PAPER - I Questions (2011-23) copy

PAPER - I
Social Cultural Anthropology

Basic Anthropology

1.1 Meaning, scope and development of Anthropology.

1. Critically examine the role of Anthropology in contemporary India (15) 2014

2. Define Anthropology. Describe major branches of Anthropology elaborating on any one of its
branch (20) 2017
3.The relevance of anthropology (10) 2018
4.Elaborate the scope of anthropology and elucidate its uniqueness in the field of other social
sciences. (20) 2021

5.”Anthropology is the systemic, objective and holistic study of study of human kind in all
times and places”. Elaborate (20) 2023

1.2 Relationships with other disciplines: Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences, Life Sciences,
Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities.

1. How do you situate Anthropology in Social Sciences. (10) 2013

2. Differentiate between Economics and Economic Anthropology (10) 2013
3. Difference between Social Anthropology and Sociology (10) 2016

1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance:

(a) Social- cultural Anthropology.
(b) Biological Anthropology.
(c) Archaeological Anthropology.
(d) Linguistic Anthropology.

1. Linguistic Anthropology (10) 2013

2. Major Sub-divisions of Anthropology (10) 2014
3. Archaeological Anthropology (10) 2015
4.Give an account of field methods used in the study of archaelogical anthropology. (15) 2018
5.The relationship between linguistics and social-cultural anthropology (10) 2019
6.How can synergising the core branches of anthropology reinvigorate the holistic spirit of the
discipline? (20) 2020
7."The bio-cultural approach is the hallmark of biological anthropology". Explain (10) 2021
8.Scope and relevance of Social and Cultural Anthropolgy(10) 2023
9.

Sociology Basics: Society and Culture

2.1 The Nature of Culture: The concept and characteristics of culture and civilization; Ethnocentrism
vis cultural Relativism.

1. Why the concept of Cultural Relativism been so dear to Anthropologists? (20) 2013
2. Bring out the distinguishing features between culture and civilization (15) 2013
3. Is culture unique to human beings? Critically examine (15)2014
4. Cultural Relativism (10) 2016
5. Discuss the development of concept of culture in Anthropology (20) 2017
6. Cultural Relativism (10) 2019
7. Human rights and Cultural Relativism (10) 2020
8. Discuss the historical and cultural contexts that that led to superseding ethnocentrism
with cultural relativism in anthropology(20) 2022
9. William Ogburn and Cultural Lag (10) 2023

2.2 The Nature of Society: Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social Institutions; Social
groups; and Social stratification.

1. What are the bases of social stratification? Discuss with examples (20) 2012
2. Explain the concept of 'Status' and 'Role' in Anthropology (20) 2012
3. Define Status and Role. Distinguish between Ascribed Status and Achieved Status. (15) 2014
4. Society and Culture (10) 2015
5. Discuss Social stratification according to any three major approaches. (20) 2019
6.Discuss Erving Goffman's concept of total institutions and its relevance in contemporary
society. (15)2020
7.Critically evaluate different types of social stratifications with suitable examples. (20) 2021
8.Radcliffe-Brown’s ideas on status,role and institution (10) 2022
Institutions

2.3 Marriage: Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy, hypergamy,
hypogamy, incest taboo); Types of marriage (monogamy, polygamy, polyandry, group marriage).
Functions of marriage; Marriage regulations (preferential, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage
payments (bride wealth and dowry).

1. Ways of acquiring a spouse in simple societies (12) 2012

2. Where do you situate 'live-in relationship' in the institution of marriage? (15) 2013
3. Define marriage and describe various types of marriage in human societies (15) 2014
4. Incest Taboo (10) 2015
5. Discuss the different forms of preferential marriage with suitable examples from tribal societies in
India (15) 2017
6. Ways of acquiring mate in tribal societies. (10)2018
7. Explain the impact of feminist movement on universality of marriage and family structure. (20)
2020
8. How do marriage rules impact the gene pool of populations? (15)2020
9.Marriage regulations and alliance theory (10) 2021

10.discuss the role of marriage regulations in traditional societies in

India for strengthening social solidarity.(20) 2023

2.4 Family: Definition and universality; Family, household and domestic groups; functions of family;
Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood relation, marriage, residence and
succession); Impact of urbanization, industrialization and feminist movements on family.

