SCIENCE: EARTH AND SPACE Week 2: Anatomy of an Earthquake
Week 1: Earthquakes and Faults + Magnitude
+ Earthquake ● Measurement of how strong an
● Sudden shaking of the ground, often earthquake is.
occurs on geologic faults. ● Richter scale is a device used to measure
● When two blocks of the earth suddenly the magnitude, and developed by Sir
slip past one another. Charles Richter.
+ Types of Earthquakes + Seismograph
Tectonic ● Instruments are used to record the
- Most common; moves due to geological motion of the ground during an
faults earthquake.
Volcanic + Intensity
- Caused by the movement of magma ● It describes the severity of an
beneath the surface of the earth. earthquake.
Collapse ● It is written through roman numerals.
- Instigated by the pressure gathered Week 3: Earth’s Interior
within the rocks; it usually occurs in + Crust
underground mines. ● The layer that we live on; is composed
Explosion of two basic types of rock; granite and
- Caused by nuclear explosions basalt
+ Faults > 2 Types of crust
● The seen fracture in the earth’s surface ● Oceanic crust - 3-5 miles (8 km) thick
where compression and tension force ● Continental crust - 25 miles (32 km)
cause rock displacements. thick
● The weak point on earth’s crust where + Mohorovicic Discontinuity
pressure is released. ● is the boundary between the Earth's
> Hanging wall - block that is usually found crust and the mantle
above the fault plane. + Mantle
> Foot wall - block under the fault plane. ● The mantle is the largest layer of the
+ Types of Faults earth’s interior, it takes about 84%, 1800
Normal miles thick of the earth’s volume.
- The hanging wall moves down; forces + Gutenberg Discontinuity
are pulling apart making the extensional ● The discontinuity between the mantle
force. and the outer core because the outer core
Reverse is;
- The hanging wall moves up; forces are + Outer core
compressed, therefore, the force called, ● In a liquid form because of the hot
compressional force, occurs. temperature between 4,500℃ - 5,500℃
Strike - Slip ● It contains melted nickel and iron.
- The motion of the block is horizontal, + Inner Core
therefore the force that occurs is called ● Has temperatures of about 5200℃ and a
transpressional force. pressure of 45,000,000 PSI so great that
> Active faults - are the faults that moved one metals are squeezed together and forced
time or more in the last 10,000 years. to vibrate in place as a solid.
> Inactive faults - those that did not move for + Body Waves
millions of years. ● Can travel within the earth’s interiors
> Primary Waves (P-Waves) information and to provide protection
- Can transmit to any form of matter against calamities such as typhoons.
- Travels faster; it is also a compressional
and longitudinal wave
> Secondary Waves (S-Waves)
- Can only travel through solid forms
- It travels slower; it is also a shear and
transverse wave.
+ Surface Waves + Differences between Typhoons, Hurricanes,
● Can only travel on the earth’s surface and Cyclone
> Love Waves ● Called Hurricanes when they develop
- Named after a British seismologist over the North Atlantic, central North
A.E.H. Love. Pacific, and eastern North Pacific, these
- Propagated when the solid medium near rotating storms are known as Cyclones
the surface has varying vertical elastic when they form over the South Pacific
properties. and Indian Ocean, and Typhoons when
> Rayleigh Wave they develop in the Northwest Pacific.
- Named after British physicist Lord Week 5: Tracking Data
Rayleigh. + Philippine Area of Responsibility
- These waves spread out most of the time ● The smallest and innermost monitoring
producing a long wave spread out most domain, whose boundary is closest to
of the time. the Philippines.
Week 4: Understanding Typhoon ● Tropical cyclones inside the PAR, are
+ Tropical Cyclone the highest level of warning information
● Any system of clouds and thunderstorms issued for tropical cyclones.
that rotates and originates over tropical ● The border coordinates are; 5°N 115°E,
water 15°N 115°E, 21°N 120°E, 25°N 120°E,
+ Anatomy of a Typhoon 25°N 135°E and 5°N 135°E.
> Eye + Tropical Cyclone Advisory Domain
- The calmest part of the storm where its ● The middle domain is located between
wind does not exceeds 15mph PAR and TCID.
