VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL

WORDS RELATED Part of

TO LEARNING speech Pron Definition Example
using, speaking, or written in two different
bilingual adj baɪˈlɪŋɡwəl languages He is bilingual in English and Chinese
using, speaking, or written in several different
multilingual adj ˌmʌltɪˈlɪŋɡwəl languages the advantages of a multilingual education
degree n dɪˈɡriː the level or amount of something To a large degree, they are similar.
used to emphasise that something is actually
literally adv ˈlɪtərəli true The library is literally across the road
monolingual n ˌmɒnəʊˈlɪŋɡwəl speaking or using only one language a monolingual dictionary
to look like or be similar to someone or It’s amazing how closely Brian and Steve resemble each
resemble v rɪˈzembəl something other.
spectrum n ˈspektrəm the set of all possible colours A rainbow shows all the colours of the spectrum
if something tends to happen, it happens often
tend v tend and is likely to happen again People tend to need less sleep as they get older.
the process of knowing, understanding, and the regions of the brain that are responsible for memory
cognition n kɒɡˈnɪʃən learning something and cognition
an idea of how something is, or how something
concept n ˈkɒnsept should be done The concept of colour appears in all languages
decade n ˈdekeɪd, deˈkeɪd a period of 10 years the second decade of the twenty first century
fluent adj ˈfluːənt able to speak a language very well She was fluent in English, French, and German.
to give special attention to one particular person
focus n, v ˈfəʊkəs or thing, or to make people do this He needs to focus more on his studies.
hexagon n ˈheksəɡən a shape with six sides The room was shaped like a hexagon
linguistic adj lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk related to language, words, or linguistics a child’s linguistic development
monologue n ˈmɒnəlɒɡ a long speech by one person Henry looked up, then continued his monologue.
involving or including people or ideas from many
multicultural adj ˌmʌltiˈkʌltʃərəl different countries, races, or religions a multicultural society
the usual or normal situation, way of doing Short term contracts are now the norm with some big
norm n nɔːm something etc companies.
the way you think about something and your
perception n pəˈsepʃən idea of what it is like children’s perceptions of the world
proficiency n prəˈfɪʃənsi a good standard of ability and skill a high level of proficiency in English
a square open area with buildings all around it,
quadrangle n ˈkwɒdrænɡəl especially at a school or college Let's meet in the quadrangle.
rate v reɪt to give a particular grade or value to something He rated his course six on a scale of one to ten
a word or part of a word which contains a single
syllable n ˈsɪləbəl vowel sound Excellent' has three syllables
a traditional story, passed on from generation to
folk tale n fəʊk teɪl generation each culture has its own set of folk tales

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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
a piece of work that is given to someone as part She’s having trouble with her assignment; she'll speak to
assignment n əˈsaɪnmənt of their studies or their job her lecturer about it tomorrow.
to admit or accept that something is true or that
acknowledge v əkˈnɒlɪdʒ a situation exists The government acknowledge the need for change.
aid v eɪd to help someone do something an index to aid the reader
ample adj ˈæmpəl more than enough You’ll have ample time for questions later.
aware (of) adj əˈweə (ʌv) knowing that something exists or happens He was aware of the need to do well in the exam.
used as a model from which something else is Based on his previous experience, he knew the task would
base on v beɪs ɒn developed be difficult.
to communicate or express something, with or
convey v kənˈveɪ without using words All this information can be conveyed in a simple diagram.
an area of knowledge or teaching, especially one
ˈdɪsəplən, such as history, chemistry, mathematics etc.
discipline n ˈdɪsɪplən that is studied at a university not all universities do research in all disciplines
when something is important or urgent because
it relates to a situation or event that is
immediacy n ɪˈmiːdiəsi happening now immediacy of response isn't necessary in this situation
ɪnˈkredəbli, ɪn
incredibly adv ˈkredɪbli extremely cigarettes are incredibly addictive.
to be determined to do something or achieve
intently adv ɪnˈtentli something Jake listened intently.
if you are mesmerised by someone or
something, you cannot stop watching them or
listening to them becusae they are so attractive The first time I saw Diane I was mesmerised by her
mesmerised adj ˈmezməraɪzd or have such a powerful effect beauty.
making someone very keen to do something or
achieve something, especially because you find
motivating adj ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪŋ it interesting or exciting Everyone found it very motivating.
full of interesting or important facts, events or
rich adj rɪtʃ ideas a story rich in description and action
take in v teɪk ɪn understand and remember it's hard to take it all in at once
to disappear suddenly, especially in a way that My keys were here a minute ago but now they’ve
vanish v ˈvænɪʃ cannot be easily explained vanished.
a copy of something that has been changed so
version n ˈvɜːʃən that it is slightly different a new version of the software
a detailed account of the development of a
particular person, group, or situation that has
case study n keɪs ˈstʌdi been studied over a period of time We'll look at a couple of case studies in this lecture.

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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
a job or piece of work that involves two or more
collaborative adj kəˈlæbərətɪv people working together to achieve something a collaborative effort
to become less successful than other people,
fall behind v fɔːl bɪˈhaɪnd companies, countries etc Due to illness, he fell behind in his studies.
ˌɪməˈteɪʃən, ˌɪmɪ Many people think that children learn language by
imitation n ˈteɪʃən when you copy someone else’s actions imitation.
when there is not enough of something, or none
lack (of) n læk (ʌv) of it a lack of effort
the main ideas or facts about something,
outline n ˈaʊtlaɪn without the details an outline of a research project
a small research project, etc. which is carried
out as a test to sese if an idea, product etc. will
pilot v ˈpaɪlət be successful a pilot project to produce electric cars
prɪˈpeədnəs, prɪ the country’s lack of preparedness for the effects of
preparedness n ˈpeədnɪs, -ˈpeərəd- when someone is ready for something climate change
WORDS
RELATED TO Part of
HEALTH speech Pron Definition Example
diffuse adj dɪˈfjuːs spread in many directions The organization is large and diffuse.
to change someone’s appearance so that people Maybe you could disguise yourself as a waiter and sneak
disguise v dɪsˈɡaɪz cannot recognize them in there.
divorce n dəˈvɔːs, dɪˈvɔːs the legal ending of a marriage Why doesn’t she get a divorce?
an idea that is suggested as an explanation for
haɪˈpɒθəsəs, haɪ something, but that has not yet been proved to
hypothesis n ˈpɒθəsɪs be true One hypothesis is that the victim fell asleep while driving.
information that is put into a process, a
input n ˈɪnpʊt machine, etc the data that you input into the computer
data that is produced by a process, a machine
output n ˈaʊtpʊt etc computer output
when someone thinks or worries about
priːˌɒkjəˈpeɪʃən, something a lot, with the result that they do not
preoccupation n priːˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃən pay attention to other things the current preoccupation with sex and scandal
the part of someone that you cannot see, that
consists of the qualities that make up their
spirit n ˈspɪrət, ˈspɪrɪt character Although Laurie is dead, I can feel his spirit with me.
ˈtʃæləndʒ, something that tests strength, skill, or ability, The company is ready to meet the challenges of the next
challenge n ˈtʃælɪndʒ especially in a way that is interesting few years.

