Shuctuye of Atom @ | Atomic number _&) — Tells about eS ox No of Pir © | mass number i) — Tells abot No: sh n+ te in a nudes i “Ty Aten Represent = + my c No- 6 neutrang = A-Z Isobars'—- same atomic number: but diff mass number. Isobars — Same Marg number. biti diff atornic Number Istenes — ASZ = diff but same no- of _neutyons . Isoelectronic — species having some no: of electvong. 7» Isodiaphers — A § z= diff but same n-p. Isosters — Species have same no-oh 0) Sap eS atoms and electrons. ’ @|Q|0|O/9|@ s* | Electromagnetic Loawes / Nature of light —> Planckg quantum Theory. © | Erevgy transmitted from ane body to another body in the Porn of; woes Move with speed of light. © | This wawes consist of both EF and MF, Which is perpendiculo: | to each other called EMR. @ | eme oy Radiant energy — dont yequived medium , can travel in vaccum also. @) Radiant enevqy can transfer without medium coming though | waves called EMR. Waver / Radiation | eae ee as ia _ Mechanical - Nan ~ Mechanical ee | (rnedturn required) _ Croedium not ye 9 ye L vou aae : a poate waver 0 o a tained wo shinoy yy wave lengib (A) + : Distance b/ux tu90 crest or Tough: = Prequency, {¥) The po. of twaver which possed through @ point in 4 sec. —% Wave numbet (7) ixteo-’of Waves spread in a unit Leng |e} |O|e Amplitude t The height of: ‘vest or depth of Trough. Electromagnetic “spechum: ' hoon tad It 7 As pAIncre!ovder of wwanelengt '|The arrangement of various €M values —| : with same velocHy called EMS! | “decr. order of Frequency +++» wavelength value Increases “QR 6 y cosmic] aA |) x [ov [visible se [mine [radopow [6 - Rays | voys.| Rays rays || voys [ Rays wowed Waves | waves | A O56, Nr values also teams ® __= | Black Body — Pevféch absovber and eae emmilter. iS ~ Planks Suontin ayy: Nt were aot i RNY Black Body emitted or abacibed EMR oY Radiant eney NI a) dscontinassly. at Ni 8) an-the form of Small packely called NN c) which iS propagated in the Form of a Nv x aey Note: If energy source isi Nght — called photon. @| e nergy of eich Sal pocket Tquaniursy x Frequeny ex) - G 1 e= hv Te No.of Quanta / photons €=phv ane No+ ok small energy packets. v So energy emitted or absorbed Fram ane body “to another ig inteqvat Multiple of hy © - r ze ie !@ab/emi = “hV, ahv, shy, 4bV .-o.- * | Notes: (Acwrding to NceRT) : 7 dna e @ | Absoyplion oy ernissian of Radiation due to oscilladign or vibyaHan of charge partides in the. walls of black body. ®| e,v,V and d values ore changed / different: for different EMR. © | Plank suggest that atoms and molecules Sait fab radiation [Pv | digcontinuously: io a” smadl packets if Quanta] .