Th e Curr icu lum Ou tli ne of
Le mol ogy
(Temporary Edition)
Department of Lemology
Weifang Medical University
Teaching contents and time distribution (to see table 1)
Table 1 teaching contents and time distribution
(1 class hour = 40 minutes)
Chapter Content Theory Practice
(class hour) (class hour)
Chapter 1 Pandect
4 6
Chapter 2 Virus infection
26 14
Chapter 3 Rickettsiosis
4 2
Chapter 4 Bacterium Infection
16 8
Chapter 5 Leptospira Infection
2 2
Chapter 6 Protozoa Infection
4 2
Chapter 7 Worm Infection
4 2
Chapter 8 Case discussion
10
Chapter 9 Teaching film and VCD
2
Total
72 36
The Curriculum Outline of Lemology
2
Instruction to lemology
As we know, lemology is an important discipline of clinical
medicine. It emphasizes particularly on the investigation of etiology,
pathogenesis, clinical manifestation and diagnosis of contagious and
epidemic diseases. Consequently demands more effective prevention and
cure measures. It also provides a platform to learn and grasp knowledges
for other clinical courses.
Requirements and contents of theory teaching
Chapter 1 Pandect
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Master the manifestations of communicable course and basic agents of
epidemic course.
2.Master the basic characteristic, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
communicable diseases.
3.Know well the definition of infection, communicable diseases and
Lemology.
4.Know well the study extent of lemology and pathogenesis of
communicable diseases.
5.Understand the status in quo and achievements in treatment and
prevention of communicable diseases.
3
Time Distribution: 4class hours
Contents:
Section 1 Infection and Immunity
1.Emphasis on the definition of infection.
2.Introduction in details the manifestations of communicable course:
pathogen eradication, covert infection, overt infection, carrier state, latent
infection.
Section 2 Pathogenesis of Communicable Diseases.
1.General introduction the occurrence and development of communicable
diseases. Common characteristics: invasion pathway, colonization in
body, output pathway.
2.Emphasis on the pathogenesis of tissue injury: direct injury, toxin,
immunoreaction.
3.Emphasis on the impotant pathophysiological changes: fever,
metabolism disorder, water-electrolyte disorder, endocrine disturbance.
Section 3 The Epidemic Course and Influence Factors of
Communicable Diseases
1.Emphasis on the basic agents of epidemic course: source of infection,
route of transmission, susceptible person.
2.General introduction the influence factors: natural factors, social
factors.
Section 4 The Characteristics of Communicable Diseases
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1.Emphasis on the basic characteristics: pathogen, infectivity,
epidemiologic feature, postinfection immunity.
2.Introduction in details the clinical characteristics:
(1)The four periods: incubation period, prodromal period, period of
apparent manifestation, convalescent period.
(2)General symptoms and signs: fever, skin eruption, toxemic symptoms,
(3)Clinical types.
Section 5 The Diagnosis of Communicable Diseases
1.Emphasis on the contents and values of clinical data.
2.Emphasis on the significant status of epidemiologic data in the
diagnosis of communicable diseases.
3.Emphasis on the special significance of laboratory examinations in the
diagnosis of communicable diseases. Including general laboratory
examination, pathogen test, molecular biology test, immune test and
other test.
Section 6 The Treatment of Communicable Diseases
1.Emphasis on the treatment principles.
2.General introduction the treatment methods: general treatment,
supportive care, pathogen treatment and symptomatic treatment.
Section 7 The Prevention of Communicable Diseases
1.Emphasis on the management of source of infection.
2.General introduction the methods to cut off the route of transmission.
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3.General introduction the methods to protect the susceptible person.
Chapter 2 Virus Infection
Section 1 Viral Hepatitis
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Master the clinical manifestations,types,diagnosis,differential diagnosis
and treatment of viral hepatitis.
2.Know well the etiology,pathogenesis and pathophysiology of viral
hepatitis.
3.Know well the prevention of viral hepatitis.