1. Is Family a social institution? (12) 2012

2. Discuss the impact of feminist movement and urbanization on family. (20) 2013
3. Define Family and critically examine the universality of family (15) 2015
4. Discuss the impact of urbanization and feminist movements on family in India (20) 2016
5. Household and domestic group (10) 2022

2.5 Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal, Double, Bilateral,
Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry, moiety and kindred); Kinship
terminology (descriptive and classificatory); Descent, Filiation and Complimentary Filiation; Descent
and Alliance.

1. Describe the types of kinship groups formed on the basis of different principles (20) 2012
2. Various types of Descent (10) 2013
3. Double Descent (10) 2014
4. Lineage and Clan (10) 2016
5. Describe the cardinal points of Descent and Alliance theories (20) 2016
6. Bilinealand Bilateral Descent (10) 2017
7. Elucidate the determinants of Kinship terminologies (15) 2017
8.Kinship Terminology (10) 2018
9.Marriage regulations and alliance theory (10)2021
10.Descent groups (10) 2021

10. Discuss how rules of Descent contradict the

principles of residence in matrilineal society,
mentioning suitable examples.(15) 2022
11.critically discuss AL Kroeber’s contribution
to kinship studies.(15) 2023

3. Economic organization: Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthropology; Formalist and
Substantivist debate; Principles governing production, distribution and exchange (reciprocity,
redistribution and market), in communities, subsisting on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening,
pastoralism, horticulture, and agriculture; globalization and indigenous economic systems.

1. Critically examine the debate between Formalists and Substantivists. (30) 2011
2. Discuss different modes of exchange in simple societies with suitable examples (30) 2011
3. Discuss the impact of globalization on tribal economy (20) 2013
4. Horticulture (10) 2015
5. Critically examine the Formalists' and Substantivists' views on the applicability of economic law in
the study of primitive societies (20) 2015
6. Discuss the principles governing production, distribution and exchange in simple societies
(20) 2016
7. With the help of appropriate examples, explain the various forms of exchange system (15) 2017
8. Write the characteristics of hunting and gathering economy. (15) 2018
9. Pastoralism in India (10) 2019
10. Discuss how indigeneous people encounter globalisation. (15) 2019
11. How is the construct of power linked to conspicuous consumption and its impact on distributive
justice ? (15) 2020
12. Critically examine the demographic and epidemiological consequences with rise in food
production and sedentism. (15)2020
13. Modes of subsistence (10) 2021
14. Discuss the impact of globalization on the economic systems of indigenous communities(15)
2023
15. Debate between formalist and substantivist approaches(10) 2023

4. Political organization and Social Control: Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom and state; concepts of
power, authority and legitimacy; social control, law and justice in simple societies.
1. Band and Tribal societies (12) 2012
2. Discuss the nature of Law and Justice in simple societies citing examples (20) 2014
3. Differentiate between State and Stateless societies (10) 2014
4. Discuss different social control mechanism in simple societies (15) 2016
5. Mention the characteristic features of Band with suitable examples (15) 2017
6.How does customary law function in tribal society? Discuss its different sources (15) 2018
7.How is the construct of power linked to conspicuous consumption and its impact on distributive
justice ? (15) 2020
8.How do political organisations of simple societies establish power, authority and legitimacy? (20)
2021
9.Mechanisms of social control in different political systems(20) 2022
9.Customary laws and environmental conservation (10) 2023

5. Religion: Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary, psychological and

functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and profane; myths and rituals; forms of religion in
tribal and peasant societies (animism, animatism, fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion, magic
and science distinguished; magico- religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medicine man, sorcerer
and witch).

