6.

1 Masonry and Asphalt

c
Common Materials in Construction: Masonry and Asphalt
Introduction to the Topic:

After discussing major construction materials, we will now discuss other common materials that
we can see everywhere. In our house itself, we can see our wall made up of masonry; Most
buildings around us are made-up of masonry by just looking of the exterior wall. We can also
noticed asphalt was used in road and airport.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the session the students should be able to:

1. familiar with other common materials in construction specifically masonry and asphalt;
2. identify different types of masonry and their uses;
3. identify different uses of asphalt
4. rank the importance of masonry, asphalt, and other materials used in construction; and
5. apply the techniques and skills learned in discussion into civil engineering field.

WHAT IS MASONRY?

Masonry is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and bound
together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.

Common Materials of Masonry Construction:

Bricks
Building Stone (marble, granite, travertine and limestone)
Cast Stone
Concrete Block
Glass Block
Cob
Concrete Masonry Units or CMU

These are commonly used in construction. It can be a solid unit called concrete bricks, and
hollow unit such as concrete blocks, hollow blocks and cinder blocks. These hollow units
should have less than 75% cross- sectional area in every plane parallel to the bearing
surface. Type I cement is usually used; however, type II is sometimes used to reduce the
curing time. The units are molded under pressure, than cured, usually using low- pressure
steam curing. After manufacturing, the units are stored under controlled conditions so that
the concrete continues curing.

Types of Concrete Blocks or Concrete Masonry Units

Solid Concrete Blocks

Solid concrete blocks are commonly used, which are heavy in weight and
manufactured from dense aggregate. They are very strong and provides good
stability to the structures. So for large work of masonry like for load bearing walls
these solid blocks are preferable. They are available in large sizes compared to
bricks. So, it takes less time to construct concrete masonry than brick masonry.

Hollow Concrete Blocks

Hollow concrete blocks contains void area greater than 25% of gross area. Solid
area of hollow bricks should be more than 50%. The hollow part may be divided
into several components based on our requirement. They are manufactured from
lightweight aggregates. They are light weight blocks and easy to install.
Types of Hollow Concrete Blocks:

Stretcher block - It is laid with its length parallel to the face of the wall
and used to join the corner in masonry.
Corner block - It is used at the ends of corners of masonry.
Pillar block - These are used when two ends of the corner are visible.
Also called a double corner block.
Jamb block - These are used when there is an elaborate window
opening in the wall.
Partition block - These are generally used to build partition walls.
Lintel block - These are used for the purpose of the provision of beam or
lintel beam.
Frogged brick block - It contains a frog on its top along with a header
stretcher like a frogged brick.
Bullnose block - It is similar to corner blocks but rounded edges at the
corner.
Concrete Masonry Units or CMU

LIGHT-WEIGHT UNITS - have higher thermal and fire resistance properties and lower
sand resistance than normal weight units.
MEDIUM-WEIGHT UNITS - moderate weight and cost generally offer the best labor
production to material cost ratio.
NORMAL-WEIGHT UNITS - made of well-graded sand, gravel, and crushed stone.

Classification of CMU

LOAD BEARING (ASTM C90) – consists of thick, heavy masonry walls of brick or stone
that support the entire structure, including the horizontal floor slabs, which could be made
of reinforced concrete, wood, or steel members.
NON-LOAD BEARING (ASTM C129) – does not support any gravity loads from the
building, hence doesn’t bear any weight besides its own.

Mortar, Plaster and Grout

Mortar

A mixture of Portland cement, lime, sand and water.

Two mixture of Mortar:

Lime mortar - made of lime, sand and water. Lime make the mortar rich which
increases its workability.
Cement mortar- made of lime mortar mixed with Portland cement.

Grout

A high-slump concrete consisting of Portland cement, lime, sand, fine gravel and
water. Grout is used to fill the cores or voids in hollow masonry units.
 Two classification of Grout:

Non-Sanded Grout - a cement based grout normally used on smaller tile joints. It
is recommended in floor and wall tiling projects with grout joints spacing between
1/16 to 1/8 of an inch.
Sanded Grout - consist of a cement-based mortar that has small sand grains
added to it to help it when setting. Adding the sand to the grout, provide a
stronger grout that is normally used in joints larger than 1/8-inch.

