Republika ng Pilipinas

KAGAWARAN NG EDUKASYON
Rehiyon XI
Sangay ng Lungsod ng Davao
Lungsod ng Davao
CALINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Peñano Street, Calinan, DavaoCity
TELEPHONE NO.: 295-0720

Poison Vine (Derris elliptica benth) , Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia

amoena) , and Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) Extract Solution as
Potential Spray Termiticide for Drywood Termites (Cryptotermes
brevis)

by

Christian Vincent B. Sabado

Jerom Hecule

Vince Bryan Corilla

Ejay June Talip

Jella Eupena

Nicole Beltran

A research paper

submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements in Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics – STEM

February 2019
 Chapter I

Introduction

In many urban and farming areas today, the presence of pests and insects have

become a serious problem. They destroy crops and plants that are a source of livelihood

for the people and the damages made are often irreversible. But some pests pose greater

threats compared to others as they do not necessarily destroy the crops, but rather, they

destroy the homes of the farmers themselves. One of these pests are the termites.

Termites (also known as "Anay") are normally useful in our ecology because they

help to break down nutrients from dead tree and plants (Retokil, 2018). Termites mostly

feed on dead plant materials, animal dung, leaf litter, and soil which is very beneficial for

the functionality of an ecosystem. In biological terms, termites belong to the phylum

Arthropoda, class Insecta, and order Isoptera and three of the most widely recognized

kinds of termites are the Pacific dampwood termites, the Southeastern drywood termites,

and the Eastern subterranean termites. (Sean, 2018). There are around 2,800 known

termite species around the world; around 109 species are found in the nation which

present danger to nearby property holders and building proprietors and 54 species are

extremely dangerous (Roque T. 2017). Termites are known globally as they exist in

almost all parts of the world even in the western countries and their presence have

become one of the most serious problems and are the most damaging, at least in terms

of properties.
 In the Philippines, termite problem especially the drywood termites (Cryptotermes

brevis) is in reality as the country’s tropical condition and high stickiness empower the

development of termite populace. Termites reproduce in high rates as tropical conditions

in our country boosts their reproduction. As they can benefit from woods for 24 hours-a-

day without resting, a termite invasion can rapidly prompt unfixable damages to properties

(Retokil, 2018). As per the Woods Exploration Foundation based at the College of the

Philippines at Los Baňos, when termites infiltrate the structure, they can cause it 15-17%

harm. In the event that termites keep on infesting them for 7-10 years, the building is now

in zero esteem. Every year, termites causes billions of pesos in property damages. In the

Philippines, termites persistently scan for structures to attack and later harm them all year.

Synthetic Insecticides were developed to combat this termite’s infestation. But, the

use of these synthetic insecticides leaves trails of toxic chemicals behind that can harm

almost all the living organisms in the surrounding. Therefore, many people resort to

organic insecticides to lessen the harmful outcome of the synthetic ones. Plant-derived

products or botanicals are used in developing countries to control pests. Globally, plants

were the major technology used for insect control before the creation of synthetic

pesticides (Isman, 2008). Plants are known to contain phytochemicals that is widely used

worldwide to control these pests.

The Poison Vine (Derris elliptica benth), Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia), and Madre

de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) are known to have phytochemical properties which are used

as insecticides. The Poison Vine (Derris elliptica benth) is known to have Rotenone that

is extremely active as contact and stomach poisons against the crop pests, beetles,

aphids and household pests. The Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia) is known to have poisonous
effect because the plant contains needle-shape oxalate crystals and asparagines. The

Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) contains the phytochemical coumarins which are

used as insecticides for worms and bugs. These phytochemicals are used globally to

combat pests and to eradicate their presence.

Research locale

This study was conducted at Calinan National High School in Penano Street

Barangay Calinan, Davao City in the year 2018-2019.

This place was selected as the location or the conduct of the study because of the

availability of research materials and because it is the school of the researchers. The

school, being one of the center schools in Davao City, has received numerous science

laboratory equipment that can facilitate the researchers in making the research. The

school is located also near the residence of the research team leader which will make it

easier to transport materials in and out.

Conceptual Framework

Poison Vine (Derris

Elliptica Denth),

Dumbcane Mortatlity
(Dieffenbachia) and
Drywood
Madre de Cacao Termites
(Gliricidia Sepium)

Termiticide Solution
Figure 1. Conceptual paradigm showing the plants used as termiticide for drywood

termites.

The main concern of the researchers was to seek for plants which extracts might

be used as a termiticide. The conceptual framework shows the three possible plants that

will be used as a termicide for drywood termites.

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine how effective Poison Vine, Dumbcane, and Madre de

Cacao’s extract as potential termiticide. Furthermore, it ought to answer the following

questions:

1. Does Poison Vine, Dumbcane, and Madre de Cacao’s extract solution display

termiticidal effect to Drywood termites?

2. Is Poison vine, Dumbcane, and Madre de Cacao’s extracts more efficient in killing

Drywood termites compared to the synthetic ones?

Hypotheses

1. Poison Vine, Dumbcane, and Madre de Cacao’s extracts does not display

termiticidal effect to Drywood Termites.

2. Poison vine, Dumbcane, and Madre de Cacao’s extracts is not more efficient than

that of the synthetic termiticide when it comes to killing Drywood Termites.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study focused on the effects of Poision Vine, Dumbcane, and Madre de

Cacao as Termiticide for Drywood termites.

The concern and focus of this study was limited to the potential and effectiveness

of the termicidal effect of Poision vine, Dumbcane, and Madre de Cacao’s extracts

compared to the synthetic termiticide available in the market.

The study was conducted within Calinan National High school and the materials

that were used were obtained in different locations.

The result of the study were solely dependent on the number of termites that

were killed after the application.

The study covering period is from November 11, 2018 to January 2, 2019.

Definition of Terms

Drywood termites refer to termites that live, feed and nest in undercayed wood which

has a very low moisture content termites (ePest Supply, 2018). Drywood termites are the

primary subject of this research that are colonized and infests homes which leads to its

destruction.
Dumbcane is an evergreen plant with large showy dark green leaves that contains a

poison that swells the tongue and throat (Vocabulary, 2018). A poisonous plant that is

harmful to living organisms when ingested.

