation
issues and needs of their citizens. Tribal areas usually
experience disproportionately high rates of transportation-
related fatalities based on population, so it is critical to
engage them in the safety planning process.

Planners:
State DOT, MPO, local jurisdiction, and Tribal transportation
planners have multiple job functions, which may include duties

Other Safety related to safety. Safety responsibilities vary, but general tasks
might include participating in safety plan development and

Stakeholders
implementation; cooperating on State wide or regional safety-
related committees such as emphasis area teams, to discuss
and collaborate on safety issues, crash data collection and
management, and data analysis tools, such as geographic
information system (GIS) crash mapping. Transportation
planners may specialize in a specific transportation mode,
such as transit, freight, bicycle, or pedestrian. Planners identify
existing and future short- and long-range needs, identify
projects and programs, help in establishing priorities, and
evaluate outcomes. Experience from each of these areas may
provide insight on current safety issues and needs, as well as
effective methods for addressing them.
 Some Mitigation Strategies Reduce the Consequences of Crashes:
Wider roadway clear zones
Three types of Safety Strategies:
Ditch slope standards
Crash prevention (before the crash)
Improved roadway medians
Crash injury and fatality mitigation (during the crash)
Crash testing of vehicles and roadside hardware
Improving emergency response and medicine (after the crash)
Automobile safety feature requirements (eg, seat belts, air bags,
tire grading, stability control)
Flammability standards for materials used in aircraft cabins and
inside automobiles
Improved guard rails and breakaway posts
Some Crash Prevention Strategies :
Commercial driver testing and licensing
Drunk driving limits and enforcement
Speed limits and speed limit enforcement
Standardization of traffic control devices Emergency Response Strategies:
Improvement of roadway geometric designs Improved crash fire and rescue capabilities at airports
Managing direct access to land from arterial roads Training and certification of emergency medical technicians
Aircraft safety regulation and inspection Post-crash investigations Video surveillance of high crash locations
and analysis of crush Pre-positioning of emergency response vehicles
Camera enforcement of speed and red light running Mayday systems on motor vehicles
Road condition and weather
What is ?
Travel demand
forecasting
Travel demand is expressed as the number of persons or vehicles
per unit time that can be expected to travel on a given segment of
a transportation system under a set demand are used to
establish the vehicular volume on future or modified transporta-
tion system alternatives. The methods for forecasting travel
demand can range from a simple extrapolation of observed
trends to a sophisticated computerized process involv ing
extensive data gathering and mathematical modeling. The travel
demand forecasting process is as much an art as it is a science.
Judgments are required concerning the various parameters that
is, population, car ownership, and so forth-that provide the basis
for a travel forecast. The methods used in forecasting demand
will depend on the availability of data and on specific constraints
on the project, such as availability of funds and project schedules.
What is ? Types of Modal Spilt Modals

Modal Split 1. Trip end modal spilt models

The application of mode choice models over the population results in trips
is the percentage of travellers using a particular type of transportation
split by mode, hence modal split modelling. In the past (especially in the USA)
or number of trips using said type. In freight transportation, this may be personal characteristics were considered to be the most important
measured in mass. Modal spilt is the third stage of the travel demand determinants of mode choice and attempts were made to apply modal split
modelling. The trip matrix generated from the problem is divided into models immediately after trip generation. In this way the different
number of matrices each representing a node. characteristics of the individuals could be preserved and used to estimate
modal split. At this level there was no indication to where these trips might
go, the characteristics of the journey and modes were omitted from these

Mode Split Model Applications

models. This approach was consistent with a planning view that as income
grew – individuals would acquire cars and would want to use them. These
modal split models of this time related the choice of mode to features like
income, residential density, car ownership and the availability of reasonable
Route or Service Applications public transport. These trips in the short run were accurate, in particular if
Effect of Changes in cost, frequency , transfer public transport is available in an area. These models were seen to be defeatist
in that any changes to the cost of a trip or the mode used would have no
system, more or less services
effect on modal split according to these trip-end models.

3. Aggregate and disaggregate models

Mode choice could be aggregate if they are based on zonal
and inter-zonal information. They can be called disaggregate
if they are based on household or individual data.
Thank you
 Thank you
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