1. Explain various anthropological approaches to study religion (30) 2011

2. Distinguish between Religion, Magic and Science (20) 2012
3. Totemism (10) 2013
4. How does taboo serve as a means of social control? (15) 2013
5. What is understood by Rites of Passage? Describe the various phases of the 'Rites of Passage'
and their significance (20) 2014
6. How do you relate the concepts of 'Sacred' and 'Profane' in Durkheim's theory of religion with a
focus on the role of totem (15) 2015
7. Totemism (10) 2016
8. Critically examine different Anthropological approaches to Religion (15) 2016
9. Difference between Religion and Magic (10) 2017
10. Discuss the different traditional forms of religion in tribal societies (20) 2017
11. Difference between science and magic (10) 2018
12. Critically explain the anthropological approaches to religion. (15) 2019
13. Animism and deep ecology (10) 2021
14. Shaman, sorcerer and medicine man (10) 2022
15. How did Clifford Geertz look at religion? Differentiate between anthropological and
psychological approaches to the study of religion (15) 2023
Anthropological Theories

6 . Anthropological theories: (a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer) (b) Historical
particularism (Boas); Diffusionism (British, German and American) (c) Functionalism (Malinowski);
Structural- functionlism (RadcliffeBrown) (d) Structuralism (L'evi - Strauss and E. Leach) (e) Culture
and personality (Benedict, Mead, Linton, Kardiner and Cora - du Bois). (f) Neo - evolutionism
(Childe, White, Steward, Sahlins and Service) (g) Cultural materialism (Harris) (h) Symbolic and
interpretive theories (Turner, Schneider and Geertz) (i) Cognitive theories (Tyler, Conklin) (j) Post-
modernism in anthropology
1. Cultural Materialism (15) 2011
2. Critically examine the contributions of Anthropologists in the interpretation of symbols (30) 2011
3. Post-modernism in Anthropology (12) 2012
4. In what ways Functionalism is different from Structural Functionalism (20) 2013
5. Bring out the contribution of Turner and Geertz in symbolic and interpretative theories of
Anthropology (15) 2013
6. What is functionalism? Discuss the functional approach to understanding of religion (20) 2014
7. Historical Particularism (10) 2015
8. How did Morgan explain the evolution of marriage, family and Socio-Political organization, and
how did other evolutionist disagree with his explanation (20) 2015
9. How do diffusionism and evolutionism differ as explanations of cultural change? (15) 2015
10. Explain the features of 'Post-Modernism' in Anthropology (20) 2015
11. What made Geertz Interpretive Anthropology different from Turner's Symbolic Anthropology?
What does each of them mean by the terms 'Symbol' and Symbolic? (20) 2015
12. Functionalism (10) 2016
13. According to Geertz, how does the cock-fight reveal aspects of Balinese Cultures? (15) 2016
14. How do the concept of Binary opposition and exchange figure in Levi Strauss' structural analysis
of kinship? (15) 2016
15. Basic tenets of structural-functionalism (10) 2017
16. Explain Ruth Benedict's patterns of culture (20) 2017
17. Critically examine the Stewardian view of Neo-evolutionism (15) 2017
18. What do you understand by National Character Study? Illustrate the concept. (15) 2018
19. Gordon Childe's theory of cultural evolution (10) 2018
20. Cultural Materialism (10) 2019
21. How did Radcliffe Brown and Levi Strauss study kinship in terms of social structure? (15)
2019

22. Examine critically the contributions of Victor Turner and Clifford Geertz in anthropology. (20)
2019
23. Victor Turner & Liminality (10) 2020
24. Discuss various anthropological approaches to study of personality and culture. (20) 2020
25. Historical particularism and Franz Boas (10) 2021
26. Elucidate the concept of "thick description " of Clifford Geertz with a suitable example. (15)
2021
27. Critically evaluate Lewis Morgan's classification of family. (15) 2021
28. Explain the structural analysis of kinship as proposed by Levi-strauss
29. Critically examine various anthropolical interpretations about the Kula Ring.(15) 2022
30. Discuss the approaches of Leslie white, Julian Steward and Marshall Sahlins in the light of
cultural evolution. (15) 2022
29. Discuss the controversies related to fieldwork of Branislaw Malinowski and Margaret
Mea(20) 2023

31. Discuss the political and methodological aspects of national character studies.
Elucidate the contemporary relevance of such studies.(15) 2023
Linguistic Anthropology

7. Culture, language and communication: Nature, origin and characteristics of language; verbal and
non-verbal communication; social context of language use.

1. Explain the difference between emic and etic, and how does the difference derive from the study
of language? (10) 2015
2. Non-verbal communication (10) 2017
3. Critically examine that the structure and content of language are influenced by culture. (15)
2018
4. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (10) 2020
5. Explain how variations in language usage is related to social inequality. (20) 2020
6.Mention the various branches of linguistic anthropology and discuss language use in social
and cultural settings. (15) 2021

7.Glottochronolgy(10) 2023

Research Methods

8. Research methods in anthropology: (a) Fieldwork tradition in anthropology (b) Distinction

between technique, method and methodology (c) Tools of data collection: observation, interview,
schedules, questionnaire, Case study, genealogy, life-history, oral history, secondary sources of
information, participatory methods. (d) Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.

1. Fieldwork Tradition in Anthropology (15) 2011

2. What are the tools of data collection? Discuss the advantages and limitations of participant
observation as a technique of data collection (20) 2012
3. Discuss the relevance of Case Study method in data collection (20) 2013
4. Genealogical Method (10) 2014
5. Fieldwork Tradition in Anthropology (10) 2014
6. Describe the evolution of Fieldwork in Anthropology (15) 2016
7. Questionnaire (10) 2017
8. Elucidate the basic characteristics of Anthropological fieldwork methods (15) 2017
9.Define ethnography and present a brief history of ethnographic studies. (20) 2018
10.How is case study method helpful in understanding a social phenomena? Explain with
suitable example. (20) 2018
11.Evaluate participant observation in producing anthropological knowledge (15) 2019
12.Discuss phenomenology as a research method in anthropological studies. (15) 2019
13.Experiential ethnography (10) 2020
14. How have interpretation and presentation of data changed from classical to contemporary
writings in anthropological texts? (15)2020
15. Discuss various tools of data collection in conducting anthropological research. (20) 2021
16. Participatory Rural Appraisal and Participatory Learning and Action(PLA) (10) 2022
17. What is historical development of fieldwork tradition in anthropology till recent times.(15) 2022
18. Describe the various methods of qualitative data analysis. Highlight some popular computer
softwares used in qualitative analysis. (20) 2023
Physical Anthropology

Evolution

1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man:

(a) Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution.
(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre- Darwinian, Darwinian and PostDarwinian).
(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll's
rule, Cope's rule, Gause's rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic evolution).

1. Synthetic Theory (15) 2011

2. Adaptive radiation in the context of evolution (12) 2012
3. How 'natural selection' acts on variation? (12) 2012
4. Discuss how Neo-Darwinism integrated the fields of Genetics and Evolution (20) 2013
5. Critically examine Darwin's theory of Evolution in understanding evolution (15) 2015
6. Elucidate the biological and cultural factors in Human Evolution (15) 2015
7. Elucidate the biological and cultural factors in Human Evolution (15) 2016
8. Explain the biological changes that made human being capable of making culture. (20) 2018
9. Adaptive primate radiation (10) 2019
10. Implications of mutation in evolution. (10) 2019
11. Elucidate how Darwin and post-Darwin theories of evolution resulted in the development of
synthetic theory of evolution. (15) 2020
12. Explain the genetic mechanisms of micro and macro evolution. (15) 2021
13. Discuss the role of evolutionary forces in creating human diversity(15) 2022
14. What is hominization process? Discuss trends in human evolution with the help of
suitable examples and illustrations (20) 2023

Primates

1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Primate Adaptations;
(Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate Behaviour; Tertiary and Quaternary fossil
primates; Living Major Primates; Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to
erect posture and its implications.

1. 'Man is a primate'. Discuss (30) 2011

2. Compare and contrast the skull of Gorilla and Man (20) 2012
3. Role of Primatology in Anthropological studies (10) 2013
4. Elucidate the skeletal differences between human and chimpanzees (15) 2014
5. Explain the skeletal changes due to erect posture and their implications (15) 2016
6. Bring out the comparative anatomical features of man and apes. Discuss their evolutionary
significance (15) 2017
7.Discuss the evolutionary significance of bipedalism and erect posture. (20) 2019
8.Jane Goodall's contribution in studying primate behaviour (10) 2020
9.Illustrate with examples the various types of locomotion patterns among the non human primates
(15) 2020
10.The losses and gains of erect posture. (10) 2021
11.Discuss different forms of primate social

organisations (15) 2022

Fossils

1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the following:

(a) Plio-pleistocene hominids in South and East Africa - Australopithecines.
(b) Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus heidelber-gensis), Asia (Homo
erectus javanicus, Homo erectus pekinensis).
(c) Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-auxsaints (Classical type), Mt. Carmel (Progressive type).
(d) Rhodesian man. (e) Homo sapiens - Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelede.