Poison vine is a rambling climber, with branches covered with brown hairs (Mao Yu

Teng, 2018). A plant which roots are used as an ingredient to kill pests.

Madre de Cacao is a tree whose leaves have a powerful antibacterial, healing, pesticide,

and insecticide properties (Pet Warehouse, 2018). A plant which its extract is derived

from its leaves as an ingredient for the organic termiticide made by the researchers.

Termiticide refers to the class of pesticide specifically design to eliminate termites (Do

My Own, 2018). A liquid substance that contain chemicals which is used to kill termites.

Phytochemical are naturally occurring plant chemicals (Lehman, S., 2018).

Phytochemicals are chemicals obtained from plants that can be used to combat pests.

Synthetic are products that are made from chemicals or artificial substances rather than

from natural ones (Collins Dictionary, 2018). An artificial product that are commercialized

and chemical based that is harmful to living organisms and is readily available in the

market

Tropical is a characteristic of a region or climate that is frost-free with temperatures high

enough to support year-round plant growth given sufficient moisture (Merriam-Webster

Dictionary, 2018). A state in which dry and wet season occurs only.
Infestation are the presence of unusually large number of insects or animals in a place,

typically so as to cause damage or disease (Oxford Living Dictionaries, 2018). Infestation

are the attack of numerous insects that causes damage to the property.

Pests is any animal or plant which has a harmful effect on humans, their food or their

living condition (Department of Health, 2018). Pests are insects that causes harms to

crops.

Significance of the study

This study aimed to make a termiticide using the plant extract to kill termites. The result

of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Students. The result will provide the students with knowledge about natural termiticides

and the potential us es of plants in their surroundings which they can use it to make their

own termiticide at home.

Community. The result will help the community into creating a natural termiticide derived

from plant extracts instead of using synthetic termiticide. It will teach them to prevent

exposing themselves from harmful chemicals that the synthetic termiticides contain.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as guide for them in their future research in

finding another alternative termiticide and to study more about the plant extract. This

study can also provide the future researchers about information presented in this study

on which they can develop their own research.

 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

INTRODUCTION

This chapter reviewed some of the works and literatures done by scholars and

researchers which are directly related to this research work. In doing so, this chapter

examined and reviewed the following areas;

 Termites

 Poison Vine

 Madre de Cacao

 Dumbcane

Termite Infestation

Pest Control have become one of the most serious problem farmers, agriculturists

and even common households are facing today. Since pests infest their crops and destroy

their livelihood, it greatly affects these people’s productivity and income.

One of these pests are the termites. In the study conducted by Karyah (2018), she

stated that termites are one of the most successful insects in the world that colonizes

most of the land masses except Antartica. Their colonies ranges from a few hundred

individuals to enormous societies of insects containing millions of tiny individuals with

each of them having their own role in the colony. Queens of Termites have greater

lifespan than any other insects in the world with some of these queens reaching up to the

age of 50 years old.

According to Labada, Sorongon, and Amado (2018), termites can secretly hide

while thriving in homes and yards without seeing any visible damage instantly which these

insects got their other name “silent destroyer” from. Termites consume cellulose-based

plants materials which most homes contain especially in house foundations, furniture,

shelves, and even old books which triggers termite infestation. This ability of the termites

is the concern of many households as they impose large damage to properties if left

unchecked and untreated.

Like any other termites, drywood termites are considered to be social insects since

they live within a colony (Brahmer & Scheffranh, 2017). In this colony, responsibilities are

divided into three primary caste such as the reproductive, workers, and soldiers.

Reproductives are brown to-light-yellow-tan and the wings almost have a clear smokey-

gray with distinctive veins in it. The king and the queen termites are usually the

reproductives but in case they die, they are replaced by immature and secondary

reproductives. Workers do not have wings, is white beige in color and are the majority of

the colony. Their primary task is to gather food, enlarge the colony, care for the queen,

the young termites and other members of the colony. On the other hand, soldiers share

almost the same structure with the workers but are larger and of different color. Soldiers

has brownish to yellow-brownish head with enlarged, heavily sclerotized mandibles.

 But unlike any other termite species, drywood termites are not dependent to

moisture just to survive. They even create their nests and colonies with the absence of

soil. They just have to extract enough water from their wood source in order to thrive.

They can also make their own water during their digestive process

According also to Brammer and Scheffranh (2017), Drywood Termites’ external

signs of infestation and damage are the most elusive. Most often, little amounts of pellets

building up on the wood and the visibility of “kick-out” holes in the surface of the wood are

the only obvious signs of infestation. Drywood termites create tiny holes in the surface of

the wood they infest for them to expel their fecal pellets. Some of these holes may also

be covered with a temporary paper-like substance that are very hard to see when using

only the naked eyes as it only measure about 1 millimeter.

Termites are naturally an essential member of the soil ecosystem by improving the

soil quality but they can negatively impact the human welfare by causing damage to

unprotected cellulose materials (Ghaly & Edwards, 2011). Because of this, it is estimated

that these insects results to a total of $5 billion worth of damage to properties per year,

making it one of the most damaging pests in the world.

Poison Vine’s (Derris elliptica benth)

Derris elliptica benth or poison vine has been known as an important source for

compounds in making an insecticide. Derris is a genus of the family Papillionaceae. The

extracts of this plant has been used as fish poison and insecticidal preparation over

centuries. These are mainly because of the presence of Rotenone in the plant. Rotenone

is a compound that is high toxic to the fish and insects. Rotenone is one of the oldest

botanical insecticides, which has been used for centuries and it is still used worldwide. It

is also use in cattle to control the ectoparasite and for treatment of cutaneous myiaysis in

pigs (Yoon, 2009). According to Othman (2016), although rotenone is highly toxic in

nature, it easily degrades, making it environmentally friendly. In having the extract of

rotenone, it uses organic solvent as extracts.

