ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY YEAR 3

ABPSY – PSYCH 312 TERM 1

WHAT IS ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS ᴪ Mental disorders are typically defined by a set of characteristic
ᴪ -concerned with understanding the nature, causes, and ᴪ The use of classification system can contribute to premature features; one symptom by itself is seldom sufficient to make a
treatment of mental disorders. conclusions about the nature of certain problems and lead to diagnosis.
ᴪ a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and unsuccessful treatment decisions ᴪ Insanity - is a legal term that refers to judgements about
abnormal behavior. The term covers a broad range of Factors that determine whether behavior is abnormal or whether a person should be held responsible for criminal
disorders, from depression to obsession-compulsion to sexual not: behavior if he or she is also mentally disturbed.
deviation. Counselors, clinical psychologists and 1. Statistical infrequency ᴪ Nervous breakdown - is an old fashioned term that indicates
psychotherapists often work directly in this field. ᴪ PROBLEM: Not all unusual behavior is abnormal (E.g., superior that a person has developed some sort of incapacitating but
ᴪ In order to understand abnormal psychology, it is athletic ability, geniuses) otherwise unspecified type of mental disorder.
essential to first understand what we mean by the term 2. Violation of norms ᴪ Crazy - is an informal term that does not convey specific
"abnormal." On the surface, the meaning seems obvious; ᴪ Abnormal behavior often violates the social norms of a given information and carries with it mạny unfortunate, unfounded,
abnormal indicates something that is outside of the norm. culture. (E.g., experiencing hallucinations, talking to inanimate and negative implications.
objects,)
WHAT MAKES BEHAVIOR “ABNORMAL” ᴪ PROBLEM:  DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
ᴪ The American Psychiatric Association (2001, 2006) defines  The violation of norms explicitly makes abnormality a 1. The condition results from the inability of some internal
abnormal behavior in medical terms-as a mental illness that relative concept. mechanism (mental or physical) to perform its natural function.
affects or is manifested in a person's brain and can affect the  Criminals and prostitutes violate social norms, but would 2. The condition causes some harm to the person as judged by the
way the individual thinks, behaves, and interacts with others. not fall within the context of abnormal psychology. standards of the person's culture.
3. Personal Distress Summary of the DSM-IV-TR Definition of Mental Disorders
Criteria for Normality ᴪ Behavior may be abnormal if it creates great distress. (E.g., Defining Characteristics
ᴪ Maladaptiveness (3D's - distress, dysfunction, and people with depression experience considerable distress.) ᴪ A behavioral or psychological syndrome (groups of associated
deviance) ᴪ PROBLEM: features that is associated with:
 behaviors that cause people to suffer distress, that  Not all distressed individuals are mentally ill & some 1. Present distress painful symptoms), or
prevent them from functioning in daily life. mentally ill individuals do not show distress. (e.g., 2. Disability (impairment in one or more important areas of
ᴪ Distress - it is normal for a person to feel depressed after psychopaths; manics). functioning, or with
suffering a loss. 4. Dysfunction 3. A significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or
ᴪ Does the behavior impair an individual's ability to function in an important loss of freedom.
HISTORICAL VIEWS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR life (work, personal relationships)? (E.g., substance use
ᴪ Demonology, Gods, and Magic disorders) CONDITIONS EXCLUDED FROM CONSIDERATION
ᴪ Hippocrates' Early Medical Concepts ᴪ PROBLEM: This syndrome or paten must not be merely:
ᴪ Later Greek and Roman Thought  Some individuals with a DSM diagnosis live functional 1. An expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular
ᴪ Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages lives. (e.g., con artist with antisocial personality) event (such as the death of a loved one)
ᴪ The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe 5. Unexpectedness 2. Deviant behavior (such as the actions of political, religious, or
ᴪ The Establishment of Early Asylums ᴪ Does the behavior impair an individual's ability to function in sexual minorities)
ᴪ Humanitarian Reform. life (work, personal relationships)? (E.g., substance use 3. Conflicts that are between the individual and society (such as
disorders) voluntary efforts to express individuality)
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS ᴪ PROBLEM:
ᴪ Further, a classification system may benefit the person  Some individuals with a DSM diagnosis live functional DEFINING ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
suffering from psychological symptoms. The fact that an lives. (e.g., con artist with antisocial personality) Cultural Considerations
individual's disorder has a name can be a comfort and a signal ᴪ The process by which the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual is
that the person may reasonably expect relief. ᴪ Psychopathology - refers to the symptoms and signs of constructed and revised is necessarily influenced by cultural
Disadvantages - The use of classification system can contribute to mental disorders. considerations.
premature conclusions about the nature of certain problems and ᴪ Psychosis - is a general term that refers to several types of ᴪ Culture is defined in terms of the values, beliefs, and practices
lead to unsuccessful treatment decisions. severe mental disorder in which the person is considered to be that are shared by a specific community or group of people.
out of contact with reality. These values and beliefs have a profound influence on opinions
regarding the difference between normal and abnormal
behaviors.