Plaster

A fluid mixture of Portland cement, lime, sand and water. This is used for either exterior
or interior walls. The average compressive strength of plaster is about 13.8 Mpa at 28
days.

Types of Masonry Wall:

Load Bearing Wall - Constructed with bricks, stones or concrete blocks. These
walls can be exterior as well as interior walls
Reinforced Masonry Walls - The use of reinforcement in walls helps it to
withstand tension forces and heavy compressive loads.
Hollow Masonry Walls - Used to prevent moisture reaching the interior of the
building by providing hollow space between outside and inside face of the wall.
Composite Masonry Walls - These walls are constructed with two or more units
such as stones or bricks and hollow bricks. This type of masonry wall
construction is done for better appearance with economy
Post-Tensioned Masonry Walls - Constructed to strengthen the masonry walls
against the forces that may induce tension in the wall such as earthquake forces
or wind forces.

Testing of Samples

SHAKE TABLE TESTING

An experimental platform that stimulates earthquake motion to verify seismic

performance of building structures

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BRICKS

The compressive strength of bricks is found by crushing 12 of them individually until

they fail of crumble. The pressure required to crush them is noted and the average
compressive strength of the brick is stated as newtons per mm of surface area
required to ultimately crush the brick.
 GROUT SLUMP TESTING

The consistency of grout may range from stiff (about 4 gallons of water per sack of
cement) to fluid (as many as 10 gallons of water per sack of cement), depending upon
the nature of the grouting job at hand.

WHAT IS ASPHALT?

Asphalt is a dark brown to black cementitious materials in semisolid or solid form consisting
of bitumen found in deposits of natural asphalt. The aggregates used for asphalt mixtures
are sand, gravel or slags. In order to bind the aggregates into a cohesive mixture a binder is
used. Most commonly, bitumen is used as a binder. It typically contains approximately 4-7%
of bitumen.

Bitumen

A black, oily, viscous material that is petroleum, a naturally-occurring organic by

product of decomposed organic materials. Bitumen is the thickest form of petroleum
there is, made up of 83% carbon, 10% hydrogen and lesser amounts of oxygen,
nitrogen, sulphur, and other elements.
Properties of Bituminous Materials

Adhesive: Binds together all the components without bringing about any positive or
negative changes in their properties.
Water proof: Bitumen is insoluble in water and can serve as an effective sealant
Strong: Though the coarse aggregates are the main load bearing component in a
pavement, bitumen or asphalt also play a vital role in distributing the traffic loads to the
layers beneath.
Durable: Bitumen lives up to twenty years if maintained properly throughout the pavement
life.
Versatile: Bitumen is a relatively easy to use material because of its thermoplastic
property. It can be spread easily along the underlying pavement layers as it liquefies when
heated making the job easier and hardens in a solid mass when cooled.
Economical: It is available in cheaper rates almost all over the world.

Uses of Asphalt

Road surfaces
Aircraft landing
Waterproofing for fabrics
Used to seal some alkaline batteries
Used for water proofing and as an adhesive
For flooring, damp proofing in buildings, waterproofing of various types of pools and baths.

Types of Asphalt
Cutback Asphalt

A cutback asphalt is simply a combination of asphalt cement and petroleum solvent.

After a cutback asphalt is applied the petroleum solvent evaporates leaving behind
asphalt cement residue on the surface to which it was applied. A cutback asphalt is
said to “cure” as the petroleum solvent evaporates away.

Residual Asphalt

Residual asphalt is the asphalt binder left over after the emulsion has set. It is then
blended with various solvents to produce cutback asphalt in three classifications:

1. Rapid Curing (RC)

2. Medium Curing (MC)
3. Slow Curing (SC)

Emulsified Asphalt

An asphalt emulsion is liquid asphalt cement emulsified in water. It is composed of

asphalt, water and an emulsifying agent (such as soap). The emulsifying agent is
sometimes called the surfactant, which is composed of large molecules.

Plastic Asphalt Cement

An asphaltic concrete or paving material includes from 5 to 20 percent or more of

granular recycled plastic, which supplements or replaces the rock aggregate
component of the mixture.

Quick Setting Asphalt

A much like plastic as asphalt cement but it has greater adhesive properties and set
ups rapidly.