4.Understand the Status in quo and epidemiologic feature.
Time Distribution: 4class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the overview.
2.Etiology:emphasis on the features of all types of hepatitis virus,
especially hepatitis A\B\C virus.
3.Epidemiology:general introduction the transmission route and
epidemiologic feature.
4.General introduction the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis A and B, and the
role of immunoreaction in viral hepatitis B.
5.General introduction the pathological feature of viral hepatitis.
6.Emphasis on the pathophysiology: jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy,
hemorrhage, hepato-renal syndrome, ascites.
6
7.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations.
8.General introduction the complications and prognosis.
9.Emphasis on the etiological diagnosis, clinical diagnosis and
differential diagnosis of viral hepatitis.
10.Emphasis on the treatment and prevention of viral hepatitis.
11. Case discussion: 2 class hours
Section 2 Varicella
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Master the clinical manifestation and treatment of varicella.
2.Know well the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of varicella.
Time Distribution: 1class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology:The feature of varicella-zoster virus.
2.Emphasis on the epidemiology:source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathological feature.
4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations: incubation stage,
prodromal stage (sudden nonspecific flu-like illness), eruptive
stage(characteristic rash).
5.Emphasis on the complications: meningitis, pneumonia, hepatitis and
carditis, etc.
6.General introduction the laboratory examinations.
7
7.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: clinical features ,
blood routine and specific examinations.
8.Emphasis on the treatment: supportive care, symptomatic treatment,
antiviral treatment.
Section 3 Epidemic Encephalitis B
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Master the diagnosis and treatment of epidemic encephalitis B.
2.Know well the pathogenesis and pathological features of epidemic
encephalitis B.
3.Understand the etiology and epidemiologic features.
Time Distribution: 4class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology: the features and resistances of
encephalitis B virus.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations: including each stage
and all clinical types.
5.General introduction the complications and sequela.
6.Emphasis on the laboratory examinations:
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Tentative diagnosis(1)Antibody titer: HI, IFA, CF, ELISA.(2)JE-specific
IgM in serum or CSF.
Definitive diagnosis(virus isolation: CSF sample, brain).
7.Introduction in details the diagnosis and differential diagnosis:
epidemiologic data, clinical features and laboratory examinations.
8.General introduction the prognosis: influence factors and death causes.
9.Emphasis on the treatment: no specific treatment(supportive care).
10.General introduction the prevention measures.
11. Case discussion: 2 class hours
Section 4 Rabies
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Master the clinical manifestation of rabies in different course.
2.Know well the pathogenesis, diagnosis , differential diagnosis and
treatment.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology: the feature of rabies virus(wild virus
and fixed virus).
2.Emphasis on the epidemiology: source of infection(wild animals with
rabies virus infected ),route of transmission(bite),susceptible person(all
persons).
3.General introduction the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
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4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations: incubation stage,
prodromal stage, furious period and paralytic period.
5.Emphasis on the laboratory examinations: general test(blood routine
and CSF), serological test and pathogen test(Negri body).
6.Introduction in details the diagnosis and differential diagnosis:history of
biting,clinical features and specific examinations.Viral meningitis,tetanus
and poliomyelitis should be distinguished.
7.Prognosis: the mortality will be 100%.
8.General introduction the treatment: no effective etiological treatment.
9.Emphasis on prophylaxis: wound care, immunization and so on.
Section 5 Influenza
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Master the influenza virus’ s types, variance, pandemic feature and
clinical manifestation.
2.Know well the prophylaxis and treatment.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.Emphasis on the influenza virus’s types and variance.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection(patients),
route of transmission(saliva by sneezing and coughing), susceptible
person.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathological feature.
10
4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations: incubation stage,
typical clinical features or pneumonia.
5.General introduction the laboratory examination: isolation of influenza
virus.
6.General introduction the complications.
7.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
8. Emphasis on prophylaxis and the treatment: avoiding contact with an
infected person, antiviral agent and symptomatic care.