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People trained in the Hippocratic tradition viewed "disease" as Lessons from the History of Psychopathology
WHO EXPERIENCES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR? a unitary concept. In other words, physicians did not ᴪ The invention and expansion of public mental hospitals set in
Frequency in and Impact on Community Populations distinguish between mental disorders and other types of motion a process of systematic observation and scientific
ᴪ Epidemiology - is the scientific study of the frequency and illness. All problems were considered to be the result of an inquiry that led directly to our current system of mental health
distribution of disorders within a population. imbalance of body fluids, and treatment procedures were care.
ᴪ Incidence - refers to the number of new cases of a disorder designed in an attempt to restore the ideal balance. ᴪ The creation of psychiatry as a professional group. committed
that appear in a population during a specific period of time. The Creation of the Asylum to treating and understanding psychopathology, laid the
ᴪ Prevalence - refers to the total number of active cases, both ᴪ In Europe during the Middle Ages, "lunatics" and "idiots" as the foundation for expanded public concern and financial resources
old and new, that are present in a population during a specific mentally ill and mentally retarded were commonly called, for solving the problem of mental disorders.
period of time. aroused little interest and were given marginal care. Disturbed
behavior was considered to be the responsibility of the family HISTORY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
The Mental Health Professionals rather than the community or the state. In the 1600s and ᴪ Mental illness was thought to be the result of supernatural
ᴪ People receive treatment for psychological problems in many 1700s,"insane asylums" were established. forces (angry Gods, possession by demons), Scholars,
different settings and from various kinds of service providers. ᴪ Early asylums were little more than human warehouses, but as theologians, and philosophers believed a troubled mind was
Specialized mental health professionals treat fewer than half the nineteenth century began, the moral treatment movement the result of displeased Gods or possession.
(40 percent) of those people who seek help for mental led to improved conditions in at least some mental hospitals. ᴪ Treatment: drive the evil spirits out of the body.
disorders. Roughly one-third (34 percent) are treated by Founded on a basic respect for human dignity and the belief  stone-age: trephination
primary care physicians, who are most likely to prescribe some that humanistic care would help to relieve mental illness, moral  exorcism: prayers, brews, flogging, starvation, etc.
form of medication. treatment reform efforts were instituted by leading mental Mental illness: a biological problem
ᴪ Psychiatry is the branch of medicine that is concerned which health professionals of the day. ᴪ By 5t century B.C., mental illness--thought to be result of
the study and treatment of mental disorders. Psychiatrists are ᴪ Rather than simply confining mental patients, moral treatment biological problem in the brain Hippocrates
licensed to practice medicine and therefore are able to offered support, care, and a degree of freedom. Belief in the ᴪ Hippocrates- argued that deviant behavior was result of
prescribe medication. importance of reason and the potential benefits of science physical causes
ᴪ Social work is a third profession that is concerned with helping played an important role in the moral treatment movement. ᴪ The view that deviant behavior occurs because of disease in
people to achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning. Many of the large mental institutions in the United States were the body is called "Somatogenesis." Thought cognitive
Most practicing social workers have a master's degree in social built in the nineteenth century as a result of the philosophy of functioning could be restored by balancing the four humors in
work. moral treatment. body: blood, black bile, yellow bile, & phlegm)
ᴪ Professional counselors work in many different settings, ᴪ In the middle of the I800s, Dorthea Dix argued that treating  Blood - sanguine (impulsive, pleasure-seeking sociable,
ranging from schools and government agencies to mental the mentally ill in hospitals was both more humane and more charismatic)
health centers and private practice. Most are trained at the economical than caring for them haphazardly in their  Black bile - melancholic (introverted and thoughtful)
master's degree level, and the emphasis of their activity is also communities, and she urged that special facilities be built to  Yellow bile - choleric (ambitious, leader-ike aggressive,
on providing direct service. house mental patients. The creation of large institutions for the energetic, with passion)
treatment of mental patients led to the development of a new  Phlegm - phlegmatic (relaxed, quiet, lazily sluggish)
PSYCHOPATHOLY IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT profession-Psychiatry. The Dark Ages
The Greek Tradition in Medicine ᴪ By the middle of the 1800s, superintendents of asylums for the ᴪ With decline of Roman & Greek civilizations/ rise of Church as
ᴪ The Greek physician Hippocrates ridiculed demonological insane were almost always physicians who had experience in dominant power in Europe demonology makes a come-back!
accounts of illness and insanity. Instead, Hippocrates the care of people with severe mental disorders.  Treatment - exorcisms
hypothesized that abnormal behavior, like other forms of ᴪ The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Mental illness: witchcraft (1300s)
disease, had natural causes. Institutions for the Insane (AMSAI). which later became the ᴪ Hallucinations & delusions--evidence of witchcraft.