In the study of Maini, Morallo-Rejesus (2018) entitled Molluscicidal Activity of

Derris Elliptica, poison vine root and stem bark extracts were found to contain four

rotenoids namely rotenone (0.3-12%), dequelin (0.15-2.9%), elliptone (0.35-4.6%) and

toxicarol (0-4.4%). All of these compounds are reported to be effective and has been used

as insecticides, ichtyocide, acaricides and nematicides. The extract of the fresh poison

vine was the most toxic to the snails. It is proven in this study to be the molluscicidal

against the snail and it is safe to the applicators and to the farmers.

Rotenone in Derris elliptica is extremely active as contact and stomach poisons

against the crop pests, beetles, aphids and household pests. This compound is an

outstanding bio-pesticide. Bio-pesticide is the best-known option to the financially

accessible traditional pesticides and it is more natural well disposed. Besides having low

mammalian toxicity, rotenone is safe to honeybees. The root of Derris are the key

contributor of high rotenone. According to Sarmidi and Zubairi (2014), rotenone content

in the root is always higher than in stem. It is suggested to have the Derris elliptica roots
that are below 1 to 2 cm in diameter to have a large amount of rotenoids in the cell tissues

that has a rotenone.

According to (Zubairi, et. al 2015), it needs at least 75% soil moisture and the

surrounding temperature must be at least 25 to 30°C to achieve the high content of

rotenone in the derris elliptica. The production of rotenone in derris elliptica will enhance

with a calm area with low acidity of soil content. The toxic principles that the rotenone

have are believed to deteriorate faster into smaller molecules of dihydrorotenone and

water when it is exposed to the sunlight and air. It will lose their effectiveness within a

week in using the extracted rotenoids resin such as spray and dusts. Regardless of its

accessibility in nature, this insecticide ingredient is normally utilized by the natives/locals

to incapacitate the fish and to execute creepy crawlies that plagued their vegetables and

natural products .It is not just for bugs like aphids and red bugs and biting creepy crawlies,

particularly caterpillars upon plants, it also for outer parasites of creatures like bugs and

lice.

Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia Sepium)

Gliricidia sepium had been used by many cut-and-carry systems as a forage crop

mostly in places with humid tropics such as Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. However in

some other areas like West Africa, India and Philippines, the tree is severely limited as a

forage crop considering its palatability problems. Gliricidia belongs to the few forage trees

that are capable of yielding leafs and growing on a wider range of soils due to its ability
to tolerate low pH level. Spanish people called it ‘Madre de cacao’ for its use as a cocoa

shade and Yorubas called it ‘agunmaniye’. The seeds and baks’ toxic properties supports

the idea of its genetic epithet as ‘mouse killer’ as well as any other names. Gliricidia

sepium has also been used largely across the humid tropics. The tree has been reported

to possess expectorant, insecticidal, rodenticidal, sedative and suppurative properties

(Abulude, 2016).

According to Stuart (2016), the name ‘gliricidia’ comes from the latin word ‘glis’ that

means dormouse and ‘caedere’ means to kill. When the tree pods hang-dry into the sun,

they curl and explode. The tree usually grows in the southern tagalog areas where it

sheds leaves around december and blooms flowers between the month of February and

March.

Madre de Cacao or Gliricidia Sepium is a smooth, deciduous tree with a height of

3 to 10 meters. Its leaves are 15 to 25 centimeters in length which has 13 leaflets that are

opposite and oblong-ovate with approximately 4 to 6 centimeters long with a pointed tip

and rounded base. Racemes are evident on leafless branches, containing a lot of flowers.

Flowers are pink in color, 2 centimeters long, containing a short calyx. The pods are

shaped like a narrow oblong to oblanceolate, 10 to 14 centimeters long, about 2

centimeters wide, containing 6 to 8 seeds (Stuart, 2016).

Madre de Cacao is a nitrogen fixing tree with a maturity height of 10 meters (33

feet). In some places, it is referred as a quick-stick tree since it has the quality to grow

almost right away just by cutting and planting it directly in the ground. It is adaptable to

any kind of soil environment including infertile soils and also can bear with salt spray and
water loggong. It has the ability to tolerate drought for up to 6 to 8 months. This tree can

be potentially weedy and because of its ubiquity, it is a good alternative for feeding

herbivores due to its availability in almost all areas in the country (Porquillo, 2012).

According to a study to Siton, Sugimoto, Rivera, and Galay (2017), Madre de

Cacao or Gliricidia sepium is also a legume tree known for its multipurpose uses in most

of the tropical and subtropical countries. It is used for live fencing, fodder, coffe shade,

firewood, green manure and rat poison. The leaf extract is useful for removing external

parasites. It also contains properties that can be used as a medicine and insect repellent.

The head of the Research and Development office of the University of Northern

Philippines in Vigan City, Ilocos Sur named Dr. Alfredo R. Rabena, discovered a particular

solution using the leaves of Gliricidia sepium. Gliricidia sepium is said to contain

coumarins, a compound that is used as an effective botanopesticide.

Phytochemical screening revealed that the leaves and bark extracts of Madre de

Cacao do contain alkaloids and saponin. Saponins have been used as detergents,

pesticides, molluscicides, apart from its industrial utilization such as foaming and surface

active agents that shows beneficial health effects (Cruz & Cui Lim, 2016).

According to Calisagsag (2010), aside from its ability to be a pig dewormer, termite

and bug neutralizer, anti-fungus and bio-organic fertilizer, researchers found out that the

leaves of Mexican Lilac (Glericidia sepium) or commonly known as kakawate or Madre

de cacao as an effective pesticide according to the Department of Agriculture (DA).

Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia amoena)

The Dieffenbachia amoena commonly known as Dumbcane is a plant native in the

tropical America, South Mexico, South America, Philippines and Brazil. The leaves of the

Dumbcane are large and green often with multicolored patterns.