1. Neanderthal Man (15) 2011

 2. Describe major skeletal similarities and differences between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
(30) 2011
3. Comment briefly on the phylogenetic position of Australopithecincs (10) 2012
4. Asian Homo Erectus (10) 2014
5. Describe the salient characteristics and geographical distribution of Homo Erectus 2015
6. Rhodesian Man (10) 2015
7.Describe the culture related to homo erectus. (15) 2018
8.Olduvai Gorge (10) 2019
9."Europeans are closer to Neanderthals". Critically discuss in view of the African origin of
humankind. (15) 2019
10.Critically evaluate the contesting theories of the emergence and dispersal of modern Homo
Sapiens. (20) 2020
11.What are the physical and cultural characteristics of Homo Erectus? Discuss its phylogenetic
status (20) 2021
12.Discuss major species of Australopithecus discovered from south and East Africa. Describe
the discovery, physical features and significance of Taung Baby.(20) 2023
13.Should we still distinguish between ‘classic’ and ‘progressive’ neanderthals? Discuss the
controversy surrounding Neanderthal’s position in Human evolution.(15) 2022

1.7 The biological basis of life: The Cell, DNA structure and replication, Protein Synthesis, Gene,
Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division.

1.Gene expression (10) 2023

Archeology

1.8 (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology: Relative and Absolute Dating methods.
(b) Cultural Evolution- Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures: (i) Paleolithic (ii) Mesolithic (iii)
Neolithic (iv) Chalcolithic (v) Copper-Bronze Age (vi) Iron Age

1. Relative Dating Methods (12) 2012

2. Discuss the typology and distribution of Upper Palaeolithic Cultures in India (20) 2012
3. Carbon 14 method of Dating (10) 2013
4. Give a broad outline of Paleolithic culture emphasizing upon its tool technology (20) 2013
5. Describe the absolute dating methods in archeology, highlighting the importance of each method
(15)2014
6. Describe the neolithic culture in India (15) 2014
7. Palaeolithic Culture (10) 2015
8. Neolithic Cultures of India (10) 2016
9. Delineate the salient features of Chalcolithic cultures (15) 2016
10. Salient features of Mesolithic Culture (10) 2017
11. What are dating methods? Discuss one absolute method and one relative method in detail.
(15) 2017
12.Town planning of Harappan culture. (10) 2018
13.Give an account of the consequences of food production of neolithic culture. (15) 2018
14.Explain the impact of discovery of iron technology on contemporary society. (15) 2018
15.Describe the principles of radio-carbon dating. Mention its limitations. (15) 2018
16.Relative dating methods (10) 2019
17.Elucidate mesolithic culture and associated rock art with examples from India. (15) 2019
18.Discuss briefly the major traditions in the Upper paleolithic culture of Europe. (15) 2019
19.Discuss with examples the megalithic culture of India in the archaelogical context. (20) 2019
20.Natufian culture (10) 2020
21. Differentiate between lower paleolithic culture and middle paleolithic culture with suitable
examples. (15) 2020
22. Thermoluminescence dating (10) 2021
23. Describe the features of early farming cultures and neolithic of the Near East. (15) 2021
24. Discuss the salient features of different traditions of European Mesolithic (15) 2021
25. Mesolithic rock art in Indian Subcontinent(10) 2022
26. Discuss with suitable examples the typo-technological problems in Indian paleolithic industry with
reference to environmental hypotheses.(15) 2023
27. Enumerate the evidences of animal domesticationin Indian Microlithic industry.(15) 2023
28. Pre-historic significance of Rakhigarhi(10) 2023
29. Cultural impact of Iron Age(10) 2023
30. Discuss the Paleolithic environment in light of available evidences with special reference to
India.(15) 2023
31. Identify the major Mesolithic sites and describe the typo-technological features with special
reference to India.(15)2023

Genetics

9.1 Human Genetics : Methods and Application: Methods for study of genetic principles in man-
family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co-twin method, cytogenetic method,
chromosomal and karyo-type analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A.
technology and recombinant technologies.