ᴪ Health depended on maintaining a natural balance within the American Psychiatric Association (APA), was founded in 1844. ᴪ Most accused were not mentally ill, but forced to confess
body, specifically a balance of four body fluids (which were crimes they didn't commit.
also known as the four humors): blood, phlegm, black bile, and Worcester Lunatic Hospital: A Model Institution  Treatment: beatings/death by hanging or burning.
yellow bile. Hippocrates argued that various types of disorder ᴪ In 1833, the state of Massachusetts opened a publicly Mentally ill housed in asylums (1500s+)
including psychopathology, resulted from either an excess or a supported asylum for lunatics, a term used at the time to ᴪ After crusades, mentally ill were confined to asylums.
deficiency of one of these four fluids. describe people with mental disorders, in Worcester. Samuel ᴪ Asylums (originally leprosariums), we're converted after
ᴪ The Hippocratic perspective dominated medical thought in Woodward, the asylum's first superintendent, also became the crusades when leprosy was on a decline.
Western countries until the middle of the nineteenth century. first president of the AMSAII.
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY YEAR 3
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ᴪ Most famous: St. Mary's of Bethlehem in London (founded in must constantly mediate between the demands of the id and science of psychology., because thoughts and emotions cannot
1243). Called "Bedlam”. the prescriptions of the superego. be measured objectively.
ᴪ Deplorable conditions- little food, little patient care, blood ᴪ According to Freud, conflict between the superhero and the
letting practices, & spread of diseases ego produces moral anxiety, whereas conflict between the id The Humanistic Paradigm
Moral Treatment (1790s +) and the ego produces neurotic anxiety. ᴪ The humanistic paradigm argued that the essence of humanity
ᴪ Philippe Pinel-humanitarian treatment of mentally ill in asylums ᴪ Freud suggested that the ego protects itself from anxiety by is free will, the view that human behavior is not caused by
ᴪ Patients formerly chained & shackled were released & free to utilizing various defense mechanisms, unconscious self- either internal or external events, but by the choices we make
roam the buildings. deceptions that reduce conscious anxiety by distorting anxiety- voluntarily
 Treatment: cannabis, opium, alcohol producing memories, emotions, and impulses. ᴪ In many respects, the humanistic paradigm was a reaction
ᴪ Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) The Cognitive Behavioral Paradigm against determinism, the scientific view that human behavior is
 Worked to expose the maltreatment of the mentally ill ᴪ The cognitive behavioral paradigm views abnormal behavior- caused by potentially knowable factors (an assumption made
and to establish mental hospitals devoted to their care and normal behavior-as a product of learning. Like the by the other three paradigms).
 Founded and funded 32 mental hospitals biological and psychodynamic paradigms, the foundations of ᴪ The humanistic paradigm is also distinguished by its explicitly
Hospitalization (2nd half of 19th cent.) the cognitive behavioral paradigm can be traced to the positive view of human behavior.
ᴪ More of custodial care, not remedial nineteenth century, specifically to 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt ᴪ Humanistic psychologists assume that human nature is
ᴪ Prefrontal lobotomy was practiced for patients who were began the science of psychology at the University of Leipzig. inherently good, and blame dysfunctional, abnormal, or
incontrollable in one way of another ᴪ Wundt made a profound and lasting contribution by aggressive behavior on society, not on the individual
- An instrument is inserted into the brain's frontal lobe, introducing the scientific study of psychological phenomena, ᴪ Systems Theory - is an approach to integrating evidence on
immediately behind the forehead, and rotated, thus destroying a especially learning. The two most prominent early contributors different contributions to abnormal behavior. You can think of
substantial amount of brain tissue to learning theory and research were the Russian physiologist systems theory as a synonym for the biopsychosocial model,
ᴪ Phenothiazines, a relaxant, became popular lvan Pavlov and the U.S. psychologist B. F. Skinner. but systems theory also embraces several key concepts that
ᴪ These psychological scientists articulated, respectively, the deserve some elaboration.