Section 6 SARS
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Understand the etiology and epidemiology.
2.Know well the pathogenesis, pathological feature and prophylaxis.
3.Master the clinical manifestations and treatment.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.Definition.
2.General introduction the etiology: the structure, characteristic and
resistance of SARS virus.
3.Emphasis on the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person.
4.General introduction the pathogenesis and pathological feature.
11
5.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations: incubation stage,
typical clinical feature(fever and severe acute respiratory syndrome
) or no evident positive signs.
6.General introduction the laboratory examination: general test(blood
routine),pathogen test, and radiology.
7.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
8.Emphasis on the treatments: antiviral agent, symptomatic care, immune
therapy, adrenal steroid and so on.
9.Emphasis on prophylaxis.
10. Case discussion: 1 class hours
Section 7 Mumps
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Master the typical clinical manifestations and complications.
2.Know well the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment.
Time Distribution: 1class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology: the characteristic of mumps virus.
2.Emphasis on the epidemiology: the epidemiologic feature .Source of
infection, route of transmission, susceptible person.
3.General introduction the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations: incubation stage,
overall infectious symptoms (prodrome of fever, headache, muscle pain
12
and malaise, followed by swelling and pain in the parotid glands, can
have erythema and swelling of Stensen’s duct).
5.Introduction in details the complications: meningoencephalomyelitis
,orchitis , oophoritits and pancreatitis,etc.
6.General introduction the laboratory examinations: viral culture of
saliva, throat, blood, urine or CSF, elevation of serum amylase, ELISA
for IgM and IgG antibodies.
7.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis. It should be
distinguished from tooth infection, cervical adenitis, CMV, enterovirus,
coxsackie virus, salivary calculus, leukemia, HIV and so on.
8.Prognosis: mostly good.
9. Emphasis on the treatment: supportive care.
Section 8 measles
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Master the typical clinical manifestations and complications.
2.Master the diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
3.Know well the epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathological feature.
4.Understand the etiology.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology: the characteristic and resistance of
measles virus.
13
2.Emphasis on the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person, the epidemiologic feature.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathological feature.
4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations: incubation stage, the
clinical manifestations of typical measles and nontypical measles.
5.Introduction in details the complications: pneumonia, carditis,
encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
6.Emphasis on the laboratory examinations: rise in IgM antibody titers,
multinucleated cells in nasal mucosal smears during prodromal stage.
7.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: the epidemiologic
data and typical clinical manifestations. It should be distinguished from
rubella, scarlet fever, drug rash and so on.
8.General introduction the prognosis.
9.Introduction in details the treatments: supportive care, prevention and
treatment of complications.
10.Emphasis on the prevention.
Section 9 Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Master the pathogenesis and pathological feature.
2.Master the clinical manifestations and early diagnosis.
3.Know well the differential diagnosis with other diseases.
4.Master the treatment principles and the time to apply these treatments.
14
Time Distribution: 4class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology: the overview, conformation,
serological types.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person, immunity, the epidemiologic feature.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations: incubation stage, the
symptoms and signs of five stages(febrile phase, hypotensive phase,
oliguric phase, diuretic phase and convalescent phase),the clinical types.
5.Emphasis on the laboratory examinations: blood routine, urine routine,
blood biochemistry tests and immune tests.
6.Emphasis on the complications.
7.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: the epidemiologic
data , typical clinical manifestations and laboratory findings.
8.Emphasis on the treatments: the treatment principles.
9.Introduction in details the treatment: supportive care, prevention and
treatment of complications.
10.General introduction the prevention.
11. Case discussion: 2 class hours
Section 10 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Purposes and Requirements:
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1.Master the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of AIDS.
2.Know well the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
3.Understand the etiology. Know well the epidemiology.
4.Understand the treatment principles . Master the prevention.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology.