1. Twin Methods in Human Genetics (10) 2013

2. What do you understand by Immunogenetics? Explain with suitable examples (15) 2015
3. Briefly discuss the various methods used in the genetic study of man (20) 2017
4. Pedigree analysis in genetic counselling (10) 2023

9.2 Mendelian genetics in man-family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub-lethal and
polygenic inheritance in man.
1. Discuss monogenic and polygenic inheritance in man, citing suitable examples (30) 2011
2. What are lethal and sub-lethal genes? Explain (20) 2012
3. Critically discuss the Mendelian principles and their applications to human population (15) 2016
4.Categorise genes that impact human survival (10) 2018
5.Polygenic Inheritance(10) 2023

9.3 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, HardyWeinberg law;
causes and changes which bring down frequency - mutation, isolation, migration, selection,
inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non-consanguineous mating, genetic load,
genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages.

1. Genetic Polymorphism (15) 2011

2. Conditions necessary for the operation of Hardy-Weinberg Law (15) 2011
3. What are the genetic effects of consanguinity? Give Examples (20) 2012
4. What do you understand by 'Genetic Load' in a population? How is it measured and what are the
important factors that can influence it? (15) 2013
5. Discuss the factors affecting Gene frequencies among human populations. (20) 2014
6. Define Genetic Polymorphism. Give details of its types with suitable examples (15) 2015
7. Hardy-Weinberg Law (10) 2017
8.Explain the mechanisms of human variation in gene frequencies. (20) 2018
9.Differentiate between transient and balanced genetic polymorphism. Illustrate your answer with
suitable examples from human populations. (15) 2019
10.Genetic drift (10) 2020
11.How does marriage rules impact the gene pool of populations ? (15) 2020
12.Balanced and transient genetic polymorphism (10) 2022
13.What assumptions must be met for a population to be in genetic equilibrium? Explain the
importance of genetic equilibrium.(15) 2023

9.4 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology. (a) Numerical and structural
aberrations (disorders). (b) Sex chromosomal aberrations - Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super
female (XXX), intersex and other syndromic disorders. (c) Autosomal aberrations - Down syndrome,
Patau, Edward and Cri-duchat syndromes. (d) Genetic imprints in human disease, genetic
screening, genetic counseling, human DNA profiling, gene mapping and genome study.

1. Discuss the chromosomal aberrations and manifestations of Klinefelter and Turner syndromes
(20) 2012
 2. Genetic Counseling (12) 2012
3. Describe Turner and Klinefelter Syndrome in humans (15) 2014
4. Genetic Counseling (10) 2014
5. Down Syndrome (10) 2015
6. Discuss Chromosomal aberrations in man illustrating with examples (15) 2015
7. Explain the significance of screening and counseling for genetic disorders (15) 2016
8.Describe the mechanisms for structural anomalies of autosomes with diagrams. (20) 2018
9.How many numerical aberrations in sex chromosomes lead to genetic disorder ? (15) 2020
10.What are the applications of human genomic research in human welfare ? (15) 2020
11.Chromosomal aberrations can play havoc with human body and mind. Explain with suitable
examples. (15) 2021

9.Genetic imprinting in Human diseases(10) 2022

14. Describe the causes of structural abnormalities of chromosomes with suitable

examples.(15) 2023

Race

9.5 Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non-metric and metric
characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of
racial classification, racial differentiation and race crossing in man.

1. Discuss Race Crossing in humans with suitable examples (20) 2012

2. Differentiate between Race and Racism. What are three major races of the world? Give important
8.is biological criteria used frequently for such a classification (15) 2013
3. Explain the role of heredity and environment in the formation of races (15) 2016
4. Concept of Race (10) 2017
5. Race is a myth. Justify its present day relevance (10) 2018
6. With reference to the somatoscopic and morphometric characteristics commonly used for racial
classification, make critical comments as to whether race is a valid concept. (20) 2019
7. Racism and eugenics. (10) 2020
8. Is race a valid and biologically meaningful concept. (10) 2021
9. Discuss the role of evolutionary forces in creating human diversity(15) 2022
10. Race and Ethnicity(10) 2023
Genetic Markers and Physiology

