Mindoro State University
College of Computer Studies
Module 4 :
Operating System Basic Concepts
Prepared by:
JENNIE T. FERNANDO
Assistant Professor I
E-mail Address: jenfernando@minscat.edu.ph /jenfernando04@gmail.com
Mobile Number: +639778254102/ +639885804531
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QUANTITATIVE METHODS
: INTRO TO COMPUTING Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
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At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:
Explained how Operating System works
Familiarized the major components of OS
Installed different OS
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➢ interface between a computer user and computer
hardware
➢ software which performs all the basic tasks
▪ File management
▪ Memory management
▪ Process management
▪ Handling input and output
▪ Controlling peripheral devices
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➢ Linux
➢ Windows
➢ Android
➢ OS X
➢ VMS
➢ OS/400
➢ z/OS
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➢ Batch Operating System
➢ Time-sharing Operating System
➢ Distributed Operating System
➢ Network Operating System
➢ Real Time Operating System
➢ Mobile Operating System
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➢ Users do not interact with the computer directly
➢ User prepares his job on an off-line device
➢ Jobs are batched together and run as a group
➢ The programmers leave their programs with the
operator and the operator then sorts the programs
with similar requirements
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➢ Lack of interaction between the user and the job
➢ CPU is often idle
➢ Difficult to provide the desired priority
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➢ Technique which enable many people located at
various terminals to use a particular computer system
at the same time
➢ Also known as multitasking
➢ Logical extension of multiprogramming
➢ Processor’s time is shared among multiple users
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➢ Multiprogrammed batch systems – maximize
processor use
➢ Time-sharing systems – minimize response time
➢ Uses CPU scheduling and multi-programming to
provide each user with a small portion of a time
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➢ Advantages
➢ Quick response
➢ Avoids duplication of software
➢ Reduces CPU idle time
➢ Disadvantages
➢ Problem of reliability
➢ Question of security and integrity of user program & data
➢ Problem of data communication
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➢ Use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-
time applications and multiple users
➢ Data processing jobs are distributed among the
processors accordingly
➢ The processors communicate with one another
through various communication lines
➢ Processors may vary in size and function
➢ sites, nodes, computers etc.
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➢ A user at one site may be able to use the resources available
at another
➢ Speedup the exchange of data with one another via
electronic mail
➢ If one site fails, the remaining sites can potentially continue
operating
➢ Better service to the customers
➢ Reduction of load on the host computer
➢ Reduction of delays in data processing
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➢ Run on a server and provides the server the capability to
manage data, users, groups, security, applications and other
networking function
➢ Purpose is to allow shared file and printer access among
multiple computers in a network (LAN, private network or to
another network)
➢ Examples : MS Windows Server 2003, MS Windows Server
2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell Netware and BSD
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➢ Centralized servers are highly stable
➢ Security is server managed
➢ Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily
integrated into the system
➢ Remote access to servers is possible from different locations
and types of systems
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➢ High cost of buying and running a server
➢ Dependency on a central location for most operations
➢ Regular maintenance and updates are required
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➢ Data processing system in which time interval required to
process and respond to inputs is so small that it controls the
environment
➢ Used when there are rigid time requirements on the
operation of a processor or the flow of data and real-time
systems can be used as a control device in a dedicated
application
➢ Must have well-defined, fixed time constraints, otherwise will
fail
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➢ Hard real-time systems
➢ Guarantee that critical task complete on time
➢ Secondary storage is limited or missing and the data is stored in
ROM
➢ Virtual memory is almost never found
➢ Soft real-time systems
➢ Less restrictive
➢ Critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains
priority until it completes
➢ Have limited utility than hard real-time systems
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➢ Operating system which is especially designed to power
smartphones, tablets and wearable devices
➢ Most famous are Android and iOS but others include
Blackberry, Web and watchOS
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1. Memory Management
➢ Management of Primary Memory of Main Memory
➢ Main memory is a large array of words or bytes
➢ Main memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly
by the CPU
➢ Keep track of primary memory
➢ In multiprogramming, OS decides which process will get memory when
and how much
➢ Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so
➢ De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has
been terminated
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2. Processor Management
➢ The OS decides which process gets the processor when and for
how much time (process scheduling)
➢ Keep track of processor and status of process (traffic controller)
➢ Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process
➢ De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required
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3. Device Management
➢ Manages device communication via their respective drivers
➢ Keep track of all devices (I/O controller)
➢ Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time
➢ Allocates the device in the efficient way
➢ De-allocates devices
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4. File Management
➢ File system is normally organized into directories for easy
navigation and usage
➢ Keep track of information, location, uses, status etc (file system)
➢ Decides who gets the resources
➢ Allocates the resources
➢ De-allocates the resources
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➢ Security – prevents unauthorized access to programs and data
➢ Control over system performance – recording delays between
requests for a service and response from the system
➢ Job accounting – keep track of time and resources used by various
jobs and users
➢ Error detecting aids – production of dumps, traces, error messages,
and other debugging and error detecting aids
➢ Coordination between other software and users – coordination and
assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other
software to various users of the computer systems
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➢ Microsoft Windows
➢ Existed in one form to another since 1985 and remains the most popular
operating system for home and office computers
➢ Initial versions worked with earlier Microsoft OS called MS-DOS
➢ Efforts to use for smartphones have been less successful
➢ Apple iOS
➢ One of the most popular smartphone OS and runs on Apple hardware
➢ Google’s Android OS
➢ Most popular OS in the world
➢ Apple macOS
➢ Linux OS
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Windows 1 – November 1985
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Windows 2 – December 1987
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Windows 3 – 1990
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Windows 3.1 – 1992
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Windows 95 – August 1995
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➢ Windows 98 – June 1988
➢ Windows ME – September 2000
➢ Windows 2000 – February 2000
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➢ Windows XP – October 2001
➢ Windows Vista – January 2007
➢ Windows 7 – October 2009
➢ Windows 8 – October 2012
➢ Windows 8.1 – October 2013
➢ Windows 10 – October 1, 2014
➢ Windows 11 – October 5, 2021
➢ Windows 12 - ?
