ST CLEMENT’S SECONDARY SCHOOL
WEB DESIGN
WEB DESIGNING USING HTML
GRADE 12
WHAT IS HTML?
• HTML otherwise known as HyperText Markup
Language is the language used to create web sites
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HTML INTRODUCTION
• HTML is a markup language for describing web
documents (web pages).
• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
• A markup language is a set of markup tags
• HTML documents are described by HTML tags
• Each HTML tag describes different document
content
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TAGS
• HTML uses angle tags <> which are classified as opening
tags <> and closing tags, which contain a forward slash </>
• Text is inserted between these opening and closing tags.
• To mark text in Bold print, use the opening tag <b> and the
closing tag <b/> where text, for example, “Zambia” is
inserted as follows: <b> Zambia </b>
• However, this does not apply to all tags for example to go
to a new line using <br> does not require a closing tag
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NESTED TAGS
• Tags can be nested within each other where one set
of tags is inserted between the tags of another
• For example to print text in the biggest font and at
the same time make it italic, the tags <h1></h1>,
<i></i> are used as follows: <h1><I> Zambezi River
</I> </h1>
• When closing the tags after the inserted text the last
tag used is closed first
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STRUCTURE OF A WEB PAGE
• Web pages share a common structure
• A typical website would have a pair each of the
following:
<html> </html>
<head> </head>
<title> </title>
<body> </body>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<HTML>
<head>
<title>Heading </title>
</head>
<body>
This is where you should place the text
and images on your Web page
</body>
</html>
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THE <TITLE> TAG
• This is the identity of the content of the page
• The title is critical and should be chosen well
• It has a bearing on ranking of content it represents in
some search engines
• As an identity of the page, the title will also appear
in lists under favorites, History and Bookmark
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TEXT FORMATTING
• In HTML, special tags are used to format text
• Create paragraphs,
• Move to next line
• And create headings eg
<b> Bold Face </b>
<I> Italics </I>
<u> Underline </u>
<p> New Paragraph </p>
<br> Next Line
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CHANGING FONT
• The expression <font face = “fontname”> </font> can be
used to change the font of the enclosed text
• To change the size of text use the expression <FONT SIZE =
n> </font> where n is a number between 1 and 6
• To change the color, use <font color=“colorname”> </font>
• The color can also be represented by using hexadecimal
values such as for “red” the value is #ffffff
• HTML allows for more values to be changed at once eg
font, size, color of the text: <font size=4 FACE=“Tahoma”
COLOR=“Black”> </font>
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HEADINGS
• Sections of a web page have headings of different
font size eg <hn> </hn> where n is number between
1 and 6
• In the example above, 1 is the largest font size while
6 is the smallest
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TEXT ALIGNMENT
• The ALIGN attribute can be inserted in the <p> and
<hn> tags to align text right, left, justify and center
• For example, <h1 ALIGN=CENTER> Ministry of
Education </h1> creates the biggest size and
centered heading in a section
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COMMENTS
• Comments do not appear in the body of text on a
web page
• But they are useful in explaining some important
aspects of the page
• To create a comment, use the following tag <!--
comment -->
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CREATING BLINKING TEXT
• Text on a web page can be made to blink using the
tag <blink> </blink>
• The caution however is not to use this feature of
HTML too much as it may be an annoying visual to
visitors to the page
• Some web browsers such as Internet Explorer do not
support this tag
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PAGE FORMATTING
• To define the background color, use the BGCOLOR
attribute in the <body> tag
• To define the text color, use the TEXT attribute in the
<body> tag
• To define the size of the text, type <BASEFONT
SIZE=n>
• (check example in next slide)
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PAGE FORMATTING CONT’
• EXAMPLE
<HTML>
<head>
<title> Example </title>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR=“black” TEXT=“white”>
<BASEFONT SIZE=6>
This is where you would include the text and images on your
web page
</body>
</html>
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INSERTING IMAGES
• Type <img src = “image/2.jpg”> where image/2.jpg
indicates the location and the name of the image
file
• The WIDTH =n and HEIGHT=n attributes can be used
to adjust the size of an image
• The attribute BORDER=n can be used to add a
border n pixels thick around the image
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ALTERNATE TEXT
• Some browsers don’t support images. In this case,
the ALT attribute can be used to create text that
appears instead of the image
• Example
<image src=“satellite.jpg” ALT=“Picture of satellite”>
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LINKS
• A link lets you move from one page to another, play
movies and sound, send email, download files, and
more …
• A link has three parts: a destination, a label and a
target
To create a link type
<a href=“page.html”> label </a>
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ANATOMY OF A LINK
• <a href=“page.html”> label </a>
• In the above link, “page.html” is the destination.