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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi, kən a serious argument about something that involves
controversy n ˈtrɒvəsi many people and continues for a long time a political controversy
an important new plan or process to achieve a
initiative n ɪˈnɪʃətɪv particular aim or to solve a particular problem a government initiative to help the homeless
a sudden clear understanding of something or
part of something, especially a complicated The article gives us a real insight into the causes of the
insight n ˈɪnsaɪt situation or idea present economic crisis.
notion n ˈnəʊʃən an idea, belief, or opinion misguided notions of male superiority
something that makes it difficult to achieve
obstacle n ˈɒbstəkəl something Fear of change is an obstacle to progress.
a way of thinking about something, especially
one which is influenced by the type of person His father’s death gave him a whole new perspective on
perspective n pəˈspektɪv you are or by your experiences life.
səˈnɑːriəʊ, sɪ
scenario n ˈnɑːriəʊ a situation that could possibly happen Imagine a scenario where only 20% of people have a job.
the main subject or idea in a piece of writing,
theme n θiːm speech, film etc The book’s theme is the conflict between love and duty.
fatigue n fəˈtiːɡ very great tiredness Sam’s face was grey with fatigue.
ˈædɪkwət, enough in quantity or of a good enough quality Farmers have been slow to make adequate provision for
adequate adj ˈædɪkwɪt for a particular purpose their retirement.
to successfully complete something or get a
achieve v əˈtʃiːv good result, especially by working hard Frances achieved very good exam results.
if one company or country competes with
another, it tries to get people to buy its goods or
services rather than those available from They found themselves competing with foreign companies
compete v kəmˈpiːt another company or country for a share of the market.
enhance v ɪnˈhɑːns to improve something Good lighting will enhance any room.
someone who has a special skill or special
knowledge of a subject, gained as a result of
expert n ˈekspɜːt training or experience He’s a world expert on marine mammals.
if an activity or situation involves something,
involve v ɪnˈvɒlv that thing is part of it or a result of it What will the job involve?
a chemical or food that provides what is needed
nutrient n ˈnjuːtriənt for plants or animals to live and grow The plant absorbs nutrients from the soil.
the final result of a meeting, discussion, war etc
– used especially when no one knows what it
outcome n ˈaʊtkʌm will be until it actually happens It was impossible to predict the outcome of the election.
pɑːˈtɪsəpeɪt, pɑː
participate v ˈtɪsɪpeɪt to take part in an activity or event Some members refused to participate.
perform v pəˈfɔːm to do something well or badly The team performed poorly on Saturday.

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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
recover v rɪˈkʌvə to get better after an illness, accident, shock etc After a few days of fever, she began to recover.
related to small exact details or rules that say
technical adj ˈteknɪkəl how a system should work The workshop discussed various technical issues.
ˌɑːtəˈfɪʃəl, ˌɑːtɪ not real or not made of natural things but made
artificial adj ˈfɪʃəl to be like something that is real or natural artificial flowers
Her main contention is that doctors should do more to
contention n kənˈtenʃən a strong opinion that someone expresses encourage healthy eating.
a part of your body that can bend because two
joint n dʒɔɪnt bones meet there a permanently damaged knee joint
related to someone’s body rather than their
physical adj ˈfɪzɪkəl mind or emotions She was in constant physical pain.
likely to develop into a particular type of person
potential adj pəˈtenʃəl or thing in the future He never reached his full potential.
a piece of equipment used for measuring light,
sensor n ˈsensə heat, movement etc The device isn't working; its sensor has failed.
serve (to) v sɜːv to have a particular effect or result a single example serves to illustrate what I mean
WORDS
RELATED TO Part of
ARCHITECTURE speech Pron Definition Example
aesthetic adj iːsˈθetɪk, es- connected with beauty and the study of beauty From an esthetic point of view, it’s a nice design.
the particular combination of features and
qualities that makes a thing or place different the unique character of eighteenth-century country
character n ˈkærəktə, ˈkærɪktə from all others houses
to press something or make it smaller so that it
compress v kəmˈpres takes up less space, or to become smaller It compressed easily when a heavy weight was put on it.
a period of time between two or more parts of
intermission n ˌɪntəˈmɪʃən something, e.g. a concert There was a short intermission in construction work.
ˈnəʊtəsəbəl,
noticeable adj ˈnəʊtɪsəbəl easy to notice Alcohol has a noticeable effect on the body.
if there is an outbreak of fighting or disease in
outbreak n ˈaʊtbreɪk an area, it suddenly starts to happen an outbreak of flu
to start doing something again after stopping or
resume v rɪˈzjuːm being interrupted She hopes to resume work after the baby is born.
assemble v əˈsembəl to put all the parts of something together The aircraft will continue to be assembled in France.
if a building, wall etc collapses, it falls down
collapse v kəˈlæps suddenly, usually because it is weak or damaged Uncle Ted’s chair collapsed under his weight.
commence v kəˈmens to begin or to start something Work will commence on the new building immediately.