Deinstitutionalization (late 1950's) principles of classical conditioning and operant conditioning- ᴪ Holism - A central principle of systems theory is holism, the
ᴪ Patients were given bottles of pills and discharged concepts that continue to be central to contemporary learning idea that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. Different
ᴪ Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 theory. psychologists focus on different but not necessarily
- Establishment across the country of mental health ᴪ Classical conditioning is learning through association, and it inconsistent-levels of analysis in trying to understand the
services that people could use without being uprooted from their involves four key components. There is an unconditioned causes of abnormal behavior.
normal lives stimulus, a stimulus that automatically produces the Causality
unconditioned response. ᴪ The cause of any one case of abnormal behavior occasionally
Brief Historical Perspective: Twentieth-Century Paradigms ᴪ A conditioned stimulus is a neutral stimulus that, when can be located in one area of biological, psychological, or social
The Biological Paradigm repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to functioning.
ᴪ The biological paradigm looks for biological abnormalities that produce a conditioned response. ᴪ More commonly, however, understanding the causes of
might cause abnormal behavior ᴪ Finally, extinction occurs once a conditioned stimulus no longer psychological problems involves a multitude of causal
ᴪ The roots of this approach can be traced to the discovery to is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. influences, not a lone culprit.
the cause of general paresis (general paralysis), a severe  Positive reinforcement is when the onset of a stimulus ᴪ Equifinality, the view that there are many routes to the same
physical and mental disorder that we now know is caused by increases the frequency of behavior. destination (or disorder).
syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease.  Negative reinforcement is when the cessation of a ᴪ Multifinality, says that the same event can lead to different
The Psychodynamic Paradigm stimulus increases the frequency of behavior. outcomes.
ᴪ The psychodynamic paradigm, an outgrowth of the work and ᴪ Skinner's principle of operant conditioning asserts that ᴪ Because systems theory is complex, psychologists sometimes
writings of Sigmund Freud, asserts that abnormal behavior is learned behavior is a function of its consequences. Specifically, simplify their approach to understanding multiple influences on
caused by unconscious mental conflicts that have roots in early behavior increases if it is rewarded, and it decreases if it is abnormal behavior by talking about the diathesis-stress model.
childhood experience. punished. ᴪ The diathesis-stress model suggests that mental disorders
ᴪ Freud believed that psychological conflicts could be ᴪ The U.S. psychologist John B. Watson was an influential develop only when a stress is added on top of a predisposition;
"converted" into physical symptoms. proponent of applying learning theory to human behavior. neither the diathesis nor the stress alone is sufficient to cause
ᴪ Freud suggested that the three parts of the personality (id, Watson argued for behaviorism, suggesting that observable the disorder.
ego, superego) are often in conflict with one another. The ego behavior was the only appropriate subject matter for the ᴪ Risk factors are events or circumstances that are correlated
with an increased likelihood or risk of a disorder and potentially
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY YEAR 3
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contribute to causing the disorder. Risk factors are events or ᴪ Cultural- familial intellectual disability  Treatment:
circumstances that are correlated with an increased likelihood ᴪ Chromosomal influences ᴪ Psychosocial (Behavioral Approaches- Skill building, increase
or risk of a disorder and potentially contribute to causing the Treatment socialization)
disorder. ᴪ Behavioral innovations can help teach the following skills: Basic ᴪ Biological (Medical intervention, Integrated treatments)
self- care, bathing, Feeding, Toileting to people.
4. Communication Disorders
Developmental Psychopathology 2. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ᴪ include deficit in language, speech, and communication.
ᴪ Sometimes there is a characteristic premorbid history, a ᴪ Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-
pattern of behavior that precedes the onset of the disorder. impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. A. Language Disorder
ᴪ The Neuron and Neurotransmitter ᴪ Age of onset was raised from 7 years to 12 years. ᴪ difficulties in acquisition and use of language due to deficits in
ᴪ The dendrites branch out from the soma; they serve the ᴪ Inattention - manifests behaviorally in ADHD as wandering the comprehension or production of vocabulary and sentence
primary function of receivin8 messages from other cells. off task, lacking persistence, having difficulty sustaining focus, structure.
ᴪ The axon is the trunk of the neuron. and being disorganized and is not due to defiance or lack of ᴪ the language deficits are evident in spoken communication,
comprehension. written communication, or sign language. Persistent difficulties
DSM-V ᴪ Hyperactivity - excessive motor activity when it is not in the acquisition and use of language across modalities.