9.6 Age, sex and population variation as genetic marker- ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA Hp,
transferring, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristicsHb level, body fat, pulse rate,
respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio-economic groups.
1. Respiratory functions 15 2011
2. Give a comparative account of variations in hemoglobin level and respiratory functions among the
populations living under different environmental stresses 30 2012
3. What are genetic markers and what is their usefulness? Why are blood groups considered as
good genetic markers? Illustrate with examples 15 2013
4. What do you understand by blood group systems? How is HLA system different from those
based on red cell antigens?(15) 2022
5. Rh-Blood Group 10 2016

Ecology

9.7 Concepts and methods of Ecological Anthropology. Bio-cultural Adaptations - Genetic and Non-
genetic factors. Man's physiological responses to environmental stresses: hot desert, cold, high
altitude climate.

1. Native highlanders are well adapted to the high altitude environment. Discuss (30) 2011
2. How does improved aerobic fitness increase exercise tolerance in warm humid climates? Give
suitable examples in support of your answer. (20) 2012
3. Elaborate upon major human adaptations to heat and cold (15) 2013
4. Ecological Anthropology (10) 2014
5. What are stresses at high altitudes? How do better cardio-respiratory functions help the native
highlanders in combating low environmental pressure? (15) 2014
6. Critically examine the physiological responses and acclimatization to cold climate in Man
(15) 2015
7. Discuss the genetic and non-genetic factors in the bio-cultural adaptations of human beings to
different environments (20) 2016
8. Discuss the responses and acclimatization to high altitude stresses (15) 2017
9.Do Allen's and Bergmann's rules hold true for human populations? Explain with examples. (15)
2018
10.Distinguish between adaptation, adaptibility and acclimatization with examples. (20) 2018
11."Human adaptations are always bio-cultural in nature". Discuss with reference to human
adaptation to high-altitude climate. (15) 2019
12. Describe the bio-cultural responses to extreme climatic events. (15) 2020

13. What is acclimatization? Discuss adaptive responses to high altitude and cold climates. (20) 2021
Disease

9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology: Health and disease. Infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Nutritional deficiency related diseases.
1. Epidemiological Anthropology (12) 2012
2. Briefly discuss the important causes for the variations in occurrences and intensity of parasitic
diseases among different population. (20) 2012
3. What is meant by Epidemiological transition? Elaborate upon its causes and consequences
highlighting major health problems of our adult population today (15) 2013
4. Discuss the role of anthropology in understanding health and disease. What specific
understanding is available with respect to infectious and non-infectious disease (20) 2014
5. Epidemiological Anthropology (10)2014
6. Describe the scope of Epidemiological Anthropology in the study of infectious and non-infectious
diseases (20) 2016
7.Narrate evolution of diseases and major causes of ill health in human populations. (15) 2018
8.Critically examine the demographic and epidemiological consequences with rise in food
production and sedentism. (15)2020
9. Describe the impact of infectious diseases on indigeneous populations. (15) 2020
10. What is meant by Health? Is the burden of lifestyle diseases on the rise? Justify your
answer with suitable examples.(15) 2022
10.Elucidate the different forms of malnutrition. Describe protein-calorie malnutrition with suitable
examples.(15) 2023

Growth

11. Concept of human growth and development: stages of growth - pre-natal, natal, infant,
childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence. - Factors affecting growth and development genetic,
environmental, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and socio-economic. - Ageing and senescence.
Theories and observations - biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and
somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.