Asphalt Roofing

It is a porous fabric strip saturated with asphalt.

Asphalt Shingle Roofing

Asphalt Roll Roofing

Asphalt Paving

Asphalt is widely used for paving because of its cementitious substance and still will
bind other ingredient such aggregates, together. It is referred to use for road base
because it experience minimum cracking due to its flexibility, it is plastic and ductile.
Laboratory Test of Asphalt

Viscosity Test

This is used to test the flow properties of asphalt at a temperature. The advantage of
using the viscosity test as compared with the penetration test is that the viscosity test
measures a fundamental physical property rather than an empirical value.

Penetration Test

It is an empirical test that measures the consistency (hardness) of an asphalt at a

specified test condition. The penetration test is one of the oldest and most commonly
used tests on asphalt cements or residues from distillation of asphalt cutbacks or
emulsions.

Flash-Point Test

The flash point test determines the temperature to which an asphalt can be safely
heated in the presence of an open flame.

Ductility Test

The ductility test (ASTM D113) measures the distance a standard asphalt sample will
stretch without breaking under a standard testing condition (5 cm/min at 25 °C)

Solubility Test

This test is used to ascertain the purity of asphalt cement. The solubility test is used to
detect contamination in asphalt cement.

Thin Film Oven Test

This test subjects a sample of asphalt to hardening condition similar to that occur in a
hot mix plan operation.

Specific Gravity Test

The specific gravity test of a materials is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of the
materials to the weight of equal volume of the water. The various grade of asphalt
softens at different temperature. The softening point is found by the ring and mold test.

End of Discussion.

See attached lecture: Masonry and Asphalt

(https://tip.instructure.com/courses/5302/files/869420/download?wrap=1)
Here are some links that might be useful for your studies:

Types of Concrete Block Used in Building Construction

(https://www.qualityengineersguide.com/7-types-of-concrete-
block-used-in-building-construction)
Concrete Block (CMU) Sizes, Shapes, and Finishes

(https://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-
systems/masonry/concblocksizes.html)
Density-Related Properties of Concrete Masonry (https://ncma.org/resource/related-properties-of-
concrete-masonry-assemblies/)

Asphalt vs Bitumen (https://www.claremontasphalt.com.au/asphalt-

vs-bitumen/)
Different Types of Asphalt (https://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-
different-types-of-asphalt.htm)

Summary:

Masonry is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and bound
together by mortar.

Common Materials of Masonry Construction:

Bricks
Building Stone (marble, granite, travertine and limestone)
Cast Stone
Concrete Block
Glass Block
Cob

Concrete Masonry Units or CMU

Types of Concrete Blocks or Concrete Masonry Units

 Solid Concrete Blocks
Hollow Concrete Blocks

Types of Hollow Concrete Blocks:

Stretcher block
Corner block
Pillar block
Jamb block
Partition block
Lintel block
Frogged brick block
Bull nose block

Concrete Masonry Units or CMU

LIGHT-WEIGHT UNITS
MEDIUM-WEIGHT UNITS
NORMAL-WEIGHT UNITS

Classification of CMU

LOAD BEARING (ASTM C90)

NON-LOAD BEARING (ASTM C129)

Mortar, Plaster and Grout

Mortar

A mixture of Portland cement, lime, sand and water.

Two mixture of Mortar:

Lime mortar
Cement mortar

Grout
 A high-slump concrete consisting of Portland cement, lime, sand, fine gravel and
water.

Two classification of Grout:

Non-Sanded Grout
Sanded Grout

Plaster

A fluid mixture of Portland cement, lime, sand and water.

Types of Masonry Wall:

Load Bearing Wall

Reinforced Masonry Walls
Hollow Masonry Walls
Composite Masonry Walls
Post-Tensioned Masonry Walls

Testing of Samples

SHAKE TABLE TESTING

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF BRICKS
GROUT SLUMP TESTING

Asphalt is a dark brown to black cementitious materials in semisolid or solid form consisting of
bitumen found in deposits of natural asphalt.

Bitumen

A black, oily, viscous material that is petroleum, a naturally-occurring organic by

product of decomposed organic materials.