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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
a conventional method, product, practice etc has
been used for a long time and is considered the Internet connections through conventional phone lines are
conventional adj kənˈvenʃənəl usual type fairly slow.
to make something exist that did not exist Scientists believe the universe was created in a big
create v kriˈeɪt before explosion.
The entire east wing of the building was demolished in the
demolish v dɪˈmɒlɪʃ to completely destroy a building fire.
to happen or be present in a particular situation The custom of marriages arranged by parents still exists
exist v ɪɡˈzɪst or place in many countries.
finalise v ˈfaɪnəl-aɪz to finish the last part of a plan, business deal etc Jo flew out to Thailand to finalize the details of the deal.
ˌɪŋkləˈneɪʃən,
inclination n ˌɪŋklɪˈneɪʃən a slope or the angle at which something slopes the inclination of the lines on the graph
an ingenious plan, idea, or object works well
and is the result of clever thinking and new Many fish have ingenious ways of protecting their eggs
ingenious adj ɪnˈdʒiːniəs ideas from predators.
knock down v nɒk daʊn to destroy a building or part of a building They want to knock the house down and rebuild it.
to affect the way someone or something
develops, behaves, thinks, etc. without directly His writing was greatly influenced by his favourite
influence v, n ˈɪnfluəns forcing or ordering them authors.
represent v ˌreprɪˈzent to be a symbol of something The symbol of the eagle represents strength and skill.
to state, giving clear reasons, that something is
argue v ˈɑːɡjuː true, should be done, etc. All the available evidence argues against this theory.
to make people feel less certain about
cast doubt on v kɑːst daʊt something Her documentary casts serious doubt on the theory.
The report emphasizes the importance of improving safety
emphasise v ˈemfəsaɪz to say something in a strong way standards.
to officially tell someone about something or
inform v ɪnˈfɔːm give them information They decided to inform the police
to talk or write about something or someone,
usually quickly and without saying very much or
mention v ˈmenʃən giving details Was my name mentioned at all?
to mention something because it is important or The architect noted that he knew of no serious problems
note v nəʊt interesting with this type of design.
to say or write what you have noticed about a
observe v əbˈzɜːv situation He observed that most societies are divided into classes.
to tell someone something that they did not
point out v pɔɪnt aʊt already know or had not thought about He was always very keen to point out my mistakes.
prove v pruːv to show that something is true by providing You’re wrong, and I can prove it.

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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
facts, information etc
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
to express doubts about whether something is
question v ˈkwestʃən true, good, necessary, etc. Are you questioning what I'm saying?
The report stressed that student math skills need to
stress v stres to emphasize a statement, fact, or idea improve.
to desire and work towards achieving something
aspire v əˈspaɪə important college graduates aspiring to careers in architecture
having a special quality, character, or
appearance that is different and easy to
distinctive adj dɪˈstɪŋktɪv recognize a rock band with a distinctive sound
full of energy and new ideas, and determined to
dynamic adj daɪˈnæmɪk succeed dynamic and ambitious people
relating to trade, industry, and the management
economic adj ˌekəˈnɒmɪk, ˌiː- of money Economic growth is slow.
fəˈnænʃəl, fɪ
financial adj ˈnænʃəl, faɪ- relating to money or the management of money financial transactions
ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl, a person considered separately from the society
individual adj ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl they live in Each individual has a different set of personal opinions.
the use of money to get a profit or to make a
business activity successful, or the money that
investment n ɪnˈvestmənt is used We plan to buy some property as an investment.
a particular way of doing, designing, or
producing something, especially one that is
typical of a particular place, period of time, or an attempt to use Japanese management style in a
style n staɪl group of people European business
səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti, sə able to continue without causing damage to the
sustainability n ˌsteɪnəˈbɪlɪti environment Sustainability is at the heart of our building designs.
arc n ɑːk a curved shape or line the arc of a rainbow
bend v bend to become cured and no longer flat or straight Several branches started bending towards the ground.
The treaty hung like a sword of Damocles over French
sword n sɔːd a weapon with a long pointed blade and a handle politics.
WORDS RELATED Part of
TO BUSINESS speech Pron Definition Example
dialogue n ˈdaɪəlɒɡ a conversation in a book, play, or film a boring movie full of bad dialog
to do something too often or too much, for
example criticising or questioning someone, or
bombard v bɒmˈbɑːd giving too much information The office was bombarded with telephone calls.
capture v ˈkæptʃə to get something that you didn't have before We aim to capture eight percent of the UK wine market.
better, more powerful, more effective etc than a
superior adj suːˈpɪəriə similar person or thing, especially one that you are Fletcher’s superior technique brought him victory.
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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
competing against
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
abundance n əˈbʌndəns a large quantity of something an abundance of wavy red hair
kəmˈpetətɪv, kəm determined or trying very hard to be more Some US industries are not as competitive as they have
competitive adj ˈpetɪtɪv successful than other people or businesses been in the past.
someone who buys and uses products and
consumer n kənˈsjuːmə services Consumers will soon be paying higher airfares.
Last year saw a large increase in the consumption of
consumption n kənˈsʌmpʃən the act of buying and using products electrical products.
distribute v dɪˈstrɪbjuːt to send goods to shops and customers The company's distribution system needs improvement.
to get something that you want, especially
obtain v əbˈteɪn through your own effort, skill, or work Further information can be obtained from head office.
something that is grown or made in a factory in
product n ˈprɒdʌkt large quantities, usually in order to be sold consumer products such as smartphones
productive adj prəˈdʌktɪv producing or achieving a lot Most of us are more productive in the morning.
to encourage people to buy new products
through advertising, publicity, sales campaigns,
promote v prəˈməʊt etc. We need to promote our products more strongly!
the quality of being good at leading a group,
leadership n ˈliːdəʃɪp organisation, country etc. She has great faith in her own leadership qualities.
in a way that is suitable for a particular situation
or that is based on what someone has done or Katherine still considered him a child and treated him
accordingly adv əˈkɔːdɪŋli said accordingly.
the activities that are involved in managing the
ədˌmɪnəˈstreɪʃən, work of a company or organization; the We’re looking for someone with experience in
administration n ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən government of a country at a particular time administration.
an official organisation or a government
ɔːˈθɒrəti, ɔːˈθɒrɪti, department that has particular responsiblities
authority n ə- and the power to make decisions We have to apply to the local authority.
someone you work with - used especially by
colleague n ˈkɒliːɡ professional people a colleague of mine from the bank
a big company, or a group of companies acting
corporation n ˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃən together as a single organization He works for a large American corporation.
The use of animals in scientific tests raises difficult ethical
ethical adj ˈeθɪkəl relating to principles of what is right and wrong questions.
rooms, equipment, or services that are provided
facility n fəˈsɪləti, fəˈsɪlɪti for a particular purpose the company's production facilities

