Thermodynamics 6 Phase Equilzbria Bn Ceramtes sem & Tech + rope sernestex) “Tinerenocly nant ¢* dt eo = Dynamics (Mees) CHeat) Creek word) ® Thumody nam os e Sdence of fee of heat @ cLorgdly began tn 1£00 Cras developed) @ Are ume of indushral revolilion, begsncunh of con ~global, warming assues. : é, > The scence of Ahemody nomics moleaues , thus 2k io based macy? SCOPC syslens C mole usler:--- > — now we Know, aloms [moleusles, sts of humodynamic® - yous built befor alam: / pepotics of an rationalize so we © dine CW con josh —fre concep concepts built on macros topic understanding? i Noein gto cer? > tt apples Te macros How ne move from ane equittbviem ty another eq? Tos palb FS a ® é Eq! stake J ~ Egt state Sa eae : ‘ \ Te Déctoted —fhermo dynam5 undestand Ahis so called “path belivern wo eg Stutes", people have usnducléd Sevies of ance! and built various” empirical rules C lows) ~ These empiical obsewatisns’ a7 summarized into 4 lawns 2 ‘ O Zeroth dus Co th Louw) © Cornmon Sense —r Defsnes ainpevoline : @ 1% Low J Rreals — De fines Energy he eanser vat fy ge ® and ‘Ths 4 loose / > Defines Enbopy . eee Free, rea’ Jord G'st4igan energy enn @ OR =, Nlumescal value Ee enbapy } sotmer, @ we can not — Any questions 50 -far— grt OK Stes used in thomodynamics ¢ @ Term’ nolo Syslam ey Gonbrol mos sy ston Cclosed ) syslon Cope) 27 Conltol volume / Boundors a (ota [rastConlval mass sysle @ ‘mass, P iden hl of tne sys yemains faved. @ an =o Cm- constont) mere | «ETO eo Conliil volume 53519 mo Volume = fixed. Etro Regin Sin space, Bounded 4 coy tate boundoxy : (anlio! clr! s' Volume 1 surface mo _) may gnleract roll E+o0 suntading * m=s0 & E=O oolated sysla § Tisha closed syslo wilh no energy eae Closed d sysken m= Eo “7 Thermodly namic popek: s— Chavactei ske feabiirs of sysker, by which car be“ eped me P=Pa V-Va : Tete= Ze Fore= B= b-A = Pressure x Area WORK DONE = Fo dz. “Ee dz =p A-dz Cons Cant = Pedv 1 as p f Sw 2 S pdav ' tg ie = J pay a if-p-ficv) , then Wa = [fevo-dv - Swi= Infirikesimal work = ema) work (Not a difforntiable quent, J ? r ~ Sue Wa. Ceca | wis o& ene ; ——= in transit Sonn, Fete pate functimm) Conty pene -fancbens C properties) a7 ok ffenntable) m We Divsplacernent wa | Non-dissipottive 2 work) pay roork | reversible work. mw Q hp ww + Ne-2 Y << w Wye A-2 HF We-dy & Woo + N.-h, 2 \y ollh Sane a Q 4-2 bhat 16 dhe cnange 3 7 Qi-a-z * Q2-G prpry Jo bath jm 8-8-2 4 Q,-Q, pars =Ko-x, = Yay= W077 Path furchons PX Yon propolees or Point funcbims 2 = We-IfPav- 1 Deak of Heal a. --. Joes. 454 Lew of thomodynamies = Law of conservation of eee eee > Joule! aren e's expe Se nee) Temenele qhe state © Fosulatd (sac changed duc te supplied 2 Wolter hak fred Ahe sumending CPaddle wheel ) Same emp-vise wat bserved by eapplying calusated omount of heat: Fede ~--Nm --- Joules. voork produce Sarne Oat Ciel temp —Boln are suini lar -ferms Enerdy transfe cop WATER He restore dhe iovhal wtale of pater Ctortial stak tem pero lia) 170211 s-rmecramce equivalent of (oe Tse Pefote tris experimen, people Gre to represent Bair work and Heat Jn dffernt andsSign convention of Work & beat -rans-fu wt-ve} W+ve) QC+ve) Q(-vey Stalement 5 The algebrai sum of net heat and work jaterachins bel@en a System and its surrounding an a Ahome dynamic cycle Ts Zeko. Differne of heat and work =O Toleractims Sn acyde ? = =6 | For an infimite small process Gal saeee) 5 exteuted by a sys lim ’ Ciofintesimal omousls Of beat & work ) yties come back +0 thee orignal =7 Jaa aycle, all pepe Bp a vde then is not chenge values, Hak means with aesplect +0 proper Ly Cor point funclan ) XH Bo poy i ax=0 pe a ee =0 = (Sa-s) = 9%® Fer an dnfioite small precess cosy net be a uycle.) 