Kingdom of Fungi  One yeast cell produce up to 24 daughter cell

 Eukaryotic (have membrane-bound by budding.

nucleus) Pseudohyphae – short chain of cells that fall to
 Obtain food from other organism detach from buds (e.g. Candida albicans)
 Possess cell wall (CHITIN)
 Not photosynthetic Dimorphic Fungi
 Fungi can be unicellular (yeast) and  Pathogenic fungal species exhibit
multicellular (mold) Dimorphism.
Composed of:  Two forms of growth
 Can grow either as a mold or yeast
mold – multicellular, have hyphae; reproduce by
 Temperature dependent.
sexual and asexual spores.
Life Cycle
Yeast – unicellular; reproduce asexually by
budding; some produce sexual spores.  Reproduction of fungi can be either asexual or
sexual.
mushroom – multicellular; resembles plants.
Asexual spores – formed by the hyphae of one
Importance of Fungi
organism.
 Important in the food chain as
 When spores germinate, it become organisms
decomposers.
that are genetically identical to the parent.
mycorrhizae – a symbiosis pf plants that help
Sexual spores – result from the fusion of nuclei
roots absorb minerals and water from the soil.
from two opposite mating strains of the same species
 Beneficial as a source of food and to
of fungi.
produce foods and drugs.
 More than 100,000 species, only about 200 are Asexual Spore Formation
pathogenic.  Two types of asexual spores produced by
Characteristics of Fungi fungi.