Dieffenbachia amoena is a worldwide appreciated crop due to its ornamental

value. The leaves are large and bright in alternating green and white favorable

characteristics for marketing. It is easily cultivated and used as a potted houseplant with

elegant indoor foliage, and the varietal behavior of dumbcane plant is approximately 30-

40 cm height according to (Lodd , 2011)

According to (Iyo, 2011) Dieffenbachia amoena has a perennial grows of 3 feet

(0.91m) to 10 feet (3.0m) in height and 2 feet (0.61m) to 3 feet (0.91m) in width .The plant

responds well in hot temperature and dry climate. Also the plant needs a moderately moist

soil which should be watered everyday. The leaves of Dieffenbachia amoena will roll up

and fall off through time to create a way for the development of the new leaves. The plants

leaves must be green and strong if the leaves start yellowing it is generally a sign of

problematic condition it should need more light, water and the used of soil for its beautiful

and elegant growth.

Diefenbachia amoena or dumbcane has been known as an important source of

ingredients in making insecticides. The extract of this plant provides toxicity to the insects

and animals which results to death. This is mainly because of the presentce of asparagine

and insoluble oxalic. Asparagine is a protein found in the plant when leaf is chewed. This

needle-crystal will cause a burning sensation. Oxalic acid is known of being toxic and
dangerous since it may cause nausea, vomiting, and severe gastroenteritis, shock and

convulsion according to Omondi (2017).

Based on the statement of Ajuru, Wugo et., al (2018), the sap of the Dumbcane

is very poisonous . The poisonous effect is from the raphides which are needle shaped

crystal of calcium oxalate as the aragonite which its chemical composition tends to be

blunt at one end resulting in the victim to temporarily inability to speak. Plants contain

chemicals that are active ingredients that perform the same function to the commercial

pesticide (Abayomi, 2010). The plant dieffenbachia amoena extract can kill rats, insects

and animals.

Review of Related Studies

The study of Singh & Kumar S. (2008) entitled “Anti termite activity of Jatropha

curcas Linn. Biochemical” uses Jatropha curcas oil as an natural termiticide . They

evaluate the toxic fraction of Jatropha curcas oil at 1℅,5℅,10%,20℅ that will be used

against termites (Microcerotermes beesoni). They use Dependent Sample T test. The

result shows that the maximum wood protection against termites of both the treatments

were obtained at their highest concentration i.e. 20%. The result of the study shows that

the protection afforded by toxic fraction was enhanced, with the weight loss ranging from

10.48 to 35.19. However, all the treatments proved to be effective over the control

(50.84%). Furthermore, the results of the study against termites has further strengthened
that formulations containing crude oil of J. curcas and its toxic fraction were found to be

significantly effective even after 60 days of exposure to termites.

In the study of Conrad V. entitled "The Feasibility of Acacia (Robinia pseud) Seed

Decoction as Pesticide (termites)” conducted last 2009 aimed to find out if Acacia seeds

decoction is an effective alternative to the commercial pesticide used to kill termites. The

researcher used Dependent sample T test as a method for the study. The main material

used were the Acacia seed that was boiled (the process is commonly called decoction)

to be able to get the chemical that can possibly kill termites. In this study, the data shows

that it can kill termites but more termites were killed in using commercial ones. But still,

the decoction may be an alternative pesticide for those who do not have a sufficient

budget. It's cheaper and easy to do. The researcher suggests further study shall be

conducted.

The study of (Akunne, C. E., Okeke, E. M., Onenye, B. U 2018) entitled Toxicity of

Root Powder of Derris elliptica for the Control of Kola Weevil,

(Balanogastris kolae) in the Stored Kolanut uses the root powder of Derris elliptica in their

experiment to control the Kola Weevel (Balanogastris kolae). Various concentrations of

root powder of derris elliptoca were applied in the proportion of 5g, 10g, and 15g

separately holding 10g of kolanut. They used one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to

determine the most effective concentration of the powders. The result shows that the 5g

powder concentration gave the lowest mortality count of B.kalae and the 10g and 15g

powder concentration gave the highest mortality of B. kalae. It also showed that the higher

the concentration of the root powder of Derris elliptica, the higher the mortality of B.kolae.

The result of that study reveals that there is an insecticidal properties on Derris elliptica
at different concentration. The farmers were recommended to use the root powder of

Derris elliptica at a higher concentration to control the attack of B.kolae.

The study of (Moyo, Nyakudya, Katsvanga, & Tafirei ) entitled Efficacy of the

Botanical Pesticides, Derris elliptica, Capsicum frutescens and Tagetes minuta for the

Control of Brevicoryne brassicae in Vegetables opts to determine the ideal extraction

temperature and effective dilutions of Derris elliptica, Capsicum frutescens and Tagetes

minuta for the control of aphids in vegetables. Vegetables infected with aphids were

arranged to be used in the experiment. The aphids left for 2 weeks to multiply before the

botanical pesticides application to the vegetables. They use one-way analysis of variance

(ANOVA) to analyze the population reduction of aphids in applying the botanical

pesticides. The result shows that the three botanical pesticides have an effect in

controlling the population of the aphids. The extraction temperature affects the efficacy of

botanical pesticides.

The study by Antonio et al. (2014) entitled “Larvicidal Effect of Madre de Cacao

(Gliricidia sepium) Leaf Extract on Household Mosquito (Culex pipiens)” stated that

mosquito is one of the most common disease-carrying insects that endanger human

health with the use of their bites. With the interest to eliminate these dangerous insects,

the researchers came up with the idea of having the Madre de cacao to decrease and

eradicate mosquito larvae. A number of 555 household mosquitoes were cultured and

treated with the leaf extract of Madre de cacao. Five treatments with different

concentration were used which includes 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of Madre de

cacao leaf extract. Mean score was used to determine the level of effectiveness of Madre

de cacao leaf extract as larvicide and it is described as less effective, moderately

effective, effective and very effective while the ANOVA was used to determine the

significant difference in terms of the level of effectiveness in different concentrations of

Madre de cacao leaf extract on household mosquito larvae set at 0.01 level of

significance. The study revealed that at 50%, 75% and 100% concentration of leaf extract,

killing household mosquito larvae was found very effective while at 25% concentration of

the extract came out only as effective. There was a significant difference in the level of

effectiveness of the leaf extract of Madre de cacao as a larvicide to household mosquitoes

between 25% concentration and 50%, 75%, and 100% concentration while there was no

significant difference in the effectiveness of Madre de cacao when 50%, 75%, and 100%

were used as a larvicide for mosquitoes. From the results of the study, Madre de cacao’s

leaf extract came out to be as a potential natural larvicide against mosquitoes and can be

an alternative mosquito pesticide to replace the synthetic ones.