2 2 2 6a - [Swe {dx J 5 J Heat 9 en to the syslen ond Work gen by Fhe Au di ffenne syste, ane | \Q2- Wa = X%2% ao a dele oa ees function” "change n Dp {erence Sn pecans, tow? Sn a point function - = cheng th Wg 2 Turernat ENERGY fl K = LN eee = Sa- v= de SQ = Swrde Q-w= AE aes + €E,-Et) le ee ee oki aa ce Ut Ket PER Ae Pte eee y PES@EE ave neo [sgibee & salen ie lempared do change jolermo|eurlay energy D, = wo lisrlealay —— ene y, oe t 7 dee Huw ack + dD fees de= dut shh pr OF INTERNAL | * Bram OF INTERNAL ENERGY, CONCE eneeey In CLASIECAL THERMODYNE MIS Is FRom ir DIFFERENCE CHANGED. We a nob agaleltd Ja olbsol-te value " 7?2 2 2 {8q- San = fav = Ua i i For a yde S ‘ wor de fdr {du- (ua-w)+ (h292) 218 1 _—_—————————_——_ a= =. (Ea- 5» =O wyde | du | eres ene y Foy a closed syston = ae ees jalaoal + For a closed sysloo ee 7, encral crnent \& Grates -fer Se aao8 > Fer adosed syseon pr fowndng Se displacm i yoor sg te pav 745 low of Eni iil. procen 2 dut bav 2 Qa (U.-W) + fhe | 3 Fer a fink mas 1 Foy & antl mass —— 2 Qi-2 - rs hoy Fa areS& edur & & jotfini te &m = Small proces da EvaluaGion of J pay oO if ve constoat (azo volumétate [teometexe] vsechos ) proces 2 fpav 20 3 5a-Sn-d9 1 Saez du O,- (U.-%) [hia ee ® fsobane Cusn stant preseurt process) Isoban’ Lun af p-comstont Sa = pdv du (Oe = pWvs-Vi) +@.-1) @, = Wa 122Speavfic heals CeD + Cy and Cp ae 1 We gewally define specfic heats fren perspective of pale fren Ghatis beat. Buk sperfic heat + x lez Bs . peutfic heat 15 0 pro} lt, of the syslen- Fire 4% lao we need to convert Re, ogee property Cpaint function), ; D cy 7 Tee anfisite small amount o heat requited to et 4 —empevaline of 4h sy them by infinde mal] amount. = bin | C2/em) closed ST-z0 ST ee f veconst (rr) Lyn © é pyr unit temp, as STO he Rise oT Amount of heak added per unit mass, & = du+pdv = 66 = dutpdy sm () = GM), constant ; . eumst cz hn(#) (2) aes —— ° -fCv,T) b1T70 87 Aus) OT ae arn * Adle oat sSigle cmnpesnt syste eomstontcp Go {Cie Vor o presnstont a SQ = du+ pav pay = dur py) = -(dh) pocoost ea -du+ &e, Pees { G 7G > cp- Lin = {eb a fis) an) Gah proanslo! prconstont Que CvaT Heat capadty is 0° exlnewe pops prooost is FCp and cy ca = Le ond SY ay mn om n= nb 0 moles De wey tateadoot hoo “Tdeo)_go* ~ 3 boste properues. which are oe and observable gu defined 0° th & relaGan sp eCr Vit? Oo + eq 0 op ste py =mkRT ( obeys @ all. Ps, Ve ond 7 5 te Ideal qo Re choacliisr’ °° eo: yosnstant ~ a yor ond poate POP. te ape ob4y) o " a po a pve mT C mary 5 ak masse CAhy de nal volume) Ga Molewles ar gid No cohesive Force 9 and dleaePV=mRT n= Mm = Mass MM mol. wot g.31 KD, pv = mMRT ae 1 ig om pve nRT C&-MR) Gy eq? state has n0-0f mole: of sysli Pyagadra's by pothesie = All gaseo @ sams 7 same no. of moles hove the come volume = moles with PV= RT pv=RT y= Volume |rna ss PORT pf Ve velo mel For areal ges Limp) er | &4° of state Pee ts valid for ace Real ga und Radified shale . of Ge @ Reversible adiabatic process w= {pad Poe Spee ge Oo Ty pave do] Sree —Jevdr ' Ww ove \ e- GInTte vy, T —_ Vw & a eG ‘a, Nie A °@ “GD G)S@= Sw t+dU For unit mass 68 ou + du 6m Sm 6a 2 Sho 4 du én dm overs ble work Fo an infinite proces! baie ; mY for ofa process exeailing: displ acement oF Siv- § pay +2 fpav + du i [ssomelec proces) case (in f- Wolume -comst ( isochoaic 2 a= f Pév +du \ dv=6 a ' ' ' , » , foq- 49] ; [ sq: du a , a e Miah Seat l 1 f Qi-2 = AUT if “¢Q" to the sysleen perfoms pav wotk , We get shertost , jn dhe anlaasl toby ' 4 , , , , case Gi) t- Jsothemal process appled to a vyske pr rfomsh fpav ook wie ideal gee as can stant Pas nRT Re universal Pe Pe WRT pel pes a Vv oflnsve , f dol “jiay as (2% lave) +40 Mi Vv MhCasi) Const pressure process 5Q = Sw+du 2 %= fPdv + AU 1 = Plva-v) + U2-4,) | Q =(Fave+ Uz) “(AY +4) Ho Hy Qi-2 = He-H, = AH endotioeranie . om_o » if Q.,- ave Cte” Hr) and -@ Q. 7 ve Cia 6H) Seat exo there +Q dreds pe Bee dh =CpdT we fevdt +O, he fost 4+Co do au constonls Cyn wae Tt G Aw G ST he grt Co W.-u, = Cv CRT) rab} ur 0 ha-h) = GCm-1)) T=0, h=0 Us yt ond ROTpuv=RkT Cp- Ca ® Reversi ble adiobatre proces ~Sa- pav du fir an tel eal 9 he pay + cdr —_p* — pay 2 dT soo ae 2 Sf the proces prfos @ constant volume =7 Eyer hesbing » is pion vie ehanep emp ; but © of i do same valiss pron | anit Pee foun gil shoes nok nly lout alee per fors wok Cop? jnereat 49 That works > Pdv. Jem p Pa 2 ico) zeonst work per ait qin ID oO a ov Gacl aan ABI ce BS ee] ? at RAN ae te) | fd pees BEL BL But du = oo ou awl, or T v=o ond d= — 8h => Q=0 on ; a7 fer A mole OF 2° ideal i es ort AP fev “fog e _ y ! Jo Ve me-R”O> a a VY th “) ZV ao a aT; Va on be “ ) 2 Fwy py Pv-RT et tt eee ema meaner ~~ _Reversi ble tsodhama'l Chanyo of an Ceversi ble work — du = §Q-& dt=0, du=0 6&2 OW= pev pveRT = prin an] BM > Reve Reversible odiabobe pathalle A chemically hemagentoua, physically distact and) mechariical sepavable part of a sysht is called @ phase. + Three phase of mall (L. 5, 6) - solid phases Cmore than phases) Ce Differnt aystal shitclires will be of diffemnk phase Fe (Room temp) $ BCC C«-phas> Fe high temp) 1 cc C¥-phase) Gomponent The todependent chemical opecie Celenent f which composi lism of a _ Cony pound) in teams 0 syslem is specified £9 Ald, - Cr20, Syslan CAl20, } C0, ar cam ponents) Sysle campoomnt phase hale H20 Le SH Gle phox wake tice H20 L,S 7 lwe phase Brine Nacl + H20 L = sgh phaw Sleel Fe+C S.S > tame phow Mild sled Fe C ate Gibb!s phase wile 2 Relatinn belaieun mo. of ammponests mo. of phass and degre of freedsrn * Unaxy phase drab rom + Biadle component, stale phase x Binasy phas diagram um comport deagraro ea id - 3 n + Quarta auy ere A ~ aa ee eee babes sev P- No.of phase By equltb rin Ce eomponusts involved vy, Fe Degrees of freedom - Thermodynamic variables Fe * Fessure, Temperalive (B04 ies variables) - + If Pussuse 15 fixed, thin only B femprralie is variable vi © Compositisn variables Cphase Le ectiont) able. . df dpe ‘© no. of components dhe 0n¢ need to opeity c-l compositions fer each phase + For P phases one needs pcc-') composition varrables. Tatal roof variables i V = pcc-!) ae Pressure and +n) variable ye peered (ee pare variables . Degrees 0 edom CF) F-No of thermady namie variables which Yadependent without changing din phase in equikibviem walibriune, “pe O76 oq? condzbent Goce thee iS Abummody name SF : mlabimns beusan ‘he athermodynar™" Variable. If we opexty Cerda VO of variable, oterrt re cucko matically “fired © relaGsns by dhese FSV if both BT mie to Fae CHP +2 ‘on Vaxiablis —r Gibbls phar : if P= fred Appl cable for Binasy phase dxaqeor) (presses Com) Sar—A. Bifale phase Liquid in eq? 2 Cy and T + AL axmpositim P+F=C+4i 4+F=2+! 