INTRODUCTION appropriate, or excessive fidgeting, tapping, or talkativeness. Language abilities are substantially and quantifiably below
In adults, hyperactivity may manifest as extreme restlessness those expected for age, resulting in functional limitations in
Neurodevelopmental disorders or wearing others out with their activity. effective communication, academic achievement and social
ᴪ are group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. ᴪ Impulsivity - hasty actions that occur in the moment without participation.
The disorders typically manifest early in development, often forethought and that have high potential for harm to the ᴪ difficulties are not attributable to hearing or other sensory
before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by individual. impairment, motor dysfunction and neurological condition.
developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, B. Speech Sound Disorder
social, academic or occupational functioning, The range of 3. Autism Spectrum Disorder ᴪ Persistent difficulty with speech production that interferes with
developmental deficits varies from very specific limitations of ᴪ Persistent deficits in social communication and social speech intelligibility. The disturbance causes limitations in
learning and control of executive functions to global interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by the effective communication that interfere with social participation,
impairments of social skills or intelligence. following, currently or by history: academic achievement or occupational performance. The
1. Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Development a. deficits in social- emotional reciprocity, difficulties are not attributable to congenital or acquired
Disorder) b. deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors conditions, such as cerebral palsy, cleft palate and neurological
ᴪ The term "Intellectual Disability" replaces "Mental retardation" used for social interaction, conditions.
in the updated 2013 DSM-5, is a disorder with onset during the c. deficits in developing, maintaining, and C. Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
developmental period. understanding relationships. ᴪ disturbances in the normal fluency and time patterning of
ᴪ It includes intellectual deficits and difficulty functioning in daily ᴪ Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or speech that are inappropriate for the individual’s age language
life in areas such as communication, self-care, home living, activities, as manifested by at least two of the following skills, persist over time, and characterized by frequent
social/interpersonal skills, self-direction, academics, work, currently or by history: occurrences of one or more of the following: 
leisure, health and safety. a. stereotyped or repetitive motor movements,  Sound and syllable repetitions 
ᴪ It involves impairments of general mental abilities that impact b. insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines,  Sound prolongations 
adaptive functioning in three domains; conceptual domain c. highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in  Broken words 
which includes skills in language, reading, writing, math, intensity,  Audible or silent blocking 
reasoning, knowledge, and memory; social domain refers to d. hyper or hypo reactivity to sensory input or unusual  Circumlocutions 
empathy, social judgment and interpersonal communication interest in sensory aspects of the environment  Monosyllabic whole-word repetitions
skills; and practical domain centers on self-management in Causes: D. Social (pragmatic) Communication Disorder
areas such as personal care, job responsibilities, recreation and ᴪ Psychological and Social dimensions (Failed parenting, Lack of ᴪ persistent difficulties in social use of verbal and nonverbal
work tasks. self-awareness, Limited self-concept) communication as manifested by all of the following: 
CAUSES of Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Development ᴪ Biological (significant genetic component Familial component,  deficits in using communication for social purposes. 
Disorder)  Oxytocin receptor genes)  Impairment of the ability to change communication to
ᴪ Prenatal factors  ᴪ Neurobiological influences (Amygdala - larger size at birth, match the needs of the listener. 
ᴪ Genetic influences  oxytocin -lower levels)
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 Difficulties following rules for conversation and ᴪ Dyscalculia - difficulty in numbers or math facts  Greek: 
storytelling ᴪ Dysgraphia - inability to write  Schizo - split 
 Difficulties understanding what is not explicitly stated ᴪ Dyslexia - inability to read  Phrene - mind "Fragmented Thinking"
Causes: ᴪ Dysorthographia - inability to spell in writing  ᴪ Positive symptoms - changes in thoughts and feelings that
ᴪ Genetic influences Treatment ᴪ Dysfluency - inability to speak properly are added on" to a person's experiences. (e.g, paranoia or
Treatment: hearing voices)
ᴪ Psychological and Pharmacological 9. Developmental Coordination Disorder ᴪ Negative symptoms - "taken away" or reduced (e.g, reduced
ᴪ Educational interventions (specific skills instructions, ᴪ The child is unable to perform common, everyday tasks motivation or reduced intensity of emotion).
compensatory skills) ᴪ Frequently described as clumsy or awkward by their parents ᴪ Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic Disorders
and teachers.  Psychotic disorders cause detachment from reality.