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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
ˌɪnstəˈtjuːʃən, a large organization that has a particular kind of
institution n ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃən work or purpose the government and other political institutions
ɪnˈteɡrəti, ɪn the quality of being honest and strong about what
integrity n ˈteɡrɪti you believe to be right a man of great moral integrity
the activity of takling to other people, working
interaction n ˌɪntərˈækʃən together with them etc the degree of interaction between teacher and student
məˈdʒɒrəti, mə The majority of workers find it quite hard to live on the
majority n ˈdʒɒrɪti most of the people or things in a group amount of money they earn.
a government, especially one that was not elected
fairly or that you disapprove of for some other
regime n reɪˈʒiːm reason The regime got rid of most of its opponents.
Our other site is the company's research and development
site n saɪt a place that is used for a particular purpose facility.
a company that is owned or controlled by another
subsidiary n səbˈsɪdiəri larger company a subsidiary of a US company
the knowledge and imagination that are needed in
vision n ˈvɪʒən planning for the future with a clear purpose his enthusiasm and clarity of vision
ɑːˈtɪkjəleɪt, ɑː Many people are unable to articulate the unhappiness they
articulate v ˈtɪkjʊleɪt to express your ideas or feelings in words feel.
ˈkæptəveɪt, to attract someone very much, and hold their
captivate v ˈkæptɪveɪt attention He was captivated by her intelligence.
a situation in which there are a lot of problems that
must be dealt with quickly so that the situation
crisis n ˈkraɪsəs, ˈkraɪsɪs does not get worse or more dangerous The country now faces an economic crisis.
WORDS RELATED Part of
TO THE EARTH speech Pron Definition Example
able to express your ideas and opinions well,
eloquent adj ˈeləkwənt especially in a way that influences people an eloquent appeal for support
a deep hole or holes in the ground that people dig
mine n maɪn so that they can remove coal, gold, tin etc one of the largest coal mines in the country
the ability to continue doing something difficult or
endurance n ɪnˈdjʊərəns painful over a long period of time She was pushed beyond her powers of endurance.
something that is an impressive achievement,
feat n fiːt because it needs a lot of skill, strength etc to do They climbed the mountain in 28 days, a remarkable feat.
ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəbəl, ˌɪrɪ so attractive, desirable etc that you cannot prevent Tax-cutting proposals could prove irresistible to
irresistible adj ˈzɪstɪbəl yourself from wanting it lawmakers.
to climb to the top of something that is high and Rescuers had to scale a 300-metre cliff to reach the
scale v skeɪl difficult to climb injured climber.
to put many different ideas, subjects, stories etc
weave v wiːv together and connect them smooothly She weaves a complicated plot of romance and intrigue.

9
 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
to be strong enough to remain unharmed by
withstand v wɪðˈstænd, wɪθ- something such as great heat, cold, pressure etc This fabric can withstand steam and high temperatures.
someone who knows a lot about a subject and
ɔːˈθɒrəti, ɔːˈθɒrɪti, whose knowledge and opinions are greatly
authority n ə- respected a leading authority on Chinese food
diːˌfɒrəˈsteɪʃən, diː the cutting or burning down of all the trees in an
deforestation n ˌfɒrɪˈsteɪʃən area the deforestation of the tropics
the development and use of minerals, forests, the exploitation of natural resources often causes
exploitation n ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃən oil etc for business or industry significant environmental damage
fluctuation n ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃən rapid change in a price, amount, level etc the fluctuation in interest rates
global adj ˈɡləʊbəl affecting or including the whole world global climate change
hydroelectric adj ˌhaɪdrəʊ-ɪˈlektrɪk using water power to produce electricity a huge hydroelectric power station
ɪmˈplɔːzəbəl, ɪm difficult to believe and therefore unlikely to be
implausible adj ˈplɔːzɪbəl true Margaret found his excuse somewhat implausible.
ɪnˈækjərət, ɪn
inaccurate adj ˈækjʊrət not completely correct A lot of what has been written about him is inaccurate.
ˌɪnəˈprəʊpri-ət, not suitable, right or polite enough for a His comments were wholly inappropriate on such a
inappropriate adj ˌɪnəˈprəʊpri-ɪt particular purpose or in a particular situation solemn occasion.
ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbəl, two things that are incompatible cannot exist or Business interests are incompatible with government
incompatible adj ˌɪnkəmˈpætɪbəl be accepted otgether work.
innovation n ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən a new idea, method, or invention recent innovations in English teaching
to encourage someone by making them feel
inspire v ɪnˈspaɪə confident and eager to do something We need someone who can inspire the team.
mature v, adj məˈtʃʊə to improve or become more sensible with age He has matured considerably over the last ten years.
to reduce something that is difficult, dangerous,
ˈmɪnəmaɪz, or unpleasant to the smallest possible amount
minimise v ˈmɪnɪmaɪz or degree Every effort is being made to minimize civilian casualties.
if something is outdated, it is no longer
ˌaʊtˈdeɪtəd, ˌaʊt considered useful or effective, because
outdated adj ˈdeɪtɪd something more modern exists outdated teaching methods
pressurise v ˈpreʃəraɪz to put something under high pressure pressurise the gas
to put several things, problems etc in order of
praɪˈɒrətaɪz, praɪ importance, so that you can deal with the most
prioritise v ˈɒrɪtaɪz important ones first You need to prioritize your tasks.
a radical change or difference is very big and They are proposing radical changes to the way the
radical adj ˈrædɪkəl important company is run.
to improve a method, plan, system etc by
refine v rɪˈfaɪn gradually making slight changes to it Car makers are constantly refining their designs.

10
 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
renewable energy replaces itself naturally, or is
easily replaced because there is a large supply
renewable adj rɪˈnjuːəbəl of it renewable energy such as solar power
tending to disagree with what other people tell I’m extremely sceptical about what I read in many
sceptical adj ˈskeptɪkəl you newspapers.
ˈsʌbməriːn,
submarine adj ˌsʌbməˈriːn growing or used under the sea submarine plant life
very different from the way people usually
unconventional adj ˌʌnkənˈvenʃənəl behave, think, dress etc He was liked for his unconventional political views.

unconvinced adj ˌʌnkənˈvɪnst not persuaded that something is true or good I remain unconvinced that the idea will work.
ˌʌnɪnˈhæbətəbəl, if a place is uninhabitable, it is impossible to live
uninhabitable adj ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtəbəl in Much of the country is uninhabitable because it is desert.
wise decisions and actions are sensible and It’s wise to check whether the flight times have changed
wise adj waɪz based on good judgment before you leave for the airport.
an activity that you do for pleasure or His only recreations are drinking beer and watching
recreation n ˌrekriˈeɪʃən amusement football.
serious changes in the weather conditions on
the Earth, happening naturally or caused by
climate change n ˈklaɪmət tʃeɪndʒ human activities The likely consquences of climate change are clear.
Britain agreed to cut emissions of nitrogen oxide from
emission n ɪˈmɪʃən a gas or other substance that is sent into the air power stations.
a fuel such as coal or oil that is produced by the
very gradual decaying of animals or plants over Environmentalists would like to see fossil fuels replaced by
fossil fuels n ˈfɒsəl ˈfjuː‿əlz millions of years renewable energy sources
a gas, especially carbon dioxide or methane,
that is thought to trap heat above the Earth and We are making every effort to reduce greenhouse gas
greenhouse gas n ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs cause the greenhouse effect emissions.
If an animal or plant is endangered, there is a
real danger that soon there will be no living
endangered adj ɪnˈdeɪndʒəd examples of its type. The lizards are classed as an endangered species .
when a particular type of animal or plant stops
extinction n ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən existing species in danger of extinction
generate v ˈdʒenəreɪt to produce or cause something a useful technique for generating new ideas
ˈhæbətæt,
habitat n ˈhæbɪtæt the natural home of a plant or animal watching monkeys in their natural habitat
the process of making air, water, soil etc
dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to
pollution n pəˈluːʃən use, or the state of being dangerously dirty California’s tough anti-pollution laws