2. Two phase Lta an eq” Crrand, S, 1.3 camposilion of Lequid fo temperale Nieds ty be epeafied P+r = C+4h 2+F-2t1 Fed » € jp phase 49 ‘wy Ke vor worth emp as variable L 968 ~ Gs) C1205 Ve 3 ~- 262862 amen ee REHM E Eee DHcm Eqm" phase dzagrorn | eq” dsagvorn] Phase deogror ‘ oe 2265°C . pase, Toes 2 2a Ta AO senednne WS Endival, malting for expt) 2Zosve z Ss (<)—__?” phase ALa, wt /> (ea C5203 orf C7205 of Als0s =p Ce is artic sslaliarn of AL% & (1203 per) and CH? Cle companied gassle phase C 3 ° Pre = Ciel jee e ath [F=2] Cremp & eempositim) @ Pont Bt P=2, C= 2 : @® Phase draqra> indicat, phaser @ Point At i Perecel " “gr Sin, equitbr umn Shee a ® Phan diagram is draw snes Vu huemoduynanc variableser => UsfC1.v) prelind ZL do fanclions of Tv. dy = (24) dr 4(au\ av ber ov} Conslrainls if procens do reurrsible dus da -pdv if syslan is tsoldttd =du=0 ( Sa-0- 5”): if process adaabobc dus —pdv =0)4 CReversi ble) TE cs970) iJ procs eared Volurs Seo aoa) For Ve const . au (guar +0.» Se,= (2) & : : v w) of? (Sey eT | NG) Foe re “Gs ji (a Insulal-d 4 juco = OQ Aira “A in Feely expending go 90 Work a» dom: S| | Ais jsolalzd 0 heal-flood nud the Valve and {hv cline bulb Free expansien expt 2nvolve ope oT geo frely expond »o= GA) t+ eye. : ae cn Ge 0 (Became Als orere chon 9° wn P esmpared + chang® sa volume) Lexpt ‘observa v of Joule. Peet ee =0 (ey wy aa av gt = Dow [aoe wat |i : ° OS cae expanenr, : coeff => G je a. small munbe ond 27° for a ideal 32 © 1° + Tdeal Jeo du- wdT uefon ony a al 5° nF? ree aer H=U+PV (system const. pressue Natitol vorables an P,7 A(t = PORTED | affects tee eninaty AU = 6@,Q,- Ya Recta dark Sw = pav peenstant SEO CD, | (Q@).=4H Spans) dH =(OH dr +(38 ) de T OT OP P . (SF) 2 ee ee > dn(6a) P prestun dP=0 a— du-(OH) dr ov) box... Cp Br). du= Gat ‘Gale T canst enedy expt Bub here ab oo + CJoule-Thomsm eypld TJoule!'s expt 0° amslant enthalpy expJoule- Thomsen expt Joule- Thomsen expt ey: oP te Porous Abrerttte. Plug a Insulated lobe Peach Pent Pe Rrhe 2 ‘ yon” P, do eq” with Pex we We do pu ans pista slowly enous that on ens & Ps 1 eh Tally Rag (RNS. Cal rege Fy ok Py Becorme carne weg” wilh Pe” mot BO slowly the PL Afi opt atte procesd -Wias 2 P.M |. apr) Before Rpt Saar Q=o0 (Adzab Lugs work (on the system) = pus" ( * D-H Hae PVE au = CPV) Q= wtav ane AU+PY) aut ACY) prec, adzabale —acev) + ACEV) Thus , thie expan si piece oe SAT ev sible, [an=_o J” : exyt do O inev oten i DH=0 dit - Gar +(oH Jae presen it? aP or Ga t Ory) oF 2G = Tabutabed an books (sr) = expt measurenent quontlay fe =) in a T-T exp) Sol alrh)-™. Tes 1 Br) ~& a, : ond Mt ideal 9 j dh = (dT es) ag] Tdeal gas H=U+PV Wo = u(t) + PRT fr an ideal ga Hef) only d= (OH “On H Gr)" r)” d= Cpat +r de ha 5ce) o or re -O5) [an= Gar | n) du- Grd Ide. A= Gar “Tdeel goo . ideal gusdu= Gdt & dh= G dT Us fodt to h = fqdr* on Cy and Cp eft For an ideal 9” qe we constant Cealonicall per ee or Cal errcolly ideal 9) Us Guang) aU = wat ne Gt + ce [ahs Gat at T=0 bein =o, h- 0 we we T he Gt ee 44 and Cy ave nt eps tens ceSummary © du= Gat a Ov du =o (Joules fiee expansion expt) —G dt = f98v (aaa? Ween Gy = 1, = Toule's free exp ansisn coeff U eco t-Ideol goo dN For an ideal goo, as ford only ' ‘ 9, #° e- Real gas 4 du=wdr : ° Oy Tre AH = Gat Ge” @ ¥-0, v=o : Ua . O- Gpdt +(pey ae 2G AT : _ Tr and H-= ureVv « -Gdi “Ge AP Hoe fot RT « He fc 2 . AH= G4? ) — 3° ), —Jsenthalpic precest— oT Ne g- TJoule- Thomsen co ar) "or en soto ize 