5. Specific Learning Disorder ᴪ Slowness and inaccuracy of performance. ᴪ Positive Symptoms - Presence of inappropriate symptoms
ᴪ difficulties learning and using academic skills, as indicated by ᴪ Difficulty mastering simple motor skills. 1. Positive Delusions (False belief)
the presence of at least one of the following symptoms that ᴪ Usually have normal or above average IQ  Thought insertion -
have persisted for at least 6 months. ᴪ Dyspraxia or Clumsy Child Syndrome: Inability to Coordinate  Thought broadcasting
 Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading   Grandiose Type
 Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read  Reference Type
 Difficulties with spelling ᴪ Stereotypic Movement Disorder  Persecutory Type\
 Difficulties with written expression  ᴪ A person makes repetitive, purposeless movements.  Religious Type
 Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or Movements interfere with normal activity/ potential bodily  Somatic Type
calculation  harm.  Nihilistic Type
 Difficulties with mathematical reasoning Causes: 2. Hallucinations (False sensory perception)
ᴪ The learning difficulties are not better accounted for by ᴪ Stimulant Drugs (cocaine, amphetamine) ᴪ Often auditory than visual
intellectual disabilities, uncorrected visual or auditory acuity, ᴪ Head Injuries ᴪ Voices are coming out somewhere
other mental or neurological disorders. 3. Disorganized Symptoms
Causes: TIC Disorder Speech
ᴪ Genetic and neurobiological contributions (familial component, A. Tourette's Disorder ᴪ Loose associations or derailment
subtle brain impairment, multiple gene influences.) ᴪ Unusual repeated, sudden, rapid, non-rhythmic muscle ᴪ Tangentiality
6. Motor Disorders: Stereotypic Movement Disorder movements including sounds or vocalizations, called TICS. - Behavior
ᴪ repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor ᴪ Little or no control over them. ᴪ Bouts of agitation
behavior (head banging, self-biting) ᴪ Common Tics: Throat-clearing and Blinking ᴪ Dress unusual clothes
ᴪ the repetitive behavior interferes with social, academic or other ᴪ Substantial buildup in tension when suppressing their tics. ᴪ Hoard food
activities that may result to injury. ᴪ Begins bet. Ages of 2-21 & lasts throughout life. ᴪ Collect garbage
ᴪ it is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance ᴪ There are 20 classifications of mental disorders. 4. Movement Symptoms
or neurological condition ᴪ There 157 mental are disorders ᴪ Frightening to others
7. Motor Disorders: Tic Disorder ᴪ Stupor
ᴪ Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics have been B. Persistent (chronic) Motor or vocal Tic Disorder ᴪ Catatonia
present at some time during the illness The tic may wax and ᴪ Quick, uncontrollable movements or vocal outbursts (but not ᴪ Waxy Flexibility
wane in frequency but have persisted far more than 1 year both). Negative Symptoms- absence of appropriate ones
since first tic onset. ᴪ It is more than tourettes 1. Avolition - Absence of interest in routine activities
Causes: 2. Asociality - Severe impairment in social relationships
ᴪ Disorders of the Nervous System (abnormality and involuntary C. Provisional Tic Disorder 3. Affective Flattening - Lack of outward expression of emotion
movements) ᴪ A temporary condition 4. Anhedonia - Loss of interest in pleasurable experiences
Treatment ᴪ Repeated movements or noises (involuntary) 5. Alogia - Poverty of speech
ᴪ Drug therapies to controI symptoms Physical or occupational ᴪ Common to children and may lasts for less than one year 6. Anergia - Abnormal lack of energy
therapy Deep brain stimulation 7. Attention Impairment - Difficulty in focusing and maintaining
SCHIZOPHRENIA attention. Difficulty in keeping in touch with reality
8. Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders 
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Accronym: NAAAAAAA ᴪ Complete Remission - the client no longer shows disturbance MOOD
or any sign of it returning Euthymic - normal mood 
DELUSIONAL DISORDER Expansive - enthusiastic & excessively friendly 
ᴪ Presence of one or more delusions with a duration of one SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER Dysthymic - low mood 
month or longer. ᴪ An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a major Elated - high mood
ᴪ The duration is relatively brief. mood episode (Major Depressive or Manic). MANIA
ᴪ Control Type: belief that another person, group of people or ᴪ Delusions or Hallucinations for two or more weeks. ᴪ Typically begins abruptly.
external force controls one's general thoughts, feelings, ᴪ Comprises of a mixture of symptoms of schizophrenia and ᴪ Hallmark feature: increased activity or energy
impulses, or behavior. mood disorder. ᴪ Sudden elevation or expansion of mood and feels unusually
ᴪ Other types: - Erotomanic, Jealouy, Reference, Grandiose SCHIZOPHRENIFORM DISORDER cheerful or euphoric.