11
 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
to give money, help, ideas etc to something that Government employees cannot contribute to political
contribute v kənˈtrɪbjuːt a lot of other people are also involved in campaigns.
to change something into a different form, or to
change something so that it can be used for a
convert v kənˈvɜːt different purpose or in a different way They converted the spare bedroom into an office.
effect n ɪˈfekt a change that is caused by an event, action etc My parents’ divorce had a big effect on me.
to suggest that something is true, without Cleo blushed. She had not meant to imply that he was
imply v ɪmˈplaɪ saying this directly lying.
Dr Johnson undertook the task of writing a comprehensive
undertake v ˌʌndəˈteɪk to do something, usually something difficult English dictionary.
to disobey or do something against an official
violate v ˈvaɪəleɪt agreement, law, principle etc 34 protesters were arrested for violating criminal law.
a feeling of great respect and liking for someone
awe n ɔː or something He felt great awe for the landscape.
a guess or approximation that is deliberatly less At a conservative estimate, the holiday will cost about
conservative adj kənˈsɜːvətɪv severe than what the real amount probably is $1500.
the feeling of being annoyed about something,
ˌɪrəˈteɪʃən, ˌɪrɪ especially something that happens repeatedly or
irritation n ˈteɪʃən for a long time The heavy traffic is a constant source of irritation.
notoriously adv nəʊˈtɔːri‿əsli famous or well known for something bad Statistics can be notoriously unreliable.
to chase animals and birds in order to kill or
hunt v hʌnt catch them the hills where I hunted deer as a kid.
WORDS RELATED Part of
TO PEOPLE speech Pron Definition Example
when you care about or help other people, even Many choose to work in developing countries out of
altruism n ˈæltru-ɪzəm though this brings no advantage to yourself altruism.
if a problem or difficult situation arises, it begins
arise v əˈraɪz to happen A crisis has arisen.
distress n dɪˈstres a feeling of extreme unhappiness Luke’s behaviour caused his parents great distress.
the ability to understand other people’s feelings
empathy n ˈempəθi and problems She had great empathy with people.
Perhaps they could sit down and discuss things in a
in a ___ fashion n ˈfæʃən in a particular way civilised fashion.
a sudden strong desire to do something without
thinking about whether it is a sensible thing to
impulse n ˈɪmpʌls do a sudden impulse to laugh
the feeling of being sorry for someone who is in I have a lot of sympathy for her; she had to bring up the
sympathy n ˈsɪmpəθi a bad situation children on her own.
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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
the opinions and feelings that you usually have
about something, especially when this is shown As soon as they found out I was a doctor, their whole
attitude n ˈætətjuːd, ˈætɪtjuːd in your behaviour attitude changed.
to believe or say that a situation or event is The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is
attribute v əˈtrɪbjuːt caused by something generally attributed to improvements in diet.
Time must be given for the parents to bond with their
bond n bɒnd to develop a special relationship with someone baby.
a promise to do something or to behave in a
commitment n kəˈmɪtmənt particular way Are you ready to make a long-term commitment?
behaviour that obeys the accepted rules of
kənˈfɔːməti, kən society or a group, and is the same as that of
conformity n ˈfɔːmɪti most other people an emphasis on conformity and control
when you work with someone to achieve
cooperation n kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃən something that you both want political co-operation with Britain
when someone does what they are told to do, or
obedience n əˈbiːdiəns what a law, rule etc says they must do obedience to his parents
something that is done as a reaction to
response n rɪˈspɒns something that has happened or been said the public’s response to our appeal for help
your peers are the people who are the same age
as you, or who have the same type of job, social American children did less well in math than their peers in
peer n pɪə class etc Japan.
having the kind of personality that enjoys
extroversion n ˌekstrəˈvɜːʃən communicating energetically with other people Extroversion is a common character trait amongst actors.
someone who is introverted is quiet and shy and
does not enjoy always enjoy meeting new
introversion n ˌɪntrəˈvɜːʃən people Introversion is part of my character.
gender n ˈdʒendə the fact of being male or female people of the same gender
making you believe that something is true or
convincingly adv kənˈvɪnsɪŋli right He acted the role of a criminal very convincingly.
something that is intriguing is very interesting
intriguingly adv ɪnˈtriːɡɪŋli because it is strange, mysterious, or unexpected Intriguingly, there may be a solution to the problem.
in a way that is surprising because it is the Paradoxically, the prohibition of liquor caused an increase
paradoxically adv ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkli opposite of what you would expect in alcoholism.
unintentionally adv ˌʌnɪnˈtentʃən‿əli not done deliberately He unintentionally spilled the coffee.
if something is unremarkable, it is not very
unremarkably adv ˌʌnrɪˈmɑːkəbəli unusual or interesting He led a busy but unremarkable life.
a feeling of great sadness, sometimes a form of
depressed adj dɪˈprest illness She suffered badly from depression.
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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
dɪˈvəʊtəd, dɪ giving someone or something a lot of love and
devoted adj ˈvəʊtɪd attention a devoted father
ɪnˈhɪbətəd, ɪn too embarrassed or nervous to do or say what Many people are inhibited about discussing sexual
inhibited adj ˈhɪbɪtəd you want matters.
ˈaɪsəleɪtəd, his feeling of isolation increased during winter, when
isolated adj ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd feeling alone or not fitting in with others travel was difficult
continuing to exist or happen, especially for
persistent adj pəˈsɪstənt longer than is usual or desirable persistent rumours
feeling calm, comfortable, and not worried or
relaxed adj rɪˈlækst annoyed Gail was lying in the sun looking very relaxed and happy.
reluctant adj rɪˈlʌktənt slow and unwilling She gave a reluctant smile.
stressed adj strest so worried and tired that you cannot relax I always eat when I’m feeling stressed.
information about a group such as the people
demographic adj ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk who live in a particular area demographic change
to make something less extreme or violent, or
moderate v ˈmɒdəreɪt to become less extreme or violent The students moderated their demands.
existing or arranged before something else or
prior adj ˈpraɪə before the present situation You do not need any prior knowledge of the subject.
a small part or amount of something that is
examined in order to find out something about
sample adj ˈsɑːmpəl the whole I’d like to see some samples of your work.
WORDS RELATED
TO LIVING Part of
THINGS speech Pron Definition Example
an animal such as a frog that can live both on
amphibian n æmˈfɪbiən land and in water The amphibian population in Britain is declining.
a small creature such as a fly or ant, that has
insect n ˈɪnsekt six legs, and sometimes wings an insect bite
a type of animal that drinks milk from its
mammal n ˈmæməl mother’s body when it is young. Humans, cats and whales are mammals.
a type of animal, such as a snake or lizard,
whose body temperature changes according to
the temperature around it, and that usually lays
reptile n ˈreptaɪl eggs to have babies Some reptiles, such as crocodiles, can be very dangerous.
the scientific study of the structure of human or
anatomy n əˈnætəmi animal bodies a professor of anatomy
encroachment n ɪnˈkrəʊtʃmənt to gradually take more land The mine encroached on more farmland as it expanded.
the hard pointed thing that grows, usually in
pairs, on the heads of animals such as cows and
horn n hɔːn goats a knife with a horn handle
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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
to not go to places or be careful not to do
keep a low anything that will attract attention to yourself or He's not the sort of politician to keep a low profile for
profile n ˈprəʊfaɪl your actions long.
to suddenly see someone or something,
spy v spaɪ especially after searching for them Ellen suddenly spied her friend in the crowd.