> Eyewall ● A disturbance within the TCAD
- The most destructive part warrants the issuance of a tropical
- Consists of a ring of thunderstorms that cyclone advisory.
produces heavy rain and strong winds + Tracking Cyclone Information Domain
- The deep convective clouds rise from ● The largest and outermost monitoring
the earth’s surface to a height of 15,000 domain of PAGASA.
meters. ● The purpose of this domain is for public
> Rainbands information and awareness only.
- The railway from the eyewall in a spiral + Latitude
fashion, these bands are capable of ● The geographical coordinates determine
producing heavy rains and winds as well the distance of a point North to South of
as tornadoes. the equator.
+ PAGASA + Longitude
● The Philippine Atmospheric ● The geographical coordinates determine
Geophysical and Astronomical Services the distance of a point East to West of
Administration is obligated to give the Prime Meridian.
Week 6: Effects of Typhoons - Prolonged significant to severe
+ Squall disruption of public transport.
● a sudden violent gust of wind or a Week 7: Heavenly Bodies: Asteroids,
localized storm, especially one bringing Meteors, Comets
rain, snow, or sleet. + Asteroids
● Surface mind increases in magnitude ● Sometimes called minor planets, it is
above the mean by factors of 1.2 to 1.6 rocky irregularly shaped remnants left
and higher; spiral scales would be over from the early formations of our
roughly 2 to 10km. solar system about 4.6 billion years ago.
+ Tornado ● Current asteroid count: 1,113,572
● Heavily concentrated in the right front > Composition
quadrant of the storm. - Near the sun - less silicate, composed
+ Rainfall and Flooding of carbon, trace amounts of oxygen, and
● Although rain helps with water needs hydrogen.
but too much is harmful, It can cause - Far from the sun - more silicate
flooding and put many in danger. > Classification
+ Storm Surge + According to the Composition
● The abnormal rise of water due to a - C type aka Chondrite - Mostly made
typhoon. of clay and silicates.
+ Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal - S type aka Stony - Rocky in nature,
● A plain text warning to a particular land made up of nickel, iron, and silicates.
area that may experience winds of at - M type aka Metallic - Made up of pure
least a strong breeze. iron and nickel.
> TCWS#1 + According to the Location
- Wind Threat: 39-61km/h - The main belt is the Asteroid Belt -
- Warning Lead Time: 36hrs Located between the orbits of Jupiter
- Minimal destruction of public and Mars
transportation. - Near-Eart Asteroids - Asteroids that
> TCWS#2 pass near the earth.
- Wind Threat: 62-88km/h - Trojan Asteroids - Located near the
- Warning Lead Time: 24hrs Jupiter’s Lagrange.
- Minimal-moderate disruption to public + Comets
transport. ● These are cosmic snowballs of frozen
> TCWS#3 gases, rock, and dust that orbit the sun.
- Wind Threat: 89-117km/h ● Current comet count: 3,743
- Warning Lead Time: 18hrs > Parts and Compositions
- Moderate-significant disruption of - Nucleus - Solid and central part of the
public transport. comet.
> TCWS#4 - Coma - The cloud of gases that
- Wind Threat; 118-184km/h surrounds the nucleus of a comet.
- Warning Lead Time: 12hrs - Tail - When comets come near the sun,
- Significant-severe disruption to public their tail become visible because of the
transport. heat of the sun.
TCWS#5 > Classification
- Wind Threat: 185 or higher km/h - Short period - Which orbits the sun for
- Warning Lead Time: 12hrs 200 years or less and is believed to
originate from Kuiper Belt.
- Long period - Which orbits the sun for
greater than 200 years and is believed to
originate from Oort Cloud.
+ Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites
● Meteoroids are objects in space that
range in size from dust asteroids. Think
of them as space rocks.
● When a meteoroid enters a planet’s
atmosphere at a high speed and burns
up, a fireball or shooting star is called a
meteor.
● When a meteoroid survived the trip
through the atmosphere and hit the
ground it is called a meteorite.
> Compositions
- Meteoroids are made of Nickel and Iron,
but some show that it is similar to
Earth’s Chondrite.
+ 3 Types of Meteorites
- Metallic Meteorite - made up of iron
- Stony Meteorite - made of rocks
- Stony-Iron Meteorite - a combination
of metallic and stony meteorite.