2.Emphasis on the epidemiology.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathological feature: cellular
immune dysfunction, host immunosuppression, opportunistic infections,
neoplasmas, and other life-theatening manifestations.
4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations: incubation stage,
acute infection, asymptomatic infection, persistent generalized
lymphadenopathy, symptomatic AIDS disease.
5.Emphasis on the laboratory examinations: blood routine, immune
tests, pathogen tests, other examinations.
6.Emphasis on the diagnosis: the epidemiologic history, clinical
manifestations, evidences in laboratory, special examinations.
7.General introduction the treatments: general treatment, antiretroviral
therapy, immune therapy and gene therapy, treatment for opportunistic
infections.
16
8.Emphasis on the prevention: control sources infection, protect
susceptible population, block routes of transmission.
Section 11 Poliomyelitis
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Master the clinical manifestations.
2.Master the diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
3.Know well the pathogenesis.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the overview: definition, achievements in
treatment and prevention.
2.General introduction the etiology: the characteristics of virus, the
relationship with other enteroviruses.
3.Emphasis on the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person, immunity, the epidemiologic feature.
4.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
5.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations.
6.General introduction the complications.
7.Emphasis on the laboratory examinations: cerebrospinal fluid routine,
virus isolation, serology test.
8.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
9.Emphasis on the treatments.
17
10.Introduction in details the prevention measures: oral poliovirus
vaccine, intramuscular poliovirus vaccine.
Chapter 3 Rickettsiosis
Section 1 Epidemic Typhus
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Understand the etiology and epidemiologic feature.
2.Understand the pathogenesis and pathological changes.
3.Master the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
4.Know well the treatment.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology: the characteristic of Rickettsia
prowazeki.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person and the epidemiologic feature.
3.General introduction the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations, clinical types and
complications.
5.Emphasis on the laboratory examinations: blood routine, serology test,
pathogen isolation.
6.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
7.Emphasis on the treatments: pathogen treatment and supportive care.
18
8.General introduction the prevention measures: proper hygiene, to
exterminate the pediculus.
Section 2 Endemic Typhus
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Understand the differentiation of Rickettsia prowazeki and Rickettsia
mooseri.
2.Know well the similarities and differences of endemic typhus and
epidemic typhus.
Time Distribution: 1class hours
Contents:
Emphasis on the similarities and differences of endemic typhus and
epidemic typhus in etiology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics,
treatment and prevention(reference to epidemic typhus).
Section 3 Tsutsugamushi Disease
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Master the diagnosis.
2.Know well the pathogen treatment.
Time Distribution: 1class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology: orientia tsutsugamushi.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person and the epidemiologic feature.
19
3.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations.
4.Emphasis on the laboratory examinations: blood routine, serology test ,
pathogen isolation.
5.Emphasis on the diagnosis: the epidemiologic data, clinical features,
and evidences in laboratory.
6.Introduction in details the treatments: pathogen treatment and
supportive care.
7.General introduction the prevention measures.
Chapter 4 Bacterium Infection
Section 1 Scarlet Fever
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Understand the etiology, epidemiology and prevention.
2.Master the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment.
Time Distribution: 1class hours
Contents:
1.Overview.
2.General introduction the etiology: group A-βhemolytic streptococcus.
3.Emphasis on the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person , immunity and the epidemiologic
feature.
4.General introduction the pathogenesis and pathological changes.
20
5.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations: incubation period,
prodromal period, eruption period, convalescent period. Clinical types.
6.Emphasis on the complications.
7.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
8.Introduction in details the treatments: general treatment, pathogen
treatment and complication treatment.
9.General introduction the prevention measures: control sources
infection, protect susceptible population, block routes of transmission.
Section 2 Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Understand the etiology , epidemiologic feature.
2.Know well the pathogenesis and pathological changes.
3.Master the diagnosis , differential diagnosis and treatments.
Time Distribution: 4class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology: the characteristics and types of
neisseria meningitidis.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person , immunity and the epidemiologic
feature.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
21
4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations and clinical
characteristics.