Another study of Baylon et al. (2016) entitled "The pesticidal effect of Madre de

Cacao (Gliricidia sepium), Neem tree (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum) extracts

on cockroaches (Periplaneta americana)” aimed to find out the pesticidal effects of Madre

cacao against cockroaches. The researcher prepared 539 cockroaches (Periplaneta

americana) as test subjects in this research. There were 4 cockroaches in each group

with 25 replicates. Pure plant extracts were used with 5 treatment condition, the plant

extract, the negative control, and the positive control. A cage was made of wood and

glass for the habitat of the cockroaches. Soxhlet Extraction Machine was used for the

extraction of the plant substance and a pumping spray was used for the extraction of the

plant substance and a pumping spray was also used for its application. Within 25

replicates, the positive control group came out to be more effective with a mean mortality
in terms of time of 5.50 minutes and a standard deviation of 0.37. The three experimental

extract came out only as effective compared to the more effective positive control. Neem

tree (Azadirachtaindica) has a time of 122.48 minutes with a standard deviation of 1.39

came to be more effective than Madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium), had a standard

deviation of 1.72 within 145.96 minutes and Garlic (Allium sativum) had a mean mortality

in terms of time of 160.56 minutes with a 2.02 standard deviation. The results of the study

shows that Neem tree, Madre de Cacao, and Garlic extract had 100% pesticidal effect

against the cockroaches. The positive control group showed more effectivity than the

plant extracts because of its shorter time. Based on the values presented in the

experiment, there were a significan difference on the level of effectiveness between the

plant extracts and the positive control at 0.05 level. The three plant extracts tested in the

experiment showed less effectivity when compared to the positive control, baygon.

The study of Ajuru et al. (2018) entitled Toxicological Evaluation Of Dieffenbachia

amoena (Dumbcane) on Wister Albino Rats investigated the toxicological effect of ethanol

extract of the Dieffenbachia amoena and to emphasize the effect of the plant extract to

the behavioral changes of the rats.150 Albino Rats were prepared as a test subject in this

research. The acute toxicity of the plant ethanol extract will be applied in the rats with

100-150g. Four groups containing 3 rats each were randomly selected according to their

average weights and was observed in 7 days. Thorough injection and acute oral toxicity

test on Albino Rats was applied. A cage was made as a habitat of the Albino Rats. The

LD50 dose of ethanol extract caused 50 percent mortality in the animals. The results

revealed no significant changes in the control group but in the treatment groups, several

changes such as fast and labored breathing, blurred vision and death were observed.
Hematological study showed reduced blood level in the treatment group. Morphological

observation of the organs including the liver showed alteration and paled coloration

compared to the control group. Histopathological examination showed distorted,

congested and focal necrosis of the liver and renal tubules. The results obtained

suggested that the LD50 of the ethanol leaf extract of D. Amoena is slightly higher than

8000mg/kg. It is recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these

observations be carried out.

Another study of (Jabilles A. et.al) entitled “Pesticidal Property of Bakya

(Dieffenbachia amoena) Leaf Extract against Yellow Rice Stem Borer (Scirpophaga

incertulas)” aimed to determine the pesticidal property of “Bakya” (Dieffenbachia amoena)

against Yellow Rice Stem Borers (Scirpophaga incertulas). The researchers utilized

experimental method in collection and preparation of raw materials, extraction of Bakya

leaves, formulation of Bakya pesticide, determination of physical and chemical properties

of Bakya extract, and toxicity test to identify the physical properties as well. The

commercial pesticide malathion was used as a control substance. The researchers

prepared a set–up containing a pot with rice plants planted on it, each of it had a protective

container made with plastic and cheap board. The findings of the study revealed that the

solvent extraction method using 95% ethyl alcohol emitted pungent odor while malathion

exhibited an odor of garlic, the dominant color for Bakya extract was green while for

Malathion was orange, the viscosity of Malathion was greater than that of Bakya pesticide,

the specific gravity of Bakya pesticide in different temperatures were all lower compared

to Malathion. One out of ten Yellow Rice Stem Borers was found dead after spraying the

Bakya pesticide. The findings showed that in using 10% and 20% formulations, there
were no observable fatalities among the Yellow Rice Stem Borers. However, using 30%

formulation, it was observed that one Yellow Rice Stem Borer was found dead. The

researchers concluded that there is a significant difference between the commercial

pesticide and Bakya Dieffenbachia amoena pesticide. The researcher implied that a

farmer should use 30% formulation of Bakya pesticide in order to control the population

of the Yellow Rice Stem Borers .It was recommended that the farmer used Bakya

pesticide as substitute for Malathion pesticide.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was composed of three phases: Phase I – Collection of Plant Materials

and Organic Termiticide Preparation; Phase II – The collection of Termite Samples,

Application of the Termiticides, and Disposal of Organic Termiticide; and Phase III –

Statistical Analysis and Research Design. All experimental procedures were done at

Christian Vincent Sabado’s residence in Teacher’s Village, Calinan, Davao City.

Phase I – Plant Extract Preparation

Collection of Plant Materials

The 500g leaves of Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia), 500g roots of Poison Vine (Derris

elliptica benth) and 500g leaves of Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) were collected at

Nielbert Raner’s residence in Biao Joaquin, Calinan, Davao City.

Organic Termiticide Preparation

The 500g leaves of Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia), 500g leaves of Madre de Cacao

(Gliricidia sepium) and 500g roots of Poison Vine (Derris elliptica benth) were washed

thoroughly with tap water, chopped into smaller pieces and pounded using mortar and

pestle. The pounded leaves of Dumbcane, Madre de Cacao and roots of Poison Vine

were soaked in 1 liter of tap water separately for 48 hours. Then the extract of each plant

were filtered using a fine cloth and the three different filtrates are put in a clean bottle.
50% of each filtrates were mixed together and put in a clean spray bottle ready for

application. The total solution was 1.5 liters.