• the destination specifies the address of the Web
page or file the user will access when the link is
clicked
• The label is the text that will appear underlined or
highlighted on the page
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EXAMPLE OF A LINK
• To create a link to CNN, type:
<a href=http://www.cnn.com>CNN</a>
• To create a link to MIT, type:
<a href=http://www.mit.com>MIT</A>
• To create a link to an email address, type:
<a href=“mailto:email_address”> Label </a>
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ANCHORS
• To create an anchor, type <a name=“anchor
name”> label </a> at the point in the Web page
where you want the user to jump to
• To create the link, type <a href=“#anchor name”>
label </a> at the point in the text where you want
the link to appear
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EXAMPLE: ANCHOR
• <a href=“#chap2”>Chapter Two</a><br>
Table of Contents
Introduction
Link
Chapter One
Chapter Two
• <a href=“#chap2”>Chapter Two</a><br> Introduction
Anchor (Text for
Introduction)
Chapter 1
(Text for Chapter 1)
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ORDERED LISTS
• These are lists that are • This is how the
numbered webpage
• The following is an ordered, would look like:
using the tags <ol></ol> 1. This is step one
<ol> 2. This is step two
<li> This is step one 3. This is step three
<li> This is step two
<li> This is step three
</ol>
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ADDING TYPE ATTRIBUTE TO LISTS
• The attribute TYPE=X allows you to change the kind
of symbol that appears in the list
- A is for UPPER CASE letters
- a is for lower case letters
- I is for UPPER CASE Roman numerals
- i is for lower case Roman letters
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UNORDERED LISTS
• These are lists that are • This is how the
unnumbered webpage
• The following is an would look like:
unordered, 1. First item in list
using <ul></ul> 2. Second item in list
<ul> 3. Third item in list
<li> First item in list
<li> Second item in list
<li> Third item in list
</ul>
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ADDING TYPE ATTRIBUTE TO LISTS
• The attribute TYPE=X allows insertion of bullets to unordered
listing
- The attribute ‘circle’ means an empty round bullet
- The attribute ‘square’ refers to a square bullet
- ‘disc’ means a solid round bullet. This is the default value
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• What are forms?
FORM
✓ form is an area of a web page that allows users to
enter information into fields
✓A form may be used to collect personal information,
opinions in polls, user preferences and other kinds of
information
✓There are two basic components of a Web form:
❖the shell - the part that the user fills out
❖script - which processes the information
• HTML tags are used to create the form shell. Using HTML you
can create text boxes, radio buttons, checkboxes, drop-
down menus and more….
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<form> FORM EXAMPLE
First name: <br> First name:
<Input type =“text”name= “firstname” ><br>
Lastname: <br>
Lastname:
<input type = “text” name =“lastname”>
</form>
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THE FORM SHELL
• A Form shell has three important parts:
✓The <FORM> tag, which includes the address of the script
which will process the form
✓The form elements, are objects like text boxes and radio
buttons
✓The submit button which triggers the script to send the
entered information to the server
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CREATING THE SHELL
• To create a form shell, type <FORM METHOD=POST ACTION
=“script_url”> where “script_url” is the address of the script
• Create the form elements
• End with a closing </FORM>
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CREATING TEXT BOXES
• To create a text box, type:
<input type=“text” name=“name” value=“value” size=n
maxlength=n>
• The NAME, VALUE, SIZE and MAXLENGTH attributes are
optional
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TEXT BOX ATTRIBUTES
• The NAME attribute is used to identify the text box to the
processing script
• The VALUE attribute is used to specify the text that will
initially appear in the text box
• The SIZE attribute is used to define the size of the box in
characters
• The MAXLENGTH attribute is used to define the maximum
number of characters that can be typed in the box
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EXAMPLE: TEXT BOX
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CREATING LARGER TEXT AREAS
• To create larger text areas, type:
<textarea name=“name” ROWS=n1 COLS=n2 WRAP>
Default Text </textarea>
where n1 is the height of the text box in rows and n2 is the
width of the text box in characters
• The WRAP attribute causes the cursor to move
automatically to the next line as the user types
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EXAMPLE: TEXTAREA
<b>Comments</b>
<br>
<textarea name=“Comments” ROWS=10 COLS=50 WRAP>
</textarea>
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CREATING RADIO BUTTONS
• To create a radio button, type:
<INPUT TYPE=“radio” NAME=“name” VALUE=“data”> Label,
where “data” is the text that will be sent to the server if the
button is checked and “Label” is the text that identifies the
button to the user
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EXAMPLE: RADIO BUTTONS
<b> Size: </b>
<inputtype=“radio” name=“size” value=“large”>large
<input type=“radio” name=“size” value=“medium”>
medium
<input type=“radio” name=“size” value=“small”> small
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CREATING CHECKBOXES
• to create a checkbox, type:
<input type=“checkbox” name=“name”
value=“value”>label
• if you give a group of radio buttons or checkboxes the
same name, the user will only be able to select one button
or box at a time
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EXAMPLE: CHECKBOXES
<b> color: </b>
<input type=“checkbox” name=“color” value=“red”>red
<input type=“checkbox” name=“color” value=“navy”>
navy
<input type=“checkbox” name=“color” value=“black”>
black
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CREATING DROP-DOWN MENUS
• to create a drop-down menu, type:
<select name=“name” size=“n multiple>
• then type:
<option value=“value”>label
• in this case, the size attribute specifies the height of the
menu in lines and multiple allows users to select more than
one menu option
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EXAMPLE: DROP-DOWN MENU
<b>which of these subjects do you like?</b>
<select>
<option value=“commerce”> commerce
<option value=“biology”> biology
<option value=“mathematics”> mathematics
<option value=“chemistry”> chemistry
</select>
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CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
• to create a submit button, type:
<input type=“submit”>
• if you would like the button to say something other than
submit, use the value attribute
• for example,
<input type=“submit” value=“buy now!”> would create a
button that says “buy now!”