5.General introduction the complications and sequelas.
6.Emphasis on the laboratory examinations: blood routine, cerebrospinal
fluid test, bacterium test and immune test.
7.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: the epidemiologic
data, clinical features, and evidences in laboratory.
8.Introduction in details the treatments: general treatment, pathogen
treatment and complication treatment.
9.General introduction the prevention measures: control sources
infection, protect susceptible population, block routes of transmission.
10. Case discussion: 1 class hours
Section 3 Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Know well the etiology, pathogenesis and pathological changes.
2.Master the diagnosis,the significance of widal reaction and
complications.
3.Master the pathogen treatment and complication treatment.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.Emphasis on the etiology.
22
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person, immunity and the epidemiologic
feature.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations and clinical
characteristics: incubation period, prodromal period, period of apparent
manifestation, remission period, convalescent period, relapse and
recrudescence.
5.Introduction in details the laboratory examinations: blood routine,
culture of S.typhi(blood, bone marrow, stool, urine, bile, rose spot), the
significance of widal reaction.
6.Emphasis on the complications: intestinal bleeding, intestinal
perforation, hemolysis uremia syndrome, toxic hepatitis, toxic
myocarditis, brochitis and bronchopneumonia.
7.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: the epidemiologic
data, clinical features, and evidences in laboratory.
8.Emphasis on the treatments: general treatment and nursing, anti-
bacterial therapy and the treatment of major complications.
9.General introduction the prevention.
Section 4 Bacillary Dysentery
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Understand the types and characteristics of genus shigellae.
23
2.Know well the etiology.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: pathogenesis.
3.Master the diagnosis and treatment .
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person, immunity and the epidemiologic
feature.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations and clinical
characteristics: acute bacillary dysentery and chronic bacillary dysentery.
5.Emphasis on the laboratory examinations: blood routine, stool test,
pathogen test, immune test.
6.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis.
7.Emphasis on the treatments and prevention.
8.General introduction the difference between bacillary dysentery and
typhoid fever.
Section 5 Cholera
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Know well the etiology, epidemiology and pathogenesis.
2.Master the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment.
24
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.Emphasis on the etiology: Vibrio cholerae’s biotypes and biologic
features.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person, immunity and the epidemiologic
features.
3.Emphasis on the nosogenesis of vibrio cholerae and pathoanatomy
characteristic.
4.Introduction in details the clinical manifestations and different clinical
course features.
5.Emphasis on the laboratory examinations: blood routine, urine and stool
test, pathogen test and vibrio cholerae cultured.
6.General introduction the complications.
7.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: understand the
importance of epidemiology, clinical manifestations and the significance
of various laboratory tests in the diagnosis of this disease. The disease
should be distinguished from bacillary dysentery, bacterial food
poisoning and so on.
8.Emphasis on the treatments: general treatment, anti-bacterial therapy
and the treatment of major complications.
9.General introduction the prevention.
25
10. Case discussion: 1 class hours
Section 6 Bacterial Food Poisoning
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Master the different clinical types’ features.
2.Know well the treatments.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the definition and classifications.
2.General introduction several nosogenetic germs (salmonella, E coli and
so on).
3.General introduction the epidemiology. Emphasis on the epidemiologic
features. pathoanatomy characteristic.
4.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy..
5.Introduction in details different clinical manifestations and laboratory
examinations. General introduction the differential diagnosis.
6.Emphasis on the treatment and prevention.
Section 7 Pertussis
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Understand the etiology, epidemiology,pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
2.Master the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment.
3.Know well the prevention.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
26
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology: bordetella pertussis’s biologic
features.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person and immunity.
3.General introduction the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
4.Introduction in details clinical manifestations: catarrhal stage(cough,
coryza and conjunctivitis), paroxysmal stage(coughing spasms with an
inspiratory whoop, post-tussive emesis, cyanosis, sweating, facial
petechiae) and convalescent recovery(decreasing frequency of
symptoms).