Phase II

The collection of “Termite” samples

The collection of the drywood termites as subjects for the experiment were

obtained from Nielbert Raner’s residence at Biao, Joaquin, Calinan, Davao City.

There were 40 plastic containers used as habitats of the termites for the

experiment with each container having 20 termites for a total of 800 collected termites. A

2x2 inch hole was made on the covers of the containers and was covered with a metal

mesh. A damp carton was placed inside the containers for the termites to feed on.

Application of the Termiticide

The study examines 2 variables namely “Commercial Termiticide” and “Organic

Termiticide Solution” with each variables having 20 trials each. The commercial

termiticide was bought at Green Abbey store while the Organic Termiticide Solution was

made by the researchers. The termiticides was applied once and was done at 8 o’clock

in the morning. The application of the termiticides are best done during this time to

simulate the natural environment of the insects. Water was also be sprayed at each

containers prior to the day of the application of the termiticides to keep the humidity inside.

Results of the mortality of the termites in each trials of the two treatments will be recorded

in the logbook after 24 hours accordingly.

Disposal of termiticide

The remaining unused termiticides were buried 50 cm deep down an area where it is safe

and away from a water source while the container of the termiticide were rinsed

thoroughly for about 3 times. The water that was used to rinse the container were

disposed correctly with the termiticide that is buried. Then, the researchers applied some

holes into the container so that others couldn't misuse it. Finally, the containers were

disposed in the proper trash disposal bins with adherence to the City Waste Regulations.

Phase III – Data Collection and Analysis

Statistical Analysis

Mean: Determine the average mortality of termites.

Percentage: This was used to determine the proportion of the dead termites to the whole

population in a treatment.

T-test for Independent Variable: T-test for independent samples was the statistical tool

used to discover if the null hypothesis would support the study, particularly in testing the

significant difference of the effectiveness of the two treatments for the mortality of the test

samples which is termites.

In testing the significant difference of the two treatments, the study used 0.05 level of

significance.
Research Design

The research design used in the study was experimental research design because

there were groups which were being experimented and controlled by the researcher in

order to determine the results of the experiments.

Samples

The samples of the study were the termites collected at Nielbert Raner’s

residence. There were 40 containers used in the study containing 20 termites each.

This equals to a total of 800 termites used as samples for the study.

Data Gathering Procedure

After the application of the two termiticides in its respective set of trials, the data

for the number of dead termites per container were then taken and recorded in the

logbook after 24 hours. It was then photographed using Samsung J2 Pro for

documentation.
Treatment of Data

All data gathered by the instrument were tallied, tabulated, analyzed and

interpreted accordingly:

1. Mean. This was used to determine the average mortality of the termites under

the two treatments.

ΣFX
Formula: X= 𝑁

Where: X is Mean

Σ is Summation Symbol

F is Frequency

X is Weight of each item

N is Number of cases

2. Percentage. This was used to determine the proportion of the dead termites to a

specific category such as their population in each containers and to the whole

population in a specific variable.

𝐹
Formula: % = 𝑁 x 100

Where:

% is Percentage

F is Frequency
 N is Total Number of Respondents

100 is Constant Value

3. T-test. This was used to compare the means of two sets of data.

(ΣA)2: Sum of data set A, squared (Step 2).

(ΣB)2: Sum of data set B, squared (Step 2).

μA: Mean of data set A (Step 3)

μB: Mean of data set B (Step 3)

ΣA2: Sum of the squares of data set A (Step 4)

ΣB2: Sum of the squares of data set B (Step 4)

nA: Number of items in data set A

nB: Number of items in data set B

 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This study aimed to determine if Poison Vine (Derris elliptica benth), Dumbcane

(Dieffenbachia amoena), and Madre de Cacao’s (Gliricidia sepium) extract solution

display potential termiticidal properties. 500g of leaves of Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia

amoena), 500g roots of Poison Vine (Derris elliptica benth) and 500g leaves of Madre de

Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) were collected for the making of the organic termiticide, a

commercial termiticide was bought at Green Abbey Store, and a total of 800 termites were

collected as subjects for the experimentation.

This chapter showed the data yielded by the conducted study and the result of the

computations for the data analysis based from the experimentation done by the

researchers. The data and the statistical analysis were then presented into tables for the

summary of the results. For the clear data presentation, the results were shown into five

individual tables:

1. Mortality and Resistance Count of Termites under Organic Termiticide.

2. Mortality and Resistance Count of Termites under Commercial Termiticide.

3. Mean of the mortality of Drywood Termites under the Organic and Commercial
Termiticide

4. Percentage of the Mortality and Resistance count of Drywood Termites under

Organic and Commercial Termiticide

5. T-Test for Independent Samples for the Organic and Commercial Termiticide mortality
count
Table 1: Mortality and Resistance Count of Termites under Organic Termiticide.

Treatment: Organic Termiticide

Trial Population Mortality Count Resistance Count

1 20 9 11

2 20 12 8

3 20 12 8

4 20 9 11

5 20 17 3

6 20 20 0

7 20 20 0

8 20 10 10

9 20 16 4

10 20 13 7

11 20 16 4

12 20 16 4

13 20 20 0

14 20 15 5

15 20 16 4

16 20 15 5

17 20 15 5

18 20 17 3

19 20 14 6

20 20 15 5
 TOTAL 400 297 103

Table 1 showed the mortality and resistance count of the Drywood Termites under the

Organic Termiticide Treatment. 20 containers were used for the treatment with 20

termites each for a total of 400 termite samples. The mortality of the Drywood termites for

this treatment was 297 with a resistance count of 103.

Table 2. Mortality and Resistance Count of Termites under Commercial Termiticide.