Properties of Bituminous Materials

Adhesive
Water proof
Strong
Durable
Versatile
Economical

Uses of Asphalt
 Road surfaces
Aircraft landing
Waterproofing for fabrics
Used to seal some alkaline batteries
Used for water proofing and as an adhesive
For flooring, damp proofing in buildings, waterproofing of various types of pools and baths.

Types of Asphalt

Cutback Asphalt

Residual Asphalt

Emulsified Asphalt

Plastic Asphalt Cement

Quick Setting Asphalt

Asphalt Roofing

Asphalt Paving

Laboratory Test of Asphalt

Viscosity Test

Penetration Test

Flash-Point Test

Ductility Test

Solubility Test

Thin Film Oven Test

Specific Gravity Test

Reference:

Sivakugan, Nagaratnam (2018). Civil engineering materials, first edition, Australia: Cengage
Learning

Mamlouk, Michael S. (2018). Materials for civil and construction engineers, England: Pearson
Education Limited
For more references, kindly check TIP Online Resources

TIP Library (https://www.tip.edu.ph/library.html)

Proprietary Clause

Property of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.). No part of the materials
made and uploaded in this learning management system by T.I.P. may be copied,
photographed, printed, reproduced, shared, transmitted, translated or reduced to any
electronic medium or machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without prior consent
of T.I.P.

END OF TODAY'S LECTURE.

"Thoughts lead on to purpose, purpose leads on to actions,

actions form habits, habits decide character, and character fixes
our destiny"
- Tryon Edwards

Return to Modules! (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/31321/modules)

Return to Home Page! (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/14990)

6.2 Metal and Plastic

c
Common Material in Construction: Metal and Plastic
Introduction to the Topic:

Metals and Plastics are the common material in construction. We can see different types of
metals in structure itself, pipework, and others. On the other hand, plastic can be manufactured
in the form of pipes, panels and others.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the session the students should be able to:

1. familiar with other common materials in construction specifically metals and plastics;
2. identify different types of metals and their uses;
3. identify different properties of plastics;
4. rank the importance of metals, plastics, and other materials used in construction; and
5. apply the techniques and skills learned in discussion in the civil engineering field.

WHAT IS METAL?

Metals are one of the most valuable and widely used construction material because of
their durability and strength to form structural components, cladding materials and
pipework. These are solid material that are generally hard, malleable, shiny, ductile
and have a good electrical and thermal conductivity.

Different kinds of metal came from iron ore as a raw material and processed with
various kinds of alloying elements. The choice of alloying element to be used in
processing the iron ore depends on the preferred quality and uses.
Properties of Metal

Physical properties

Density, specific heat, melting and boiling point, thermal expansion and conductivity.

Mechanical properties

Strength, toughness, malleability, hardness, ductility, elasticity, fatigue and creep

Chemical properties

oxidation, corrosion, flammability and toxicity

Ferrous Metals

These are mainly composed of iron and have magnetic properties.

Cast iron

White cast irons - Hard and brittle, few application for construction.
Malleable cast irons - Reheated white cast iron, has greater ductility and used for
hardware.
Gray cast irons - Tougher and softer, used for casting, pipes, ornament, railing and
lamppost Steel Plain carbon steel that are alloys of iron and carbon as less than 2%
carbon.
Alloy steel – contain one or more alloying elements other than carbon, generally
manganese ad silicon.

Structural Steel
 1. Carbon steel – has maximum amount of manganese and silicon. Usually used as
structural steel members.
2. Heat-treated construction steels – produced strongest general-use structural steel.
3. Heat-treated high-strength carbon steels - heat treating produce changes in the
physical and mechanical properties.
4. High-strength low-alloy steels – improved mechanical properties and greater resistance
to atmospheric corrosion
5. Stainless steel – have outstanding corrosion and oxidation resistance.
6. Heat-resisting steel – maintain their basic mechanical and physical properties despite
of high temperature.
7. Beams Structural steel products
Rolled structural steel shapes
Open-web steel joints – lightweight, produce by welding structural steel shapes
such as angles and bars.
Sheet steel products – used for roofing siding decking, and framing system. Light
gauge steel framing systems Expanded steel mesh Light gauge steel framing
systems Expanded steel mesh
Welded wire fabric – used to reinforce concrete slabs.
Reinforcing bars – placed in concrete members to improve tensile strength of
concrete.
Fasteners – commonly used fasteners include bolts, nails, rivets, and screws.

