Text are written on these color:

Electronic Red = vary important lines

Black = normal and easiest
by aarav singh latwal Green = better to learn
If a title of any these color so
x23 times easier
everything is meaning of the color

electronic
electronic is very useful thing that is use daily work at home like turning bulb on or off and using
phone est.
circuit are made of lot of electronic components. These components are of two types simple
components and complex components
simple components like led, register, battery and est.
complex components are make up of lot of simple components like IC, CPU, display, Arduino

AC and DC
What is an Alternating Current (AC)?
In alternating current, the electric charge flow changes its direction periodically. AC is the most
commonly used and most-preferred electric power for household equipment, office, buildings, etc.
It was first tested based on the principles of Michael Faraday in 1832 using a Dynamo Electric
Generator.
Alternating current can be identified in a waveform called a sine wave. In other words, it can be
referred to as a curved line. These curved lines represent electric cycles and are measured per
second. The measurement is read as Hertz (Hz). AC is used in powerhouses and buildings because
generating and transporting AC across long distances is relatively easy. AC is capable of powering
electric motors which are used in refrigerators, washing machines, etc.

What is Direct Current (DC)?

Unlike alternating current, the flow of direct current does not change periodically. The current
electricity flows in a single direction in a steady voltage. The major use of DC is to supply power to
electrical devices and also to charge batteries. Example: mobile phone batteries, flashlights, flat-
screen television and electric vehicles. DC has the combination of a plus and a minus sign, a dotted
line or a straight line.
Everything that runs on a battery and uses an AC adapter while plugging into a wall or uses a USB
cable for power relies on DC. Examples would be cellphones, electric vehicles, flashlights, flat-
screen TVs (AC goes into the TV and is converted into DC).
Difference between AC and DC

Alternating Current Direct Current

AC is easy to be transferred over longer distances – DC cannot be transferred over a very

even between two cities – without much energy loss. long distance. It loses electric power.

The rotating magnets cause the change in direction of The steady magnetism makes DC flow
electric flow. in a single direction.

The frequency of AC is dependent upon the country.

DC has no frequency or zero frequency.
But, generally, the frequency is 50 Hz or 60 Hz.

In AC the flow of current changes its direction forward

It flows in a single direction steadily.
and backward periodically.

Electrons in AC keep changing their directions – Electrons only move in one direction –
backward and forward. forward.

Positive wire is known as

DC Components positive terminal and
negative wire or base wire is
know as
LED Negative terminal
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that produces light when an electric current
passes through it. When current flows through an LED, electrons recombine with holes, releasing
energy in the form of photons. LED s can produce many different colors, including amber, red,
green, and blue. They can last a long time and do not break easily.
LED s are also used as the light source in multi-mode fibers, optical mice, and laser-class
printers. To produce white light, different color LED s are combined or covered with a phosphor
material.
Regsister
A resistor has two terminal. It reduce the voltages for small component like led and transistor

how to know the ohms(Ω) of regsister ?

There are two ways first one is very simple and tell perfect ohms and second one use an device that
tell approx ohms
first way
lets take a example of 1 ohms regsister

mult
Digit 2
Digit 1

tol tem

there are two digit band but there are three, one even zero also.

See this chart the first digit band is brown so it is 1 and the second one is black so 0
and add 1 and 0
1+0=1
now see this chart

the mult is of black color so it is 1Ω now multiply 1 with 1Ω

1 x 1Ω = 1Ω
ans is 1 omes
the other two left band are of
 series and parallel
if you are making a circuit use parallel set of components

and series

series have many disadvantage like red led is not working so hole circuit will not work but in
parallel if red led will not work all the leds will stay on

capacitors
A capacitor is an electronic device that stores electrical energy in an electric field by accumulating
electric charges on two closely spaced surfaces that are insulated from each other. It is a passive
electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance
transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. It is
one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor material,
usually with at least three terminals for connection to an electronic circuit
first working transistor invented in 1947

mordon transistors
diode
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction. It
has low resistance in one direction, and high resistance in the other

inductor
An inductor, also called a coil, choke, or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that
stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it. An inductor typically
consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil.
switch
In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the
conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or diverting it from one
conductor to another.

IC
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat
piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon. Large numbers of miniaturized transistors and
other electronic components are integrated together on the chip.

transformer
A transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to
another circuit, or multiple circuits.
semiconductor
A semiconductor is a material which has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a
conductor, such as copper, and an insulator, such as glass. Its resistivity falls as its temperature rises;
metals behave in the opposite way.

Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or
multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number
of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or combinations
thereof.
Zener diode
A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably allow current to flow "backwards"
when a certain set reverse voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is reached. Zener diodes are
manufactured with a great variety of Zener voltages and some are even variable.

circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is an electrical safety device designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage
caused by overcurrent. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow to protect equipment and to
prevent the risk of fire.

motor
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric
current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft.
Field-effect transistor
The field-effect transistor is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the flow of
current in a semiconductor. FETs are devices with three terminals: source, gate, and drain

electronic oscillator
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating or alternating
current signal, usually a sine wave, square wave or a triangle wave, powered by a direct current
source

operation amplifier
An operational amplifier is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential
input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op amp produces an output
potential that is typically 100,000 times larger than the potential difference between its input
terminals

schottky diode
The Schottky diode, also known as Schottky barrier diode or hot-carrier diode, is a semiconductor
diode formed by the junction of a semiconductor with a metal. It has a low forward voltage drop
and a very fast switching action

thermistor
A thermistor is a semiconductor type of resistor whose resistance is strongly dependent on
temperature, more so than in standard resistors. The word thermistor is a portmanteau of thermal
and resistor. Thermistors are divided based on their conduction model.

Now we know as basic component now some complex Components

that can fit a room size circuits in on lesser then size of finger

Complex components
Arduino
there are 25 types of Arduino and all are same but there are more outputs, inputs, analog pins and
memory .
Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message
- and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.
You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the micro controller on the
board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino
Software (IDE), based on Processing.everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A
worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has
gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible
amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike. Arduino was
born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students
without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community,
the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer
from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded
environments.
All types of Arduino
arduino uno
arduino uno rev3
arduino mega 2560 rev3
arduino leoaedo
arduino nano
arduino due
sparkfun lilypad arduino
arduino mega 2560 rev3 smd
arduino \zero
arduino uno wifi rev2
sparkfun Arduino pro mini
arduino development
arduino uno rev3 smd
arduino mkr wifi 1010
arduino fio
arduino yum rev 2 abx
arduino mkr
arduino mini 05
arduino yum
sparkfun pro micro
arduino micro
sparkfun redborad
arduino diecimila
sparkfun arduino pid
arduino a00000078
 make your circuits here
breadboard
breadboard is vary useful thing and easy to make circuits and you can reuse the breadboard it come
in many size any if you wont more workspace you can connect two breadboard together
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printed circuit board(PCB)

PCB is a board on witch circuit is printed and come in many colors but most famous are blue and
green

dots board or zero PCB

it is also like PCB but it is blank you can make any circuit but it is permanent