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CREATING A RESET BUTTON
• to create a reset button,
<input type=“reset”>
• the value attribute can be used in the same way to change
the text that appears on the button
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TABLES
• tables can be used to display rows and columns of data,
create multi-column text, captions for images and sidebars
• the <table> tag is used to create a table;
• the <tr> tag defines the beginning of a row while the <td>
defines the beginning of a cell
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ADDING A BORDER
• The BORDER=n attribute allows you to add a border n pixels thick around the
table
• To make a solid border color, use the BORDERCOLOR=“color” attribute
• To make a shaded colored border, use BORDERCOLORDARK=“color” and
BORDERCOLORLIGHT=“color”
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CREATING A SIMPLE TABLE
<table border=10> • Here’s is how it would like
<tr> on the Web:
<td>one</td>
<td>two</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>three</td>
<td>four</td> • Page 52 image
</tr>
</table>
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ADJUSTING THE WIDTH
• when a web browser displays a table, it often adds extra
space. to eliminate this space use the width=n attribute in
the <table> and <td> tags
• keep in mind – a cell cannot be smaller than its contents,
and if you make a table wider than the browser window,
users will not be able to see parts of it
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CENTERING A TABLE
• there are two ways to center a table
✓type <table align=center>
✓enclose the <table> tags in opening and closing
<center> tags as follows: <center>
<table>
</table>
</center>
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WRAPPING TEXT AROUND A TABLE
• it is possible to wrap text around a table. this technique is
often used to keep images and captions together within an
article
• to wrap text around a table, type:
<table align=left>
to align the table to the left while the text flows to the right
• create the table using the <tr>, <td> and the closing
</table> tags as you normally would
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ADDING SPACE AROUND A TABLE
• to add space around a table, use the hspace=n and
vspace=n attributes in the <table> tag
• example:
<table hspace=20 vspace=20>
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SPANNING CELLS ACROSS
COLUMNS
• It is often necessary to span one cell across many columns.
For example, you would use this technique to span a
headline across the columns of a newspaper article
• To span a cell across many columns, type <TD
COLSPAN=n>, where n is the number of columns to be
spanned
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SPANNING CELLS ACROSS ROWS
• to span a cell across many rows, type <td rowspan=n>,
where n is the number of rows
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ALIGNING CELL CONTENT
• By default, a cell’s contents are aligned horizontally to the
left and vertically in the middle
• Use VALIGN=direction to change the vertical alignment,
where “direction” is top, middle, bottom or baseline
• Use ALIGN=direction to change the horizontal alignment
where “direction” is left, center or right
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CONTROLLING CELL SPACING
• cell spacing is the space between cells while cell padding is
the space around the contents of the cell
• to control both types of spacing, use the cellspacing=n and
cellpadding=n attributes in the <table> tag
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NESTING TABLES
• Create the inner table
• Create the outer table and determine which table cell of
the outer table will hold the inner table
• Test both tables separately to make sure they work
• Copy the inner table into the cell of the outer table
• Don’t nest too many tables. If you find yourself doing that,
find ano easier way to lay out your web page
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CHANGING A CELL’S COLOR
• To change a cell’s color, add the BGCOLOR=“color” attribute to the <TD>
tag
• Example:
<TD BGCOLOR=“blue”
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DIVIDING A TABLE INTO COLUMN
GROUPS
• A table can be divided into two kinds of column groups:
structural and non-structural
• Structural column groups control where dividing lines are
drawn; while non-structural groups do not
• Both let you format an entire column of cells at once
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COLUMN GROUPS
• To create structural column groups, type:
<COLGROUP SPAN=n> after the <TABLE> tag, where n is the
number of columns in the group
• To create non-structural column groups, type <COL
SPAN=n> where n is the number of columns in the group
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DIVIDING TABLE INTO HORIZONTAL
SECTIONS
• You can also create a horizontal section consisting of one or
more rows. This allows you to format the rows all at once
• To create a horizontal section, type:
<THEAD>, <TBODY> or <TFOOT> before the first <TR> tag of
the section
• Netscape does not support these tags
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CONTROLLING LINE BREAKS
• Unless you specify otherwise, a browser will divide the lines in a cell as
it sees fit
• The NOWRAP attribute placed within the <TD> tag forces the browser
to keep all the text in a cell on one line
• Example: <TD NOWRAP>Mutanda Falls
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