acquire v əˈkwaɪə to gain knowledge or learn a skill Elsie acquired a good knowledge of Mandarin Chinese.
to change or move something slightly to
improve it or make it more suitable for a We'll adjust to the climate here in the rainforest
adjust v əˈdʒʌst particular purpose eventually.
astronomy n əˈstrɒnəmi the scientific study of the stars and planets an interest in astronomy
biology n baɪˈɒlədʒi the scientific study of living things a degree in biology
bizarre adj bəˈzɑː, bɪˈzɑː very unusual or strange a bizarre coincidence
botany n ˈbɒtəni the scientific study of plants research into the botany of the Andes cloud forests

bright adj braɪt intelligent and able to learn things quickly He is constantly coming up with bright ideas.
the science that is concerned with studying the
ˈkeməstri, structure of substances and the way that they It’s obvious that there’s a very real chemistry between
chemistry n ˈkemɪstri change or combine with each other them.
anything that is living, such as an animal, fish,
creature n ˈkriːtʃə or insect, but not a plant all the living creatures in the sea
the way in which plants, animals, and people are
related to each other and to their environment,
ecology n ɪˈkɒlədʒi or the scientific study of this the natural ecology of the Earth
ɪˈlæbərət, ɪ having a lot of small parts or details put
elaborate adj ˈlæbərɪt together in a complicated way pure silk cloths with elaborate patterns
if an animal or plant evolves, it changes
evolve v ɪˈvɒlv gradually over a long period of time Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.
containing many small parts or details that all
intricate adj ˈɪntrɪkət, ˈɪntrɪkɪt work or fit together intricate patterns
the science that deals with the effects of forces
mechanics n mɪˈkænɪks on objects the mechanics of it should work
the scientific study of very small living things a microbiological examination of the fibres found near the
microbiology n ˌmaɪkrəʊbaɪˈɒlədʒi such as bacteria body
the science concerned with the study of physical
objects and substances, and of natural forces
physics n ˈfɪzɪks such as light, heat, and movement He's studying physics.

15
 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
very strange and unusual, and difficult to
weird adj wɪəd understand or explain A really weird thing happened last night.
infant n ˈɪnfənt a baby or very young child An infant’s skin is very sensitive.
relating to the sea and the creatures that live
marine adj məˈriːn there the enormous variety of marine life
a clear glass or plastic container for fish and
aquarium n əˈkweəriəm other water animals we need to prevent leaks in the aquarium
kæpˈtɪvəti, kæp when a person or animal is kept in a prison,
captivity n ˈtɪvɪti cage etc and not allowed to go where they want The hostages were released from captivity.
jaw n dʒɔː one of the two bones that your teeth are in a broken jaw
He can’t seem to get it into his skull that I’m just not
skull n skʌl the bones of a person’s or animal’s head interested in him.
the row of bones down the centre of your back
that supports your body and protects your spinal
spine n spaɪn cord His spine wasn't broken in the fall.
one part of a situation, idea, plan etc that has Dealing with people is the most important aspect of my
aspect n ˈæspekt many parts work.
to try to do something, especially something In this chapter I will attempt to explain what led up to the
attempt v əˈtempt difficult revolution.
to stop someone from doing what they want to Financial factors should not constrain doctors from
constrain v kənˈstreɪn do prescribing the best treatment for patients.

core n kɔː the most important or central part of something the core of the problem
one part or feature of a whole system, plan,
piece of work etc, especially one that is basic or
element n ˈeləmənt, ˈelɪmənt important Honesty is a vital element of her success.
ɪnˈædəkwət, ɪn not good enough, big enough, skilled enough etc
inadequate adj ˈædɪkwət for a particular purpose inadequate resources
an extremely small living thing which you can
microbe n ˈmaɪkrəʊb only see if you use a microscope Some microbes can cause diseases.
an animal, plant, human, or any other living All living organisms have to adapt to changes in
organism n ˈɔːɡənɪzəm thing environmental conditions.
a gas that has no colour or smell, is present in
air, and is necessary for most animals and
plants to live. It is a chemical element: symbol Air comprises oxygen, nitrogen, and small amounts of
oxygen n ˈɒksɪdʒən O other chemicals.
a group of animals or plants whose members
are similar and can breed together to produce
species n ˈspiːʃiːz young animals or plants Seven species of birds of prey have been observed.