20 Cael ged J dit= Cp dt CH-FQ)) only. is an Teeversble expan sien tbrewsh nozzle3 fn SMart rofo aboal Gp and & GG [oaditinnal ark) 7 uid to b 2 perferse | thon v-¢ A pefeord @ Pre : Cp- Ov * (2) pv= kT oT iC (a : . ° aD - -R ek ov s oe S at}, i 32 o and Gy are enstanks fur on ideal 9" » Us OF and He GT y bv = OT and AHeGdT E in in cid Te 7 1g Abeo => Heal capo as a -functéon 0 emp eral Debyt# cory > Heal copay 852 fAeop a z . » » GQ r i log 1/8 T peo G -umnstent for on elernent Cohavaclevishe of on elemnul > i ak high Hempevalar Cee BR Ci high) bo @ THO, GUO ie @ Lou -eaperaliiren - Gre K(E] Ke const Z © = 4645 cal|mle acy yas [TS 019 = Debye Lemperale @ a 2 m2 ys g.20410° ag: Onde c + -a40Ke*Secon Second Law o Kaw of “Themodynantes 5 axiom or Law of, ahi is dhe most 28 portant law or -lbe Be Genually * ee ‘ phys propositeo Sanu accepted or prundple canclisned poteteers 5 ‘ Tt putea directional _esnstraint om nabivol proces Foint on “the natural processe>" Ine. = " Dtvechinal_ eons! proceed ow ards eg” nalival, proces? alway " al 2 Sportancove and jake place in @ partway cbree T. Test, precesse alee place gone dareclion prowl, 07 ae ee Te a aged Co deg ly a aa) wpe P mtonearsty Spontancovaly C7 oe (fiows) mass fiows from hgh cane to loo op also “ke plact?” = osnc. nalavally» process T, Seend class of exlemal agers - one devectiom witb an Brake mowid wheel can be — } est by oprtsng “fucbarnal brake: Temp brought to 22 ae ee aaa Bane hee neo ten Fe fstes Sn a cyclic pre r hoot! Pigcest le OR reg acc oer oo Oprre. SY Heat & fom snpel con hau + It ig a syst oO anfeite heat means “us emp o Uie Thermal reserva Capauty , that Ti C Source? a, Gvesn | ebange, wher Sh bomerk the ak 1s gunn | or Taken “from A. We @-G, aw = 88 Qs aa Biel F ya2 A Q Q 7 Ak y f Tt 1 cs") eto wen in ideal case [eet ay Wt Qo CoP = a Orn (mea) to HeatCfow grade enetey) “ap nO QCG=N Rink ( High grade bic, avesn'E Ineo? ok 4 - A rocess Js ever st Girecaon JO reversed back. apy ay a hat 2ts hs dhe proces ’ Slate yor }ho uk 7 tl “Up fi ion O ter The osn clus? ; ( af w be made bp the or genal 7 ding Jpn the proce? 49 ee YUCTeoeeeedstsgessessd lhe sysleo can Oe su re we) ass(4e) ah | fn vey oie) “Tereuerstble” ‘ 4 The | 4 H i A as Se I ; . 776) (< 40) 4 7,886) Not possible epenlancousl ‘ a AMach a heat pump , Shak Jol. again lake 4 work fiom the surrounding . d q @ Comses of Sacverstbiltle F~ ——sacchutcal og@@ Cae) 1y Lack of reat equtlebrum Bemol eq (AT) A 2” Dissipative effects. Ly Chemical «4 Cde : 44> Ly Mechanical frielrn t> Fuad viscostly, eat ; Inelastalg Tf there ane be no yslerisin , “lack of Themodynamielt ra Sard : ji and no Elechacal resistance 4 ctissip ote effe 4 Heal Wansfer 2 AT=O at —r ota) * AM natara. ‘process are. han he process se 4 Baaaversible , becaust hs basic SNe OS q@ Yequuement “of naliral process Are a a ths causes of # Haaevenstl uy ) « OF q 2, @ Process Parfeet! Revevsi ble 20 , mrevers:6le 9), he Kent : ORK TRANFER 5 aP=o apo a ae-o Apo CaP 4 ‘ { Mass Transfer > Ac-o0 sC—r0 Cdc) Chunical reachum = St =O a4 ro Cafe i> Reversible he beat Vans fer ocess ¢ ~ Ee ae ot of a ape mies fase 4oc a Taine 7 [ase 4o- [go-oore | Se] [ae 002°C =) sft amber of rewers_reservoits Trfinvte small empseralie “tak allows, spate a 9° heat fiow beueeo yeservoty & sysla one > Reversible cycle 2 ob processen O78 remty— ae Spe can be more. heak ere? eng: CARNOT oS ENGINE 3— Neo CARNOT Ss — an a “pouty ible eng cre operating betwen