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➢ iOS 1 – June 29, 2007 and July 15, 2008
➢ iOS 2 – July 11, 2008 and January 27, 2009
➢ iOS 3 – June 11, 2010 and August 11, 2010
➢ iOS 4 – June 22, 2010 and July 25, 2011
➢ iOS 5 – October 12, 2011 and May 7, 2011
➢ iOS 6 – September 19, 2012 and February 21, 2014
➢ iOS 7 – September 18, 2013 and June 30, 2014
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➢ iOS 8 – September 17, 2014 and August 13, 2015
➢ iOS 9 – September 16, 2015 and August 25, 2016
➢ iOS 10 – July 19, 2017 and September 13, 2016
➢ iOS 11 – September 19, 2017 and May 29, 2018
➢ iOS 12 – September 17, 2018 and September 17, 2018
➢ iOS 13 – June 3, 2019 and Septemner 19, 2019
➢ iOS 14 – July 9, 2020
➢ iOS 15 – September 20, 2021
➢ iOS 16 – September 12, 2022
➢ iOS 17 – September 18, 2023
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➢ Android 1.0 to 1.1. –September 2008
➢ Android 1.5 – Cupcake on April 27, 2009
➢ Android 1.6 – Donut on September 15, 2009
➢ Android 2.0 to 2.1 – Éclair on October 26, 2009
➢ Android 2.2 to 2.2.3 – Froyo on May 20, 2010
➢ Android 2.3 to 2.3.7 – Gingerbread on December 6, 2010
➢ Android 3.0 to 3.2.6 – Honeycomb on February 22, 2011
➢ Android 4.0 to 4.0.4 – Ice Cream Sandwich on October 19, 2011
➢ Android 4.1 to 4.3.1 – Jelly Bean on June 27, 2012
➢ Android 4.4. to 4.4.4 – KitKat on September 3, 2013
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➢ Android 5.0 to 5.1.1 – Lollipop initially on June 25, 2014 and officially on November 12, 2014
➢ Android 6.0 to 6.0.1 – Marsmallow on October 5, 2015
➢ Android 7.0 to 7.1.2 – Nougat on March 9, 2016 and August 22, 2016
➢ Android 8.0 to 8.1 – Oreo on March 21, 2017 and July 24, 2017
➢ Android 9.0 – Pie on March 7, 2018 and August 6, 2018
➢ Android 10 – Android Q on March 13, 2019 and April 13, 2019
➢ Android 11 – September 8, 2020
➢ Android 12 – May 18, 2021
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➢ Successor to popular OS X
➢ Run son Apple laptops and desktops
➢ Shares some feature with other Unix-related operating systems including Linux
➢ Graphical interfaces are different but programming interfaces and command line features are the
same
➢ Known for its user-friendly features
➢ Siri – a natural voice personal assistant
➢ FaceTime – video calling application
➢ Signature elements
➢ Dock used to find programs and frequently used files
➢ Unique keyboard keys including the command key
➢ Stoplight-colored buttons to resize, open programs windows
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➢ Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991
➢ Open source and can be tweak to the
central kernel software and other programs
➢ Widely used on corporate and scientific
servers including cloud environments
➢ Can be run on a wide variety of hardware
➢ Available free of charge over the internet
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➢ Ubuntu – new versions are released every six months and guarantee five
years of security and general maintenance updates
➢ Elementary OS – most attractive distro with a style that gives tribute to
macOS
➢ Linux Mint – great default distro for new Linux users which comes with
LibreOffice
➢ openSUSE – divided into openSUSE Leap and openSUSE Tumbleweed
➢ CentOS – community offshoot of the enterprise version of Red Hat Linux
➢ Arch Linux – allows to customize build using the terminal to download and
install packages, aim to keep things simple
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