ᴪ Two or more of the ff. (Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized ᴪ Symptoms last for 1 week or require hospitalization. -
SCHIZOPHRENIA speech, catatonic behavior, negative symptoms) each present ᴪ Symptoms can cause significant distress or functional
ᴪ Two or more of the ff., each present for a significant portion of for a significant portion of time during a one-month period. impairment.
time during one-month period or at least six months: ᴪ The disorder lasts at least one month but less than six months. ᴪ Related Disorders
ᴪ Delusions SUBSTANCE-INDUCED PSYCHOTIC DISORDER HYPOMANIA
ᴪ Hallucinations ᴪ Abuse of amphetamines, alcohol, and cocaine. ᴪ Characterized by less severe symptoms of mania.
ᴪ Disorganized Speech ᴪ Symptoms last at least 4 days.
ᴪ Catatonic Behavior ᴪ Clear changes in functioning that are observable to others, but
ᴪ Negative Symptoms PSYCHOTIC DISORDER ASSOCIATED WITH ANOTHER impairment is not marked.
ᴪ Lifetime prevalence if higher in MALES. MEDICAL CONDITION ᴪ No psychotic symptoms are present.
Key persons involved in Schizophrenia: ᴪ Brain Tumors
ᴪ Paul Eugene Bleuler - coined the term schizophrenia April 24, ᴪ folie a deux BIPOLAR 1
1908. ᴪ Shared psychotic disorder - the condition in which an ᴪ At least one manic (severe & at least one week) episode to be
ᴪ he thought of it as breaking of associative threads. - broad individual develops delusions simply as a result of a close diagnosed: -
spectrum of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions. relationship with a delusional individual.  exceptional energy
ᴪ Emil Kraeplin - German psychiatrist -The content and nature of the delusion originate with the  restlessness
ᴪ In 1883, he labeled the disorder DEMENTIA PRAECOX partner can range from the relatively bizarre to fairly ordinary.  trouble concentrating
(preconscious dementia)  feelings of euphoria (extreme happiness)
ᴪ the disorder results from premature deterioration of the brain. TREATMENT  risky behaviors
ᴪ Paul Federn - Believes that their egos possessed insufficient ᴪ MEDICATIONS - Use of antipsychotic drugs or neuroleptics  poor sleep
cathectic energy (lack rather than excess of narcissistic libido ᴪ PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENTS - Social Skills Training Family ᴪ It may or may not have a major depressive episode.
that caused difficulties withobjects). Therapies
ᴪ MORTIDO- to represent Freud's death drive. ᴪ CBT BIPOLAR 2
ᴪ Margaret Mahler - Schizophrenia is due to distortion in Comorbidity - ᴪ Involves a major depressive episode lasting at least two weeks
reciprocal relationship between mother and child. ᴪ Anxiety Disorders Obsessive and at least one hypomanic (lasts for four days) episode:
ᴪ It leads to dependence and withdrawal. ᴪ Compulsive Disorder  cheerfulness, excitement, grandiosity, or irritability,
THREE PHASES ᴪ Paranoid Personality Disorder extreme talkativeness, increased distractibility, reduced
1. PRODROMAL - present before people go into the acute phase of need for sleep, and intense focus on a single activity.
schizophrenia. (ex: feeling suspicious, low mood, sensitive to noise, Bipolar and Related Disorders ᴪ typically don't experience manic episodes intense enough to
increased anxiety) ᴪ Manic symptoms are the defining feature of each of these require hospitalization.
2. ACTIVE or ACUTE - hallucinations, paranoid delusions & disorders.
extremely disorganized speech & behaviors. ᴪ Differentiated by how severe and long lasting the manic CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER
3. RESIDUAL - present after they emerge from it. symptoms are ᴪ Presence of recurrent hypomanic episodes and depressive
REMISSION ᴪ These are labeled "bipolar" because most people who symptoms ONLY
ᴪ Partial Remission - the client partially shows disturbance or any experience mania will also experience depression during their ᴪ At least 2 years (or 1 year in children or adolescents & more
sign of it returning. lifetime.  than 2 years for adults)
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ABPSY – PSYCH 312 TERM 1
ᴪ Numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms that do not meet ᴪ At a global level, over 300 million people are estimated to E. Criteria A-D have been present for 2 or more months. Throughout
criteria for a hypomanic suffer from depression, equivalent to 4.4% of the world's that time, the individual has not had a period lasting 3 or more
ᴪ Numerous periods with depressive symptoms that do not meet population. consecutive months without all of the symptoms in Criteria A-D,
criteria for major depressive episode GENDER DISPARITIES F. Criteria A and D are present in at least two of the three settings
ᴪ People with cyclothymia should be treated because of their ᴪ Men - more likely to experience irritability, sleep problems, (i.e., at home, school, with peers) and are severe in at least one of
increased risk to develop the more severe bipolar I or l fatigue, and loss of interest in activities they liked previously as these.