5.Emphasis on the complications: pneumonia,atelectasis,otitis media,
apnea, seizures, pneumothorax, encephalopathy, death.
6.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: diagnosis was
always made by history (especially incomplete vaccinations),
leukocytosis, respiratory culture or direct fluorescent antibody test. The
disease should be distinguished from bacterial, chlamydial, tuberculous
or viral pneumonia and so on.
7.Introduction in details the treatments: supportive care, hospitalization
for patients at risk for severe disease and erythromycin shortens period of
communicability were all required.
8.General introduction the prevention.
27
Section 8 Brucellosis
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Know well the pathogenesis.
2.Master the diagnosis and treatment.
Time Distribution: 1class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology: Brucella’s biologic features.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy: cyclical fever’s
origin and so on.
4.Introduction in details clinical manifestations: incubation stage, acute
stage and chronic stage.
5.Introduction in details the diagnosis and differential diagnosis:
diagnosis was always made by history, isolation of organism(blood, bone
marrow, other tissues), serum agglutination test and immunofluorescence
of organism in clinical specimen. The disease should be distinguished
from rheumatic fever, tuberculosis and so on.
6.Emphasis on the treatment and prevention: combination therapy has the
best efficacy. CNS cases should be treated for 6-9 months, the same for
endocarditis cases plus surgical replacement of valve.
28
Chapter 5 Leptospira Infection
Section 1 Leptospirosis
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Understand the etiology and epidemiology.
2.Know well the pathogenesis.
3.Master the diagnosis and treatment.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology: leptospires’ morphology and
classfication.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection (apodemus,
agarius, pigs, dogs and humans), route of transmission(exposure to the
contaminated water and soil, ingest the contaminated water and food or
direct contact with infected animal tissues and organs), susceptible
person.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy: infectious-toxic
lesion of the systemic capillary was typical.
4.Introduction in details the different clinical manifestations: type of mild
hemorrhage, type of severe hemorrhage, type of ieterohemorrhage, type
of meningitis and encephalitis and type of renal failure.
5.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: diagnosis was
always made by informations of epidemiology, clinical feature and data
29
of laboratory(examination of peripheral blood, blood culture and
microscopic agglutination test). The disease should be distinguished from
typhoid fever, tuberculosis and so on.
6.Emphasis on the treatment: etiologic treatment, symptomatic treatment,
treatment of pulmonary hemorrhage or treatment of type of
icterohemorrhage.
7.General introduction prevention.
Chapter 6 Protozoa Infection
Section 1 Amebiasis
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Understand the morphology and virulence of entamoeba histolytica.
2.Know well the pathogenesis.
3.Master the diagnosis, complications and treatment.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
(一 )Intesfinal Amebiasis
1.General introduction the etiology: cyst or trophozoite’ morphology and
resistant power.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy: blood in stool,
recruitment of inflammatory cells to lesion, invasion of colonic
30
mucosa/lysis of mucosal epithelium, thickening of mucosa and so on.
4.Introduction in details different clinical course manifestation.
5.Emphasis on the complications: intestinal haemorrhage or perforation ,
appendicitis and so on.
6.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: diagnosis was
always made by information of multiple stool specimens(characteristic
cyst in stool, trophozoites containing blood cells, anti-amebic antibodies
(Immuno-assays) and antigen detection in feces).The disease should be
distinguished from typhoid fever, tuberculosis and so on.
7.Emphasis on the treatment: etiologic treatment and complications
treatment.
(二 )Hepatic Amebiasis
1.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy: amebic liver abscess
can occur in asymptomatic individuals.
2.Introduction in details clinical course manifestation: fever, liver pain,
liver abscess and so on.
3.Emphasis on the complications.
4.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: diagnosis was
always made by information of history, ultrasonic exam, liver biopsy. The
disease should be distinguished from bacterial liver abscess, liver cancer
and so on.