- Note : Wavelength of mites yadiotion depends an its temp: aeieety = os photong / Quonta, . ~ | At a giventemp, @ | Intensity of ernitted yadiaticn inceeanes voith increase Wave- length , Reached maximum level and then decteanes. @ | Ff temp increases , maxima of cunve shifig to lowe wouelength side. ces Woz W = Ag coh Ve ALi es bv [iy tt : F salipa Pre] , : tCAyq F va Ty I ‘Teeeyre > nh Werder PE been _ ost a @ ee2xio ety fm | ms | 3x10% m/sec cas {eg vis [vi eae em | ero! | 3x 10! cm/sec pear Bohr’s atomic model : f i © | oxbits/ shes /nath energy level / WH 9 li A stotionaxy level . ; i (Q)j | “n= /02k —=3 1st shell K 4 I n=2/n=l —> 2% shell n=3/'0=M —> 3rd chell. # AE = E2-E):= DhY ——> Energy phates / packet / oa i "@ Angier soorpertany Comey a : oo ny i AM of electrons in iste = th’ oy oSb | QT ne ap 3 | Kh [os b perareisbato Dhow th er ot / (om: Waal ve Coeqp) dae oe 88h oersh: or Rin ape val 4% shell = 4b or ah _ ; ¢ 27 38T ~ £ eINEC ag[eee } = Radius of an ordre: Yo=s 02h c 4117 me? ~YOS 0529 Ki 2 AO int w ta Yo = 529K HF NMEA Loy [Yo = 0°53 % nz Ae] Energy of an elec: TE = KE + PE En= -2M?me4 0s Ke= 62 1) PEs -e2)- Tez ez : nz be serust Derry fe bats BS TE 36 gate Alp m= qepx1o dl kg ; y PE = 2TE b= 6-62 x 107347 *O| En= -B1s xX 10'F x zz T/atom | u ny vil MZ oat by . THOM @ | en= 42:18 * 10M" xz? exg/atom as energy difference We ne oat i Betwoéen -+wo shell¢ @| en= H1312 x 22 kT/mole 2 Ow bwat ne 4e=axio fr -1 [27 *@| En'= -13-6 x 22 eV/ atom. tee eroding oF] r pz Ls : © | n= "-313-6 x z2 keal /mole. 4e= 136] 1-1 | 2 ev 0% ' i old np cor] et O| n=) -186eVy ., ® 954, ~0-85,ev- @®| n=2 .-3-4 eV @ n=s.- —0-53,eV @®| 9=3 -1siey ® n=6 ~ 0-38 eV.=a Paga Na, ) ow, id Hydrogen spectrum : , nena . B/e|O ° B/eo Ha gas Kept in A dischawge tube ‘apply ‘high voltage 10,000 and low temp and pressuve (0:0) atm) . Radiation coming (energy yeleased ) Some enevqy ured to become He molecules to H~ aarag. Remaining energy absorbed by electrons 10 H. Note: All slectrong. canrt absorb same energy. electron absorb energy and jump to Choa water ‘state but at excited state electrong are unstable so they return to ground state ina single step oy multiple step. =m « | Series Region om ast line — Hx lymen uv 4 and line” —" HB 1 Balmer visible 2 avd tine — Hy +] Paschen Neay IR 3 | ath line =o He Bracket}. IR 4 cot line =i Liniting line Prund = FavIR = S of series: ° wae = VeR[ ver] 2 R= 109678 cms Cot 12 R= 11 X 105 am R=-11 x 107 ick #1 No- of | ines: ric of spechal lines : En = En2-ni tp Atongest = Aroaxi'= d High '=S"_ Emini Vmini Fmint ) shortest = Avoini'S A tovo | Sy" Emax Vinay F max |!Maximum energy Miotroun energy Mt —> N2= 0 D1 —> no=2 O2=2 —> N2=@ |) Hy =2— Mas 153 —> NF=O © M=3 > Nae op «| Notes? @ | P-qen — AM of an e& Mvr = ob/om ts ‘its Arg:) —*_AM of an orbital mvy'= Waar) b i i 217 € @ | Maximum no- of electyang in a shell = on? @ | &=0 —» _ s-subshell C spherically syrometvical) “| R=4—> “ p~subsheu “CDumb~bell)» 5 wt 4=2 —>) d-subshell (double dumb-bell ) A=3 — > f-subshell (complex) phy 654+ ho. of subshes in a she = 0. n= size of orbit @| & values fram’ 0 to (n-1) toa 2 shape of subshell OF +> fro —— Is i aige otfeoqqa tic H=2 ——> £=0,1 ——> 25,2p fon N=3 — > L=0,1,2 —> as,ap,ad. D=4 | > Le! 051,2,3' = 91148, 4p, adn 4P wy ©| No- of orbitals jn a subshell = (2k+1) S=1:(2e9) @| No of oybitals ina Shell= N21. > ite) p=3 (se) @/ m values = -h -0o-—+h d= 5 (1e®) R50 — M=0 an Watt Spe 7 (1409) X=4— m=-1,0,+) A= 2— Ms -2,-1,0, 4, F206 -§ (A=0) 3 M=0 AEB Ms WSO 1,0, FN F2AI.1 p(Rery—> Px Py Pz = +t 0 A(L=2) > det-y2 det ad (l=2) 2 dxy dyz dzx +2 0 -2 -) +!Trick? Pre tsiitas yiou ap 3S- ‘—— 3p 4s)! 