1. Describe different methods of studying human growth (30) 2011

2. Define somatotype. Describe the salient features of different components of somatotypes
(30) 2011
3. Explain any two biological theories of ageing based on purposeful events (20) 2012
4. Differentiate between child growth and development (10) 2013
5. Ageing and Senescence (10) 2013
6. Justify 'Though human growth is under tight genetic control but it is influenced by various
environmental factors' (15) 2013
7. Cross-sectional methods of studying human growth (10) 2014
8. What are the different stages of growth? Describe any one of them in detail (20) 2014
9. Discuss Ageing and Senescence. Describe either the biological and social theories of Ageing
(20) 2014
10. Longitudinal method of studying growth (10) 2015
11. What is an anthropometric somatotype? Describe Heath and Carter's method of somatotyping
(20) 2015
12. Discuss different factors affecting Growth and Development in Human beings (20) 2016
13. Describe the various methods of studying growth highlighting their merits and demerits (15) 2017
14. Discuss Sheldon's method of somatotyping (15)2017
15.Issues of elderly and senescence in developing and developed countries. (10) 2018
16.Genetico-environmental factors affecting human growth. (10) 2019
17.Discuss the methods of studying human growth with their merits and demerits. (15) 2019
18.Senescence (10) 2020
19.Secular trend in human growth can be positive, negative or neutral. Illustrate with examples.
(20)2020
20.Human adolescent growth spurt. (10) 2021
21.Discuss the physiological and evolutionary theories of ageing (15) 2021
22.Stages of human pre-natal development(10) 2022
23.What is mixed longitudinal method of studying human growth? Discuss its merits and
demerits.(15)2023
24.Why Heath and Carter used anthropometric measurements instead of photographs of an individual
to assess the somatotype? Elaborate their method. (20) 2022

Demography

11.1 Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility patterns and
differentials.

1. Discuss the relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility (15) 2014
2. Menopause and its impact (10) 2015
3. Age at Menarche (10) 2017
4. Critically evaluate the reasons of reduction in age at menarche in human females over the
successive generations.(15) 2022
5. Menopausal symptoms(10) 2023
11.2 Demographic theories- biological, social and cultural.

1. Demographic Transition (10) 2013

2. Discuss the contemporary population problems in the light of various socio-cultural
demographic theories (20) 2022
11.3 Biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality and mortality.
1. Fertility and Fecundity (10) 2014
2. Fertility and Fecundity (10) 2016
3. Describe the biological and socio-ecological factors affecting fertility and mortality (15) 2017
4.Define fecundity and explain major factors affecting fecundity in Indian population. (15) 2018
5.Discuss the bio-cultural factors affecting fertility in light of the relationship between fecundity and
fertility. (15) 2019
6.Discuss the bio-social determinants of fertility and fecundity (15) 2021
Applied Physical

12. Applications of Anthropology: Anthropology of sports, Nutritional anthropology, Anthropology in

designing of defence and other equipments, Forensic Anthropology, Methods and principles of
personal identification and reconstruction, Applied human genetics - Paternity diagnosis, genetic
counseling and eugenics, DNA technology in diseases and medicine, serogenetics and
cytogenetics in reproductive biology

1. Discuss the application of anthropological knowledge in designing equipments (30) 2011

2. Personal identification (15) 2011
3. Explain the application of anthropological knowledge in genetic counseling, forensic science,
sports and nutrition (30) 2011
4. Applications of anthropology in designing (12) 2012
5. Discuss the role of ABO blood group system in resolving the cases of paternity disputes (20) 2012
6. Genetic Counselling (12) 2012
7. Discuss briefly the applications of the knowledge of human osteology in forensic investigation
(20) 2012
8. Genetic Counselling (10) 2014
9. DNA Technology in Medicine (10) 2015
10. Elucidate the role of Anthropology in selection and monitoring of sports persons (15) 2015
11. Forensic Science can be helpful in criminal investigations. Discuss (20) 2015
12. Forensic Anthropology (10) 2016
13. Describe the role of Anthropology in designing defense and other equipments (15) 2016
14. What are the methods of personal identification? Critically examine how personal identification
helps in criminal investigations (20) 2017
15. Anthropology and designing of equipments (10) 2017
16. Advanced molecular anthropology techniques. (10) 2018
 17. Anthropological inputs in facial reconstruction (10) 2019
18. "Applied human genetics has come to touch every sphere of human life." Discuss in light of
recent advances in molecular anthropology. (15) 2019
19. Ethics and genetic engineering. (10) 2020
20. How are the cases of disputed paternity solved? Discuss the recent techniques. (15) 2021
21.What is anthropometry? Discuss its role in assessing the nutritional status and sports capability
of a person. (15) 2021

21. Discuss how anthropological knowledge of the human body may be used in designing
equipments and articles of human use.(15) 2022

22. Describe the practical applications of DNA technology in the current scenario.(15) 2023

23. Discuss the various methods of personal identification based on skeletal remains. (15)
2023

24.

Applied/Current/odd questions

1.Critically examine Arjun Appadurai’s conceptualization of global cultural economy(20) 2023