the ble heat engine 20 Ae tb thi ete We Lele and reuers: she same Offi cary. some demperalane besen np emperatn Junto have cmcept_© of shade Snresiyaris SE" scale of Jempralue ble = Gyr AReI- Q2RKR 410°) ules Qyc Qin = [- SF ws RO Sig Qe ng@g@2n Ap =F Meg a Qe Qin. FC, +) Qar tz Cc)tizte : Que EU +) @ a 2 (gy a= 6 Gs - F(t) @ a ts 4s gr Ce +s) Cs) Wp O2-% Q, Qs Z > Ft) G FO © Fe) only 7f | eC te) = ¢c)| 2 Eb bCt2) th a a a a Se is wt a state funcGen but ik can be e. aso state farction Cov property) ee pressed 2 pveRT Ci mele) du= é@ - SW Fo a system performing reversible proces! with ideal 9 as dhe syslao compo “tan &@- Pay = dU and U= J 5) ol ta dv is o for an weal 9 en; av + du= av) dt =W4T oT v =0) be = Pav + GvdT = x av +o at7 = Li [Mek ap a degre of inevens bilby we et ey OR er, ‘BN ae 7 pe’ YoY 45 \ e eke ding degree © gasevev sib & ° ; ss a % \e ey WORK Is DONE => F 2 <5 wt Falls ON THE SysTOM Timp © he Te. GD purq a reservar o low emp) 2 sem Se amount of heat Comes Gut C4) — syslo emp 15 71 ~ a mee eaMAARAOASH «e > (OD) again repeat i) and Temp ae > @ oO Sysleo temp Rise to Ta Se (> 2 ON u = falls do 1 . git 2 The syste is ot TF and repeat G) => Aim is 40 ayaimize Aegree 0 Suwersib mor Hoecon thik ’ of a process where degree of qrreversi bi =0. 9 = Fa ag teversible process he ay of adres bilg is TD. , > ds - E@e : Fe te Me > — tepte process— eo : ss fis E , S = Enlropy > fase pews ; 1 nel i ace f EL | fe ae TU f SOe =O ond fe ‘ a de oe Reversible procest Reversible oyele (sae fx ao rwasble cycle fe moe 7 von‘ Quant —T— heal eng con be belie CARMOT's theomun a Ke efficent fren & vevers! We engine voork sng came emp reser -- « Crefie previews par)Absolute thumodyramic scale of tempt ae (& 2 Qr 2) (7 fe) f (0 4 jv Ri THe , {2% ot) prayer Qa re lose reversible vy cles> Sat oy, = “Any | ¢ Beadedweer wwews [5 SG ae Pp . 4 = ae ea repver sible a 7 v ry This was answared by Clousitas , ee oe _————— saswre good cot OP or Clausius snequalily 2 f < z peer dy (F8)<° Ks thie ng not & park ' —functe ie < fees => ioe ! ¢ ve alfot 2 : inlegrals ba) Thy, IRe ond TRe 2 smalle tran Te manmum valve of damon dese By unig uc vole vendere by. ( (Cee ond jhok io Ry eg Re J YY ee enlroyy AS ‘CHANGE IN “ENTRO OF & HEAT and peocess , BUT NO py Is expressed AS A ~ ponlcTLON TEM PERATURE ONLY nes A REVERSERE 7 FOR TRREVERSIBLEProof of Clousus &nequaltly: ee Wee Wer 2a Om 7m | Nt GRD ne er I BE ond T'S ce " s Qe , AN Q@ a QR Q, ar Qyh Q To 9 S) <0 (Fé) a = Reversible adzabatie process io (8a), =9 AS - (0s oy + AS=0 [Si> Sa Tscenlyopic proce’ > $ 8 ZO (FPrveversi ble ey de) 5 Say ac ( Lreversible proces) jsse ( Prbo adiabatic cee ° nd Trreversible ( wali aasabatic Poet (S@) =o Jf the proces: adzabatic asy J & af Me Pesala om, SE OTS x must ancreaSt- :—————__— = AS 70 AS > ( S& {5 Trrevesible AS=6 {Gale Reversible 3 For al processe ( Renrrsible + Trrevwsibl ) paeos! li AS = sa a OG 7 AS= ASe + AS? BE Oe OE, ag of ey, Change Chong diet intimal of exhopy Ff ots Sagusersi bi by Oo asysten iat Poe 2ASs; =O 2 For a reversible process i and AS-DSe AS= 0 (fr @ | adzabatee proce?) =) For aN aguwersible adiabatee procerts DSer0 =) For 0) aie AS; 702 2 ES . _ CEE so Qa -S tds 2TAS. 4 RS concept of a0 isolated _syslinPd eooak ® $g=Swrdo fora euersible process ina Sq: Tds closed syslem with é es ) ard Swe Pdv preca ye fist Jaw. appied 1? any ® fo a verrsible procest tds - pave AU 1s eutev ut For ony proces pv=eT ve RT bs tee and Tds = Grdt + PAY ds - Gat +fdv £.