5.Emphasis on the treatment: etiologic treatment and complications
31
treatment.
Section 2 Malaria
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Know well plasmodium’s life cycle and the pathogenesis.
2.Master the diagnosis and treatment.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.Introduction in details plasmodium’s life cycle and the etiology.
2.General introduction the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy: the species and
amounts are determining factors. Basic pathogenesis was the
microvascular congestion.
4.Introduction in details the different clinical manifestations: cerebral
malaria, black water fever, gastroenteritis, pulmonary edema, transfusion
malaria and so on.
5.Emphasis on complications: black water fever and nephritis.
6.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: diagnosis was
always made by finding plasmodium. The disease should be distinguished
from typhoid & paratyphoid fever, septicemia and so on.
7.Emphasis on the treatments: extermination the plasmodium in
erythrocytic phase to control episode, extermination the plasmodium in
32
exoerythrocytic stage to prevent relapse, extermination the gametophyte
to prevent transmission.
8.General introduction prevention.
Chapter 7 Worm Infection
Section 1 Schistosomiasis Japonica
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Know well S. japonica’s life cycle, the epidemiology, pathogenesis and
pathoanatomy.
2.Master the clinical manifestations.
3.Know well the treatment.
Time Distribution: 2class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction S. japonica’s life cycle.
2.Emphasis on the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy: cercarial dermatitis,
serum sickness-like syndrome, egg granulomas, splenomegaly, ascites
and so on.
4.Introduction in details the different clinical manifestations according to
the acute schistosomiasis and chronic schistosomiasis.
5.Introduction in details the complications: hepatic encephalopathy,
infection and so on.
33
6.Emphasis on the laboratory examinations: general test(blood routine
and hepatic function), radialization exam and pathogen test.
7.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: diagnosis was
always made by information of history, pathogen test, radialization exam
.The disease should be distinguished from typhoid & paratyphoid fever,
amebic liver abscess and so on.
8.Introduction in details the treatment: etiologic treatment, general
treatment and complications treatment.
9.General introduction prevention.
Section 2 Cysticercosis
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Understand cysticercus’s life cycle and the morphology.
2. Know well the epidemiology.
3. Master the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment.
Time Distribution: 1class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the cysticercus’s life cycle and the morphology.
2.Emphasis on the epidemiology: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person.
3.Emphasis on the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy: brain, eye and other
infectious position.
4.Introduction in details different clinical manifestations.
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5.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: diagnosis was
always made by information of history, pathogen test, tissue biopsy and
radialization exam. The disease should be distinguished from falling
sickness, other encephalitis and so on.
6.Introduction in details the treatment: etiologic treatment, general
treatment and surgical treatment.
7.General introduction prevention.
Section 3 Lung Fluke Infection
Purposes and Requirements:
1.Know well the epidemiology.
2.Master the clinical manifestations and diagnosis.
3.Understand the treatment.
Time Distribution:1class hours
Contents:
1.General introduction the etiology: paragonimus’s life cycle and the
morphology.
2.Emphasis on the epidemic features: source of infection, route of
transmission, susceptible person, distributing positions and so on.
3.General introduction the pathogenesis and pathoanatomy.
4.Introduction in details different clinical manifestations: latent period,
systemic symptoms and pulmonary symptoms.
5.General introduction the laboratory examinations: general test(blood
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routine), biopsy, radialization exam, and immune test.
6.Emphasis on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis: diagnosis was
always made by information of history, pathogen test, tissue biopsy and
radialization exam. The disease should be distinguished from tuberculosis
tubercular peritonitis and so on.
7.General introduction the treatment: etiologic treatment, general
treatment and surgical treatment.
8.General introduction prevention.
9. Case discussion: 1 class hours
(Written by Liqun ＆ Qili)
Reference Books
Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious
Diseases. Fifth Edition. Science Press, Harcourt Asia Churchill
Livingstone,2001.
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