16
 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
a very small amount of a quality, emotion,
trace n treɪs substance etc that is difficult to see or notice I saw the faintest trace of a smile on Sandra's face.
visible adj ˈvɪzəbəl, ˈvɪzɪbəl something that is visible can be seen The outline of the mountains was clearly visible.
the lack of something or the fact that it does not
absence n ˈæbsəns exist a complete absence of any kind of planning
relating to or involving the nucleus (=central
part) of an atom, or the energy produced when
the nucleus of an atom is either split or joined
nuclear adj ˈnjuːkliə with the nucleus of another atom France’s reliance on nuclear energy
a very large round object in space that moves Mercury is the smallest of all the planets in our solar
planet n ˈplænət, ˈplænɪt around the Sun or another star system.
sphere n sfɪə a ball shape Planets are spheres.
surface n ˈsɜːfəs, ˈsɜːfɪs the top layer of an area of water or land Dead leaves floated on the surface of the water.
hjuːˈmænəti, hjuː
humanity n ˈmænɪti people in general We want a clean healthy environment for all humanity.
WORDS
RELATED TO Part of
THE ARTS speech Pron Definition Example
an object made out of stone, wood, clay etc by
sculpture n ˈskʌlptʃə an artist a sculpture of an elephant
based on general ideas or principles rather than
abstract adj ˈæbstrækt specific examples or real events the ability to translate abstract ideas into words
describing something or someone in writing or
speech, or showing them in a painting, picture
depiction n dɪˈpɪkʃən etc a book depicting life in pre-revolutionary Russia
showing very clearly what someone thinks or
expressive adj ɪkˈspresɪv feels her wonderfully expressive eyes
a situation or experience that is surreal is very
strange and difficult to understand, like
surreal adj səˈrɪəl something from a dream surreal art
someone who works for an employer for a fixed
əˈprentəs, ə period of time in order to learn a particular skill
apprentice n ˈprentɪs or job She works in the hairdresser’s as an apprentice.
someone who produces beautiful writing using
calligrapher n kə ˈlɪɡ rəf ə special pens or brushes a famous Japanese calligrapher
an attitude that shows you think that someone
or their behaviour, ideas etc are bad or not
disapproval n ˌdɪsəˈpruːvəl suitable strong disapproval of the country’s human rights record
eccentric adj ɪkˈsentrɪk behaving in a way that is unusual and different his eccentric behaviour

17
 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
from most people
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
məˈtɪkjələs, mɪ very careful about small details, and always
meticulous adj ˈtɪkjələs making sure that everything is done correctly He kept meticulous accounts.
known and admired by a lot of people, especially
renowned adj rɪˈnaʊnd for a special skill, achievement, or quality an island renowned for its beauty
a period of time spent doing a particular job or
stint n stɪnt activity Mark did a two-year stint in the army.
honoured or respected because they are old,
venerated adj ˈvenəreɪtɪd holy, or connected with the past In some religions, the sun is an object of veneration.
determined to do well in a job, be successful, Alfred was intensely ambitious, obsessed with the idea of
ambitious adj æmˈbɪʃəs rich, powerful etc becoming rich.
something that seems similar between two
analogy n əˈnælədʒi situations, processes etc analogies between human and animal behaviour
kənˈtempərəri,
contemporary adj -pəri belonging to the present time an exhibition of contemporary Japanese prints
an occasion when you meet someone, or do
encounter n ɪnˈkaʊntə something with someone you do not know She didn’t remember our encounter last summer.
the way in which someone explains or
ɪnˌtɜːprəˈteɪʃən, ɪn understands an event, information, someone’s
interpretation n ˌtɜːprɪˈteɪʃən actions etc the artist's interpretation of her emotions
məˈnɪpjəleɪt, mə
manipulate v ˈnɪpjʊleɪt to use skill in moving or handling something the workmen manipulated the controls carefully
to sit or stand in a particular position in order to
be photographed or painted, or to make
pose v pəʊz someone do this We posed for photographs.

practitioner n prækˈtɪʃənə someone who regularly does a particular activity a practitioner of Buddhism
to completely change the appearance, form, or
character of something or someone, especially
transform v trænsˈfɔːm in a way that improves it Increased population has transformed the landscape.
uniqueness n ju ˈniːknəs being the only one of its kind Each person's fingerprints are unique.
decoration on an object that makes it look
ornamentation n ˌɔːnəmenˈteɪʃən attractive a bronze plate with gold ornamentation
perfection n pəˈfekʃən the state of being perfect My father expected perfection from all of us.
the correct or most suitable relationship
between size, shape or position of the different
proportions n prəˈpɔːʃənz parts of something Architects must learn about scale and proportion.
having one side the opposite in shape as the
symmetry n ˈsɪmətri, ˈsɪmɪtri other Squares and triangles have symmetry.

18
 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
if you can do something, you have the ablity to
ability n əˈbɪləti, əˈbɪlɪti do it the ability to walk
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
ˈkɒmpətənt, having enough skill or knowledge to do
competent adj ˈkɒmpɪtənt something to a satisfactory standard A competent mechanic should be able to fix the problem.
the tools, machines etc that you need to do a
equipment n ɪˈkwɪpmənt particular job or activity a shop selling camping equipment
relating to the most basic and important parts of
fundamental adj ˌfʌndəˈmentl something We have to tackle the fundamental cause of the problem.
to deliberately pay no attention to something You can’t ignore the fact that many criminals never go to
ignore v ɪɡˈnɔː that you have been told or that you know about prison.
one of the stages of a process of development
phase n feɪz or change a new drug that is in the experimental phase
a time when all the people in a play, concert etc
rehearsal n rɪˈhɜːsəl practise before a public performance a rehearsal for ‘Romeo and Juliet’
ˈtæləntəd,
talented adj ˈtæləntɪd having a natural ability to do something well a talented actor
the money that is available to an organization or
budget n ˈbʌdʒət, ˈbʌdʒɪt person, or a plan of how it will be spent a welfare program with a budget of $2 million

tremendously adv trəˈmendəsli very big, fast, powerful etc tremendously wealthy
a particular type of art, writing, music etc, which
has certain features that all examples of this
genre n ˈʒɒnrə type share a new genre of film-making
WORDS RELATED
TO FUTURE Part of
TECHNOLOGY speech Pron Definition Example
something that may be dangerous, or cause
hazard n ˈhæzəd accidents or problems Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife.
things that are indistinguishable are so similar that an artificial material that is almost indistinguishable from
indistinguishable adj ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəbəl you cannot see any difference between them real silk
speech
recognition n ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən the ability of a computer to recognise speech The software had speech recognition capabilities.
the size of something, especially when this is given
dimensions n daɪˈmenʃənz, də- as its length, height, and width We need to know the exact dimensions of the room.
emerge v ɪˈmɜːdʒ to appear or come out from somewhere The flowers emerge in the spring.
to have an important or noticeable effect on The Food Safety Act will progressively impact on the way
impact v ɪmˈpækt someone or something food businesses operate.
initial adj ɪˈnɪʃəl happening at the beginning an initial investment of £5000
if people interact with each other, they talk to each
interact v ˌɪntərˈækt other, work together etc Lucy interacts well with other children in the class.
19
 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
used by, involving, or relating to the army, navy,
military adj ˈmɪlətəri, ˈmɪlɪtəri airforce etc... involvement in the military is voluntary in most countries
nanometre n ˈnænəˌmit̮ ɚ a billionth of a metre it was only a few nanometres wide
to continue doing an activity or trying to achieve
pursue n pəˈsjuː something over a long period of time. She plans to pursue a career in politics.