Treatment: Commercial Termiticide

Trials Population Mortality Count Resistance Count

1 20 20 0

2 20 20 0

3 20 20 0

4 20 20 0

5 20 20 0

6 20 20 0

7 20 20 0

8 20 20 0

9 20 20 0

10 20 20 0
 11 20 20 0

12 20 20 0

13 20 20 0

14 20 20 0

15 20 20 0

16 20 20 0

17 20 20 0

18 20 20 0

19 20 20 0

20 20 20 0

TOTAL 400 400 0

Table 2 showed the mortality and the resistance count of the Drywood Termites under

the Commercial Termiticide Treatment. 20 containers were used for the treatment with

20 termites each for a total of 400 termite samples. The mortality of the Drywood termites

for this treatment was 400 with 0 resistance count.

Table 3. Mean of the mortality of Drywood Termites under the Organic and commercial
termiticide.
 Group Statictics

Termiticides N Mean Std. Std. Error

Deviation Mean

Organic 20 14.8500 3.29713 .73726

Commercial 20 20.0000 .00000 .00000

Mortality

Table 3 presented the mean of the mortality of the Drywood Termites under the Organic

and Commercial termiticide Treatments. The mean of the mortality of the Drywood

termites with a total number of 20 trials in each of the two treatments resulted in 14.8500

for Organic termiticide and 20.0000 for the Commercial termiticide.

Table 4. Percentage of the Mortality and Resistance count of Drywood Termites under

Organic and Commercial Termiticide

Percentage

Total population Mortality % Resistance %

Of Subjects

Organic 400 297 74.25% 103 25.75%

Termiticide

Commercial 400 400 100% 0 0%

Termiticide

Table 4 showed the percentage of the mortality and resistance count of Drywood Termites

under the Organic and Commercial Termiticide from the total population of subjects under
the specific treatments. With a total of number of 400 termites under each treatment, the

percentage of the mortality of the Drywood Termites under the Organic Termiticide was

74.25 % with a resistance of 25.75%. And as for the Commercial Termiticide, the

percentage of the mortality count of termites was 100% with 0% resistance.

Table 5. T-Test for Independent Samples for the Organic and Commercial Termiticide
mortality count

Lavene’s test for T- test for equality of means

equality of variances
F Sig. t df Sig.(2-
tailed)
Mortality Equal Variances 28.830 .000 -6.985 38 .000
Assumed

Equal Variances -6.985 19.000 .000

not assumed

Table 5 presented the result of the T-test for Independent Samples to compare the

mortality count of the termites among the two treatments in the research study conducted

by the researchers. Results showed that there is a significant difference (sig. 2-talied <

0.05) between the mortality of the Drywood termites under the Organic and the

Commercial termiticide treatment.

 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMNEDATION

This chapter provided the summary of the problem, the findings of the study, and

the conclusions which was discussed based on the result of the experiment done by the

researchers. Furthermore, a set of recommendations were given by the researchers for

future researches to be conducted.

Summary of the Problem

The focus of this study was to determine if the Poison Vine (Derris elliptica benth),

Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia amoena), and Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) extract

solution displayed potential termiticidal properties. Furthermore, it sought to specifically

answer the following questions:

3. Does Poison Vine (Derris elliptica benth), Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia amoena), and

Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) extract solution display potential termiticidal

effect to Drywood termites?

4. Is Poison Vine (Derris elliptica benth), Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia amoena), and

Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) extract solution more efficient in killing

Drywood termites compared to the synthetic one?

FINDINGS

The salient findings of the study conducted are as follows:

1. The mortality count of Drywood Termites under the Organic Termiticide prepared

by the researchers was 297 with a resistance count of 103.

2. The percentage of the mortality count of the Drywood termites under the Organic

termiticide with a total population of 400 is 74.25% and the resistance was 25.75%.

3. The mortality count of Drywood Termites under the Commercial Termiticide bought

by the researchers was 400 with 0 resistance count.

4. The percentage of the mortality count of the Drywood termites under the

Commercial termiticide with a total population of 400 was 100% and the resistance

was 0%.

5. The mean of the mortality count of the Drywood Termites under the Organic

termiticide was 14.8500 while for the Commercial termiticide is 20.0000.

6. The T-test for Independent samples showed that the value of sig. (2-tailed) was

0.000 which was less than 0.05 under the equal variances not assumed.

Conclusions

Based on the Results and Findings of the study, the researchers were able to

conclude the following:

1. That the Poison Vine (Derris elliptica benth), Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia amoena),

and Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) extract solution have displayed potential

termiticidal properties that affect the Drywood Termites based on the mortality
 count which is equal to 74.25% of the 400 total population with a resistance of

25.75%, and the mean of the mortality count which is 14.8500.

2. That the result of the T-test for Independent samples suggested that there was a

significant difference between the two termiticides (sig. 2-talied < 0.05) based on

the mortality count which means that one of the two termiticides proved to be more

effective than the other.

3. That the Commercial termiticide proved to be more effective and efficient in killing

the Drywood Termites for it yielded a mortality count of 400 termites which is equal

to 100% of the entire 400 population with a resistance of 0% and mean of the

mortality count which is 20.000, compared to the mortality count under the Organic

termiticide which yielded 297 dead termites that is only equal to 74.25% of the 400

total population with a resistance of 25.75% and mean of the mortality count which

is 14.8500.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following are recommended by

the researchers:

1. Explore on various ratios and proportions between the water and plant materials

and compare whether the concentration affects the effectiveness and efficiency of

the Organic Termiticide solution.

2. Examine if using each of the plants respectively results to a more effective and

efficient termiticide than mixing the plant extracts together in a solution.

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 Appendix A

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers express profound praises and gratitude to the God Almighty for

the boundless blessings, knowledge, and wisdom given to the researchers throughout

this research work that led to its success.

Immense gratitude also goes to Mr. Eleazar B. Miones, a man of great skills, with

unparalleled patience and understanding, who despite all the stresses and tight

schedules of his, made time to go through the researchers’ work and helped in making

the necessary corrections and guidance, that is of paramount importance to the success

of this endeavor.

The researchers would like to express their appreciation to their class adviser, Mrs.

Arlene B. Tesoro, for her dynamism, vision, sincerity, understanding, and motivation that

have deeply inspired the researchers during the conduct of the study. Her advices in times

of difficulties were a big help to surpass all the challenges encountered by the

researchers.