& aa TOV ds- Cy at + Rdv i Vv a B82 Gln te + Rie Me qT Vv,@® Gonst pressu process wilh aheeased tempera ef feck Le Cosnst Pj heating ) ase Gin -kie B BP 1 ~ Revirible P, Ase qnb Ge Ee >T)) - Tded goo = we [Bs So Amercare in by oO Jsothermol expenserm of an ideal Se as-@inb +9 an AS = G \n Te 70 [BETO] Inca n BAS - (270) 1 " | The tum se oye erates 2p O cle ond develop! eonlinwe wotk can neu high 4emP body. . Reservary ) Jk is'e * dan of Srfwile elk oe A 2 is @& “ 1] Creal, Res heak cap ath Sch fa. whin Q heat is adde or base out fr je WI Zh de lero? of ak dwesnt change We 7 Qe eae lee He - @- 82 21° Je qe See \ si Q, oy thermal Effort Q2¥0 ( seand low) 7 “ {felons eyen ideal com peBpowe we ee ea Q-Heak a eo gree om t>> w= Q We Kok + * high grea oliI Absolute Ahermo cy namic scale © emp eraliaw © bir be We. Qn -Qe 1H Cre Raa, Ce OR Qe. fCtd2) Qor [Az Rolin of heal added Trot vepeed 25 Ctue dem? Gwe f Cu te) Bre 826. § Ca, ts> Qsk bcnalims of Neel ond Remove 42 veservoi than the or Heg(B) 1s & combuiaGeo of heat engines fom §,074 Se Qin 2 f Cts) Sse Slt) 2 6G) oF, fasise JUD” Farid $0) Rin means funchen of ti t2 So quaint of funcGsns fltr 4,) and fC42, 43). We cannot delevmine hese feape valist, absolutely Aha stfo-reere “becaue wor denot have yeversible engqanes Sh Prachce, but “we know Ahal he rats Of here absolute tem > eralaees Dh of aeiusby heok Vote on dims served 3 Weak ong? 9° 1 Us defard an vob afew AU Nike clefewl of abride Hrermedy anc scolr com fon ae rahe Th, .| Ps Nn Be Wor KDoW 7 Hrod add AN 1 aA G c foe =0 Tr oye _shp hoc? a a) Fer a proce dc = Se) Pas- f EWE -as rams FFtalk-aelsoeat = tours aH Sere After de dal. abouk CARNoI't THEOREM anc Tbr duce c laustas ie > in equal 4) Ga ae te Loge ee Bie Qy BO Rony (a Yeon ai T2 Qi < Se Qe Beh Q, i &) £0 Ty) ae =f s » » y y ee y y y ’ y y » i ; , . ' , ' ' _ a ——— pew cas | ali : #382 5 psec T ] 1 ard ja < SS i [28 , , 1 , , ' , ' ' to wer 26 ' * sy dhe temp. We con't explote ; of heat Coquating to Zero. Sq- sv du Sa-0, o4 Sw #0 ead Su + pay Wy = fdu 2 U2-Y, How do you exp lain it ? [da= Sw ] Mo wF 5 Io cote Datta WS ghee revernble heel lransfer ae ———— SQTO @& Sw =o) >» [eq-40 ) Now fren enlopy concept we baow.. ee TonachsievetommentropectitiaMe ua cost Supply amrloeahaohonserncbucklnnsncil'y- “as ose (a SESE)AS + ~ {= sla AG AS = ASo + ASI ae E+ ‘chang of 74 Change of change of due +0 oni 3p senlipy oe Enteral acti Srovetleraal Cet ian ages bil (clue +0 heat \ansfor -) ty Fer a repersible proce”? =p For a pisces =P Fer & <0 —— For & | veversidle ee yeversi ble jrvwers ble adiabatic 2 adia bate diabate proce te - AS;=0 rroce -- ASerASi =O Me Bs-2Se aes pote © ASCO, 5,7 8 Cias70)9(SQ. = ds T 2 = frds ) = = Concept o; an isolated s slay 2 Hed Se [ate (As) y z2G Q=o0 isolated W=0 syshen Tsolated system does nut inlevack sjetiahd job The sunounding = ASe=0 PP eyelem and tf chang Cor anlerace 5) orthen he ssolated 5 ‘stem ( anside the Bolated sys) are reuersible Tun BSi=0 => AS =0 Teolated syst ~ Paes Cas- ASD (no peat inleraclan rol sumondiny ooo if e 4 in lerachonr joitid Ihe isolated outs the system are veuersi ble Doleded syste) BSji=9 ant Lrrew7Fi ble thin AS; 70 = BS =O =e ASI7ASyshmo i diag to 8 b A ip Suavundin ' my {3 ” 3A fe Js olated sys lino => System + Surrounding (arias ee) ; tf snlrractions within sf in lerachin § Abs sean ave veurrsible ie are Lrrwes! un ASHE ante aclnd BS7O- ASF#O Sy shh) AS 70 = (AS +(AS Ee ASD eee re all inlivacting syslons eta A é od gh 70 Sy sto siverse (teniled 9e-Sensc) (As) 0 un verse wy al solrraclng sy sles om within dha univers ° 2 ble@ pee ae] J a Reversi ble proce® Ass (2 4 Asi [ 4s > js2| ble and adzabater Fane © Far a vewersi 20 Cs=constant) (S@ p20 ond 4S 20 <7 4 Teeenfopic process O For a resensible drabate pat aS = G@e alg & [eves ble healing, 3 proce | )Qee =STds AS 70 1Bag7 9 + bee 2 s Tp [of cee adzrabetce prec) Sis am 1s essential be reversible or Jueversible ) =7 For an Ssolated sy slen adzabatee P SQ=0 Csyslzo may 4s [$e AS 7% fee ss to& Equivalent syslim Cisolated system) const ludins system and surrounding "untverse " [Ascotated system] System + Surrounding = Isolated syst 97 univers as), + (@s). = (AS) uy universt/isolated syslo (As). yo 2 [tas (45), J xo oO SF inlevachons ave rwersible..(AS) =O Gniverts (5), seiroelng =O Cof aateraclins ave muvrsite) Syskens (5, inlevackn’ 7o(s Syshne = 5 os F ~G paaple of anvreanw of enbsopy - AS 7 | 08 ( Je Syshen a + 48:(70) + Uy For urreveisible proces =O 1 @ TwePSble proc » deeersible ) 02 shenie (as) 79 4 eee 70 For 2 reversible proces (Si =0) js yO =r $870 OSi2 | For an Baeversible proce, whu SQ70 7 (ee yo and T vandtf 6a The System may be in thermal e: (at = 0) and mechanical eqn 2 Ob). but fn lees of chemical eg ond phases, thu oyster SHil urdengecs shen ge ds 7% £& = Examble i Gonsider a proce Sm < TOs" a beh and ees (du +6w) S tds (au + Rv \ eteds —_ afut bye Ts) $0 dcutpy-ws) S¢ =a(H=Tes) £6 (9, <2] [EHTS] Gibe's frclm Saal, voces @ const pressust Bae to reduced G- leads ta reduced Gi bb's px precen does nok -lake ny Spontaneous mp ye acl > Sj ontaneoun proces envvay. A nalival or Sportancous place U, Gibbs free cous Ancrease- = 6=- H-Tds : dG= dn-1Tds -sdt Ga du +Pdv +vdP-Tds -~sdT Ve umstant =Vo and Tecamst=To dé - du+vdp=tds and Peumst” ‘dE Ags du-tds [eeusts ] [F=0=TS] Helmholtz fe «oy dered ak" stant "Gh rt considere constant volume > SF eth wt gid ed, olan "do _tds" a A Pelmbiolts fee ener p-u-ts : — \ dle. du 7 Tds- SatSome useful vretations wag G and Fae = a G- H-TS Age du-td wet. ds dut pav+ vd P. - AG- aut Pdy evdp—Teas- SAT ana fiero 15F Law to &q- Sw dU 69- Pav ~ du Crees be eceti) Sa- du t+ Pav Sw~ Pav oe s- SAT dAc- 64+ yap Tas sat ble peg From 0” Law C peuey StLL Ny ju aG\_ co) = P ic. ° Gas =} —-AS a1 Pp. : DG = Diffrcoce a fies energy of products p reodkanls plow. dF~ —Pdv —SdT oe leer Ov Bie Ve. = S ar Vv i cur dn much souds, the external pres Ahan the yolume. thus Gibbs Jo dhe case of \ than Helmholtz asits tO usmliol mort & free ener8y ys much mort usefa Sree nerdy. 2g Nee Ts. Pav? = du Most basic eq*! hue Tas+vdr- 44 ee dvp- sdr = AG — Pav —Sdt oar Rib ee _ 1» a RBAAR ADDS EER A 7© Rewustble isolhomal panne e- AUVs CYATHO @ OO 6w2dau =O } ba = éw expansin of an ideol_ ge Ysodhumal ideal go> Reerstble dws PAV SH = S= pdv Vo v2, Pv-RT [oner.fipay = dv p=RT aN Vv F yes : p Ng = ORK = RT In vex, Cvr™) C 1 ~ W270 aaa As = (E@e - (6®)e = = a0 Ger n¥s | as 1 om “) =RIn ve s a Mi : Re “(v2ew) =a BS) < oO BM ond 3) OS (AS) 2 AS geo EO on heat Reservior yeserior = Net change in nex =OFor cormpyession case (as) = (82) _ Wo RTI Ne ma eerie Beets Rn d rE ae li ay suace V2eM (AD on BNE : dure com pres scam heat Wan s fev lakes place from get? Summunciag erate @s) Sussouncea AS =O Cro change ey the total enliopy of he syste) = e224 O52, OP is Resewwiny (GR. i ee ee a ee a a See Rmmeecec kh KE a a as