20
 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
the gases, such as air, surrounding the Earth or
atmosphere n ˈætməsfɪə another planet Mars has only a thin atmosphere.
the natural ability, skill, or power that makes a
ˌkeɪpəˈbɪləti, machine, person, or organization able to do
capability n ˌkeɪpəˈbɪlɪti something, especially something difficult the country’s manufacturing capability
The customs official rummaged through the contents of
content n, c ˈkɒntent the things that are inside a box, bag, room etc his briefcase.
the information contained in a website, The graphics are brilliant. It's just a shame the content is
content n, uc ˈkɒntent smartphone app etc so poor.
based on scientific testing or practical experience,
empirical adj ɪmˈpɪrɪkəl not on ideas empirical evidence
a statement in mathematics that shows that two
equation n ɪˈkweɪʒən amounts or totals are equal In the equation 2x + 1 = 7, what is x?
part of a machine or a set of parts that does a
mechanism n ˈmekənɪzəm particular job the brake mechanism
rational thoughts, decisions etc are based on Parents need to be fully informed so they can make a
rational adj ˈræʃənəl reasons rather than emotions rational decision.
a machine with an engine that is used to take
people or things from one place to another, such
vehicle n ˈviːɪkəl as a car, bus, or truck a description of the stolen vehicle
the scientific study of how objects move through
aerodynamics n ˌeərəʊdaɪˈnæmɪks the air

aloft adj əˈlɒft high up in the air He emerged, holding a baby aloft.
an important job that involves travelling
somewhere, done by a member of the air force, He was sent on over 200 missions before being killed in
mission n ˈmɪʃən army etc, or by a spacecraft action.
a machine that has been sent into space and goes
around the Earth, Moon etc, used for radio,
satellite n ˈsætəlaɪt, ˈsætɪlaɪt television, and other electronic communication the launch of a communications and weather satellite
things that are simultaneous happen at exactly the The opera will be broadcast simultaneously on television
simultaneously adv ˌsɪməlˈteɪni‿əsli same time and radio.
relating to the outer part of the air surrounding the
stratospheric adj ˌstrætəˈsferɪk Earth stratospheric air travel
when one country watches the military etc
activities of another country to see what they are
surveillance n səˈveɪləns planning to do surveillance aircraft

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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
WORDS
RELATED TO
ASPECTS OF Part of
LIFE speech Pron Definition Example
an agreement that is achieved after everyone
involved accepts less than what they wanted at
compromise n ˈkɒmprəmaɪz first, or the act of making this agreement Compromise is an inevitable part of marriage.
Part of Example
speech Pron Definition
give someone the feeling that they do not know
despair v dɪˈspeə how to deal with you My teachers begain to despair of me.
a host of n həʊst a large number of a whole host of problems
inadvertent adj ˌɪnədˈvɜːtənt without realizing what you are doing inadvertent exposure to chemicals
to do something bad, extreme, or difficult because
you cannot think of any other way to deal with a
resort v rɪˈzɔːt problem Officials fear that extremists may resort to violence.
the way a surface or material feels when you touch
it, or the way that a particular type of food feels in
textures n ˈtekstʃəz your mouth This soup has a lovely creamy texture.
accepting something without criticising or
tolerant adj ˈtɒlərənt complaining Luckily, my parents were tolerant of my choice of music.
when people agree that an idea, statement,
acceptance n əkˈseptəns explanation etc is right or true the acceptance of Einstein's theory
additional adj əˈdɪʃənəl more than what was agreed or expected Additional information can be obtained from the centre.
to ask someone for a particular amount of money
charge v tʃɑːdʒ for something you are selling The hotel charges $125 a night.
if you divide something, or if something divides, it
divide v dəˈvaɪd, dɪˈvaɪd separates into two or more parts Scientists traditionally divide the oceans into zones.
to attract someone, or make them want to do
draw v drɔː something What first drew you to teaching?

levy n ˈlevi an additional sum of money, usually paid as a tax He wants to impose a levy on landfill waste.
someone who is malnourished is ill or weak
because they have not had enough good food to
malnourished adj ˌmælˈnʌrɪʃt eat malnourished children
ongoing adj ˈɒnˌɡəʊɪŋ continuing, or continuing to develop their ongoing search for a new director
Don't overeat at lunchtime as you won't eat your dinner
overeat v ˌəʊvərˈiːt to eat too much, or eat more than is healthy tonight.
an amount of food for one person at a meal; a part
of something larger, especially a part that is
portion n ˈpɔːʃən different from the other parts a huge portion of roast beef
reinforce v ˌriːənˈfɔːs, ˌriːɪn to give support to an opinion, idea, or feeling, and The film reinforces the idea that women should be pretty and
ˈfɔːs make it stronger dumb.
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 VOCABULARY FOR B2 LEVEL
Part of
speech Pron Definition Example
to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with
reject v rɪˈdʒekt something Sarah rejected her brother’s offer of help.
used to describe someone or something that has
so-called adj ˌsəʊ ˈkɔːld been given a name that you think is wrong The so-called experts couldn’t tell us what was wrong.
ˈstreŋθən, to make something stronger, or to become
strengthen v ˈstrenθən stronger Our friendship has steadily strengthened over the years.
ˈsʌpləmənt, something that you add to something else to
supplement n ˈsʌplɪmənt improve it or make it complete vitamins and other dietary supplements
to not cook something enough, so that it isn't tasty
undercook v ˌʌndəˈkʊk or isn't healthy Don't undercook the meat!
a course that students can choose to take, but they
elective n ɪˈlektɪv do not have to take it in order to graduate Which electives are you taking this semester?
a department or group of related departments
faculty n ˈfækəlti within a university the Faculty of Law
the main subject that a student studies at college
major n ˈmeɪdʒə or university Her major is history.
an attempt to end a disagreement by helping the
two sides to talk through the issues and find a
mediation n ˌmiːdiˈeɪʃən solution the groups ended up in mediation
a system of rules about the correct way to behave
protocol n ˈprəʊtəkɒl on an official occasion a breach of diplomatic protocol
a period of teaching and discussion with a tutor,
tutorial n tjuːˈtɔːriəl especially in a British university the tutorial system
a law that has been officially accepted by a
act n ækt parliament, congress etc an act of parliament
to get involved with other people and their ideas in Are you so tired that you don't have the energy to engage
engage v ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ order to understand them with your kids?
if you fulfill a hope, wish or aim, you achieve the Being deaf hasn't stopped Karen fulfilling her ambition to
fulfilling adj fʊlˈfɪlɪŋ thing that you hoped for, wishes for etc gain a PhD.

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