The researchers would like to extend their sincere gratitude to their parents for

their understanding and undying support financially, emotionally, spiritually, and

physically from the very beginning until the end. The researchers could not have asked

for a more understanding parents than you are.

 Special thanks is also given to Nielbert Raner for his help

in acquiring all the plant materials and the termite samples that was essential for this

study. This research would have been impossible if it were not for you.

Republika ng Pilipinas
KAGAWARAN NG EDUKASYON
Rehiyon XI
Lungsod ng Dabaw
CALINAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Peñano Street, Calinan, Davao City
TELEPHONE NOS. 295-0720 Principal’s Office / 295-0267 Accounting Office / 295-0246 Guidance Office

January 29, 2019

FORTUNATO B. SAGAYNO, Ph.D.

PSDS
Calinan National High School

Dear Sir,

This is to ask your permission to allow the following students from Grade 12 STEM to conduct their research with a title “Poison
Vine (Derris elliptica benth) , Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia amoena) , and Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) Extract Solution as
Potential Spray Termiticide for Drywood Termites (Cryptotermes brevis)”. The aim of this research is to examine and test the
termiticidal potential of the three plants to produce a safe and affordable organic termiticide.

The following students who are going to conduct the research are as follows:
1. Christian Vincent B. Sabado 4. Jella Patricia S. Eupena
2. Jerom B. Hecule 5. Ejay June M. Talip
3. Vince Bryan C. Corilla 6. Nicole G. Beltran

We had attached on this letter the Introduction, Statement of the Problem and the Methodology of the research for
reference purposes.
If you have further questions regarding the said request, you may contact us through this number 09950437190.
 We are looking forward to your favourable response to this request.
Thank you and God bless!

Prepared by:

CHRISTIAN VINCENT B. SABADO JEROM B. HECULE VINCE BRYAN C. CORILLA

12 – STEM Student 12 – STEM Student 12 – STEM Student

JELLA PATRICIA S. EUPENA EJAY JUNE M. TALIP NICOLE G. BELTRAN

12 – STEM Student 12 – STEM Student 12 – STEM Student

Recommending Approval: Approved:

ELEAZAR B. MIONES DIVILYN M. RODRIGUEZ
Research Adviser SHS Focal

Appendix C – Curriculum Vitae

CURRICULUM VITAE

CHRISTIAN VINCENT SABADO

Teacher’s Village, Calinan, Davao City, Philippines
christiansabado.cvs@gmail.com
09950437190

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Calinan Central Elementary School SY 2012-2013

Highschool: Calinan National High School SY 2016-2017
Senior High School: Calinan National High School SY 2018-2019
HONORS AND AWARDS

 Consistent Honor Student SY 2018-2019

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

 Division Schools Press Conference Seminars

 Regional Division Training
 Davao Young Leaders Congress

ORGANIZATIONS

 The Gong (Editor in Chief)

SPECIAL SKILLS

 Computer Literate
 Eloquent in both Speaking in Writing in English
 Critical thinking
 Singing
 Can Play Musical Instruments
 CURRICULUM VITAE

VINCE BRYAN CORILLA

Purok 33 R. Magsaysay St., Calinan, Davao City
vinmaniego123@gmail.com
09085442043

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Calinan Central Elementary School SY 2012-2013

Highschool: Calinan National High School SY 2016-2017
Senior High School: Calinan National High School SY 2018-2019

HONORS AND AWARDS

 Consistent Honor Student SY 2018-2019

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

 N/A

ORGANIZATIONS

 N/A

SPECIAL SKILLS

 Computer Literate
 Critical Thinking
 Drawing
 Editing
 CURRICULUM VITAE

JEROM BENTAYAO HECULE

Roman Diaz St., Calinan, Davao City
jeromhecule5@gmail.com
09096274899

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Allab Elementary School S.Y 2012-2013

Highschool: Ganatan High School S.Y 2016-2017
Senior High School: Calinan National High School S.Y 2018-2019

HONORS AND AWARDS

 Consistent Honor Student SY 2018-2019

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

 Kuwentong Barkadahan (Barangay Seminar)

 Summer Youth Camp

ORGANIZATIONS

 N/A

SPECIAL SKILLS

 Communication Skill
 Broadcasting
 Writing
 Can Handle Stress
 CURRICULUM VITAE

NICOLE GALLEROS BELTRAN

Purok 1 Peñano St., Calinan, Davao City
elloscyne@gmail.com
09098095633

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Calinan Central Elementary School SY 2012-2013

Highschool: Calinan National High School SY 2016-2017
Senior High School: Calinan National High School SY 2018-2019

HONORS AND AWARDS

 Consistent High Honor Student SY 2018-2019

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

 N/A

ORGANIZATIONS

 N/A

SPECIAL SKILLS

 Computer Literate
 Critical thinking
 Mathematically inclined
 Can Work Under Pressure
 CURRICULUM VITAE

JELLA PATRICIA EUPEÑA

Purok 8 Dacudao, Calinan, Davao City, Philippines
moninaeupena@gmail.com
09100671550

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Lt. Cipriano Villafuerte Sr. Elementary School S.Y 2012-

2013
Highschool: Calinan National High School SY 2016-2017
Senior High School: Calinan National High School SY 2018-2019

HONORS AND AWARDS

 Consistent Honor Student SY 2018-2019

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

 N/A

ORGANIZATIONS

 N/A

SPECIAL SKILLS

 Computer Literate
 Communication Skill
 Critical thinking
 Singing
 Dancing
 Mathematically inclined
 CURRICULUM VITAE

EJAY JUNE MAGBANUA TALIP

Prk. 2,Biao Joaquin, Calinan, Davao City, Philippines
ejaytalip00001@gmail.com
09094821050

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Pindasan Elementary School S.Y 2012-2013

Highschool: Pindasan National High School S.Y 2016-2017
Senior High School: Calinan National High School SY 2018-2019

HONORS AND AWARDS

 Consistent Honor Student SY 2018-2019

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

 BCC Congress

ORGANIZATIONS

 Youth Organization

SPECIAL SKILLS

 Computer Literate
 Communication Skill
 Critical thinking