3d-4p 5S) — ad sp 6s) af sd-ep 7s —+ oF 6d Tp 8S t ~~ a AFBau — electrons must entee into lower energy — Wighereegy @/@\e}.- Energy of ovbitals calculate by (o+h) volue- Lower (nt) value = lower energy 8 | higher (n+) value - Higher energy se nl Tf (ntL)}Svalue is same — lowes nvalue — [owen =a “Higher value — Higher ene TSR Hund’s vule : Tn dee e=qenezated oibitals, orbitals First filled with single €& with v6 came ae and then paleing will poke) place “ -{ Pauling Exclusion pindple: Each orbital Filled with 2 dedvag with opposite spin. these 2€° have different 4 quantum dumber - According torhundeg vule , Half- Filled oy FUL - Filled degenerated ovbitals ~axe stable. Pa/Pe dS /dio i f7/pia According to ALN, P vuleb, anomalous &-c o CrandG cr [z= 24] — (Ar) 4s! 35> Gu [z= 2) — (fr) 4stad 10, ~Orbital ~ where rayimurn propobiltty OF Fle Node = The point unbere pe Spherical ee node + _| Angular node / waaad plo » | o- orbital syromnetd coy Peoria. eeniioteds “alan differ in same size spatial me e axcangement . in ae ht -ciccoscapie pare «| dborbitals: 1 Fs ytidngoug 0 4 or ’ ‘ \ 7 O | rovd- orbitals A= 2 n= 3,4,5 1M = 21, 0,71 +2 ~~ 4 @ | Each d-subebelt having! 5 degenerated orbitals > 4 iF @ | cach d-orbital = 4 lobes / double dumb- bell except qa, ia ovbital Maximum PF electrons Nodal planes 4 iq dxy 45% to candy axis XY Ye {a dyz 45° to yandz. Oxig. © oscy, ez dz 45" to vcandz avig: sv scy zy [. dey? alongerandy axis’ xz, yz i ti dz? along x,y,z aig. No nodal plane». L : ¥ r a) | dxy, dyz,dza— In Behween the axis i" dxt-y2 and-dz2\— Along the axig. . j &) | All d-lovbitOl have Identical Shape and oviemtation except dz? iz e) | All_ d- ovbital’= Same spin / energy /size (except dz) | But they differ in spatial ovientation. | d) |No-of orbitals = No: of spatial axeangement = No-o} m values = § t 2 De-Broglie's | owe nature, concept i= 13 © | Uke EMR, All mictd: oY ‘Maceoscopic particles also thawing dual wah, Ly © | Means just like photons —s Miccoscopic porticle also hawing { _ ___wave and particle nature. | ® | The wave oesaclated with particle called pe- Broglie’s yous 8 j reatter waver ee ih [_@ | every object in motion have unue nature —— ebsexued 7aeen i Ae A= bh Aw} de Vim ker Vamev ) K 1 ke) (i) | FoyeS = A= 12-26 Ae | vw W)| For p= A= 0-286 Ae * conshuctive Interference Ww 2Tz-= nA (m)| For = A= O01 AP Destvuctive Interference Vv OTE FDA No- of waves made by the eS in a shell =n. Heisenberg Uncertainty principle: His impossible to determine both position and mamentum o ee siroultaned ual y and accurately H-U-p — Rules out existance 4 detione path / nie A es DKPoo ob: aly 0-52x 40r84 y Ax: Apt > t Jaw A & a SEry Day var AP = b i ar Ax‘M AV b Axim, AVI = I vn qi VQ At. M2 AVa I Ax) = M2 AV2 Axe mAVIE =) © Ax = Uncertainty in positicn + | AV) = me Ava” Ax = yadily'x ervoy/ accuracy. AV2 Mm), Ax) =f ® avy = Uncertainty in Velocity Av = actual velocity x‘enor/