Treatment  a result of depression. G. The diagnosis should not be made for the first time before age 6
ᴪ Interpersonal Psychotherapy  ᴪ Women - tend to have overt sadness and feelings of years or after age 18 years
ᴪ CBT  worthlessness and guilt. H. By history or observation, the age of onset of Criteria A-E is
ᴪ Psychoeducational before 1o years
Comorbidity 
ᴪ Anxiety Disorders, ADHD, Feeding & Eating Disorders
Major Depression - DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria
Depressive Disorder ᴪ The individual must be experiencing five or more symptoms Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
DEPRESSION during the same 2-week period and at least one of the ᴪ The disorder represents a consolidation of DSM IV- defined
ᴪ otherwise known as major depressive disorder or clinical symptoms should be either chronic major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder
depression.  (1) depressed mood or 1. Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as
ᴪ It is a common and serious mood disorder.  (2) loss of interest or pleasure. indicated by either subjective account or observation by others, for
ᴪ Those who suffer from depression experience persistent 1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day. at least 2 years.
feelings of sadness and hopelessness and lose interest in 2. .Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, 2. Presence, while depressed, of two (or more) of the following:
activities they once enjoyed activities most of the day, nearly every day  Poor appetite or overeating 
ᴪ Individuals can also present with a physical symptom such as 3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain, or  Insomnia or hypersomnia 
chronic pain or digestive issues. decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day.  Low energy or fatigue 
4. A slowing down of thought and a reduction of physical movement  Feelings of hopelessness 
NEW SPECIFIERS OF DEPRESSION IN DSM 5 (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness  Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
With Mixed Features or being slowed down).
ᴪ Feeling keyed up or tense 5. Fatigue or loss of energy, nearly every day. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
ᴪ Feeling Unusual Restless 6. Feelings of worthlessness 0r excessive or inappropriate guilt A. In the majority of menstrual cycles, at least 5 symptoms must be
ᴪ Difficulty concentrating because of worry nearly every day. present in the final week before the onset of menses, start to
ᴪ Fear of something awful may happen 7. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, improve within a few days after the onset of menses and become
ᴪ Feeling that the individual might lose control of himself or nearly every day. minimal or absent in the week post menses.
herself 8. Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a B. One or more of the following symptoms must be present:
With Anxious Distress specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing 1. Marked affective lability (e.g, mood swings, feeling suddenly sad
ᴪ Elated, Expansive mood suicide or tearful, or increased sensitivity to rejection)
ᴪ Inflated Self-esteem or Grandiosity 2. Marked irritability or anger or increased interpersonal conflicts
ᴪ More Talkative than usual Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder 3. Markedly depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness, or self-
ᴪ Flight of ideas A. Severe recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally (cg, verbal deprecating thoughts
ᴪ Increased in energy (either socially, work, school, sexually) rages) and/or behaviorally (eg physical aggression toward people or 4. Marked anxiety, tension, and/or feelings of being keyed up or on
Biology of Depression  property) that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration edge
ᴪ Low levels of specific Neurotransmitters  to the situation or provocation. C. One (or more) of the following symptoms must additionally be
ᴪ Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine B. The temper outbursts are inconsistent with developmental level. present to reach a total of 5 symptoms when combined with
EPIDEMIOLOGY C. The temper outbursts occur, on average, three or more times per symptoms from criterion B
ᴪ The prevalence of major depressive episode was higher among week. 1. Decreased interest in usual activities
adult females (8.7%) compared to males (5.3%) D. The mood between temper outbursts in persistently irritable or 2. Subjective difficulty in concentration
ᴪ The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode was angry most of the day, nearly every day, and is observable by 3. Lethargy, easy fatigability, or marked lack of energy
highest among individuals aged 18-25 (13.1%) others (e-g. parents, teachers, peers) 4. Marked change in appetite; overeating or specific food cravings
5. Hypersomnia or insomnia
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY YEAR 3
ABPSY – PSYCH 312 TERM 1
6. A sense of being overwhelmed or out of control
7. Physical symptoms such as breast tenderness or swelling; joint op
muscle pain, a sensation of "bloating or weight gain

Comorbidity 
 Substance related Disorders 
 Panic Disorder 
 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 
 Borderline Personality Disorder 
 Feeding & Eating Disorder