Non-ferrous Metals

These metals are those containing very little or no iron. In other words, all metals other than
iron and steel are nonferrous.

Aluminum alloys – relatively soft and ductile and has tensile strength of around 7000
psi.
Wrought alloys - mechanically worked by a process such as forging, drawing, extruding
or rolling to form sheet material.
Cast alloys - used to produce a product for which the molten metal is cast into the
shape of the finished product.

Aluminum products

Copper – is a nonmagnetic metal that has excellent electrical and thermal conductivity.
It is ductile and malleable and easily worked.
High copper alloys – are wrought alloys having specified cooper contents from 96 to
99.3 percent copper. Brasses – are copper alloys with zinc as the major alloying
 element.
Bronzes – are copper alloys in which neither nickel nor zinc is used as the major
alloying element.
Copper-nickel-zinc alloys – are referred to as silver nickels because of their silver color.
They have good electrical and mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance.
Miscellaneous copper-zinc alloys – are often referred to as manganese or nickel
bronzes. Typically, the major alloying element is zinc, so they are much like some of the
brasses.

Lead

It is a soft, heavy metal that is easily worked, with good corrosion resistance. A special
feature is its ability to resist penetration from radiation.

Properties of lead:

High density and weight

Softness and malleability
Low melting point
Good electrical conductivity
Low in strength and elasticity.

Testing

Tensile Testing of Metal Samples

Tensile strength, also known as Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), is the maximum
tensile stress carried by the specimen, defined as the maximum load divided by the
original cross- sectional area of the test sample. Testing methods for tensile testing is
based on ASTM A370, ASTM B557, ASTM E8, ASTM E21, EN 2002-1, EN 10002-1
and, ISO 6892-1.

Corrosion Testing

ASTM's corrosion and wear standards provide the appropriate procedures for carrying
out corrosion, wear, and abrasion tests on specified metallic materials and alloys.
These corrosion and wear standards are useful to metallurgical companies, product
manufacturers, and other users concerned with the specified materials in
understanding the their wear and embrittlement behaviors. The standards used in this
testing is based on C875-15, G4-01(2014), G109-07(2013), G180-13 and
G19811(2016).
 Ultrasonic Testing (ASTM E213)

The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for detecting and locating
significant discontinuities such as pits, voids, inclusions, cracks, splits, etc., by the
ultrasonic pulse-reflection method. This practice2 covers a procedure for detecting
discontinuities in metal pipe and tubing during a volumetric examination using
ultrasonic methods.

WHAT IS PLASTIC?

The term plastic is used today to describe manmade polymers that contain carbon atoms
covalently bonded with other elements. Plastic is obtained by breaking down materials
found in nature, such as petroleum, coal and natural gas.

Properties of Plastic

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC

Tensile strength - The tensile strength of most plastics is lower than steel and more
closely resembles of wood.
Modulus of Elasticity (Stiffness) - Plastics are not as stiff as steel, aluminum alloys, and
concrete.
Impact Strength (Toughness) - Thermoplastics exhibit better impact strength than
thermosets.
Hardness - Plastics are not good as glass or steel in resisting abrasion.
Creep - The term used to describe the tendency of a material to flow in normal
temperatures and to have a permanent change in size and shape when under
continued stress. It is most apparent in thermoplastics.

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

Plastics have excellent electrical insulating properties and have enabled the
development of greatly improved electrical equipment. In addition, they have a good
heat resistance.

THERMAL PROPERTIES

The service temperature of plastics, the maximum temperature at which a plastic can
be used without affecting its properties, is low when compared with other construction
materials plastics. Plastics are poor conductors of heat.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 Plastics do not corrode like metals, but they deteriorate and can be damage by
chemical attacks.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY PROPERTIES

The specific gravity of plastics varies considerably, ranging from 0.06 for foam to 2.0
for fluorocarbons.

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Some plastics have optical properties equal to that of glass. Acrylics are as transparent
as fine optical and have alight transmission of 92%.

