Instructor /
Directional Drilling
H. John Eastman 1929
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Directional Drilling
Why do we need DD?
• Multiple wells from offshore structures
• Relief wells
• Controlling vertical wells
• Side tracking
• Inaccessible locations
• Fault drilling
• Salt Dome drilling
• Shore line drilling
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Directional Drilling
Multiple wells from offshore structures:
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Directional Drilling
Relief Wells
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Directional Drilling
Controlling vertical wells:
Controlling vertical is done by Down
Hole Drilling Motor, also called Verti
Track.
Verti-Track, normally used in
rotating mode, when the deviation
from vertical rotation is stopped, and
only the use of the motor.
To steer back to vertical the motor
has tree pads( hydraulic jack, each
able to deliver 3 tons pressure) on
the side witch can be engaged by
downlink, and force string back to
vertical.
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Directional Drilling
Side Tracks:
In case In case of
of loses multiple
pay zones
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Directional Drilling
Inaccessible locations (Urban):
California, USA in the past California, USA today
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Directional Drilling
Inaccessible locations (Faults):
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Directional Drilling
Inaccessible locations (Salt Domes):
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Directional Drilling
Shore line Drilling:
BP Wytch Farm in UK
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Well Planning
Well Planning References:
DEPTH REFERENCES:
• Measured Depth (MD)
• True Vertical Depth (TVD)
INCLINATION REFERENCES:
• Angle with Vertical
AZIMUTH REFERENCES:
• Magnetic North (MN)
• True North (TN)
• Grid North (GN)
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Well Planning
TN GN MN
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Well Planning
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Well Planning
TYPE 3
TYPE 1
TYPE 2
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Well Planning
(Type 1) or Slant Well
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Well Planning
(Type 2) or “S” Well
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Well Planning
Type 3 or “J” Well
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Questions & Comments
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Survey Tools
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Survey Tools
Survey
Tools
GYRO
Inclination Magnetic
surveying
Angle Tools Survey Tools
tools
Magnetic Magnetic Measurment
Teledrift North
TOTCO Anderdrift Single Shot Multi-shots while drilling Conventional Inertial
(MWD) Seeking
(MSS) (EMS) (MWD)
Photo- Photom
Mud Mud Electroni
Mechanical mechan Electronic echanic
Pulses Pulses c
ical al
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Inclination Angle Tools
TOTCO Single Shot Survey
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Inclination Angle Tools
TOTCO Single Shot Survey
TOTCO Single Shot survey
tool is the most simple type
of surveying tool used to
day.
It is normally only used in
top hole and indicate only
angle but no direction.
Maximum inclination is
either 8 deg or 16 deg
which will show up on a
paper disc by small hole
created by a plumb bob.
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Inclination Angle Tools
Teledrift
• Teledrift is an inclination-only
mud pulse MWD system that can
measure inclinations between 3.5
and 10.5º.
• The tool consists of a pendulum
at the bottom that moves along a
series of graduated stop
shoulders, and a signalling
plunger at the top that can
traverse a series of seven
annular restrictions to produce
pressure pulses in the mud
stream.
• 2-4 minutes downtime.
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Inclination Angle Tools
Anderdrift
• The tool allows the driller to
efficiently and rapidly check the
inclination of the well up to 5°.
• The pulses can be easily read on
the driller’s pressure gauge
without the use of additional
surface equipment.
• Data sent to surface in less than
a minute.
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Magnetic Survey Tools
General
• Measure both hole inclination and
azimuth.
• The tools detect and measure the
direction of the horizontal
component of the earth’s
magnetic field.
• The tools require a non-magnetic
drill collar (K-Monel) to avoid
errors from different
magnetization effects.
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Magnetic Survey Tools
Magnetic Single-Shot
• Consists of an electronic timer,
camera and combined compass /
inclinometer.
• The instrument is run in the same
way as the TOTCO.
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Magnetic Survey Tools
Magnetic Single-Shot
• Consists of an electronic timer,
camera and combined compass /
inclinometer.
• The instrument is run in the same
way as the TOTCO.
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Magnetic Survey Tools
Magnetic Single-Shot
• Consists of an electronic timer,
camera and combined compass /
inclinometer.
• The instrument is run in the same
way as the TOTCO.
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Magnetic Survey Tools
Magnetic Single-Shot
• Consists of an electronic timer,
camera and combined compass /
inclinometer.
• The instrument is run in the same
way as the TOTCO.
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Magnetic Survey Tools
Magnetic Multi-shot
• Consists of the same
elements as the single shot
• Multiple readings of drift
angle and direction are
recorded on a film roll.
• Both of them can be used
when the MWD fails.
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Magnetic Survey Tools
Measurement While Drilling MWD
• The electronics of the MWD consists
of a set of triaxial accelerometers and
magnetometers housed in a special
non-magnetic material collar.
• The accelerometers measure the
components of the earth’s
gravitational field.
• The magnetometers measure the
earth’s magnetic field.
• The tool sends the data through mud
in the form of signals which are
decoded at surface.
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Magnetic Survey Tools
Measurement While Drilling MWD
The Drilling MWD tool features:
• Inclination.
• Azimuth.
• Tool face.
• Temperature
• Formation Evaluation Data (LWD):
• Gamma ray,
• Resistivity, and
• Density.
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The Gyro Survey Tool
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Questions & Comments
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Deflection Tools
Deflection Tools
Rotary Steerable
Mills & Whipstocks Jetting Action Downhole motors
System
Positive
Turbine Motors Displacement Point the Bit Push The bit
Motors (PDM)
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Deflection Tools
Whipstock Mills
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Deflection Tools
Jetting
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Deflection Tools
Down Hole Motors
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Deflection Tools
Down Hole Motors - Turbines
• A Multistage blade-rotor and stator
sections, a thrust bearing section and
a drive shaft.
• The number of rotor/stator sections
can vary from 25 to 50.
• The rotor blades are connected to the
drive shaft and are rotated by mud
pumped under high pressure.
• The stator deflects the mud onto the
rotor blades, and then to the drive
shaft and drillbit.
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Deflection Tools
Down Hole Motors - PDM
• A PDM consists of:
• Power section: Helical shape rotor
and stator. The torque is a function
of the pressure drop and the WOB.
• By-pass valve
• Universal joint: to convert
eccentric motion to rotational
motion.
• Bearing Assy.
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Deflection Tools
Down Hole Motors – PDM with bent sub
Now replaced by steerable motors.
• Bent sub is run above the bit.
• Bent sub has a scribe line cut into
it to direct the BHA in the required
direction.
• No surface rotation of the drill
string during deflection.
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Starting an Angle
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Starting an Angle
Rotor
• Rotating component
• Machined from steel
• Usually chrome plated
Stator
• Stationary component
• Steel tube (can) lined with elastomer
• One more lobe than rotor
• Similar profile and helix as rotor
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Starting an Angle
500 Torque 600
450 Speed
500
Torque / Stage (Ft.-Lbs.)
400
350
400
Speed (RPM)
300
1-2 3-4 4-5
250 300
200
200
150
100
100
50
0 -6
5 7-8 8-9 0
1/2 3/4 4/5 5/6 7/8
Motor Configuration
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Directional Drilling Motor
Off Bottom On Bottom - Drilling Drilling Off Stalled Out
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Summary
• What is the usage of Whipstock
• What is the idea of downhole motors
• What is the bent sub
• Difference between rotary and sliding
drilling
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Questions & Comments
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