Fruiting Body 1. Conidiospore/Conidium

 A unicellular or multicellular spore that is not
 Reproductive structure that creates spores.
enclosed in a sac.
Hyphae (sing; hypha)
Arthroconidia – conidia formed by hyphae
 Long thin filaments of cells that make up the
fragmentation of septate hyphae into single, slightly
fungus body.
thickened cells (Coccidia immitis).
 Hyphae contain cross wall called septa,
divided into uninucleate cell-like units (septate Blastoconidia – consists of buds coming off the
hyphae). parent cell.
 Coenocytic hyphae – no septa, with long Clamydoconidium – thick-walled spore formed
continuous cells with many nuclei. by rounding and enlargement within a hyphal segment
Vegetative vs. Aerial Hyphae (Candida albicans).
2. Sporangiospore
Vegetative Hyphae – the portion of hyphae that
 Formed within a sporangium, at the end of
obtains nutrients.
an aerial hyphae called sporangiophore.
Aerial Hyphae – portion concerned with  Produce by Rhizopus.
reproduction. Sexual Spores
Yeast
Plasmogamy – a haploid nucleus of a donor cells
 Non-filamentous, unicellular fungi that are
penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell.
typically spherical or oval.
 Widely distributed in nature. Karyogamy – the (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a
 Frequently found as white powdery coating on diploid nucleus.
fruits and leaves. meiosis – the diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid
 Capable of facultative anaerobic growth. nuclei (sexual spores).
 Can perform aerobic respiration to
Sexual Spores
metabolize carbohydrates.
Reproduction in Yeast by Budding Zygospores – sturdy diploid spores formed when
1. Yeast cell hyphae of two opposite strains (called the plus and
2. Developing bud minus strains) fuse and create a diploid zygote that
3. New bud swells and becomes covered by strong, spiny walls.
4. Chain of buds
Ascospores – haploid spores, created inside a special - Opportunistic pathogen – generally
fungal sac. harmless in its normal habitat but can be
Basidiospores – haploid sexual spores formed on pathogenic in a host that is debilitated or
the outside of a club-shaped cell called a basidium. traumatized, under treatment with high-
broad spectrum antibiotics, immune
Classification suppressed by drugs or has a lung disease.
1. Zygomycetes: bread and terrestrial molds. - Caused by normal microbiota or fungi that
Reproductive spores are external and are not usually pathogenic (E.g.,
uncovered. Sexual spores are zygospores, and Pneumocystis, Stachybotrys,
asexual spores are sporangiospores. Mucormycosis, Aspergillosis,
Candidiasis).
2. Ascomycetes: yeasts and molds. Sexual
Survey of Protist: Algae
spores, called ascospores, are produced in a
saclike structure called an ascus. Conidia are Algae
sexual spores produced on a conidiophore.  Are eukaryotic protist, usually unicellular or
3. Basidiomycetes: fleshy fungi, toadstools, colonial, that photosynthesize with chlorophyl.
mushrooms, puffballs, and bracket fungi. They lack vascular systems for transport and
Reproductive spores, basidiospores, are have simple reproductive structures.
separate from specialized stalks called  Chloroplasts – chlorophyll (green pigment).
basidia. Yellow, Red, Brown Coloration.
4. Deuteromycetes: also called Fungi  Plankton – large floating, community of
Imperfecti because no sexual reproductive microscopic organisms.
phase has been observed.  Aquatic Food, webs. Oxygen content of the
Dead man’s Finger atmosphere through photosynthesis.
 A saprobic fungus. It is a common Vegetative Structure
inhabitant of forest and woodland areas,  The body of an algae is called a thallus.
usually growing from the bases of rotting or  Thalli in large multicellular algae is consists
injured tree stumps and decaying wood. of:
Fungal Diseases
- Holdfast – anchor the algae to a rock.
mycosis  Some algae are buoyant by floating, gas- failed
 Systematic mycoses – fungal infections bladder called pneumatocyst.
deep within the body. Selected Phyla of Algae
- Usually caused by fungi that live in the  Brown Algae, or kelp – are macroscopic,
soil. some reach 50 km.
- Primary involve the respiratory system.
 Found in coastal waters.
- Histoplasmosis and
Coccidioidomycosis.  Algin – a polysaccharide extracted from cell
 Subcutaneous mycoses – fungal walls used as stabilizer and emulsifier.
 Used in ice cream and cake decorations and
infections beneath the skin.
variety of nonfood goods including rubber
- Caused by saprophytic fungi that
wires and hand lotion.
lived in soil and vegetation.
- Sporotrichosis – a subcutaneous  Laminaria japonica – used to induce
infection. vaginal dilation before surgical entry into the
uterus through the vagina.
 Cutaneous mycoses – fungi that infect
only epidermis, hair, and nails Green Algae – have cells walls, contain chlorophyll
(Dermatophytes). a and b.
- Secretes an enzymes that degrade keratin,  Microscopic, although may either unicellular
a protein found in hair, skin, and nails. or multicellular.
 An important food source for aquatic
 Superficial mycoses – fungi localized
organisms.
along hair shafts and superficial epidermal
cells. Diatoms – unicellular, or filamentous algae with cell
walls consist of pectin and silica.
 Store energy in form on oil.
 Domoic acid – neurological disease.
  Ingestion of mussels that fed on diatoms (also
affects birds and sealions).  Pseudopods – blunt, branches, or long and
pointed, depending on the species. Flowing
Dinoflageßates – a toxic marine algae. action results to amoeboid motion. Also acts as
 Causes Red tide (Alexandrium) feeding structures.
 Produce neurotoxins (saxitoxins) which kills
 Flageßa – vary in number. Some, attached
fish, marine mammals, and humans e.g.:
parasitic shellfish poisoning (PSP). along the length of the cell by an extension of
the cytoplasm membrane called the undulating
 Ciguatera – a disease caused by membrane.
Gambierdiscus toxicus passes up the food
 Cilia (Ciliates) – distributed over the
chain and concentrated in large fish.
surface.
 Seasonal changes in nutrient, light, and
temperature cause fluctuations in algae Life Cycle and Reproduction
populations.  Asexual Reproduction – mitotic cell
Protozoa division. Multiple Fission.
 “first animals”  Sexual Reproduction – Conjugation (A
 65, 000 known species. form of genetic exchange in which members of
 Harmless, free – living inhabitants of water two different mating types fuse temporarily
and soil. and exchange nuclei.)
 Few parasites collectively responsible for
hundred of millions of infections of humans  Trophozoite – motile feeding stage; the
each year. activated, growing or vegetative stage in the
life cycle of the specific parasite.
Protozoan Form and Function
 Cyst – dormant, resting stage entered by the
 Single cells containing the major eukaryotic
organelles except chloroplast. protozoa when the environment become
unfavorable for growth and feeding.
 Feeding, reproduction, locomotion
medicaßy Important Protozoa
 Cytoplasm – Ectoplasm (Outer layer –
locomotion feeding, and protection), 1. Archaezoa – lack mitochondria.
Endoplasm (Granular inner Region –  Have a unique organelle called mitosome.
Nucleus, mitochondria, food and contractile  Live as symbionts in the digestive tract of
vacuoles). animals.
 Lack a cell wall.
 Typicaßy spindle – shaped, with
 Outer boundary – regulates movement of flagella projecting from the front end.
food, wastes and secretions.  E.g. Trichomonas, Giardia
Nutritional and Habitat Range 2. miRospora
 Adapted to wide range of habitats.  Lack mitochondria and microtubules.
 Predominant Habitats – fresh and  Groups of unicellular intracellular parasites
Marine Water, Soil, Plants, and animals. closely related to fungi.
 Heterotrophic  Possess a unique organelle, the polar tubule or
 Require food in complex organic form. polar filament, which is coiled inside a spore.
 Free – living species graze on lice cells of  E.g. Enterocytozzon bieneusi,
bacteria and algae, scavenge dead plant or Encephalitozoon spp.
animal debris. 3. Amoebozoa
 Oral Grooves – special feeding structure,  Move via pseudopodia, a lobe – like
carry food particles into a passageway or projections of the cytoplasm.
gullet that packages the captured food into  Entamoeba – the only pathogenic amoeba
vacuoles for digestion. found in human intestine.
 Parasitic species – live on the fluids of their  Acanthamoeba – growing in water
host, such as plasma and digestive juices, or including tap water, can infect the cornea and
actively feed on tissues. cause blindness.
Pseudopods (False Foot), Flageßa or  Balamuthia – free living amoeba; also found
Cilia. in water.
 Some move by gliding or twisting
movement by not using locomotor
structures.
4. Apicomplexa
 Non – motile; obligate intracellular parasites.
 Characterized by the presence of complex of
special organelles at the apexes of their cells.
 Have a complex life cycle.
 Plasmodium, Babesia microti, Toxoplasma
gondii, Cryptosporidium
 Sporozoite – the infective stage.
5. Euglenozoa
 Move by flagella
 Hemoflagellates
 Trypanosoma spp.
 Sleeping sickness (T. gambiense)
 Chagas’ disease (T. cruzi)