Classification of Plastics

Thermoplastics

These are plastic materials that can be softened or re-melted by the application of heat
and reformed. This quality allows for the recycling and reuse of products made with
thermoplastics, although some thermoplastic materials will experience contamination
and chemical degradation if they are reheated frequently.

Example of Thermoplastics:

ABS is a lightweight typically used in Lego bricks and safety hats.

Acrylic is transparent and lightweight too, known under the names of Plexiglas,
Perspex, or Lucite. It is an efficient alternative to glass as it is shatterproof.

Polyester is used for clothing. Furthermore, polyester is in vast industrial use, in

conveyor belts in fibres, in ropes, in yarn as well as in tyre reinforcements.

Thermosetting Plastics

These are also called thermosets, are plastics that cannot be reheated and reformed
once they have been softened, constituted, and cured.

Bioplastics or organic plastics

These are a form derived from renewable biomass sources, such vegetable oil or corn
starch, rather than from petroleum, as are fossil fuel plastics.

Plastic Standard and Testing

Compression Testing ASTM D695

 Compressive properties describe the behavior of a material when it is subjected to a
compressive load. Loading is at a relatively low and uniform rate.

Plastic Tensile Testing D638

For this test, plastic samples are either machined from stock shapes or injection
molded. The tensile testing machine pulls the sample from both ends and measures
the force required to pull the specimen apart and how much the sample stretches
before breaking.

Plastic Flexural Testing ASTM D790

The flexural strength of a material is defined as its ability to resist deformation under
load.

End of Discussion.

See attached lecture: Metals and Plastics

(https://tip.instructure.com/courses/5302/files/869420/download?wrap=1)

Here are some links that might be useful for your studies:

Metal in Construction

(https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Metal_in_constructio
n)
Different Types of Metal (https://makeitfrommetal.com/different-types-of-metal-facts-and-uses/)

Properties of Metals (https://www.studyread.com/properties-of-metals/)

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals (https://fractory.com/ferrous-metals-non-ferrous-metals-with-

examples/)

Plastic in Construction (https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Plastic_in_construction)

Properties of Plastics as a Construction Material

(https://theconstructor.org/building/plastics-construction-material/12438/)
Summary:

WHAT IS METAL?

Metals are one of the most valuable and widely used construction material because of
their durability and strength to form structural components, cladding materials and
pipework. These are solid material that are generally hard, malleable, shiny, ductile
and have a good electrical and thermal conductivity.

Properties of Metal

Physical properties

Mechanical properties

Chemical properties

Ferrous Metals

These are mainly composed of iron and have magnetic properties.

Cast iron

Structural Steel

Non-ferrous Metals

These metals are those containing very little or no iron. In other words, all metals other than
iron and steel are nonferrous.

Aluminum products

Lead

Testing

Tensile Testing of Metal Samples

Corrosion Testing

Ultrasonic Testing (ASTM E213)

WHAT IS PLASTIC?

The term plastic is used today to describe manmade polymers that contain carbon atoms
covalently bonded with other elements. Plastic is obtained by breaking down materials
found in nature, such as petroleum, coal and natural gas.

Properties of Plastic

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

THERMAL PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

SPECIFIC GRAVITY PROPERTIES

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Classification of Plastics

Thermoplastics

Thermosetting Plastics

Bioplastics or organic plastics

Plastic Standard and Testing

Compression Testing ASTM D695

Plastic Tensile Testing D638

Plastic Flexural Testing ASTM D790

Reference:
Sivakugan, Nagaratnam (2018). Civil engineering materials, first edition, Australia: Cengage
Learning

Mamlouk, Michael S. (2018). Materials for civil and construction engineers, England: Pearson
Education Limited

For more references, kindly check TIP Online Resources

TIP Library (https://www.tip.edu.ph/library.html)

Proprietary Clause

Property of the Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.). No part of the materials
made and uploaded in this learning management system by T.I.P. may be copied,
photographed, printed, reproduced, shared, transmitted, translated or reduced to any
electronic medium or machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without prior consent
of T.I.P.

END OF TODAY'S LECTURE.

"Thoughts lead on to purpose, purpose leads on to actions,

actions form habits, habits decide character, and character fixes
our destiny"
- Tryon Edwards

Return to Modules! (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/31321/modules)

Return to Home Page! (https://tip.instructure.com/courses/14990)